The Prototypical Determinatives in Egypt

SCRIPTA Volume 8, October 2016
The Hunmin jeongeum Society
Contents
Ko Sung-ik
An Analysis of the Korean Alphabet’s Featural Characteristics....................1
Lee SeungJae
Developing a Terminology for Pre-hangeul Korean Transcription..............25
William G. Boltz
Orthographic Monosyllabicity...................................................................73
J. Marshall Unger
Avoiding Circularity: A Response to Handel..............................................87
Chen Yongsheng
The Prototypical Determinatives in Egyptian and Chinese Writing.........101
The Prototypical Determinatives
in Egyptian and Chinese Writing*
Chen Yongsheng
Ocean University of China, China
From the perspective of prototype theory in cognitive science this article

conducts a comparative study between prototypical determinatives in
Egyptian and Chinese writing. A prototypical determinative stands for a
prototypical member (or subcategory) of a category, and is hence used to
mark words labelling other members. Through comparable examples of
prototypical determinatives in Chinese and Egyptian writing, this article
analyses the working mechanisms of prototypical determinatives and the
cultural factors that influence their usage.
Keywords: determinative, prototype, categorization, Chinese writing,
Egyptian hieroglyphs
*‌This study is a part of my project “A Comparative Study between Ancient Chinese Writ-
ing and Egyptian Hieroglyphs” which is supported by Grant No.13CYY047 from the
Chinese National Foundation for Philosophy and Social Science (國家社會科學基金), the
Noble Group Fellowship from W. F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research, and
the PBC Post-doctoral Fellowship from the Israel Council for Higher Education’s Plan-
ning and Budgeting Committee and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. This study is
also supported by Grant No.QDSKL1601004 from Qingdao City Foundation for Philoso-
phy and Social Science (2016年度青島市社會科學規劃研究項目). I am extremely grateful to
Professor Dr. James P. Allen who taught me Middle Egyptian and Egyptian hieroglyphs.
He has also given me valuable suggestions on this study and helped me proofread this
article. I also owe enormous gratitude to Professor Dr. Orly Goldwasser. Her great work
on Egyptian determinatives (she calls them “classifiers”) inspired my comparative study
between Chinese and Egyptian determinatives. She offered me an opportunity to work
with her and shared her time and knowledge to supervise my comparative study. She
also gave me very helpful advice for revising this article. I would also like to thank
Professor Dr. Angela McDonald who kindly and speedily sent me her offprints and pdf
articles on Egyptian determinatives, which is a great convenience. Also my thanks go
to Professor Dr. John Wineland, Professor Dr. Joseph Lam and PhD. candidate Geoffrey
Ludvik for improving the English. Last but not the least, I should thank the two anony-
mous reviewers for many valuable and constructive suggestions.
SCRIPTA, Volume 8 (October 2016):101–126

© 2016 The Hunmin jeongeum Society
102 SCRIPTA, VOLUME 8 (2016)
1. Introduction 1. Introduction
1. Introduction
1. Introduction
1.1 Determinative
1. Introduction
1.1 Determinative 1.1 Determinative
1.1 Determinative
1.1 Egyptian
Both Determinative
and Chinese writing applied three basic methodsandto record
Both Egyptian and Chinese writing applied threeBoth Egyptian
basic Chinesewords:
methods to record writing applied three basi
words:
Both Egyptian and Chinese writing applied three basic methods to record words:
1) the Both Egyptian and
Meaning-oriented Chinese
method (M);writing applied three method
2) the Sound-oriented basic methods
1) the Meaning-oriented to the
(S); and 3) record
1) the Meaning-oriented method (M); 2) the Sound-oriented method (S);method
and 3)(M);
the 2) the Sound-orien
words: 1) the Meaning-oriented
1) the Meaning-oriented method
method (M); 2) the(M); 2) the Sound-oriented
Sound-oriented method (S); andmethod
3) the
2
“Sound+Meaning”
(S); and 3) combination
the “Sound+Meaning” In Tables 1 and
method (SM).combination 2 are
method
2 “Sound+Meaning” some
(SM). examples.
combination
1
In Tables 1 2 In Tables
method (SM).
“Sound+Meaning” combination method (SM). In Tables 1 and 2 are some examples.
and 2 are some examples.
“Sound+Meaning” 2
combination method (SM). In Tables 1 and 2 are some examples.
Table 1: Three Basic Methods in Egyptian Writing
Table 1: Three Basic Methods in Egyptian Writing Table 1: Three Basic Methods in Egyptian Writing
Table 1.1:Three
Table BasicMethods
Three Basic Methods in Egyptian
in Egyptian WritingWriting2
WRITING SOUND33 MEANING
WRITING SOUND3
WRITING
WRITING SOUNDSOUND2 MEANING MEANING
WRITING SOUND3 MEANING
M r Mr mouth
M M r mouthmouth r
M r mouth
S r S toward r
S S r r towardtoward
S r toward
SM rk SM time, age, era rk
SM rk time, age, era
SM
SM rk
rk time,
time, age,
age, era
era
Table 2: Three Basic Methods in Chinese Writing44
Table 2: Three Basic Methods in Chinese Writing Table 2: Three Basic Methods in Chinese Writing4
Table 2. Three Basic Methods in ChineseSOUND
WRITING Writing3 MEANING
WRITING SOUND WRITING
MEANING SOUND
WRITING
WRITING SOUND
SOUND MEANING
MEANING
M 舔 *kjɯ M leave for some舔 place *kjɯ
MM 舔 *kjɯ
*kjɯ leave
leave for for
some some place
place
M 舔 *kjɯ leave for some place
S S 舔 *kjɯ
*kjɯ S 3rd3rd person
person pronoun
pronoun
舔 *kjɯ
S 舔 *kjɯ 3rd person pronoun
SMSM S 蟖舔 *djɯ *kjɯ
*djɯ 3rd
season, person
season, pronoun
time
time
2My formulation of the three basic methods is based on the Chinese 2 My writing analysis by Chen (1956: 77), Lin
My formulation of the three basic5 methods is based on the Chinese formulation
writing of the6 three
analysis Chenbasic methods is
7 based on the Chinese writ
place)by (1956: 77), Lin
2
(r, mouth) and 舔 (之 zhī, *kjɯ, leave for some are byideograms
(1986: 14) and My
2
Qiuformulation
(2000: 167).ofThey
the three basic methods
all proposed is based
these three basic on the Chinese
methods writing
with their analysis
slightly differentChen
terms.(1956:
Here 77), Lin
(1986:
(1986: 14) and Qiu (2000: 167). They all proposed these three basic 14) and
methods Qiu
with (2000:
their 167).different
slightly They allterms.
proposed
Herethese three basic methods w
1(1986: 14) and Qiu (2000:
Icreated
I generalize My
generalize bythis formulation
thisM;
framework
framework (r,to of 167).
the
totoward)
the the They
three
Egyptian
Egyptian
allbasic
舔proposed
andwriting
writing
system.
system.
these
(之methodszhī, three
Presumablyisbasic
*kjɯ, based
I generalize
Presumably
methods
it3rd
is on
also
it isthis
also
withChinese
the theirtoslightly
applicable
person
framework
applicablepronoun)
totothe
other different
writing
first
arewriting
Egyptian
other first
terms. Here
analysis
loan
writing
writing system. Presumably it is
by Chen
I generalize
systems like Sumerianthis(1956:77),
Mayan. to the Egyptian writing system. Presumably it is also applicable to other firstthree
andframework Lin (1986:14) and Qiu (2000:167). They all proposed these writing
systems basic methods
like Sumerian and with
Mayan.their slightly different terms. systemsHere I generalize
like Sumerian and Mayan.this framework to the
phonograms
3
TheEgyptian
systems
Egyptian
created
likewriting
Sumerian
scribes
by S;8
system.
and Mayan.
consistently
(rk, time,itage,
Presumably
ignored and omitted is
era)applicable
also
words’
and
vowels
蟖 in(旹 to
shí, *djɯ,
otherThe
writing. first
season systems
writing
transliteration
or
of
3 The Egyptian scribes consistently ignoredof and omitted words’ vowe
3
The Egyptian scribes consistently ignored and omitted words’ vowels in writing. The transliteration
like3 Sumerian and Mayan.
Egyptian2 wordsThe Egyptian
is only scribes of
a renderation consistently
consonants ignored
alone. and omitted words’ vowels in writing. The transliteration of
time) are
Egyptian The
words sound-meaning
Egyptian
is scribes
only a renderation compounds
ofconsistently (SMC)
consonants alone. ignored created
and omitted
Egyptian by
words SM, anda renderation
is words’
only their
vowels structures are alone.
inconsonants
of writing. The
4 Thetransliteration
Egyptian words
three Chinese examplesis of
onlyEgyptian
a are fromwords
renderation of is only
consonants
Shuo Wen Jie a renderation
alone.
Zi 說文解字. The firstof twoconsonants
examples arealone. Xiǎozhuàn forms,
4 The three Chinese examples are from Shuo Wen Jie Zi 說文解字.The 4
Thethree Chinese examples are from Shuo Wen Jie Zi 說文解字. The firs
Jie Zi 說文解字
first two examples are Xiǎozhuàn forms,
analyzed 3
The4inTheTable
three
three
3.
Chinese examples are Shuo
fromWen Shuo
Jie ZiWen . The firstare two examples
蟖 isChinese examples
古文are from “Shuo WenThe
說文解字. Jiefirst
Zi” two
andexamples
“Xiǎozhuàn”Xiǎozhuànwill be forms,
Guwen 古文
and the third one the Guwen form of “蟕”(時 shí).
and the arethirdXiǎozhuàn
one 蟖 is the (see footnote
Guwen 古文 21) formforms, SM
of “蟕”(時 and shí).
the
and third
the
“Shuo one
thirdWen one蟖Jie蟖is the
Zi”is theGǔwén
and “Xiǎozhuàn” *djɯform
古文 formbeof
will of ““蟕”(時season, time We
shí). “Shuo
explained ” (
and 時 shí).
the third“Shuo
one 蟖Wen is Jie
the Zi”
Guwen and 古文 “Xiǎozhuàn”
form
later in this section (1.1). On Guwen, see Qiu 2000: 82-84. of “蟕”(時will be
shí). explained
“Shuo Wen later
Jie Zi” in this
and section
“Xiǎozhuàn” (1.1).
will be
5 The sign’s
explained On later inolder
Gǔwén, this form
seeinQiu
section Oracle-Bone
(1.1). Inscriptions
(2000:82-84).
On Guwen, see Qiu(OBI)
2000:
(r, is82-84.
mouth) , whichlater
explained
and 舔 depicts
(之a foot
5 in this leaving
section
zhī, the On
(1.1).
*kjɯ, place
leave indicated
Guwen, see Qiuplace)
for some 2000: 682-84.
are ideogra
explained later in this section (1.1). On Guwen, see2 Qiu 2000: 82-84.
by the horizontal stroke for other places (Oracle-Bone Inscriptions 2 are hitherto the earliest evidence of Chinese 2
created by M; 2(r, toward) and 舔 (之 zhī, *kjɯ, 3rd person pronoun) are l
writing, dated to the 14th -11th century BC).
8
6 phonograms
For the Chinese examples in this article, their created
Kǎishū (楷書, by S;
Standard (rk,andtime,
Script) forms their age, era)
modern and 蟖 (旹 shí, *djɯ, season
Mandarin
WRITING
M SOUND3 r MEANING mouth
M r
M S r r
The Prototypical Determinatives in Egyptian and Chinese Writing mouth 103 toward
S r t
Table SM
S 3: Structure of Sound-Meaning Compound (SMC) r rk toward time, age, era
Table 3. Structure of Sound-Meaning
SM Compound (SMC) rk time
Table 2:SMC SOUND
SOUNDPART MEANING PART
Three Basic Methods in Chinese Writing4
SM SMC PART
rk MEANING PART
time, age, era
Egyptian
Egyptian WRITING
(r)(r) +
+ (k) SOUND (sun)
(k) (sun) MEANING
Chinese
Chinese
SM 蟖
M
蟖 *djɯ WRITING
舔舔(*kjɯ)(*kjɯ) SOUND
(sun) leave for some ME
*kjɯ 蟏(sun)
season, time pla
WRITING SOUND MEANING
(r,Each SMCand
mouth) 舔 5 (之
comprises S twoMparts:
zhī, *kjɯ, theleave
sound舔forpart 舔
someandplace) 6
the meaning
*kjɯ *kjɯ
part.
are ideograms 7
The3rd personleave
sound pronou fo
M(r, mouth) and 舔 (之 zhī, *kjɯ,
4
leave for some
*kjɯ leave place)
for someare
5
place
ideograms
part
created M; 6 created
by contains onetoward)
(r, by and
(typical M;
for S舔 (r, (之toward)
Chinese writing)
zhī, *kjɯ, and
or several
3rd (之loan
舔person zhī, *kjɯ, 3rd
phonograms
pronoun) are personfor 3rd per
(typical
*kjɯloan
2 My formulation of the three basic methods is based on the Chinese writing analysis by Chen (1956: 77
pronoun)
S are loan phonograms 舔 created by S; 7
*kjɯ (rk, time,3rd age,
personera) and
pronoun
(旹 shí, *djɯ, *djɯ
9
蟖Egyptian
phonograms writing)
created by which
S;
(1986: 8 andserve
14) Qiu(rk,as
(2000:phonetic
time,
season or time) are
They indication(s)
167).age, era) and
all proposed
sound-meaning
season, time 蟖 to
(旹
these the
three sound
shí,
basic*djɯ,of
methodsthe
withword.
season
compounds (SMC) Thedifferent terms
theirorslightly
2
My formulation of the three basic methods is based on the Chinese writing analysis by C
created by SM,I generalize
and their structures
this framework are
to the analyzed
Egyptian writing in Table
system. 3. it is also applicable to other first w
Presumably
time)
1. meaning
are
2 Introduction
5 My part
sound-meaning
formulation consists
of the three of methods
compounds
basic one or(SMC)
isseveral
based on meaning-signs
6 created by SM,
the Chinese 7 which
and
writing their serve
structures
analysis by Chenas(1956:
semantic
are 77), Lin
uth) and 舔 (之 Each SMC systems
zhī, *kjɯ, comprises
leave
(1986:for
like twoQiu
14)some
and
Sumerian parts:
Mayan.the
place)
and(2000: aresound
167). part and
ideograms
They all proposed the
these meaning
three part.
basic methods with their slightly
(1986: 14) and Qiu (2000: 167). They all proposed these three basic methods with their slightly different terms. Here
indication(s)
analyzed in Table 3.to specify the meaning
I generalize of thetoword,
this framework but convey
the Egyptian writingno phonetic
system. information.
Presumably it is also applicable
3 The Egyptian scribes consistently ignored and omitted words’ vowels in writing. The transliterati
(r, toward) and 舔 (之 zhī, *kjɯ, 3rd person pronoun) are loan
1.14 Determinative
I generalize
Thethis framework
sign’s older to thewords
form
Egyptian Egyptian
in like writing
Oracle-Bone
is only system.of Presumably
Inscriptions
a renderation (OBI)
consonants it isis also, applicable
alone. to otherafirst
which depicts footwriting
systems Sumerian and Mayan.
10
These kinds
leaving of meaning-signs
the place indicated by are
theusually called
horizontal “determinatives”
stroke for other placesby Egyptologists
(Oracle-Bone
8 5 Thelike
sign’s older form in Oracle-Bone
4 The three Inscriptions (OBI) are
is from
, which depicts
Jieaor
foot leaving the place indicated
eated by S;systems Both
Sumerian
(rk,
Inscriptionstime,
Egyptian
and
areage,
Mayan.
era)
hitherto
and and
the
3 The
Chinese 蟖 (旹
Chinese
earliest
Egyptian
writing shí,three
examples
evidence
scribes
applied *djɯ,
ofbasicseason
Shuo
ChineseWenignored
consistently Zi 說文解字.
writing,
methods dated
and
to record
The first
to the
omitted
words:
two examples
vowels are
14th‒11th
words’ in Xiǎozhuàn
writing. Tf
by the century areBC).
horizontal
andEgyptian stroke
usually for other
calledplaces (Oracle-Bone
“xíngpáng” Inscriptions
(形旁, arepart)
iconic hitherto the earliest evidencesemantic
of Chinesesign)11 of
ofor “yìfú” (義符,
3 The scribes consistently ignored and omitted
and the third
Egyptian one 蟖 is
words the
is only Guwen 古文 words’
a renderationform vowels
“蟕”(時
of consonants
inshí).
writing.
alone. “ShuoThe
Wen transliteration
Jie Zi” and “Xiǎozhuàn” w
d-meaningwriting, For
compounds
1) 5the the Chinese
(SMC)
Meaning-oriented examples
created
method
dated to the 14 -11 century BC).
th th byin this
SM,
(M); 2) article,
and
the their
their Kǎishū
structures
Sound-oriented (楷書 are
method , Standard
(S); and Script)
3) the forms and
Egyptian words
their is onlyMandarin
modern a explained
renderation of consonants
pronunciations
4 later alone.
(transcribed inseePinyin romanization system) are two examples a
in the traditional study Theinthree
this section
Chinese
of Chinese
(1.1). On Guwen,
examples are from
writing. Here
Qiu
Shuo2000:
I Wen
82-84.
Jie Zi the
adopt 說文解字.WesternThe first
term
6 provided alongside for convenience. In 2some places like the Table 2, the Old Chinese
“Sound+Meaning”
For the Chinese combination
examples in this method
article, their (SM).
Kǎishū In
(楷書, Tables 1
Standard and
Script)2 are
forms some
and examples.
their modern Mandarin
ble 3. 4 The three Chinese examples are from Shuo Wen Jie Zi 說文解字. The first2two examples are Xiǎozhuàn forms,
reconstructions are and alsothe provided.
third one(They 蟖 is are reconstructed
the Guwen 古文 form by ofPan Wuyun
“蟕”(時 and
shí). can Wen
“Shuo be Jie Zi” and “
“determinative”
found
pronunciations
Table 1: at theBasic
following
(transcribed
Three and URL:
in Pinyin
Methods give a more
Romanization
in Egyptian Writinggeneral description with considerations of Chinese
http://www.eastling.org/oc/oldage.aspx.)
system) are provided alongside for convenience. In some places
and the third one 蟖 is the Guwen 古文 form of “蟕”(時 shí). “Shuo Wen Jie Zi” and “Xiǎozhuàn” will be
like the “Ideogram” andis “logogram” laterare two closely related but different Panterms. An “ideo-
6
er form in Oracle-Bone Table 2, the Old(OBI)
Inscriptions Chinese explained
reconstructions
, which depicts
inathis
are also section
footprovided.
leaving
(1.1).
(They
the
On Guwen,
areindicated
place
see Qiu
reconstructed by 2000: 82-84.
Wuyun and can
gram”
explained later is a written sign which
WRITING refers to the
SOUND
in this section (1.1). On Guwen, see Qiu 2000: 82-84. concept
3 shown in its
MEANING picture. The term is
roke for otherbeplaces
founda at
combination
the
9 Egyptian
(Oracle-Bone of the
followingSMCs
URL: often
InscriptionsGreek “idea”
use hitherto
are more the(“outward
http://www.eastling.org/oc/oldage.aspx.)
than one loan evidence
earliest appearance”)
phonograms to represent
of Chinese 2
andthe“gramma”
consonantal (“written
structure (1-4
character”).
7 “Ideogram”
consonants,
However, the
M and3-consonantal
“logogram” are
termis “logogram”
two closely
structure therelated
is ra2 of
but different
most common)
combination
aterms.
of the
mouth
An “ideogram”
word analytically.
Greek
Theyis ause
“logos”
written
(“word”)
signuniconsonantal
not only which
and “gramma” (“written character”), meaning a written sign of a whole word (Depuydt
14th -11th century BC).
1999:50-51).
refers to the also
but concept An in
shown
biconsonantalideogram
itsorpicture. isThenot
triconsonantalterm necessarily
is a combination
phonograms. aAnd
logogram.
ofthere are Itoften
the Greek is atphonetic
“idea” the same
(“outward time a logo-
appearance”)
complements following
S Kǎishū (楷書, Standard Script) forms and their modern Mandarin toward
gram when used independently as a writingrfor a word. However, it is not a logogram
e examples in this article, their
and “gramma” (“written character”). However, the term(Gardiner
“logogram” is a 38;
combination of the Greek
biconsonantal
when
scribed in Pinyin Romanization
used and triconsonantal
dependently asphonograms
a determinative
system) are provided alongside for convenience. In some places
1957:
(see next 44).paragraph
In contrast, and“logos”
Chinese SMCs
footnote(“word”)
often takeAonly
11).
logogram SM is not necessarily anaofwritten
ideogram, rk time, age, era
and “gramma” (“written
one phonogram character”),
to represent meaning
the sound the word signasofabecause
awhole.
whole(Most a loan
word of thephonogram
(DepuydtOld 1999: (see
50-51).
Chinese words An footnote
areideogram 7)
monosyllabic).
when used
Old Chinese reconstructions independently
are also provided. (Theyasare a reconstructed
writing for by a word
Pan Wuyun (likeandthecan second examples in Table 1
and
Table10Table
is not necessarily
2:ItThree2)Basic
should is
bealso
a logogram. It aisthat
noted
Methods logogram.
atin“ideogram”,
the same Writing
Chinese time a 4logogram when
“phonogram” used independently
and “determinative” as“sign
are not a writing for abut
classes” word.
rather “sign
wing URL: http://www.eastling.org/oc/oldage.aspx.)
However,
7
A “loan phonogram”
it is notclasses”
function a logogram is originally
when used dependentlyasassome
(Zeichenfunktionsklasse) a logogram.
a determinative The
Egyptologists logogram
(seeexplained
next paragraphis borrowed
and named
and first to
footnoteby11).express
A
Kammerzell
nd “logogram” are two a closely
sound related
whichbutisdifferent
identical
WRITING or An
terms. similar
“ideogram”to SOUND
the is alogogram’s sound.
written sign which MEANING A loan phonogram can
logogrambe isused
(Schenkel independently
not necessarily an ideogram,
1984: 714-718; as a because
Depuydt logogram a loanfor
1999: 72-73; the other
phonogram
Kammerzell when
1999; word
used (typical
Allen independentlyfor asChinese
2000:3; Lincke writingwriting),
&a Kammerzell for a2012:59-
like
t shown in its picture. The term
M r “toward”
is a combinationand of 舔the Greek3rd
*kjɯ, “idea”person
(“outward
*kjɯ pronoun; it can
appearance”)
leave foralso
some beplace
used with other
word (like60).theEvery
second examples
basic sign inin both
Tablewriting
1 and Table
systems2) ishas
alsothea logogram.
potential to be used as an ideogram, a phonogram or a
loan phonograms to spell the complex sound of other words (typical for Egyptian
itten character”). 8However, the term “logogram” is a combination of the Greek “logos” (“word”)
Awriting),
“loan phonogram”
determinative. rn “name”
S like is originally 舔 (
a logogram. + logogram
r The n). The
*kjɯ method
is borrowed to
3rd Sperson
is called
express Jiǎjiè
a sound which “borrowing”
pronoun is identical
itten character”), (the Chinese
meaning a written characters
sign of a whole formed
word in this
(Depuydt way
1999: areAn
50-51). known
ideogramas Jiǎjièzì “loangraph”) in
or similar to11theQiu
logogram’s sound. A
8. loan phonogram can be used independently as a (形旁)”
the traditional study
2000: Chapter of Chinese
Note writing
that the (Qiu
translators 2000:5‒7),
rendered andlogogram
“xíngpáng for the
is referred
into other word
to as “rebus
“semantic symbol” or
logogram. It is at the2principle”
same
My time in
formulation the
of theWestern
a logogram
threewhen study
used
basic methods ofbased
writing
independently
is systems.
on the as a writing
Chinese foranalysis
writing a word.by Chen (1956: 77), Lin
(typical for Chineseand
“signific,” writing),
also note r “toward”
likethat they renderedand
SMC *kjɯ,
舔 into 3rd person pronoun;
“phonogram” it can also be used with other
incorrectly.
logogram when (1986: 14) and Qiu (2000: 167). They all proposed these three basic methods with their slightly different terms. Here
used dependently as a determinative (see next paragraph and footnote 11). A
4
loanI phonograms
generalize thistoframework
spell the to
complex soundwriting
the Egyptian of other words
system. (typical for
Presumably it isEgyptian writing),
also applicable like first writing
to other rn “name” (
essarily an ideogram, because a loan phonogram when used independently as a writing for a
systems like Sumerian and Mayan.
r+ n). The method S is called Jiǎjiè “borrowing” (the Chinese characters formed in this way are known as
d examples in Table3 1 and Table 2) is also a logogram.
The Egyptian scribes consistently ignored and omitted words’ vowels in writing. The transliteration of
The sound part contains one (typical for Chinese writing) or several
loan phonograms (typical for Egyptian writing) which serve as phonetic
indication(s) to the sound of the word.8 The meaning part consists of one
or several meaning-signs which serve as semantic indication(s) to specify
the meaning of the word, but convey no phonetic information. These kinds
of meaning-signs are usually called “determinatives”9 by Egyptologists
and are usually called “xíngpáng” (形旁, iconic part) or “yìfú” (義符,
semantic sign)10 in the traditional study of Chinese writing. Here I adopt
the Western term “determinative” and give a more general description
with considerations of Chinese determinatives: 1) a meaning-sign, not
conveying phonetic information; 2) position: in the meaning part of a
SMC; 3) function: serving as a semantic indication to specify the meaning
(or the signified) of the word.11 As we can see in table 3, both Egyptians
8
Egyptian SMCs often use more than one loan phonograms to represent the consonantal
structure (1‒4 consonants, 3-consonantal structure is the most common) of a word
analytically. They use not only uniconsonantal but also biconsonantal or triconsonantal
phonograms. And there are often phonetic complements following biconsonantal and
triconsonantal phonograms (Gardiner 1957:38; 44). In contrast, Chinese SMCs often take
only one phonogram to represent the sound of the word as a whole. (Most of the Old
Chinese words are monosyllabic).
9
It should be noted that “ideogram,” “phonogram” and “determinative” are not “sign
classes” but rather “sign function classes” (Zeichenfunktionsklasse) as some Egyptologists
explained and first named by Kammerzell (Schenkel 1984:714-718; Depuydt 1999:72-
73; Kammerzell 1999; Allen 2000:3; Lincke & Kammerzell 2012:59-60). Every basic sign
in both writing systems has the potential to be used as an ideogram, a phonogram or a
determinative.
10
Qiu (2000:Chapter 8). Note that the translators rendered “xíngpáng (形旁)” into
“semantic symbol” or “signific,” and also note that they rendered SMC into “phonogram”
incorrectly.
11
The term “determinative” (“déterminatif” in French) was first proposed by J. F.
Champollion (1836:109), and more clearly defined by Alan H. Gardiner (1957:31 §23)
as follows: “In several of the examples quoted in §22 the ideogram follows one or more
phonograms and ends the word. In cases such as these it is called a determinative,
because it appears to determine the meaning of the foregoing sound-signs and to define
that meaning in a general way.” After Gardiner, some Egyptologists such as Schenkel,
Kammerzell, Goldwasser and Polis/Rosmorduc have given more explanations on the
nature of determinatives (for an overview see Polis/Rosmorduc 2015). Among them,
Goldwasser, Kammerzell and their followers hold that “classifier” is a more accurate
term than “determinative” and the words taking the same determinative constitute a
cognitive category (Goldwasser 2002; Lincke/Kammerzell 2012). From my point of view,
the term “determinative” is suitable for designating the sign’s function within individual
words, while “classifier” is more suited for studying the sign’s function in a group of
words all taking it. But because the category formed by a graphemic “classifier” is
The Prototypical Determinatives in Egyptian and Chinese Writing 105
and Chinese use a “sun” sign as determinative to indicate that the word’s
meaning is associated with the sun, because ancient people primarily
judged time by the sun’s position in the sky.12
Some differences between Chinese and Egyptian determinatives should
be noted here.13 First, it’s not uncommon that an Egyptian SMC takes more
than one determinative, while a Chinese SMC normally takes only one
determinative. Second, the Egyptian determinatives are usually written
after the phonograms, while the Chinese determinatives are commonly
written before the phonograms.14 Third, Egyptian determinative usage
is more flexible. Alteration, redundancy, omission and even pragamatic
use15 of determinatives are common in Egyptian script. Whereas in
Chinese script, redundancy and pragmatic use of determinatives are
rare.16 And Chinese determinatives are very integral to their SMCs after
usually complex and heterogeneous as Kammerzell himself (2012:75-85) acknowledged,

this still needs further investigation and observation to obtain a clearer definition of
“classifier” and a detailed explanation of the homogeneity and heterogeneity between
graphemic and linguistic classifiers (cf. McDonald 2004a:238). Presumably, specifying
the meaning of individual words was the initial intention of determinative usage,
while classifying words was an optimized way for the systematic and economical
determinative application.
12
From the perspective of cognitive linguistics, the use of sun determinatives as the
indication of “time” can be called “metonymy,” which is based on the spatial, temporal,
or causal contiguity between two concepts (or “categories,” see Lakoff 1987: Chapter
5). A comparison between Chinese and Egyptian metonymic determinatives will be
conducted in a forthcoming publication.
For an overview of the commonalities and singularities between SMCs of Chinese
13
writing system and those of Egyptian writing system, see Chen (2013:125-152).
14
Note that a Chinese SMC arranges its phonogram and determinative into a square-
shaped space with the similar size to other characters in the same text, whereas an
Egyptian SMC arranges its phonogram(s) and determinative(s) into either a linear
sequence (e.g. iAw “old”) or a nonlinear spatial block (e.g. st “place”),
and commonly takes different size of space from other words in the same text. Chinese
writing has eight types of spatial arrangement for compounding a determinative and
a phonogram into a SMC square. For four types of them (i.e. “determinative on the
left, phonogram on the right,” “determinative on the top, phonogram on the bottom,”
“determinative surrounding the phonogram” and “phonogram in a corner”), the
determinative is written before the phonogram (Qiu 2000:242-243).
15
Pragmatic use of determinative means a determinative is used according to its actual
referent in co-text and context, see Loprieno (2003:243-246); McDonald (2004a:239-248);
Lincke & Kammerzell (2012:Section 4).
16
The linguistic and cultural reasons for this difference will be explored in a future
study.
the standardization in Qin Dynasty, although omission and alteration of

determinatives also occurred in Pre-Qin manuscripts.17
Determinatives appeared at a very early stage in both writing systems.18
After a process of gradual development,19 the systems of determinatives
became mature. For Egyptian writing, the system of determinatives was
already elaborate in the Pyramid Texts and reached complete maturity
in the Middle Egyptian texts.20 For Chinese writing, the system of
determinatives was already elaborate in the scripts of the Seven States
in the Warring States Period and reached complete maturity at the stage
of “Xiǎozhuàn 小篆.”21 In both Middle Egyptian writing and Chinese
Xiǎozhuàn there were more than 300 determinatives, of which fewer than
100 were frequently used.22
My current comparative study focuses primarily on the determinatives
in Middle Egyptian writing and those in Xiǎozhuàn script. For Egyptian
determinatives, some examples from the Pyramid Texts will also be used
See Qiu (2000:Section 8.5.2) and Boltz (1994:163-165).

17
Egyptian determinatives existed already in the writings from Predynastic Period and
18
Early Dynastic Period (Kahl 2001:118; Kahl 1994:105-135). Chinese determinatives

existed already in the Oracle Bone Inscriptions.
Egyptian writing and Chinese writing underwent a similar process of gradual
19
optimization after their initial development. In the beginning stage, M and S were the
principal methods, while SM was not as prevalent. But gradually, because of its clarity
and productiveness, SM was applied more often and became the most frequently-used
method. Consequently, a system of determinatives became fully developed in both
writing systems. (William G. Boltz designates the optimization stage of Chinese script as
“determinative stage,” see Boltz 1994:67.)
20
See Goldwasser (2002:13); Kammerzell and Lincke (2012). Middle Egyptian texts refer
to the writings of Middle Egyptian, including not only the hieroglyphic texts but also the
cursive hieroglyphic texts and hieratic texts.
21
“Xiǎozhuàn” is the national standard writing in the Qin Dynasty (221-207 BCE). After
unification of the seven separate states, the emperor Qin Shi Huang commanded the
premier Li Si to standardize the script. The standardization was based on the writing
of the Qin State in the Spring-Autumn Period and the Warring States Period (see Qiu
2000:89-103). The name “Xiǎozhuàn” was rendered into English as “lesser seal script,”
because it has often been used for seal inscriptions, though it was replaced by other
styles of script in daily usage. Also it is simpler than older script styles used in seal
inscriptions.
In Gardiner’s sign-list there are about 320 signs functioning as determinatives (Gardiner
22
1957:442-543). Among them, 94 were listed in his list of “more important generic
determinatives” (ibid:31-33). In the Xiǎozhuàn dictionary Shuo Wen Jie Zi there are 374
determinatives, of which 72 are highly productive (Li 1996:48; 56).
in this article. For Chinese determinatives, all examples are from the
Xiǎozhuàn dictionary Shuo Wen Jie Zi 說文解字, which was compiled by Xu
Shen 許慎 around 100 AD in Eastern-Han Dynasty.
1.2 Prototypical Determinative
A determinative provides semantic indication of the word’s meaning in

various ways. Both Sinologists and Egyptologists have been interested
in the different relations between determinatives and the words they
specify. Significantly, the Sinologist Xiang Duolin and the Egyptologist
Orly Goldwasser reached very similar conclusions about determinative-
word relation types based on their respective studies of Chinese and
Egyptian determinatives. Basically, they both divided determinatives into
four types: 1) taxonomic determinatives; 2) metonymic determinatives; 3)
metaphorical determinatives; and 4) repeater-like determinatives.23
The difference between Xiang’s and Goldwasser’s studies is that the
latter is based on a clear cognitive perspective and yields more profound
explanations of determinative usage. Goldwasser’s central hypothesis is that
the determinative phenomenon of Egyptian hieroglyphic writing reflects a
system of knowledge organization.24 She assumes that the range of words
taking the same determinative constitutes a conceptual category.25 So she
employed cognitive categorization theory26 to deal with the determinative
system in Egyptian writing.27
Among the cognitive approaches Goldwasser applied, the prototype
approach proved to be successful and fruitful.28 She has found that in
23
See Xiang (1987); Goldwasser (2002:15-18). The terms here are mainly adopted from
Goldwasser. Xiang’s corresponding terms are “biāolèi xíngfú 標類形符,” “xiāngguān xíngfú
相關形符,” “bǐkuàng xíngfú 比況形符” and “biāoyì xíngfú 標義形符.” His terms have identical
ideas, but are not as explicit as Goldwasser’s.
24
Goldwasser (1999:49).
25
The cognitive categorization theory was first proposed by the cognitive psychologist
26
Eleanor Rosch (1973a; 1973b; 1975a; 1975b; 1978; 1983) and later adopted and
developed by George Lakoff in the field of cognitive linguistics (Lakoff 1987).
27
For a detailed explanation of her methodology, see Goldwasser (2002:25-38).
28
Prototype theory is a central observation of the Roschian categorization theory.
In the 1970s, Rosch found there is “centrality” and “degree of membership” with
natural categories (i.e. results of folk classification rather than scientific classification).
Egyptian writing a taxonomic determinative often depicts a prototype

of a superordinate category to which the word’s meaning belongs.29 As
Goldwasser states, “the prototype moves from its original meaning to
‘represent’ the whole category.”30 One of Goldwasser’s examples is the
determinative (No. G38 in Gardiner’s Sign-list). She considers this
sign as a depiction of “duck.” Then she proposes that because duck is a
prototype of the birds in the Nile Valley, and because the superordinate
category [bird] is image-defying (i.e. “people typically do not have a single,
perceptual representation for a superordinate.”31), the sign was used
as a determinative to represent the whole “bird” category (see Table 4),
and even the fuzzy-edge members32 of this category such as mosquito (see
Table 5).33
Table 4. SMCs of Various Birds Taking the Prototypical Determinative 34353637
P. D. KINDS OF BIRDS
34 35 36 37
mnwt DAt hnt niw

dove grey crane pelican ostrich
“Prototype” is a central member and “best example” of a natural category. This

discovery is quite different from the traditional theory of categorization where a
category is defined by a series of shared properties within the members, and all the
members have equal status. For example, as Rosch’s psychological experiment suggests
(1975a:232), for American people “robin” (ranking 1st in goodness for example) and
“sparrow” (2nd) are among the prototypes of the [bird] category, while ostrich (50th)
and penguin (53rd) are among the peripheral members.
29
30
Lassaline et al. (1992:339).

31
32
Most prototype categories do not have clear-cut boundaries, but rather fuzzy
boundaries. The atypical peripheral members (or “bad examples”) of a category are on
the fuzzy edge (see Lakoff 1987 Chapter 2, and the references there).
Goldwasser (2009:32-33; 1999:56-58; 2002:40).
33
Wb 2, 79.3-5.
34
TLA: DZA 31.538.790.

35
Wb 3, 104.2-3.
36
FCD 125.
37
Table 5. SMCs of Fuzzy-edge Members of Bird Taking the Prototypical

Determinative 383940
P. D. FUZZY-EDGE MEMBERS OF BIRD

38 39 40
snHm xnws pwy

locust mosquito flea
One point worth mentioning is that there is no consensus on what

the sign depicts.41 As Angela McDonald suggested that a prototypical
determinative can be “a pictorial amalgamation of the prototypical
attributes,”42 I would think it is more plausible to analyze this sign as an
abstract depiction based on some prototypical ducks and geese. As Helen
Strudwick states, when creating or drawing a hieroglyph, the Egyptian
38
It can also be written with a locust determinative, .
39
FCD 192.
40
“Flea” can also be written with a flea determinative or a hide determinative (F27):
(FCD 88), (Wb 1, 502.2). Fleas’ wings have become vestigial, but they are
very capable of jumping. We are not sure about the reason why the writing of “flea”
could take as determinative. The ancient Egyptians might have thought either
that fleas’ jumping was like flying or that fleas could be found on birds’ bodies. The
reason for the hide determinative is probably that fleas can be found on hides. If the
usages of and are based on the contiguity between flea and bird or hide, they are
metonymic determinatives.
41
Gardiner (1957:471) considers this sign a depiction of a white-fronted goose (anser
albifrons). However, according to Houlihan’s observation, “even when carefully executed
and painted, this sign can usually only be identified as an Anser goose.” Only one
unusually well detailed example of this sign can at a glance be called a white-fronted
goose (Houlihan 1986:59). This sole occurrence is not enough to firmly determine the
sign is a depiction of a white fronted goose, since it is possible that the specification
resulted from the scribe’s unique intention or interest. Goldwasser thinks the prototype
represented by the sign is a duck, because Faulkner (1952) argued that the word
Apd in the Pyramid Texts originally referred to “duck” instead of “goose” before
it obtained a generalized meaning “bird.” However, after reexamining the texts Faulkner
mentioned, I think Apd originally should have referred to a certain species of duck,
probably not “duck” in general. We should also be aware that “duck” and “goose” are
modern designations of biological taxonomy, and that Egyptians may not have separated
the Anatidae family into these two groups, although they categorized this family into
more specific species. So it is prudent to say Apd originally referred to a certain
species of Anatidae which in modern biological view is a kind of duck.
42
McDonald (2004a:244).
scribe or artist was more concerned with writing a word than producing an
accurate representation of a specific species.43 Distinguishing certain species
of ducks or geese or even distinguishing a duck from a goose by simple line
Table 6: SMCs of Various
drawing needs too much thankless effort.
After Goldwasser’s cognitive treatment of Egyptian determinatives,
P. D.
the Sinologist Chen Feng also applied cognitive approaches to analyze
Chinese determinatives and mentioned Table the 6: prototypicality
SMCs of Various Fishof Chinese
Taking the Prototypical Determina
玺
determinatives. Although her analysis of prototypical determinatives
44
was not in-depth and some demonstrations P. D.

were inappropriate, she didKINDS OF FIS
mention some proper examples of prototypical determinatives, such as 缭鰱 lián
(魚, yú, *ŋa, fish). She noticed that some words denoting clams take
45 Table 6: SMCs of Various Fish玺
Taking the Prototypical
琪 this Determinative鑒缭
sign as a prototypical determinative, but she did not analyze them clearly. silver carp
P. D. KINDSfù OF FISH
The following is my interpretation. The sign 缭 (OBI: 鰱 ; lián Bronze Inscription:
鮒鱅 yōng
)46 is a prototypical image of fish which is based on some prototypical
玺琪 Table
鑒 7: SMCs of Fuzzy-e 鐻
attributes of the prototypes of the [fish] category. Apparently,
silver carp crucian scaleless
carp bighead carp
fish like the catfish are not typical in the ancient Chinese mind. As a
lián used 鮒
鰱 only fù yōng P. D. 鮎 niá
prototypical image of fish, the sign 缭 was not as the 6: SMCs鱅
Tablelogogram 47
of Various Fish Taking the Pr
Table 7: SMCs of Fuzzy-edge Members of Fish Taking the Proto
of *ŋa “fish,” but also used as a prototypical determinative marking words
P. D.
labelling various members of the fish category (see crucian
silver carp Table 6),carp even
48
bigheadthe carp catfis
P. D. FUZZY-EDGE MEMBE
fuzzy-edge members of the fish category (see Table 7). 缭玺琪
Table 6: SMCs of Various Fish Taking the Prototypical Determinative 缭
Table 6:6:
Table
Table
TableSMCs
Table
6: 6:ofSMCs
6:SMCs
SMCs
SMCs Various
of Fish
ofVarious
of Various
Various Taking
of Various
Fish
Fish Fish
Taking
Fish the
Taking
Takingthe
the
the Table
Prototypical
TakingPrototypical
Prototypical
Prototypical 7: Determinative
SMCs of
Determinative
the Prototypical
Determinative
Determinative
Determinative
缭缭Fuzzy-edge
缭缭缭 Members of鑓鑗
Fish Taking the Prototypical Deter
Table
P. D. 6. SMCs of Various Fish Taking
KINDSthe
OFPrototypical
FISH Determinative 缭鰱 lián 鮒 fù
P.P.
P.D. D.P. D.
P.D.
D. KINDS
KINDS
KINDSOF
KINDS
KINDSOF
OFFISH
OF OF
FISH
FISHFISH
FISH
P. D. 缭鰂 zéi
FUZZY-EDGE 鰒 fù
MEMBERS OF 鰝F
P. D. KINDS OF FISH
In addition, the X
玺琪鑒鐻鑅 silver carp crucian carp
玺玺
玺玺玺琪琪琪琪琪鑒鑒
鑒鑒鑒鐻鐻鐻鐻鑓鑅鑅
鐻鑅鑅鑗
鑅 abalone50鑥 big
cuttlefish
鰱鰱liánlián 鮒鮒 fù
fù 鱅鱅yōng
yōng 鮎鮎 nián
nián 鯫 zōu 鯫 zōu crocodile) have not bee
缭 Table 7: SMCs of Fuzzy-edge Members of F
鰱鰱鰱鰱lián
lián
lián
lián
鰱 lián 鮒鮒
鮒鮒fùfù
fù
fù
鮒 fù 鱅鱅
鱅鱅yōng
yōng
yōng
yōng
鱅 yōng 鮎鮎
鮎鮎nián
nián
nián
nián
鮎 nián 鯫鯫鯫鯫 zōu
zōu
zōu
zōu
鯫 zōu
缭 In addition, 鰂a thezéi Xiǎozhuàn 鰒 fùforms of 鰝 (biē, s
鱉 hào
akind
kindofofsmall whiteInspired by the pre
缭缭
缭缭缭
silver carp crucian carp bighead carp catfish
silver carp crucian carp bighead carp catfish a akind
aakind
small kind
kind fish
aofkind
ofof ofP. D.
of
white FUZZY
silver
silver
silvercarp
silver
silver carp crucian
carpcarp
carp cruciancarp
crucian
crucian
cruciancarp
carp bighead
carpcarp
bigheadcarp
bighead
bighead crocodile)
bighead
carp
carp
carpcarpcatfishhave
catfish
catfish
catfish not
catfishsmallbeen
small
cuttlefish
small
small
fish
found,
white
small
white
white white
white but in
abalone 50 later stages they b
big shrimp
to find more comparab
fishfishfish
fish
fish 鑓
Table 7: SMCs of Fuzzy-edge Members of Fish Taking the Prototypical Determinative 缭
Table 7:7:
Table SMCs
Table 7:ofSMCs
7:SMCs Fuzzy-edge
of Members
of Fuzzy-edge
ofFuzzy-edge ofof
Fish
Members
Members Taking
ofFishofTaking
Fish In
the
the addition,Inspired
Prototypical
Taking the by the
Xiǎozhuàn
Determinative
the Prototypical
Prototypical
previous
Determinative
Determinative formsstudies of(biē,
Goldwasser
ofand鱉observe an
soft-shelle
Table
Table
7: SMCs
SMCs of Fuzzy-edge
Fuzzy-edge Members
Membersof Fish
FishTaking
Taking the
thePrototypical
PrototypicalDeterminative
Determinative
缭缭缭缭缭 the com
43
Strudwick (1990:214). 缭鰂 zéi
P. D. FUZZY-EDGE MEMBERS to find OFmoreFISH comparable prototypical determinatives
ChenP.(2006:Chapter 5). tookinth
44
P.D.
P. D.P. D.
P.D.
D. FUZZY-EDGE
FUZZY-EDGE
FUZZY-EDGE
FUZZY-EDGE crocodile)
FUZZY-EDGE MEMBERS
MEMBERS
MEMBERS have OF
MEMBERS
MEMBERS notOF
OF
OFbeen
FISH OF
FISH
FISH
FISH found,
FISH but in laterdeterminative
stages they bothusage.
45
Ibid:102. cuttlefish a
鑓鑗鑥鑧
46
Xu (2010:4983). 鑓鑓
鑓鑓鑓鑗鑗
鑗鑗鑗 and
Inspired 鑥鑥 by
鑥 observe
鑥the 鑥 previousthe 鑧鑧
鑧 commonalities
鑧studies
鑧 and culture-specific
of Goldwasser and Chen, in
In addition, the Xiǎozhuàn form
47
See footnote
缭 6 for 鰂 thezéi
definition 鰒 of “logogram.”
fù 鰝 hào 魧 háng
determinative usage. 2. Prototypical Determ
48
In this缭 article,
缭缭缭缭 all 鰂 the
鰂鰂鰂zéi鰂zéi zéi 鰒
zéi
zéi
Xiǎozhuàn 鰒鰒tofùfù
鰒 fùfù fùmore
examples’
find
鰒鰝鰝鰝鰝hào
definitionshào
hào hào from
hàoare
comparable
鰝魧魧魧 háng
háng
háng
háng
Shuo háng
prototypical
魧魧 Wen Jie Zi unless
determinatives in Egyptian
crocodile) have not been found, but in l
otherwise specified.cuttlefish abalone50 big shrimp big clam
cuttlefishabalone
cuttlefish
cuttlefish
cuttlefish
cuttlefish abalone
abaloneabalone
abalone
and
5050
5050 50
observe big
big
bigshrimp
big big
shrimp
shrimpshrimp
shrimp
the big
big
big
commonalities clam
big big
clam
clam
clam clam
and culture-specific peculiar
Inspired by There
the previous studiestho
are mainly
In addition, the Xiǎozhuàn forms of 鱉 (biē,2.soft-shelled Prototypical Determinatives
turtle) and 鱷 (è, for Three Types of C
InIn addition,
addition, the
In addition,the Xiǎozhuàn
the forms
Xiǎozhuàn
Xiǎozhuàn forms ofof
forms of(biē,
(biē, soft-shelled
(biē, turtle)
soft-shelled
soft-shelled and
turtle) 鱷and鱷(è, (è,
InIn addition,
addition, the
the Xiǎozhuàn
Xiǎozhuàn forms
forms ofof (biē,
(biē,
usage. turtle)
soft-shelled
soft-shelled turtle)
turtle) and
and
and (è,
(è,
(è, comparable
鱉鱉鱉鱉鱉鱷
鱷鱷
determinative to find more prototypical
crocodile) have not been found, but in later stages they both took the fish determinative.
crocodile)
crocodile)
crocodile)
crocodile) have
crocodile)
have
have
havenot
have
not
notbeen
not found,
not
been
been
beenbeen
found,
found,
found,but inin
found,
but
but
but inlater
but instages
inlater
later
laterlater
stages
stages
stagesthey
stages
they
theyboth
they they
both
both took
both both
took
tookthe
took took
the
thefish
the the
fish
fish fish determinative.50 Here I follow Duan Yuc
determinative.
determinative.
fishdeterminative.
determinative.
玺玺玺琪玺琪琪鑒琪鑒鑒鐻鑒鐻鐻鑅鐻鑅鑅鑅
缭鰱 lián Table 6: 鮒
SMCsfùof Various 鱅
Fish yōng 鮎 niánDeterminative
Taking the Prototypical 鯫 zōu缭
缭缭鰱缭lián 鰱缭lián鰱鮒 lián
鰱fù鮒 liánfù鮒鱅fù 鮒 yōng
鱅fù yōng
鱅 yōng
鮎鱅nián yōng
鮎 nián
鮎鯫 nián
鮎zōu
niánzōu
鯫鯫 zōu 鯫 zōu
a kind
The Prototypical Determinatives in Egyptian and Chinese Writing of 111
P. SMCs
Table 6: D. of Various Fish Taking the Prototypical
KINDS OF FISHa kindaof
Determinative 缭kindaof
kindaofkind of
silver carp crucian carp bighead carp catfish small white
Page 11 silver silver
carp silver
carp
crucian
silver
carp
crucian
carpcarp
crucian
carp
bighead
crucian
carp
bighead
carp
carp
bighead
carpbighead
catfish
carpcatfish
carpcatfish
smallcatfish
small
whitesmall
whitesmall
white white
fish
玺琪鑒 fish鐻fish fish fish 鑅
P. D. KINDS OF FISH
Table 7: SMCs of Fuzzy-edge Members of Fish Taking the Prototypical Determinative 缭
Table
Table 7:Table 7.
SMCs7:TableSMCs
ofSMCs
Fuzzy-edge
7:Table
of
SMCs of
Fuzzy-edge
7:of Fuzzy-edge
Members
SMCs
Fuzzy-edge
of
Members
Fuzzy-edge
of Fish
Members
of
TakingMembers
Fish
Members
of
the
Taking
Fish of
Prototypical
of
the
Taking
Fish Fish
Prototypical
the
Taking Taking
Determinative
Prototypical
theDeterminative
Prototypical the
缭 Prototypical
Determinative
缭 Determinative
缭缭
Determinative 缭鰱 lián 鮒 fù 鱅 yōng 鮎 nián 鯫 zōu

P. D. 玺
FUZZY-EDGE 琪
MEMBERS OF FISH 鑒鐻鑅
P. D. P. D. P. D. P. D.FUZZY-EDGE
FUZZY-EDGE
FUZZY-EDGE
MEMBERS
FUZZY-EDGE
MEMBERSMEMBERS
OF FISH
MEMBERS
OF FISHOF FISH
OF FISH
P. D. FUZZY-EDGE MEMBERS OF FISH a kind of
鑓 silver carp 鑗 crucian carp鑥 bighead carp 鑧 catfish small white
缭鑓鰱鑓 lián 鑓鑗鑓鮒鑗 fù 鑗鑥鑗鱅鑥 yōng 鑥鑧鑥鑧鮎鑧 nián 鑧鯫 zōu
fish
缭鰂鰂 zéi
zéi 鰒 fù 鰝 hào
鰒 fù Members 鰝魧hào 魧 háng a kind of
háng Determinative
缭缭 Table 鰂
缭7: SMCs
鰂ofzéi
zéi
缭 Fuzzy-edge
鰂鰒 zéi鰂fù鰒zéi fù鰒of鰝 Fish
fù 鰒 Taking
hào鰝fù hàothe
鰝 Prototypical
魧hào鰝háng
魧hàoháng
魧 háng魧 háng缭
cuttlefish
silver carp crucianabalonecarp bighead
49
big shrimp
carp big clamsmall white
catfish
cuttlefish abalone5050 big shrimp big clam
49 P. D. cuttlefish
cuttlefish
cuttlefishabalone
abalone
cuttlefishFUZZY-EDGE
abalone
bigabalone
50
shrimp 50 MEMBERS OF FISH
big shrimp
50
big shrimp
big
bigclam
shrimp
big clam
big clam
big clam fish
In addition,
In addition, Table theofXiǎozhuàn
the Xiǎozhuàn
7: SMCs forms of 鱉
Fuzzy-edge form
(biē, of
Members 鱉 Taking
ofFish biē, turtle)
soft-shelled soft-shelled
the and 鱷 turtle)
Prototypical (è, has not
Determinative 缭
form of 鱉 (biē,Insoft-shelled
addition,
In addition,
Inthe
addition,
Xiǎozhuàn
Inthe
turtle) addition,
has Xiǎozhuàn
thebeen
not Xiǎozhuàn
forms
the
found, 鑓
Xiǎozhuàn
forms
of but
forms
鱉 of
in(biē,
forms 鑗soft-shelled
ofsoft-shelled
later
鱉 (biē,
鱉of (biē, 鑥
鱉 soft-shelled
(biē,
turtle)
soft-shelled
turtle)
and turtle)
and(è,
鱷 and鑧
turtle)
鱷 (è,鱷
and(è,鱷 (è,
been found, but in later stages it took the fish determinative; the Xiǎozhuàn
crocodile)
tive; the Xiǎozhuàn have not駏
writing
writing
crocodile)
crocodile)
have
been
crocodile)
not
have 𧊜 found,
((𧊜𧊜,,found,
crocodile)
been
not è,
P.
have D.
been
not
but in later
è,alligator)
alligator)
have
found,
缭been
but got
notinfound,
been
but
stages
two
later got
in鰂
found,
stages
but
later
they both
two
later-stage
zéi
inFUZZY-EDGE
stages
but
later
theyinboth
took the fish
later-stage
stages
they
later
鰒tookfù
both
stages
theythe variants
MEMBERS
took
both
they
fish
the
took
bothhào (鱷
determinative.
OF
determinative.
鰝 fish
the
took and
FISH
determinative.
fish 鰐) both
háng
thedeterminative.
fish
魧 determinative.
taking fish determinative.
Inspired by the previous studies of Goldwasser and Chen, in this article I attempt
ng fish determinative.
Inspired
Inspired
Inspired by
thethe
by Inspired
theby
previous
Inspired
by previous
previous
the
studies
by
previous
the
studies
of studies
previous
Goldwasser
studies of of
cuttlefish
鑓 Goldwasser
of Goldwasser
studies
Goldwasser
and
ofChen,
Goldwasser
and
鑗 Chen,
abalone inand
50 this and
Chen,
in
and
article
bigthis Chen,
Chen,
in
article
Ithis
shrimp
鑥 attemptin this
inarticle
Ithis
attempt
big article
article
Iclam
attempt
鑧I attempt
I attempt
to find more to find
comparable more comparable
prototypical determinativesprototypical
in Egyptian anddeterminatives
Chinese writing, in Egyptian
to findtomore
findtocomparable
more
findtomore
comparable
find
Incomparable
more
prototypical
comparable
prototypical
addition, prototypical
thedeterminatives
prototypical
determinatives
Xiǎozhuàn determinatives
in determinatives
formsEgyptian
in Egyptian
of 鱉inand
Egyptian
Chinese
(biē,in
and
Egyptian
Chinese
and
writing,
Chinese
soft-shelledand
writing,
Chinese
writing,
turtle) and writing,
鱷 (è,
and Chinese writing,
缭 and observe
鰂 zéi the commonalities
鰒 fù 鰝and
hàoculture-specific
魧 háng
and observe the commonalities and culture-specific peculiarities of prototypical
peculiarities
and observe
and observe theof
andtheobserve
and prototypical
commonalities
observe
commonalities
thehave
crocodile) not beendeterminative
commonalities
the and
commonalities
culture-specific
and culture-specific
found, and usage.
andbutculture-specific
peculiarities
culture-specific
in later peculiarities
stages peculiarities
theyofboth
prototypical
peculiarities
of
tookprototypical
of fish
the prototypical
ofdeterminative.
prototypical
determinative usage. cuttlefish abalone big shrimp 50
big clam
determinative
determinative
determinative
usage.
determinative
usage.
usage.by
Inspired usage.
the previous studies of Goldwasser and Chen, in this article I attempt
2. Prototypical Determinatives
In addition, for Three
the Xiǎozhuàn forms
to find more comparable
of 鱉 Types of Categories
(biē, soft-shelled
prototypical
turtle) and 鱷 (è,
determinatives in Egyptian and Chinese writing,
2. Prototypical Determinatives for Three Types of Categories
2.of of vocabulary
Prototypical
2. Prototypical
vocabulary aof
2. Prototypical a given
Determinatives
2.ofPrototypical
given language:
Determinatives
Determinatives
for Three forcategories
Determinatives
for Three
language: TypesThree
Types
for of
of Categories
categories Three
Types objects,
of objects,
of Categories
Types
of events,
Categories
of andand
Categories
events, attributes.
attributes. In In
Therecrocodile)
areandmainly
observe three
have not types
been found,ofbut
the commonalities conceptual categories
in later stages they both
and culture-specific which
took theofunderlie
peculiarities
fish determinative.
prototypical
the
section
section
There
main
are2,mainly I body
I2,provide
provide
three
of some
some
types
vocabulary
comparable
ofcomparable
conceptual
ofexamples
aexamples
categories
given oflanguage:
which of
prototypical
underlie
categories
prototypical
the main
of objects,
determinatives
determinatives
body for for
There
are mainly Inspired
There
are mainly
three
There
are
determinative by
mainly
types
three
are the
mainly
of
typesprevious
three
conceptual
usage. types
of
three studies
events, and attributes. In section 2, I provide some comparablebody
There conceptual
of
types
categories
conceptual
of of Goldwasser
categories
conceptual
which
categories
which
underlie
categories
which and
underlie
the Chen,
which
underlie
main
the in this
underlie
body
main
the thearticle
examples
main body I attempt
main body
wordsof labeling
words prototypical
labeling those those determinatives
three three
typestypes for words labeling those three types of
of categories.
of categories.
toDuanfind more comparable prototypical
2010: 5016). determinatives in Egyptian and Chinese writing,
categories.
50 Here I follow
Yucai’s interpretation of 鑗 ( Xu
50 Here
I follow
50
Here IDuan
50
follow
HereYucai’s
I Duan
50
follow
HereYucai’s
interpretation
IDuan
followYucai’s
interpretation
DuanofYucai’s
interpretation
鑗 ( of
Xu
interpretation
2010:
( of
Xu5016).
2010:
( of
Xu5016).
2010:
( Xu5016).
2010: 5016).
2. Prototypical Determinatives for Three Types of Categories
鑗鑗鑗
13
2.12.1 Prototypical
Prototypical Determinatives
and observe
Determinatives for for
13Words
the commonalities
Words Labeling
13 and 13 Object Categories
13 culture-specific
Labeling Object peculiarities of prototypical
Categories
2.1 Prototypical Determinatives for Words Labeling Object Categories
There are mainly three types of conceptual categories which underlie the main body
determinative usage.
Besides and
Besides
Besides andand
缭,, 缭, some
some
some other
other
other comparable
comparable
comparable examples
areare
examples
examples are
as asasfollows.
follows.
follows.
50
Here I follow Duan Yucai’s interpretation of 鑗 ( Xu 2010: 5016).
&
2. Prototypical Determinatives&for
惚&Three
惚 13Types of Categories
(N36)
(N36) isisaisdepiction
(N36) aadepiction
depiction of
of aof aacanal.
canal.
canal. The
TheThe water
water
water indicated
indicated
indicated by undulating
by undulating
by undulating lines
lines lines
between
between
betweenThere
the two borders can be easily seen in some detailed Old Kingdom
are mainly three types of conceptual categories which underlie the main body
51 51 Canals
thethe
twotwo borders
borders cancan be easily
be easily seenseen in some
in some detailed
detailed OldOld Kingdom
Kingdom examples.
examples. Canals
were
49
were very
Here
very important
I50follow
important for for
Here I Duan
follow both
Yucai’s
both
Duan irrigation
irrigation
Yucai’s andand
interpretation
interpretationof navigation
of 鑗 (Xu in ancient
( Xu 2010:5016).
navigation in 5016).
2010: ancient Egypt.
Egypt. “It “It is not
is not
13
unusual
unusual to see
to see inscriptions
inscriptions about
about monarchs
monarchs or other
or other high
high functionaries
functionaries thatthat
list list among
among
their accomplishments 52 52 The canal had

their accomplishments thethe excavation
excavation or repair
or repair of aofsilted-in
a silted-in canal.”
canal.” The canal had
examples.50 Canals were very important for both irrigation and navigation
in ancient Egypt. “It is not unusual to see inscriptions about monarchs
or other high functionaries that list among their accomplishments the
excavation or repair of a silted-in canal.”51 The canal had become the
prototype of the [water body] category because of its importance. So the
sign was used as a prototypical determinative to mark words labeling
various bodies of water. For example,
惚 (水
(水 (水 shuǐ)
shuǐ)shuǐ) delineates
52 delineates
delineates aaflow
flow ofofwater
water
or aoror a53ariver.
river. Itwas
was
Itbrook used
usedused asasthe
thelogogram
logogram
惚惚 itrw a river
flow of water river. It was
Xnw as the logogram
惚 (水
惚 (水 shuǐ)shuǐ) delineates
delineates a flow
a flow of water
of water or aor a river.
river. It wasIt was
usedused as logogram
as the the logogram
which (水
which shuǐ)
(水
denotes
惚denotes
惚
which denotes
bothdelineates
shuǐ)
both
both a flow
delineates
“water”
“water”
“water” and and
and of“river.”
a“river.”
flow water
“river.” or
ofBecause
water aorriver.
Because
Because
55 the the
theItflowing
a flowing
river. was
flowingused
It was as was
used
river
river
river was the
as
was logogram
the logogram
considered
a aa
considered
considered
a sea marshlands
54
(水 (水
shuǐ)
惚denotes
惚denotes shuǐ) wAD-wr
delineates
delineates a flow
flow of of
waterwater
or aor pHww
aflowing
river. river. It river
Itflowing
was was
used used
as wasas logogram
the the logogram
which
which both both “water”
“water” and and “river.”
“river.” Because
Because the the river
was considered
considered a a
which
which denotes
prototype denotes both
ofof both
the “water”
[water “water” and
body] “river.”
and itBecause
“river.”
category, itBecause
isisnot the
not flowing
the
only flowing
used river
as waswas
aariver considered
determinative considered a a
marking
水of
prototype
prototype of the the
[water [water body] body] category,
category, isitnot only only
used used
as aas determinative
determinative marking
marking
which惚which
prototype ((水
denotes
prototype shuǐ)
shuǐ)
denotes
theofboth
the
[waterdelineates
delineates
both
“water”
[water “water”
body] and
body] a“river.”
acategory,
flow
and flow
category, isof
of itwater
“river.” Because
itnotiswater
ornotathe
Because
only only orused
river.
the
flowing
used aIt was
river.
flowing
as river
a as aused
riverIt as
was was
was used
theconsidered
logogram
considered
determinative
determinative aas athe
marking
marking
logogram
prototype
prototype
proper
proper
proper namesof ofwhich
the
of
names
names [water
theofof[water
various denotes
body]
various
various body]
rivers category,
rivers
rivers(see both
the it
category,
(see
(see the “water”
isitfollowing
the
followingnot only
is not
following and
used
only “river.”
as on
used
examples
examples
examples on
the Because
aasdeterminative
aondeterminative
thetheleft
left leftside),
side), themarking
marking
side),
but flowing
but
but
also also
also
which
properprototype
prototype
river
denotes
propernames of
was
namesof
the
both
of the
[water [water
considered
of“water”
various variousbody] body]
rivers and
rivers
(see category,
category,
a prototype
“river.”
(see ittheis
the following it
Becauseis only
not
of not
following the only
theused
[water used
ason
flowing
examples
examples aas a determinative
determinative
body]
river
on
the thewas
left category,
left
side), but marking
marking
considered
side), it also
but
also isanot
proper
proper
only
other other
other names
types of of
names
used
types
types ofas
of
water various
ofwater
water various
abodies rivers
determinative
bodies
bodies rivers
(see (see
the(see
(see
(see the
the following
the
themarking following
following
following
following examples
proper examples
examples
examples
examples on names
on
theonthe the
right left
onright
the
of
right side),
left
various
side): side):
side): butrivers
side), alsoalso
but (see
proper
other proper
prototype
other names
types of names
the
types
of ofof ofbodies
various
[water
water water various rivers
body]
bodies rivers
(see (see
category,
(see
the (see
the
followingthe
the following
it isfollowing
following not only
examples
examples examples
examplesused
on onright
as
on
the a
the on
the the
left left
side),
determinative
right
side): side):side), but
alsoalso
butmarking
the following examples on the left side), but also other types of water
other
othertypes
愠types of
(河愠water
of
(河(河
hé),waterbodies
hé),the
hé),
the bodies (see
theYellow
Yellow Yellow theRiver
(see
River following
the
River following examples
examples
(洼錺on (洼(洼 the
wā),onwā),right
the deep
wā),
deep side):
right
deep
pool side):
pool
pool
otherbodies
other
types
愠(see
types
of of
water the
water following
bodies bodies(see (see
the examples
the following
following on the
錺錺 right
examples
examples on side):
on
the the
right right
side): side):
proper names 愠 (河愠of(河 hé), hé),
variousthe Yellowthe Yellow
rivers (seeRiver
River the following 錺 (洼
(洼
錺 examples wā),wā), deep
on the deep
pool pool
left side), but also
愠
愀愠 (河
(江愀 (河(江hé),
(江 hé),
jiāng), the
jiāng),
jiāng), Yellow
thethe
the Yellow
Yangtze River
theYangtze
Yangtze River
River River
River 錺 (洼
錺錽 (沼
(沼 (洼wā),
(沼 zhǎo),
zhǎo), deep
wā),
zhǎo),
pond pool
deep pond
pond pool
河洼
愀錽錽
愠 (江愠 ((江
(河 (河
hé),hé),
jiāng), hé),
thethe
jiāng), the
Yellow Yellow
theYangtze
Yellow
the River
Yangtze River
River River examples 錺 ((沼錺 wā),
(洼 (洼
(沼wā),deep
wā),
deep
zhǎo), pool
deep
pool
pond pool
other types 愀 of
愀 water bodies (see theRiver
following 錽錽 zhǎo),
on the pond
right side):
愀
阍阍 (江
愀阍
(洛 (洛( 江
(江(洛 jiāng),
jiāng),jiāng),
luò),luò),luò),the
the the the
the
LuoLuo Yangtze
Yangtze
the Yangtze
Luo
River River
River
River River
River 錽錿錿 (沼
(沼
錽錿 zhǎo),
(湖 (湖 (沼zhǎo),
(湖
hú),hú), pond
zhǎo),pond
hú),
big big pond
big
lakelake lake
洛湖
愀 (洛 (江
愀 ((洛 (江
jiāng),jiāng),
luò), thethe the the
Yangtze
Luo Yangtze River
River River 錽 (沼
錽 (沼
zhǎo), zhǎo),
bigpond pond
愠阍 (河阍 luò),
hé), luò),
the the
Luo
Yellow Luo
River River
River 錿錺((湖錿 (洼 hú),
(湖
hú),
wā),big
hú), lake
big
lake
deep lake
pool
淮海 hǎi),
阍
泫泫 (洛
阍
(淮((淮
泫 (洛luò),
(淮 huái),
huái), the
luò),
huái),
huái), Luo
the
thethe the
the
Huai River
Luo Huai
Huai
Huai River
River River
River
River 錿
浏 (浏 (湖
錿
(海浏 (海 hú),
(湖
(海 big
hú),
sea
hǎi),hǎi), lake
sea sea lake
hǎi), big
sea
阍 (淮 (洛
阍 (淮 (洛
huái), luò),
luò),huái),the
the the
LuotheLuoRiver
Huai River
River 錿 (海 (湖
錿 (海 (湖 hú),
hú),hǎi),big lakebig lake
sea
theHuai River 錽 (沼hǎi), sea
泫泫浏浏
愀 (江 jiāng), Yangtze River zhǎo), pond
泫泫 (淮 (淮 huái), huái), the Huaithe Huai River River 浏浏 (海 (海 hǎi),hǎi),sea sea
泫 (淮泫 (淮 huái), huái),the Huai the Huai River River & 锌 &&&锌浏锌(海浏 (海 hǎi),hǎi),sea sea
阍 (洛 luò), the Luo River & 锌 & 锌錿 (湖 hú), big lake
Goldwasser
Goldwasser
Goldwasser has has
Goldwasser has done a comprehensive case
has
done done
donea a a comprehensive
comprehensive
comprehensive & 锌&
case 锌
case
case
study study
studyof the ofofthe
study thedeterminative
ofdeterminative
determinative the determinative (M1). (M1).
57 57
(M1).
57
泫Goldwasser
Goldwasser has done has
the done aRiver
comprehensive
a comprehensive & 锌 & 锌
case 浏study of determinative
the determinative (M1). (M1).
57 57
(M1). (淮
56
She huái),considers Huai this sign as case study
a depiction of the
(海 ofhǎi),thesea “sycamore tree,”57which
SheShe Goldwasser
She Goldwasser
considers
considers
considers thishas this
this
signdone
has sign
as aaas
done
sign comprehensive
as aaacomprehensive
depiction
depiction
depiction of the case
ofof the
the study
case oftree,”
study
“sycamore
“sycamore
“sycamore the determinative
oftree,”
the
tree,” determinative
which which
which (M1).(M1).
isaaprototype
is aisprototypeprototypeof
57
of of
is a prototype
Goldwasser
Goldwasser has of
has
done the
done
a [tree]
a category
comprehensive
comprehensive case in
case
study the
study
of ancient
theof the Egyptian
determinative
determinative mind.
(M1). 57 (One
(M1). 57
She She considers
considers this this
signsign as a as a depiction
depiction of the of “sycamore
the “sycamore tree,” tree,”
which whichis a is a prototype
prototype of of
She main
considers line supporting
this sign asthe evidence
aasancient
depiction of is the that 锌 the(One
“sycamore name tree,” ofwhichthe sycamore
is a isprototype treeof “nht”
the She
the
[tree] considers
the[tree]
[tree] category
category
category this
in sign
in
the in the
ancient a depiction
ancient Egyptian
Egyptian
Egyptian &of
mind. the
mind.“sycamore
mind.
(One (One
main main tree,”
main
line line
line which
supporting
supporting
supporting a prototype
evidence
evidence
evidence is of isis
She She considers
considers
the [tree]
the [tree] this
category
category this
sign
in the sign
as a
in ancient as
the ancienta depiction
depiction of
Egyptian
Egyptian of
the
mind. the “sycamore
“sycamore
mind.
(One(One tree,”
mainmain tree,”
which
line line which is a
supporting
supporting is a prototype
prototype
evidence
evidence of
is is of
the [tree]
thatGoldwasser
the
50 that
Betrò
that
the category
[tree]
the
the
name ofhas
category
name ofin
(1996:160).
name the the
ofdonethe
the
sycamore ancient
sycamore treeEgyptian
a comprehensive
insycamore
the ancient Egyptian
tree
tree
“nht” “nht”
“nht” mind.case (One
mind. study
a (One
obtained
obtained
obtained main
aaof linedeterminative
the
main
generalized
generalized
generalized supporting
line supporting
meaning meaning
meaning evidence
“tree” in(M1).
evidence
“tree”
“tree” isinthe
in
the
57
is
the
the the
[tree]
that
that the [tree]
name of the sycamore tree “nht” obtained a generalized meaning “tree” in the is
the category
category
name in
of the
the in the
ancient
sycamoreancient Egyptian
treeEgyptian
“nht” mind. mind.
(One
obtained (One
main
a main
line
generalized line supporting
supporting
meaning evidence
evidence
“tree” is
in the
51
Ibid.
Shethat
New the
that
New
considers
New name
the nameof Then
Kingdom.)
this
Kingdom.)
Kingdom.) the
of
sign sycamore
the
Then
Then assycamore
she ashe
she treetree
presumes
depiction
presumes
presumes “nht”
that,“nht”
of
that,obtained
that,
thebecause
because ofathe
obtained
because
“sycamore generalized
athe
ofof generalized
the sycamore
tree,”
sycamore
sycamore meaning
which
tree’s is “tree”
meaning
tree’s
tree’s in the
“tree” in the
prototypicality,
aprototypicality,
prototype
prototypicality, of
52
that New FCD:
that
the the
name 33.
nameofThen of Then
the the
sycamore sycamore tree tree“nht” “nht”obtainedobtained athe asycamore
generalized
generalized meaningmeaning “tree”“tree”
in the in the
New Kingdom.)
Kingdom.) she she presumes
presumes that, that,
because because of of the sycamore tree’s tree’s prototypicality,
prototypicality,
53
FCD: 202. Then
theNew New
[tree]
the the Kingdom.)
the
sign Kingdom.)
sign
category
sign
was wasused
was
used as Then
used
in the
aas she presumes
ashe
asaancient presumes
determinative
determinative
determinative that,
Egyptian to because
that,
to represent because
torepresent
represent
mind. of
(One
the thethesycamore
of
the the
main line tree’s
sycamore
superordinate
superordinate
superordinate supporting
[tree] prototypicality,
tree’s
[tree]
[tree] prototypicality,
category
evidence
category
category from from
fromis
New
54
FCD:
New
Kingdom.)
the sign 56.
Kingdom.)
was Then
used Then she presumes
shea presumes
as determinative that, that,
to because because
represent of theof sycamore
the the sycamore
superordinate tree’s tree’s prototypicality,
prototypicality,
[tree] category from
the sign was used as a determinative to represent the superordinate [tree] category from
the
55
FCD:
sign was 92.
used as aas determinative tofollowing
represent the
that the
the
thethe the
Old sign
Old was
OldKingdom
Kingdom
name of theused
Kingdom a determinative
onwards,
onwards,
onwards,
sycamore as the asasthe
tree the
following
“nht” toobtained
followingrepresent
writings asuperordinate
the
writings
writings show: show: [tree]
superordinate
show:
generalized meaning category
[tree] “tree”from
category infromthe
the the
sign
56
the
the Old sign
was
Goldwasser
Old
Kingdomwas
usedused
Kingdom as a as
(1999:54-55;
onwards, a determinative
determinative
onwards, as the 2002:39-55).
as following to represent
thetofollowing
represent writings the superordinate
the superordinate
writingsshow: show: [tree] [tree] category
category fromfrom
the Old
the Old Kingdom 58 onwards,
Kingdom 5858 onwards,
nht as the
as following
sycamore the following
tree writings
writingsshow:
59 show:
5959 bAq olive tree
New
the Kingdom.)
the Old KingdomThen nht she
nht presumes
sycamore
sycamore treethat,
tree because of the sycamore
bAq bAqolive tree’s
olive
treetreeprototypicality,
Old Kingdom 58 onwards,
58 onwards, as the as following
the following writings
writings show: show:
59
nht nht sycamore sycamore tree tree 59
bAq bAq oliveolive tree tree
58 58 59 59
nht nhtsycamore sycamore treetree bAq bAqolive treetree
olive
the sign was used as
58 58 nhta determinativesycamore to represent the superordinate
59 59 bAq [tree] category from
nht sycamore tree tree bAq oliveolive tree tree
obtained a generalized meaning “tree” in the New Kingdom.) Then she

presumes that, because of the sycamore tree’s prototypicality, the sign was
60 60 nDm carob treetree 61 61 SnD acacia
used as a determinative to
carob represent
tree the superordinate [tree] category from
60
nDm SnD61 acacia
nDm carob SnD acacia
60 61
60
nDm nDm carobcarob
tree tree 61
SnD SnD acacia
acacia
the Old
锌锌(禾Kingdom
锌(禾hé)
(禾hé) 60onwards,
60 depicts
nDm
depicts
hé) nDm
carob
depicts as
a millet
carob
a tree
a millet theplant.
plant.
tree
plant.
millet following
Thebent
The bent
The topwritings
top
bent isthe
istop the
61 61show:
millet
SnD
ismillet
the SnD ear,acacia
acacia
ear,
millet as asshown
ear, shown more
more
as shown more
锌 (禾锌 hé) (禾60depicts60
nDm
hé) nDm
depictsacarob carob
tree
a millet
millet tree
plant. plant.
The bent The bent top istop the61 61
SnD
ismillet
the SnD acacia
millet
ear, acacia
ear,shown
as as shown moremore
(禾 (禾
hé) hé)
57 depicts depictsa a
millet millet
plant. plant.
The The
bent bent
top58 .is top the is the
millet millet
ear, ear,
as as
shown shown more
in more
clearly
clearly 锌锌
in the
in theinOBI OBI and and Bronze
sycamore Inscriptions:
tree , 62 62
The definition
olive of
treeof 锌ofin锌Shuo 锌 in Shuo WenWen
clearly OBIBronze
the nht and Bronze Inscriptions:
Inscriptions: , , . ThebAq .definition
62
The definition Shuo Wen
clearly 锌
clearly (禾
锌inOBI
in the (禾
hé) hé)
depicts
the OBI
and depicts
andaBronze
Bronze millet
a milletplant.plant.
TheThe
Inscriptions:
Inscriptions: bent
, bent ,top
62
. Thetop
is
62 the is millet
the
. definition
The millet
definitionear,锌
of ear,
as
ofinshown
锌as
Shuoshown more
in Shuo
Wen more
Wen
62
clearly
JieJie clearly
isin
Zi
ZiJie is isin
the
“good
“good the
59OBI OBI
and
grain,”
grain,” carob and
Bronze Bronze
because
because tree Inscriptions:
Inscriptions:
millet is is a ,better
aisbetter , .grain
62
grain The
60for . definition
The
eating definition
acacia and of 锌of
offeringin锌 Shuo
than Shuo
in other
Wen
otherWen
61
SnD acaciaclearly Zi
clearlyin
60
the
in
“good
nDm
nDm
OBI
the OBI
grain,”
andcaroband
Bronze treemillet
because
Bronze
millet
Inscriptions:
a better
Inscriptions: ,
grain
, .
for
62 62SnD
The
61eating
for
SnD
. The
and
eating
definition acacia
definition
offering
and
of 锌 of in锌
than
offering
Shuo
than
Shuo
inthan Wen
other
Wen
Jie ZiJie is Zi is “good
“good grain,”grain,”
because because
milletmillet is a better
is a better graingrain for eating for eating and
and offering offering
than other other
禾
Jie Jie
Zigrains
grains Zi
isgrowingis
“good
growing“good
grain,” grain,”
ininthe because
the because
Central millet millet
Plains is
is region
a bettera
region better
grain
ofancientgrain
forancient
ancient for
eating eating
China.and and
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name than than
other
gradually other
Jie(shown ishé) depicts amillet
millet plant. The a bent top
s the millet ear, 锌grains
as (禾 hé) growing
depicts
more ain Central
the CentralPlains
plant. Plains
The bentregionof
top isof theismillet the
China. millet
China.
ear, name
as ear,
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shownname as
gradually shown
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more
grains Zi
Jiegrowing
grains Zi“good
is “good
growinggrain,”
in thegrain,”
in because
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Central millet
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better better
region ofgrain of
ancientgrain
for eating
ancientfor
China.eating
and
China.
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offeringoffering
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other other
gradually
61 name gradually
more
grains
obtained
clearly
grainsgrowing growinginin the
thein OBIthe
Central and
Central Bronze
Plains Plains
regionInscriptions:
region of of
ancient ancient ,
China. .
China.
Its TheIts
name definition
name of
gradually
gradually
nDm carob tree
obtained
clearly in obtained
the a ageneralized
OBI
generalized
a generalized
and Bronze
61meaning
meaning SnD
meaning
Inscriptions:
“grain.”
acacia
“grain.” In
“grain.”
,
InXiǎozhuàn
Xiǎozhuàn
In
62
. Xiǎozhuàn
The definition
writing,
writing, writing,
of锌锌锌was 锌 waswas
in used
Shuo
used asasa as
used
Wen
a a
he definition of 锌 in
obtained Shuo
Shuo
inobtained
grains grains Wen
growing Wen
growing inJie
a generalized
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the the isCentral
Central
meaning “good
meaning Plains grain,”
Plains
“grain.” region
Inregion
“grain.” because
Inof Xiǎozhuàn
Xiǎozhuàn ancient
of ancient millet
China.
writing, is锌
China.
writing, a better
Its name
Its
锌 name
was was grainas afor
gradually
used gradually
used as a
eating
obtained
depicts a millet determinative
plant. Theand
obtained
determinative a
determinative offering
a
totogeneralized
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write
write
to is
writethan
meaning
the
other
other other other
meaning
millet
grains,
grains, grains
“grain.”
ear, “grain.”
even
even
grains, as In
shown growing
barnyard
barnyard
even
In
Xiǎozhuàn
barnyard
Xiǎozhuàn
moregrass,
grass, in
which
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writing,
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锌
similar
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but
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but was
used
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In Xiǎozhuàn
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Xiǎozhuàn and
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writing, was than
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used
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determinative China.
to writeto writeIts other
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grains, gradually
grains,
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grass,grass, which awhich
isgeneralized锌
is similar
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grain a grain
“grain.”
as
and Bronze Inscriptions:
as determinative
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In,Examples
Examples 62toare
write
Xiǎozhuàn
Examples write
. The
are other
as
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definition
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follows: even even
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of 锌 was barnyard
in Shuo usedgrass, grass,
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ent China.grains
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determinative
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other
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follows: follows: region
grains,
even even of
barnyard ancient
barnyard grass, China.
grass,which which isIts isname
similar butgradually
similar not
but anot grain
a grain
other grains, even barnyard grass, which is similar but not a grain as such.
as
ain,” because millet as
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凶
凶is (穄 a凶such.
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(穄
better
jì),
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broomcorn
jì), are
as as
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for eating and offering 胸
胸 (稻 (稻
胸than dào),
(稻other
dào), rice
rice rice
Examples
àn writing,obtained aasused are
generalized as broomcorn
follows:
meaning “grain.”胸In(稻 Xiǎozhuàn
dào),
锌 was as凶 such. (穄such.
凶 Examples
asExamples
(穄
jì), are
ajì), broomcorn
broomcorn as
arefollows:
as follows: 胸 (稻 dào),
dào), ricewriting,
rice 锌 was used as a
凶汹
汹 (稬 (穄凶 (稬
汹 nuò),(穄
jì),
nuò),jì),
(稬ofnuò), broomcorn
broomcorn
sticky
sticky rice
riceChina.
sticky rice Its name 胸雄
雄 (稴 (稻胸 (稴 (稻
dào),
xián),xián),
(稴 xián), dào),
rice rice
rice
rice which which
rice which is is
not not sticky
issticky
not sticky
穄稻
n the Central Plains region
凶ato(nuò), jì),
ancient
broomcorn 胸 ((稴
雄gradually
determinative
, which is similar but
汹凶not (稬(穄
汹 (穄
jì),
write
(稬
grain broomcorn
jì),
nuò), broomcorn
other
sticky grains,
sticky
rice riceeven barnyard 雄胸雄dào),
(稻 (稻dào),
(稴 dào),
grass,
xián), rice
rice
ricerice
which
xián), is similar
rice
which is notisbut
which notnot
sticky a grain
sticky
汹熊
熊 (秔 (稬汹 (秔 ( 稬
(稬
nuò),nuò),
nuò),
jīng),
jīng), sticky
a sticky
sticky
kind
a kinda kind
(秔Xiǎozhuàn
jīng), riceof
of rice rice
rice
rice
of rice 锌羞雄羞 ( 稴
(稴
雄
(穬 (穬xián),
(稴
xián),
kuàng),
kuàng),
(穬askuàng), rice
xián),
rice which
a rice
which
kind
a kinda kind is
which
is
of
of barley not
not
barley is
of barleysticky
not
sticky
with sticky
with withlonglong awnawnawn
long
alized meaning “grain.” 熊 In writing, was 羞used arice
as such.熊汹 (秔
Examples(稬
熊秔
(稬
nuò),
汹 (jīng),
(秔 nuò),
asticky
jīng),
jīng),
are kind asticky
ofrice
asafollows:
kind
kind ricerice
of
of rice
rice 羞雄((穬穬(稴
羞雄 (稴
kuàng),
(穬xián),
kuàng), xián),
aakind
kuàng), rice
kindwhichofwhich
a of
kind isofnot
barley
barley is with
sticky
not
withsticky
barley longlong
with
long awnawn awn
秏 hào), 稗嗅bài),
熊修
修 (秏 (秔熊 (秏 (秔
jīng),
修 (hào), hào),jīng),
a akind
a kind a
kind kind
aakindof ofrice
of rice of
rice
of rice
of rice 羞嗅 (穬
((稗羞(稗 (穬
kuàng),
bài), kuàng),a kind
barnyard
barnyard a kind
of
grassgrassof
barley barley
with with
long long
awn awn
write other grains, even 熊 (秏 barnyard
(秔
熊 hào),
(秏
(秔
jīng),
hào),
grass,
jīng),
akind
kind
kind
which
a kind
kind
ofrice of is
rice
rice
similar嗅
rice but
羞 notbài),
(穬
羞
(稗
akuàng),
(穬 grain barnyard
bài),
kuàng),
barnyard
abarnyard
kind
grassgrass
a kindof barley
of barley withwith longlong awnawn
ce 凶 (穄修 jì),
修 (秏
broomcorn hào),
a a of of rice 胸 (稻
嗅 (稗
dào),
嗅 (稗
bài), rice bài),
barnyard grass grass
修 (秏修 hào),(秏 hào), a kind a kind
of rice of rice 嗅 (稗嗅 bài), (稗 bài), barnyard barnyard grassgrass
s are as follows: 修 (秏修 (秏 hào),hào),a kind a kind of riceof rice 嗅&(稗嗅&& 笆 &笆
(稗 bài),笆 bài),
barnyard barnyard grass grass
rice which is not (稬 nuò), sticky rice
汹 sticky 雄 (稴 xián), & 笆 rice which is not sticky
& 笆
oomcorn (S12)
胸 (S12) (稻 portrays
(S12)dào), portrays
portrays
(S12) rice
portraysaa collar
acollar
collar ofof
a collar of ofgold
gold
gold which
which
gold 笆
& which
whichis 笆
&isdifferentiated
isisdifferentiated
differentiated
differentiated fromfrom other
other
from fromcollars
collars
other other
byby by
collars
熊 (秔
, a kind of barley withjīng),long(S12) a
awn kind
(S12) of
portrays rice
portrays a a
collar collar
of 羞of
gold (穬
gold
which & which笆
kuàng),&
is 笆 isadifferentiated
kind of barley
differentiated from withother
from
other long
collars awn
collars
by 62by
collars by the beads delineated on its lower edge and by 63 its hanging ends.
the
the beads beads (S12) (S12)
delineated
delineated portraysportrays
on a its a
collar collar
lower of edgeof
gold gold
and
which bywhich its
is is
hanging differentiated
differentiated ends. 63 from In from
Egyptian
other other
collars collars
by by
writing,
xián),onrice itson lower edge and byanditsbyhanging ends.ends. In Egyptian writing,
63
ticky rice the 雄beads (稴 delineated its lower edge its hanging In Egyptian writing,
In(秏 Egyptian
thehào), (S12)
beads a writing,
(S12)
kindportrays
of
delineatedportrays
rice itwhich
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on
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collar
a
its
is not
usually
collar
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of
sticky
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used
gold
(稗which
and bài),as
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by is an
its is
barnyard ideogram
differentiated
differentiated
hanging 63 from
grass
ends.
to
63 fromwrite
other
In other thecollars
collars
Egyptian
word
by by
writing,
arnyard grass 修 the beads delineated on its lower edge 嗅 and by its hanging ends. In Egyptian writing,
nbw
theit is “gold”
the
beads beads
usually (determinatives
delineated
delineated
used on
as its
an on its
lower
ideogram or
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and
write and
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theby complements
its
hanging
word hanging
nbw ends. 63 were
ends.
“gold” In 63
In often
Egyptian
Egyptian
(determinatives added):
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oror or
kind of rice itthe is itusually
羞
beads
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is usually as anas
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kuàng), 63onaits
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write long word
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word “gold” (determinatives
“gold”
63 63 (determinatives
it is, it is,beads
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write and
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it ideal
nbw nbw
“gold”ends.forIn
“gold” Egyptian
In(determinatives
Egyptian
representing
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ortheor
it is it
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64 (determinatives
The
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64 nature
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nature or
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gold
kind of rice 57it isphonetic 嗅
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Wb 2, 282.6-283.2. complements were often often
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nbw . 64“gold”
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The
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64 . 64
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58
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1, 423.9-15. by
phonetic
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complements werewere often often
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Wb 2, 2,笆
2,378.2-7.
59
60 60
Wb Wb &378.2-7.
2,
378.2-7.
Wb on its lower edge and by its hanging ends.63 In Egyptian writing,
378.2-7.
60
ng ends.63 the beads
In Egyptiandelineated
writing,
60 60
Wb Wb4,
60 Wb 2, 378.2-7.
61 61 Wb
2,520.9-13.
378.2-7.
61 4, 520.9-13.
Wb604, Wb
520.9-13.
4, 520.9-13.
61 60 Wb 2,Wb 2, 378.2-7.
ortrays a collar of gold
Xu which
(2010:2770).
61
378.2-7.
Wb 4, asis differentiated from other collars by
520.9-13.
nbw “gold” it (determinatives
is usually
61 Wb
626062
Xu Xu
Wb
4,used
60 520.9-13.
2010:
2,
Wb
2010:
62
Xu or
2,2770.
378.2-7.
2770. an ideogram to write the word nbw “gold” (determinatives or
378.2-7.
2010: 2770.
62 61
Wilkinson
61 Wb 4,Wb 4,(1992:171).
520.9-13.
520.9-13.
XuWilkinson
2010: 62
2770.
62 Xu 2010: 2770.
ed on its lower edge 6163
and
Wb by
61 4,
63 63 WilkinsonWb520.9-13.
4,
1992: 171.171.ends.63 In Egyptian writing,
its520.9-13.
hanging
1992:
171.
FCD: 129.
Wilkinson orwere
1992: indicates the plural, of small
, or pellets. 64ofThe
metal or mineral.
of goldThe
63
. 64 phonetic
63 complements
Xu 2010:
2770. 2770. often added): nature
62 Xu 62
or The nature 2010:
63of gold
Wilkinson
62Wilkinson
1992: 171.
1992: 171.
62 Xu 2010:
FCD:Xu129.
2010:
2770.or
2770.
64 64
63 FCD:
Wilkinson
Wilkinson 1992: 1992:63 129.
64
FCD:
171. 171. 129. or orindicates
indicates
thethe
indicates plural
plural
the of of
pluralsmall
small pellets
of pellets
small of of metal
metal
pellets of or or mineral.
mineral.
metal TheThe golden
golden
or mineral. The collar
collar
golden nbytnbyt
nbyt
collar
as an ideogram to write
6463FCD: the
64 FCD: word
63 129. 129.or ornbw “gold”
indicates
indicates the(determinatives
the plural plural of pellets
of small small pellets or
of or
of metal metal or mineral.
mineral. The golden
The golden collar nbyt
collar nbyt
Wilkinson
Wilkinson
1992:1992:
171. 171.
64 FCD: 129. 16 16 16
FCD:
64
129. or orindicates
indicates the plural
the plural of pellets
of small small pellets of metal
of metal or mineral.
or mineral. The golden
The golden collar collar
nbyt nbyt
16 16
ments were often added):
64 FCD:
60 Wb 2, 129. ,129. or , or
64 FCD:
378.2-7. orindicates . 64 plural
indicates
the The
the of nature
plural
small
of smallof
pellets ofgold
pellets
metal
of metal
or mineral.
or mineral.
The golden
The golden
collarcollar
nbyt nbyt
16 16
61 Wb 4, 520.9-13. 16 16
be identified with the solar god Ra (the golden god by definition), and insure itself a
made it ideal for representing the divine. Representations of divinity often have limbs
114of eternal rebirth”. 65 Undoubtedly,
destiny VOLUME
SCRIPTA, gold 8 (2016)
became the prototype of precious
of gold and gold itself came to symbolize divinity. In fact, the gilded mummy “could
metals for the Egyptian people. Correspondingly, was used as a determinative to
be identified
divine. with the solar god of
Representations Radivinity
(the golden oftengodhave by definition),
limbs of gold and insure
and gold itself itself
a
markcame to symbolize divinity. In fact, the gilded mummy “could be identified
other precious metals. For example,
destiny of eternal rebirth”. 65 Undoubtedly, gold became the prototype of precious
with the solar made godit ideal
Ra (the golden godthe
for representing bydivine.
definition), and insure
Representations itself aoften have limbs
of divinity
66 67
Damw electrum HD silver
madedestiny of representing
eternal rebirth.” Undoubtedly, gold becameoften the have
prototype
limbs of
64
it ideal for the divine. Representations of divinity
metals for the Egyptian people. Correspondingly, was used as a determinative to
precious metalsof for
gold the
and Egyptian
gold itself people.
笆（玉 yù）, the logogram of *ŋog “jade”, depicts a string of jade flakes (OBI:used
came to Correspondingly,
symbolize divinity. In was
fact, the as mummy “could
gilded
of golda determinative
and gold itself to
came
mark other precious metals. For example, mark to other
symbolize precious
divinity. metals.
In fact, Forthe example,
gilded mummy “could
68
). (Note: both Egyptians be identified with theused
and Chinese solarthegod Ra (the
jewelry signs golden god by gold
to represent definition),
or and insure itself a
be identified with the 66 solar god Ra (the golden god by definition), and insure itself a
Damw electrum silver
65 66
Damw electrum 65
HD67 HD silver
jade, because the materials destinyare ofnot eternal
easy torebirth”.
portray directly, Undoubtedly,
while the gold goldcollar
became the prototype of precious
and the
65
destiny 笆（玉 of eternal
(玉 yù),
yù）, therebirth”.
thelogogram
logogram Undoubtedly,
of
of *ŋog
*ŋog “jade,” gold depicts
“jade”, becamea astring
depicts the prototype
stringof ofjadejade of flakes
flakesprecious
(OBI:(OBI:
jade string are moremetals identifiable.) China is apeople. countryCorrespondingly,
which adores jade. From the as a determinative to
67
). (Note: both Egyptians and Chinese used the jewelry signs to used
for the Egyptian was represent
metals
). gold for the Egyptian
orboth
jade, becausepeople. the Correspondingly, was used astoarepresent
determinative to
hadmaterials
Chinese usedare thenot
theeasy mosttoprecious
signsportray directly,
and a while
68
(Note: Egyptians and jewelry gold or
Neolithic period Chinese
mark other people precious regarded
metals. jade
Forasexample, stone
the gold collar and the jade string are more identifiable.) China is a country
mark
jade, other precious
because metals.are
the materials Fornot example,
easy to portray period directly,
symbol which adores
of noble rank. jade.
ShuoFrom Wen Jie the Neolithic
Zi’s
66 definition iswhile
笆 Chinese thepeople
gold collar
had and a the
67 Asregarded
Damw of electrum “beautiful stone.”
HD silver
jade as the most 66 precious
Damw stone
electrum and a symbol 67 of noble rank. Shuo Wen Jie
silver
jade stringofare
prototype more stones,
precious identifiable.) was China
nottheonlyis used
a country
asAs a of whichHDadores
determinative for jade. From
various the
Zi’s definition of 笆（玉 is笆“beautiful
yù）, stone.”
logogram a *ŋogprototype “jade”, of precious
depicts atype stones,
string of jade flakes (OBI:
笆（玉
Neolithic was not
yù）,only
period used
the logogram as ahadofdeterminative
*ŋog “jade”, for
depicts various stringtype
a most of jade of jades,
flakes (OBI:but aalso
of jades, but also Chinese
for many people
other precious regarded jade
stones which asare the similar precious
or inferiorstone
to jade. and
for many other 68
).precious
(Note: both stones whichand
Egyptians areChinese
similarused or inferior
the jewelry to signs
jade. toForrepresent gold or
68
).
symbol example,
(Note:
For example, both(㺿 Egyptians
yí), a kind and
of Chinese
precious used
stone the
similar
of noble rank. Shuo Wen Jie Zi’s definition of 笆 is “beautiful stone.” As a
眐 jewelry
to jade signs to represent gold or
眐 (㺿 jade, yí), abecause the materials
kind of precious stone are not easy
similar to jade to portray directly, while the gold collar and the
(㺿 yí), aakind of precious stone similar totojade
瑀 yǔ),
jade, because 眐the(珢 materials are not easy to portray directly, while
prototype of 眃眑 ((瑀
precious
(㺿
yín),
stones,
yǔ),
yí),
kind
aaakind
kind笆 of of precious
ofprecious
was not stone
precious stone
stone
only
stoneused similar
similar
similar as atoto jade the gold
jade
determinative
jade forcollar
variousandtypethe
眐 (珢 jade
yín), akind
kindofare
string ofprecious stonesimilar
more identifiable.)
precious similartoto jade
Chinajade is a country which adores jade. From the
㺿 yí),
眑
眐 ((珢 (㺿 yí),a akind
yín), akind ofofprecious
precious stonestone similar
similar toto jade
jade
jade string 眑 (玤 bàng), akind
kindofofprecious
precious stone
isstone similar
inferior towhich
jade
to jadeadores jade. From the
butare more
珢 yín),
identifiable.) China stones a country
眅
of jades, 眑also
( (珢for many
yín), a akindother
kind of
of precious
precious
precious stone
stone which
similar
similar toare
to similar or inferior to jade.
jade
jade
眅 (玤 Neolithic
bàng), a kind periodof precious
Chinese stone
people inferior
had to jade jade as the most precious stone and a
regarded
玤 bàng),
眑
眅 ((璓 (珢
(玤 yín), a
bàng),aakind kind
akind of
kindofof precious
precious
ofprecious stone
preciousstone stone
stone similar
inferior
inferior to jade
tojade
jade
Neolithic period
眎 xiù),
Chinese people had orregarded
inferior
jade as the totojade most precious stone and a
璓 xiù),
For
whichexample,
is a paronym
眅
眎 ((璓
nbw
of(玤 was
bàng),written
xiù),aakind a
kind
as
kind of of precious
of precious
precious
(ibid).
stone
stone
stone inferior
inferior
inferior to
totoZi’s jade
jadedefinition of 笆 is “beautiful stone.” As a
jade
眅 (玤 symbol
bàng), a of
kind noble
of rank.
precious Shuo
stone Wen
inferiorJie to jade
眎176. 玖rank.
(璓 xiù), aakind
kindof ofblack
precious stone stone
inferior to jadetotojade
65
Betrò 1996:
symbol of noble 眏 ((玖 jiǔ),
jiǔ), aShuo kind Wenof black
Jie precious
precious
Zi’s stone
definition inferior
inferior
of jade
is “beautiful stone.” As a
眎
眃 (璓
(瑀 xiù),
yǔ), a kind
kind of
of precious
precious stone
stone inferior
similar to笆tojadejade
FCD: 320.眏 (玖 prototype jiǔ), a kindofofprecious black precious stone inferior to jade
眎 (璓 xiù), a kind of preciousstones, 笆 wastonot jadeonly used as a determinative for various type
66
stone inferior
眏 (玖 jiǔ), a kind of black precious stone inferior to jade
67
2.2
prototypeFCD: Prototypical
of 眏
181.
2.2 Prototypical precious
(玖 jiǔ),
Determinatives Determinatives
stones,
a kind笆 of was
for black
Event not for
onlyEvent
precious
Categories used
stone Categories
as a determinative
inferior to jade for various type
2.2 Prototypical
68 眏 (玖 of jades,
jiǔ), a kind but ofalso
Xu 2010: 1176.Determinatives for Event Categoriesblack for many
precious other
stone precious
inferior stones
to jade which are similar or inferior to jade.
2.2jades,
of Prototypical
Event but also Determinatives
for
categories many other
have for Event
precious Categories
stones which are similar or inferior to jade.
which is a paronym
2.2 Prototypical nbw was written
ofDeterminatives asfor prototypes
Event or 17 (ibid). too. For example, the prototype
Event categories For have prototypes
example, too.Categories
For example, the prototype of “to sleep” is
of “tocategories
2.265 Prototypical
Event sleep” is
Determinatives
have probably sleeping
for Event
prototypes too.Categories on a bed
For example, rather than
the prototype of “to sleeping
sleep” is on a
Betrò
For example, 1996: 176.
probablyEvent categories have
sleeping on a bed rather眃 prototypes than too. For
sleeping example,
on a lawn. the prototype
However, of
most “to sleep”are
events is
66 FCD: 320.
Event categories have prototypes
(瑀 too.
yǔ),
For
aexample,
kind of precious
the prototype
stone of
similar
“to
to jade
sleep” is
probably sleeping on a bed rather than sleeping on a lawn. However, most events are
67 golden
probably 眃 (瑀
Eventsleeping
categories
collar on yǔ),
nbyt ahave
which
bed a prototypes
kindis aof
rather precious
paronym
than too. ofstone
For
sleeping nbw onwassimilar
example,
a lawn. theto
written jade
prototype
However,as of or
most “toevents
sleep”(ibid).
is
are
hard FCD: 181.
to delineate by simple icons. So there is only a small number of basic signs
probably
hard
64
to sleeping
Betrò on asimple
(1996:176).
delineate by bed rather
icons.than
So sleeping
there is ononly a lawn.
a smallHowever,
numbermost events
of basic are
signs
probably
68
hard
Xu
to sleeping by
2010: 1176.
delineate on asimple
bed rather
icons. than
So sleeping
there is on
onlya lawn.
a However,
small number most
of events
basic are
signs
65
FCD: 320.
portraying events in either Egyptian or Chinese writing. As I observed, there are fewer
hard 66to FCD:
portraying delineate
181. in
events bywhich
simple
either icons. ofor
is a paronym
Egyptian Sonbwthere iswriting.
was 17
Chinese only
written as a small
As I or number of basic
(ibid).
observed, there signs
are fewer
hard to
portraying delineate
events by simple
in either icons. So there is only a small number of basic signs
which
than is
67 a paronym
50 Xu of nbw
(2010:1176).
event signs was
out ofEgyptian
65 written
Betrò671
1996: or Chinese
as in 176. or
Gardiner’s writing.
(ibid).
sign-list, As I observed,
and there are there
even are fewer
fewer in
portraying
than 50 event
65 Betrò
events in either
signs out of Egyptian
671 in or Chinese sign-list,
Gardiner’s writing. As I observed,
and there are there
even are fewer
fewer in
portraying 1996: 176.
events in either
66 Egyptian
FCD: 320. or Chinese writing. As I observed, there are fewer
than
Chinese50 event signs
Xiǎozhuàn. out
69 of 671 in Gardiner’s sign-list, and there are even fewer in
Accordingly, there are very few prototypical event
than 50 event
66 FCD: 320.
Chinese signs out
Xiǎozhuàn. 69 ofAccordingly,
67 FCD: 671
181.in Gardiner’s
there sign-list,
are veryandfew thereprototypical
are even fewer in
event
than 50
Chinese event signs
Xiǎozhuàn. out
69 of 671 in Gardiner’s sign-list, and there are even fewer in
Accordingly, Among there them,
are very
determinatives
67 FCD: 181.
in either69
68writing
Xu 2010:system.
1176. I foundfew prototypical
the two following event
pairs
Chinese Xiǎozhuàn.
determinatives Accordingly,
in either writing system. Among there them,
are veryI foundfew prototypical
the two following event
pairs
68 69
眎 (璓 xiù), a kind of precious stone inferior to jade
Event
Event categories
categories have
haveprototypes
prototypes too.
too. For
For example,
example, the
the prototype
prototype of
of “to sleep” is
“to sleep” is
眐 (㺿 yí), a kind of precious stone
眏 (玖similar
jiǔ),toajade
kind of black precious stone inferior to jade
The Prototypical Determinatives
probably sleeping onaain
on bedEgyptian
rather and
ratherthan Chinese
sleeping onWriting
on aa lawn.
lawn. However, 115events
However, most are
眑 (珢 yín), a kind of probably sleeping
precious stone similar tobed
jade than sleeping most events are
2.2 Prototypical
hard Determinatives
hardtotodelineate
delineate by
by simple for So
simple icons.
icons. Event
So thereCategories
there isis only
only aa small
small number of basic signs
眅 (玤 bàng), a kind of precious stone inferior to jade
lawn. However, mostportraying eventsevents
portraying areininhard
events either to delineate
eitherEgyptian
Egyptian or
or眐Chinese
Chinese
(㺿 yí), by asimple
writing.kindAs
writing. icons.
AsofIIprecious
observed,
observed, Sosimilar
there
stone are fewerto jade
眎 (璓 xiù), a kind of precious stone inferior to jade
there is only a small number of basic signs portraying events in either of “to sleep
Event categories have prototypes too. For example, the prototype
than
than50 50event
eventsigns signs outout ofof 671
671 inin Gardiner’s
Gardiner’s
眑 (珢 yín), sign-list,
sign-list,
a kind and
andof there
precious arestone
even similar
fewer in to jade
Egyptian眏 (玖orjiǔ), Chinese writing.
a kind of black precious As stoneI inferior
observed, to jade there are fewer than 50
probably sleeping on a bed rather than sleeping on a lawn. However, most events
event signs out of 671 in Gardiner’s
Chinese
Chinese Xiǎozhuàn. 69
Xiǎozhuàn. sign-list, and 眅 there areavery
69 Accordingly, there are very few prototypical
Accordingly, there
(玤 bàng), are even
kind fewerstone
fewprecious
of in inferior
event to jade
2.2 Chinese
Prototypical Xiǎozhuàn. for Accordingly,
Determinatives 68 Event Categories there are very few prototypical event
hard determinatives
todeterminatives
delineate inby simple
ineither
either writingicons.
writing system.
system.So there
眎Among
Among
(璓 xiù), is aonly
them,
them, aof small
II found
kindfound the twonumber
precious following ofpairs
stone inferior basic
to jadesi
determinatives in either writing system. Among them, I found the two
following pairs very comparable:
Event categories have prototypesverytoo.
very
portraying For example,&the
comparable:
comparable:
events in either & 眷眷;;;
prototype
& Egyptian &&眏
of
&
or “to
稱稱 (玖...(As
Chinese (As
sleep”
(As
jiǔ),
willwill
is a be
will be
kind
writing. be
shown
ofAs
shown shown
black precious
inIaobserved,
future in stone
article, most
thereinferior to
are fe
a future article, most
probably sleeping on a bed rather of of
than
ofthe
the the
sleeping
eventwords
event event
on ainin
words words
lawn.
bothHowever,
both writing in both
most events
writingsystems
systems writing
werewritten
were are with
written systems
with metonymic were
metonymic determinatives
written with metonymic than 50 event signs out of2.2
determinatives 671 in Gardiner’s
which
Prototypical represent
Determinativessign-list, the
for andentities
Event there are even fewer
Categories
hard to delineate by simple icons. So there is only a small number of basic signs
involved in the events. Kammerzell Notethat
thatI Iam
6969 amtalking and
talking hissigns
aboutsimple
simple follower
signs insteadof Lincke
ofcompound
compound signs.analyze
There isis a smallthese
group of ideographic
Chinese Note Xiǎozhuàn. 69about
Accordingly, instead
therehaveare signs. There
very atoo. fewFor prototypical ev
metonymic
portraying events in determinatives
either Egyptian compounds
compounds as
or Chinese “semantic
writing.
representing
representing event
event roles,”
Event
As inIinobserved, such
categories
there
Chinese Xiǎozhuàn,
Chinese Xiǎozhuàn, are as
but
but fewer agent,
they
they almost only
almost experiencer,
prototypes
only serve as
serve
example, the proto
as logogram,
logogram, seldom
seldom asas
instrument, patient etc. 69

)
determinatives
determinative.
determinative. in
In either writing
InEgyptian
writing
Egyptianwriting
system.
manyevent
probably
many event words
Among
words are
sleeping are determined
on them,
determined with
a bed I than
with more
rather found
more than
than one
the two
on afollowing
one determinative
determinative which
sleeping lawn.
which Howev p
than 50 event signs out of 671 in Gardiner’s sign-list, and there are even fewer in
togetherdescribe
together describeananevent
eventsuch
suchasas (gstotoanoint).
(gs anoint).However,
However, the
the collaborating
collaborating determinatives
determinatives basically
basically do
do
hard to delineate by simple icons. So there is only a small num
&& few; prototypical 眷稱
69
Chinese Xiǎozhuàn. Accordingly, there are very
very comparable: & .event
(As will be shown in a future article, m
not constitute a scene of event. For instance, the two determinatives in
not constitute a scene of event. For instance, the two determinatives in ,, the
the oil
oil jar
jar and
and the
the man
man striking
striking with
with
portraying events in either Egyptian or Chinese writing. As I obser
determinatives in either writing system. Among them, Iimage
found the twoIfIffollowing thempairs
of the event words in both writing systems were written with metonymic determinati
a astick,
stick,do
donot
notconstitute
constituteananimage ofofanointing.
anointing. wethink
thinkthem asintegral
integral parts
parts of
of an
an image,
image, it
it would
would mean
mean striking
(A24, gradually replaced by the abbreviated form from Middle
we as striking
& 眷; (攴an/anoil 攵
than depicting
50 event signswhereas
out of 671 not. in Gardiner’s sign-list, and there
veryKingdom)
comparable: and 稱 pū)
&oiljar.jar.
SoSo.heredepict a man
here isisa adeterminative
(As will bedeterminative
shown holding
indepicting
a future anaction,
an action,
article, a stickisis not.
most
whereas and a hand
holding a instick, respectively. Interestingly, both the ancient signs.Egyptians
18 69
69 Note that I am talking about Chinese
simple signs Xiǎozhuàn.
instead18 of compound Accordingly,There there
is a smallaregroup
veryof ideogra
few
of the event words both writing systems were written with metonymic determinatives
and the ancient Chinese compounds saw representing this event
action as theXiǎozhuàn,
in determinatives
Chinese prototype but theyof almost
forceonly or serve
effort asthem,
logogram,
in either writing system. Among I foundseldom
the
69(presumably, the
Note that I am talking about simple actions
signs insteadIn
determinative.
with
of Egyptian hands
compound signs. There
writing
may
is a small
many
be
eventgroup
more prototypical
of ideographic
words
than
are determined with more than one determinative w
actions
compounds with
representing eventother
in Chinesebody Xiǎozhuàn, parts). 70
Consequently,
but they almost onlyvery
servecomparable:
as logogram, seldom and&as 眷; were& used 稱. (Asaswill be shown in a
determinatives to mark
together various
describe an event such
determinative. In Egyptian writing many event words are determined with more actionas words (gs towhich
than event
of the do
anoint). However,
one determinative
words in which not necessarily
the collaborating determinatives basicall
both writing systems were written with metony
concern sticks or striking
together describe an event such as not constitute
in However,
a scene
(gs to anoint).
both writing
of event. For instance,
the collaborating
systems (see
the two determinatives
determinatives
Table 8). Teaching
basically do in , the oil jar and the man striking
and attacking might have been associated with 69 sticks originally, however,
Note that I am talking about simple signs instead of compound signs. There is a s
a stick,thedotwo
notdeterminatives
constitute an in image of anointing.
oil jar and If
thewe think them
withas integral parts of an image, it would mean stri
anointing, slaughtering,
not constitute a scene of event. For instance,
imitating, or, the
changing, man
compounds representing etc.
striking
have
event nothing
in Chinese Xiǎozhuàn,to but do
they almost only serve
with sticks.
a stick, do not constitute an image of anointing. If we think them as integral parts of an image, it would mean striking
an oil jar. So here is a determinative depictingInanEgyptian
determinative. action,writing
whereas many eventiswords
not. are determined with more than
an oil jar. So here is a determinative depicting an action, whereas is not.
together describe an event18
such as (gs to anoint). However, the collaborating d
18
not constitute a scene of event. For instance, the two determinatives in , the oil ja
68
Note that I am talking about simple signs instead of compound signs. There is a small
a stick, do not constitute an image of anointing. If we think them as integral parts of an ima
group of ideographic compounds representing event in Chinese Xiǎozhuàn, but they
almost only serve as logogram, seldom as determinative. In Egyptian
an oil jar. So here writing
is a determinative many
depicting event
an action, whereas is not.
words are determined with more than one determinative which together describe an
18
event such as (gs to anoint). However, the collaborating determinatives basically
do not constitute a scene of event. For instance, the two determinatives in , the
oil jar and the man striking with a stick, do not constitute an image of anointing. If we
think them as integral parts of an image, it would mean striking an oil jar. So here is
a determinative depicting an action, whereas is not.
69
Kammerzell (2015).
70
Goldwasser has mentioned the prototypicality of in her article (2009:35).
sticks
sticks or
or striking
striking in
in both writing
bothportraying systems
writingevents
systems
hard to
(see Table
(seeEgyptian
Table
in delineate
either 8).
8).
by simple
Teaching
Teaching
or Chinese and
andAsattacking
icons. writing.
So there attacking
isI only
might
observed,might
there
a small are fewer
number of basic
have than 50 event signs out of 671 in anointing,

Gardiner’s
Egyptian sign-list, and there areI even fewerthere
in are
have been
been associated
associated with
with sticks
sticks originally,
portraying
originally, however,
events in either
however, anointing, slaughtering,
or Chinese imitating,
writing.
slaughtering, As observed,
imitating,
116 SCRIPTA, VOLUME
Chinese than 8
50(2016)
Xiǎozhuàn. 69
event Accordingly, there
signs out of 671 are very sign-list,
in Gardiner’s few prototypical event
and there are even few
or changing, etc.
or changing, etc. have
have nothing
nothing to
to do
do with
with sticks.
sticks.
determinatives in either
Chinese writing system.
Xiǎozhuàn. 69 Among them,there
Accordingly, I found
arethevery
two following pairs
few prototypical
Table 8: The Prototypical Determinatives
Table 8: The Prototypical Determinatives / / and 眷 for Various Actions
and 眷 for Various Actions
Table 8. The Prototypical Determinatives /
very comparable: and
& 眷
determinatives for Various
in ;either writing (AsActions
& 稱.system. willAmong
71727374
them,
be shown in aI future
found article,
the twomost
following
决 (效 (效 xiào),
xiào), to to imitate
74
gs to
gs to anoint
74 决 imitate
74 anoint
// of the event words 决in(效 xiào),systems
to imitate 眷
/ gs to anoint both
very comparable: writing 眷 & 稱with
& 眷;were written . (Asmetonymic
will be shown determinatives
in a future article
75
qn to slaughter 74 縄 gs (變 tobiàn),
anoint to change 决 (效 xiào), to imitate
教
75
qn to slaughter 縄 (變 biàn), to change
71 75
sbAqnto72teach
72
sbA to
sbA to teach
to slaughter teach
of the
縄event (變words
喀
喀 ((教
biàn),
(教 tojiāo),
jiāo),
in both change
jiāo), to
to
writing teach
teach
to systems
teach were written with metonymic determin
74
gs to anoint 决 (效 xiào), to imitate
Note that I am talking about simple signs instead of compound signs. There is a small group of ideographic
69
攻 about simple signs instead of compound signs. There is a small group of ideo
75 縄 (變 biàn), to change
qn
稱to slaughter
稱
compounds representing event in Chinese Xiǎozhuàn, but they almost only serve as logogram, seldom as
72
hd75 toqnattack
73
73 hd
hd & to
to attack
attack 縩 ((攻
縩 (攻gōng),gōng), to
gōng),&
69 Note that I am talking to attack
to attack
attack
to slaughter
&
縄 (變
determinative. In Egyptian biàn),
writing many to
稱 change
event words are determined with more than one determinative which
It(效
compounds representing event in Chinese Xiǎozhuàn, but they almost only serve as logogram, sel
74
to anoint
gs depicts (效 xiào), 决to (效imitate xiào), to imitate
74 73
The gsgs to
The Egyptian to anoint
anoint
74sign
to anoint
gs depicts 决legs walking.
suchInas决 It (效is xiào),
xiào),
considered toto imitate
imitate
aa the
prototype of
Egyptian
The Egyptian sign
sign together
legs
describe
walking.
an event
determinative.
depicts legs walking. &
Egyptian
It
iswriting
is
considered
(gs to anoint). However,
many event
considered 稱
wordsprototype
collaborating
are
&
a prototype
with
of 稱
of more thanbasically
determined determinatives do
one determinative
toslaughter
75slaughter 變
((變 biàn), to
to(gschange
74
qn qn to
75
qn as tonot slaughter
constitute a scene
(變of event.
biàn), 縄
Foran
instance, the biàn),
two change
as determinatives in , the oilthe
jarcollaborating
and the man striking with basic
motion
75
by 縄 together describe
縄to change
event
(變 such
biàn), to anoint).
to change However, determinatives
by foot
motion The foot and
and sign
Egyptian
used
qn as toaa slaughter
used prototypical
prototypical
adepicts do notlegs
determinative
andeterminative
walking.
image ofIt is
to mark
If weto
consideredthinkmarka
various
various
asprototype
words
words
of
motion by7070 foot and used asThe
Kammerzell
stick,
Egyptian
a prototypical constitute
sign a scene of event.depicts
determinative
anointing.
to mark legs
them
walking.
various
integral parts of
words It ,is considered
an image, it would mean striking
Kammerzell 2015.
2015. not constitute For instance, the two determinatives in the oil jar and the man striki
concerning
concerning
motion71
concerning
movement
movement
by
71 movement
(see
foot and (seeused
has(see
examples
an oil jar. So in
examples & the
here
in
as atheprototypical
examples &in
a the
stick, left
isdo
the left not column
a determinative
&
column
constitute
determinative
left
of column&
an of
depicting
image
of to稱Table
of Table
of action,9).
ananointing.
mark9). If The
whereas
we
various think稱
Chinese
The Chinese
稱
is not.
them as
words 稱 integral稱 parts of an image, it would mean
aTable 9). The Chinese

Goldwasser
Goldwasser has mentioned prototypicality of in
in her article (2009: 35). 稱
motion
mentioned theby foot
prototypicality and used heras article prototypical
(2009: 1835).
an oil jar. So here
determinative to mark
is a determinative depicting an action, whereas is not.
76
(走
The zǒu, Bronze
concerning
(走Egyptian
72
zǒu,sign The
Wb inscription:
4,Egyptian
72 Wb 4, 83.18-84.14.
movement
sign
Bronze 83.18-84.14.(see
depicts
inscription: 76 ) portrays
signexamples
legs depicts aaItcolumn
legs
in the left
walking. person running.
iswalking.
of It is
Table
considered aThe
9). The upper
considered
Chinese
prototype part
of is aa
a稱prototype of
The Egyptian The Egyptian
depicts signlegs76 )walking.
portrays
depicts legs person running.
walking. It is The upper
considered18 part is
a prototype of
74
gs to anoint
(走 zǒu,
决 (效 73Bronze
xiào), inscription:
to imitate
FCD: 160. concerning ) portrays
movement a It is
person considered
(see running.
examples The a upper
in
prototype
the left is of
partcolumn
a of Table 9). T
73
FCD: 160.
motion
motion by
personfoot
(走
person
by縄 motion
footzǒu,and
running;
running;Bronze
and used
the
by
the
used as as
bottom
foot and a used
part
inscription:
bottom partprototypical
匪
a prototypical )isportrays adeterminative
whichperson
determinative running.
to markThe
emphasizes toupper
the mark
76 is a foot, which emphasizes the most related body
匪as aa foot,
prototypical determinative to
most
various mark
part various
isvarious
related
words abody words
75
qn to slaughter person motion
running;
(變 biàn), toby
the foot
bottom
change and used
part 匪as is aa foot,
prototypical
which19 determinative
19emphasizes the to mark
most relatedvarious
body words
words concerning movement (see examples in the left column of Table
76 most related 9).
part person
part &to this running;
this(走 action.
concerning
the
As aa(走
bottom
movement zǒu,
part
prototype
(see
匪Bronze
is amotion
of
examples inscription:
foot, which
in by
the
emphasizes
foot,
left it the
it serves
column )ofportrays
as 9).a稱 person
body
aa determinative
asTable The Chineserunning. The u
Theconcerning
Chinese tomovement
稱concerning zǒu,
action.(see Bronze
As examples
movement inscription:
prototype in the
(see of left column
motion
examples in by )
the portrays
75 of Table
foot,
left 9). a
serves
column
part to this action. As a prototype of motion by foot, it serves as a determinative
The
ofperson
Chinese
Table running.
determinative
9). The Chinese
稱
稱
The Egyptian sign Thedepicts
upper
marking part
part isis considered
to Itthis
various aaction.
person
words
As a running;
prototype
a person of the
running;motion bottom
76 the
by foot, part
bottom itpart
serves isaaa
asis
匪examples foot,
determinative
foot, which
which emphasizes the mo
Bronzeof running, walking and
and jumping (see in
inisthe right
legs walking. prototype of
(走 zǒu,marking
Bronze(走 zǒu,
various words
inscription: ofinscription:
running,
76
) walking
portrays a ) portrays
76person a person
jumping
running. (see
The running.
examples
upper The
part upper
the rightpart
a right is a
emphasizes (走
the zǒu,
most Bronze
related inscription:
body part ) portrays a person running. The upper part is a
walking and jumping (see examples in the right of
to this action. As a prototype
marking various words of running, walking and jumping (see examples in the
marking
ion by foot and used as a prototypical various
determinative words
to mark of running,
various words
motion
cerning movement (see examples
by
personcolumn foot,
inrunning;
column of
personit ofbottom
Table
of the
Table
the leftperson
column
serves
9).
running;
running;
Table
asthe
9). 9).part a匪
part determinative
toathis
bottom
theChinese
The is
bottom 稱 foot, 匪 is a marking
partaction. As
foot,awhich
匪 is aemphasizes
part which foot, whichthe various
prototypeemphasizes
emphasizes words
mostofrelated
motion
thebody
most
the mostof run-
byrelated
foot, body
related
it serves as a
body
column of Table 9). 74 决 (效 xiào), to imitate
ning, walking and jumping (see examples in the right column of Table 9).
column of Table 9). gs to anoint
Tablea9:part
The toPrototypical
thisa The Determinatives
action.
upper As a atoprototype andof for(變Various
稱縄motion toMotions
by foot, by Foot
itwalking
serves
marking various gs words ofserves
running, to imitate asand
a determinative
jumping (see examp
76
zǒu, Bronze inscription: ) portrays 9:person running. part
qn is
itbiàn), change
75
slaughter
76 77part to Table
78 this action.
Table
9:part toAs
The Prototypicalprototype
this action.
The Prototypical As of
Determinatives motion
a prototype
Determinatives
by
and foot,
and of
稱to for Various
motion
Variousby
anoint
稱 for
as
(效 a
Motions
foot,
决
Motions itdeterminative
by Foot
serves
xiào),
by
74
Foot as a determinative
Table 9: The Prototypical Determinatives and 稱 for Various Motions by Foot
son running; the bottom part 匪 is a foot, which emphasizes the most related body
Table 9. The Prototypical
marking Determinatives qn and 稱 for
to&slaughter Various
稱 Motions
縄 (變 biàn), to change by Foot
75
marking various wordsvarious

marking various
wordswalking
ofasrunning,
column
of running,
words ofof
walking
and 9).
Table
running, jumping
walking and
and
(see jumping
稱稱 (see
examples
jumping
(see examples
in the right in
examples
the right
in the right
to this action. As a prototype of motion by foot, it serves a determinative The Egyptian sign 稱
depicts legs walking. It is considered a prototype of
& 稱
稲 (趋 qū), to walk fast words
77
andcolumn ofSmTable to
9). goand 稲
趋 qū),
column
king various words of running, of Table
walking 9).
jumping
77 (see
77 ofSm
column examples
motion by
Table
Sm 9).
infoot
to the right
togogo used as (趋
a prototypical qū),legs
totowalking.
determinative walk fastfast
mark various
稲 ((趋 qū),
qū),toto
towalk
77
to
Smgo
9:The 稲
walk fast and 稱 for Various
76 Egyptian sign depicts It is considered a prototype of
Table
Sm The Prototypical (趋
to go Determinatives
walk fast Motions by Foot
umn of Table 9). concerning movement (see examples in the left column of Table 9). The Chinese 稱
趒and
motion by foot and used as a prototypical determinative to mark various words
78
tkn to (趒 tiào), to hop like sparrow
tkn totoapproach
Table
78 789: The Prototypical Determinatives 飞 andtiào),
稱 fortoVarious Motions by Foot
77 Prototypical
Table 9: The to
tknapproach
Determinatives
tkn 9: The
Table
78 Prototypical approach
and 稱76 for飞
approach
Determinatives ((趒
(趒
Various
飞 tiào),
稱 for to
tiào),
Motions by hop
hop
to like
hop
Foot
Various like sparrow
sparrow
like sparrow
Motions by Foot
飞 (趒 tiào), to hop like sparrow
ble 9: The Prototypical Determinatives and 稱 for Various Motions by tkn
(走Foot to approach
zǒu, Bronze inscription: ) portrays
concerning movement (seea examples
person running. Thecolumn
in the left upper of
part is a 9). The Chinese 稱
Table
稱
穉 ((𧼏𧼏(𧼏𧼏xián), toto
78
to hasten foot,(𧼏𧼏 xián), to therun hastily
arun hastily
稱
79 79
xAx xAx
person
xAx to hasten
to
running; hasten
the bottom part 匪 is a穉穉 whichxián),
emphasizes
)稱
xián), run
to hastily
most
run
related
hastily
body
79
79 稱xAx
xAx
to hasten
to hasten
(走 zǒu, Bronze inscription:
77 of穉 (𧼏𧼏
portrays
xián), to run
76
person
稱 The upper part is a
running.
hastily
Sm part 匪to is a go
foot, which emphasizes the稲 (趋 body qū), to walk fast
超 chāo),
part to this action. person
As a prototype motion
running; the bottom by foot, it serves as a determinative most related
77
Sm to go 79 (趋
稲 iA80 to walk
qū), tofast
strideSm
iA77 to strideto go 稶 ((超稲chāo),(趋 to
toqū), jump
jump to over
walk overfast
77
Sm to go various
77
marking Sm words parttoof
togo
稲
running, (趋 qū),
walking
this action. As a and
to walk
稲 of(趋
jumping
prototype (seefast
motionqū),
examples toinwalk
by foot, fast
ittheserves
right as a determinative
78
tkn to approach 74
飞 (趒 FCD: 219.toAnother
tiào), hop likedeterminative
sparrow (W23, jar) is used here.
74
74 FCD: 219. Another determinative
FCD:
(W23,78jar) is usedtkn
column of Table 9).marking
219. Another78determinative (W23, various
jar) is used
here.
wordshere.
to approach 飞 (趒 tiào), to hop like s
tkn to approach
飞 is(趒 (趒
hop tiào),
of running, walking
tiào),飞 to hop
and jumping like sparrow
(see examples in the right
78
FCD: 219. tkn
Another to approach
78determinative (W23, jar) 飞to (趒
usedCategories
here. like
tiào),sparrow
74
79
xAx to hasten2.3 Prototypical
穉 (𧼏𧼏 xián), toDeterminatives
run hastily tkn
Wb 5, 44.6. Another
75 determinative fortoAttribute
approach
(T30, knife) is used here. to hop like sparrow
71
Wb 4, 83.18-84.14.
Table 9: The Prototypical Determinatives
75 Wb 5, 44.6. Another determinative and 稱 for Various Motions by Foot
column(T30, knife)
of Table 9). is used here.
75 Wb 5, 44.6. Another determinative
75 Wb765, 44.6. Another 79
79 Xu 2010: 3703.79determinative xAx to(T30,
79 knife) is used here.
(T30,
hasten xAx
knife) is used here. to(𧼏𧼏
hasten
xián), toMotions 穉 (𧼏𧼏 xián), to run hastily
run hastily
72
FCD: 160. 76 Xu 2010: 3703. xAx to hasten xAx Table 穉Prototypical
to 9:hasten
The xián),穉
(𧼏𧼏 Determinatives
穉to (𧼏𧼏run稱andhastily
xián), to run byhastily
稱 for Various Foot
FCD: 219. Another determinative (W23, jar)76
Attributes
Xu
is used 2010:
here.
77 3703.
Gardiner are 457.
1957: abstract.77Their prototypes can only be shown when they adhere to
73
FCD: 219. 76 Xu
Another
2010: 3703.
77 Gardiner 1957: 457. determinative Sm(W23, to go jar) is used 稲 (趋 qū),here.to walk fast
稱
Wb 5, 44.6. Another determinative (T30, 77
knife) is78used here.
GardinerIbid.1957: 457.
74
Wb 5,objects.
44.6.
77 Another
Gardiner
81 1957: 457. determinative 78
tkn to(T30,
approach knife)
Both Egyptian and Chinese writing systems tend to choose an fast
77
Sm 飞to (趒is
go used
tiào), here.
to hop稲 like
(趋 sparrow
qū), to walk object which
Xu 2010: 3703. 78 Ibid. 74 FCD: 219. Another determinative
FCD: (W23, jar) is used here.
jar) 219. Another
here. determinative (W23, jar) is used here.
79 Ibid. 74
75
Xu74 (2010:3703).
Ibid. 78
FCD:78219. Another
74 determinative
FCD: 219. Another79(W23, istoused
determinative 78 (W23, jar) is approach
used here.
Gardiner 1957: 457. Ibid. xAx hasten tkn 穉to(𧼏𧼏 xián), to run飞hastily
(趒 tiào), to hop like sparrow
79 Ibid.
20
Ibid.
76
Gardiner 79 (1957:457).
is typical
79 Ibid.
of an attribute
75 Wb
Ibid.Another
as the
5, 44.6. Another prototypical
determinative determinative of here.
(T30, knife) is used that attribute. For example,
75 Wb 5, 44.6. 75
Wbdeterminative
75 Wb
(T30,
5, 44.6. Another determinative 5,knife)
44.6. isAnother
79
usedxAx
(T30, determinative
here. knife) (T30, knife) is used here.
穉 (𧼏𧼏 xián), to run hastily
to hastenis used here.
Ibid. 77
Ibid. 74 20is used here.
FCD: 219. Another determinative (W23, jar)
20
76
XuEgyptians
2010:
76 Xu 2010: 3703.
20 3703.76used (M2, herb) for 3703.(T30, 20 “light”) 82 ,
(isi (U32, pestle) for
78
Ibid. Xu 2010: 3703. Xudeterminative
2010:
75 76
Wb 5, 44.6. Another knife) is used here.
74 FCD: 219. Another determinative (W23, jar) is used here.
77 Gardiner 1957:
Gardiner 1957:77457.
77
457.3703.
Xu 2010: 76
Gardiner 1957: 457.77
83 Gardiner 1957: 457.
(dns “heavy”) ; Chinese people
1957: 457. used 惚 (水 shuǐ, “water”) for 鍯（準 zhǔn, “flat”）,
75
Wb 5, 44.6. Another determinative (T30, knife) is used here.
77
Gardiner
78 Ibid.
78
Ibid.
78
Ibid.
76
78
Ibid. Xu 2010: 3703.
78 Ibid. 77 Gardiner 1957: 457.
踰 (山 shān, “mountain”)
79 Ibid. Ibid.
for 鄱 (峻 jùn, “high”). For some parallel attributes, they
79
79 Ibid. 79 Ibid.
78 Ibid.
79
Ibid. 20
79
Ibid. 20 20
20
(山 (山
踰踰 shān,
shān,
“mountain”)
“mountain”)
for for
鄱鄱(峻 (峻
jùn,jùn,
“high”).
“high”).
ForFor
some
some
parallel
parallel
attributes,
attributes,
theythey
may
may
may have
may have
have chosen
havechosen
chosen similar
chosensimilar
similar prototypes
prototypes
similar
prototypes as
asasdeterminatives,
prototypes asdeterminatives,
determinatives, such
determinatives,such
such as
asasaaas“knife”
such a a“knife”
“knife” determinative
“knife”determinative
determinative
determinative
for
forforfor
“sharp”
“sharp” The
“sharp”
and
“sharp”
andPrototypical
andaa “fire”
and a a“fire”
“fire”
“fire” Determinatives
determinative
determinative
determinative for
determinative in
forforfor
“hot” Egyptian
“hot”
“hot” (see
(see
“hot”
(see and
Table
Table
(see
Table Chinese
10).10). Writing
10).
Table
10). 117
Table
Table10:10:
Comparable
Comparable
Prototypical
Prototypical
Determinatives
Determinatives
forfor
Attributes
Attributes 80
TableTable
10: Comparable
10: Comparable
Prototypical
Prototypical
Determinatives
Determinatives
for Attributes
for Attributes
Table 80
10. Comparable
iA Prototypical Determinatives
to stride 稶 (超 chāo),for Attributes
to jump over
Egyptian
Egyptian
Egyptian
Egyptian Chinese
Chinese Chinese
Chinese
80 80
iA iA Egyptian
to to
stride
stride 稶稶(超(超chāo), to to
chāo), jump over
jump Chinese
over
2.3 Prototypical Det
刀 dāo, 剡
84 84
dāo,
dāo,knife)→墓
knife)→墓 (剡 (剡yǎn,
yǎn, sharp)
sharp)
(T30,(T30,
2.3 Prototypical
(T30,
knife)
(T30,(T30, knife)
knife)
knife)
→knife)
Determinatives
→
→→→ for84Attribute
80 dm
dm84dm sharp
dm dm sharp
sharp
sharp sharp漠(刀
漠(刀
Categories
漠(刀
(漠(刀 dāo, knife)
dāo,
knife)→墓 → (剡((剡
knife)→墓 yǎn,yǎn,
yǎn, sharp)
sharp)sharp)
2.32.3
Prototypical
Prototypical Determinatives
(Q7, Determinatives
fire) forfor Attribute
Attribute Categories
tAhot
Categories
hot 撸 (撸火(火 huǒ, fire) 熱(熱
((熱rè,rè, hot)
81 85 85
(Q7,
(Q7, fire)fire) 撸撸(火 huǒ,
huǒ,fire)→郤
fire)→郤
→ (熱 rè,rè,hot)
rè,hot)
(Q7, (Q7,
fire) →fire) →→→→ 85tA 85tA tA tA hot
hothot (火 (火huǒ, huǒ,
fire)→郤
fire)→郤 (熱 hot) hot) Attributes are
79 80 81
AttributesHowever,are
However,abstract.
it itis Their
iscommon
common prototypes
that
that they can
they hadonly
had be shown when
culture-specific
culture-specific they adhere
prototypes
prototypes to
forforsome
some
However,
However, itTheir
isitprototypes
common
isprototypes
common that that
they theyhad had
culture-specific
culture-specific prototypes
prototypestofortofor
somesome 81 Both Egy
Attributes2.3are
Attributes Prototypical
abstract.
are abstract. TheirDeterminatives can for
can only Attribute
only be beshown
shownCategories
when
when they
theyadhere
adhere objects.
81
Both
objects. attributes. Egyptian
attributes. II will
I will and
talk
talk Chinese
about
about thisthis writing
case
case in systems tend to choose an object which
81 81 attributes.
attributes. will
I will
talk talk
about aboutthis this
case ininthe
case inthe
the next
thenext
next section.
next section.
section.
section.
objects. Both Egyptian andand Chinese writing systems tend to to
choose an an object which
objects. Attributes are abstract. Their prototypes canchoose
Both Egyptian Chinese writing systems tend only beobject shown which whenisthey typical of an attrib
is typical of an attribute as the 82 prototypical determinative of that attribute. For example,
adhere to objects. Both Egyptian and Chinese writing systems tend
is typical
is typicalof of
an an
attribute
attribute
80 Wb
80 80 Wbas1,26.1-2.
1, the
as prototypical
the
26.1-2. prototypical determinative
determinative of of
thatthatattribute.
attribute. ForFor
example,
example, Egyptians used
to choose 1,WbWb an26.1-2. object which is typical of an82 attribute as the prototypical
1, 26.1-2.
80
Egyptians used Zhang

81 81 Zhang2007: (M2,
2007:
119.119.herb) for (isi “light”) , (U32, pestle) for
Egyptians
Egyptians determinative
used
81
Zhang
used 82 82(M2,
81
Zhang
2007:2007:
(M2, herb)of 119.
119.
herb) that
for for attribute. (isi(isi “light”) For82example,
“light”) ,82 , (U32, (U32, Egyptians
pestle)
pestle) forforused (M2,
(dns “heavy”)83; Ch
herb) for
82 Gardiner
(isi “light”), (U32, pestle) for (dns “heavy”) ;
Gardiner 1957:
1957:478.
478. 83 84
Gardiner
83 82 Gardiner1957:1957:
478. 478.
(dns “heavy”) ; Chinese people used 惚 (水 shuǐ, “water”) for 鍯（準 zhǔn, “flat”）,
Chinese people used 水
((水 shuǐ, “water”)
mortar. forfor (準 zhǔn, “flat”),
, , 踰 ((山山 shān, “mou
83 83 83 Ibid:
83
Ibid:
520. 520.
TheThe
lower
lower part
part
of of
thethesign
signU32U32is aismortar.
a mortar.
(dns “heavy”)
(dns “heavy”) ; Chinese
; Chinese
83 Ibid:
83 people
Ibid:
520. people
520. used
The lower
The used
part惚
lower of 惚
part
theof (水
sign
the shuǐ,
sign
U32 shuǐ,
U32 “water”)
a “water”)
is a mortar.
is for鍯（準鍯（準 zhǔn,
zhǔn,“flat”）
“flat”）
shān, “mountain”)
Ibid:
Ibid:
515. 515.
for
for 鄱 ((峻峻 jùn, jùn, “high”). Forsome someparallel
parallel attributes, they they
84 84
踰 (山 shān, 84 “mountain”)
Ibid:
84 Ibid:
515. 515. “high”). For attributes,
踰踰(山(山shān, shān,
may“mountain”)
“mountain”)
have chosen forfor 鄱(峻(峻jùn, a “high”).
jùn, “high”). For assome
For some parallel
parallel attributes,
attributes,theythey may have chosen sim
The similar is aprototypes determinatives, such as a “knife”
85 Ibid:
85 85
Ibid:
500. 500.
TheThe 鄱
determinative
determinative is aisdepiction
depiction of of
a brazier
a brazier
with
with
flame.
flame.
Ibid:
85 Ibid:
500. 500.
The determinative
determinative depiction
is a depiction
of a brazier
of a brazier
with with
flame.flame.
may have chosen similar prototypes
determinative for “sharp” and a “fire” as determinatives, such as a “knife” determinative
2121determinative for “hot” (see Table
21 21
maymayhavehavechosen
chosen similar
similar prototypes
prototypes as asdeterminatives,
determinatives, suchsuch as as
a “knife”
a “knife” determinative
determinative for “sharp” and a “f
10).
for “sharp” and a “fire” determinative for “hot” (see Table 10).
forfor
“sharp”
However,
andanda “fire”
it is common
determinative forfor “hot”
that (see
they
Table
had10).
culture-specific prototypes Table for 10: Comparab
“sharp” a “fire” determinative “hot” (see Table 10).
some attributes. I will talk about this case in the next section.
Table 10: Comparable Prototypical Determinatives for Attributes
Table 10:10:
Table Comparable Prototypical
Comparable Determinatives
Prototypical for for
Determinatives Attributes
Attributes Eg
Egyptian Chinese
3. Cultural
‌ Egyptian Factors in the Assignment
Egyptian of Prototypical
Chinese
Chinese (T30, knife) →
Determinatives
(T30, knife) →
84 84
84
dm sharp 漠(刀 dāo, knife)→墓 (剡 yǎn, sharp)
(T30,
(T30,knife)
knife)→→ dmdmsharp sharp 漠(刀漠(刀dāo, knife)→墓
dāo, knife)→墓(剡(剡 yǎn,
yǎn,sharp)
sharp) (Q7, fire) →
85
(Q7, fire)
Ancient Chinese
→ tA hot (火 huǒ, fire)→郤 (熱
and Egyptian people lived in different geographical
撸 rè, hot)
85 85
(Q7, fire)
(Q7, fire) →→ tA tA hothot 撸撸(火(火huǒ, fire)→郤
huǒ, fire)→郤(熱(熱 rè,rè,
hot)hot) However, it i
regions and created different material and spiritual cultures. These cultural
However, it is common that they had culture-specific prototypes for some
differences have led to some different categorizations based on different
However,
However,it itis iscommon
commonthat thatthey
theyhadhadculture-specific
culture-specificprototypes
prototypesforforsomesome attributes. I will talk
prototypes.85 As a result, some parallel objects and concepts from these two
attributes. I will talk about this case in the next section.
attributes. I will
attributes. talk
I will about
talk thisthis
about case in in
case thethe
next section.
next section.
79
Wb 1, 26.1-2. 80 Wb 1, 26.1-2.
80
Ibid:515.
80 Wb 1, 26.1-2. 81 Zhang 2007: 119.
80 Wb
81
1,8126.1-2.
80 Wb Ibid:500. The determinative is a depiction of a brazier with flame.
1, 26.1-2.
Zhang 2007: 119.
82
Zhang (2007:119). 82
Gardiner 1957: 478
81 Zhang 2007:
81 Zhang 119.119.
2007:
83
82 Gardiner
Gardiner 478.
1957: (1957:478). 83 Ibid: 520. The lowe
84
Ibid:520. The part
lower part
signof the
is asign U32 is a mortar.
82 Gardiner
1957:
82 Gardiner 478.478.
1957:
83 Ibid: 520. The lower
of the U32 mortar. 84
Ibid: 515.
83 Ibid:
520.
83 Ibid:
85
520. For a general view of how and to what extent cultural factors influence categorization,
TheThe
lower
84 Ibid: 515.
partpart
lower of the signsign
of the U32U32
is aismortar.
a mortar.
see Malt (1995). 85 Ibid: 500. The deter
84 Ibid:
515.
84 Ibid: 515.
85 Ibid:
500. The determinative is a depiction of a brazier with flame.
85 Ibid: 500.500.
85 Ibid: TheThe
determinative is aisdepiction of aofbrazier withwith
flame.
determinative a depiction a brazier flame.
21
21 21
determinatives. I will give some culture-specific examples of prototypical
118 SCRIPTA,
determinatives in VOLUME
three different 8 (2016)
aspects in sections 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3.
cultures can3.1 take contrasting

Culture-specific prototypical
Folk
the scorpion,
Classification
and the determinatives.
toad also belongItowill thisgivecategory some (see also in Table
culture-specific examples of prototypical determinatives in three different
aspects in sections 3.1, 3.2,
Different theand
cultures 3.3. have
Egyptian writings the of the scorpion,
scorpion,
scorpion, and theand
frog, toadthealso
turtle toadbelong
and also belong
crocodile cantocategor
to this takethistheca
the toad also belong to this category (see also inmayTable 11). different
However,folk categorizations for plants or animals,
the scorpion, and thethe
the toad
scorpion,
the
Egyptian alsoand
Egyptian belong
writings the oftothe
toad
writings thisof category
also belong
scorpion,
scorpion, scorpion,
frog,and (see
to thealso
this
frog,
turtle incro
categor
toad
turtle
and alTa
3.1 Culture-specific
especiallyFolk Classification
at the ,89 which is a depiction
supra-generic levels. 87 of “hidecontrasting
Some and tail” representing
usages of prototypicalthe prototypi
ings of scorpion, frog, turtle and crocodile can take the determinative
the Egyptian writings
the of
Egyptian scorpion,
writings isfrog, of turtle
scorpion,
the and crocodile
frog, turtle can tak
andsco crr
Different cultures may have
determinatives mammals,
reflect
90
this well.because
different folk
For example, ,89as
,89categorizations
which
Egyptianswhich
is
weahave amentioned
depiction
classified
for ofEgyptian
depiction “hide
them
plants ofinto
above,
writings
or“hide
and and
intail”
of
tail”
represe
aEgyptian
supra-gen
depiction of “hide and tail” representing the prototypical features 86of
animals, especially at the supra-generic ,89 which levels. Some acontrasting usages
, ofiswhich
a depiction 90of “hide 90 and tail” representing therepres
proto
[quadruped] 91 mammals,
,89mosquito
mammals, which
[mammal] because
iscan because
isdepiction
the Egyptians
,89of
prototypical Egyptians
“hide
which classified
and
is a tail”
subcategory classified
depiction them
(see o
of prototypical hieroglyphs the
determinatives writings of locust
reflect this and take
well. For example, as we the determinative (see
cause Egyptians classified them into a supra-generic category
have mentioned above, in Table Egyptian
mammals, hieroglyphs
90
because
mammals,
[quadruped] the
Egyptians
90
[quadruped] , of writings
91 because 91 classified
饃, of
which of locust
Egyptians
mammals,
which
[mammal] them
[mammal]
90 into a supra
classified
because them
is the protoEgy
Table 5), because in Egyptians’ 11: The Prototypical
minds they Determinative
are fuzzy-edge formembers
Various of is
Small the
Animals
the prototypica
category of
which [mammal]and mosquito can take the determinative
is the prototypical subcategory (see Table 12). (see Table 5), because in
91
Egyptians’ minds they are fuzzy-edgeP. D. members
[quadruped] , of which
[quadruped] [mammal]
ofTable
the
91 SMALL
categoryis the
,Prototypical
11: of which
The ANIMALS
prototypical
of
[mammal]
[quadruped]
Prototypical [bird]
91 subcategory (
is ,the
Determinative of prototypic
forwhich
饃 for [ma
[bird] whose prototype is a duck or goose. 11: Table
By The
contrast, Determinative
the Chinese 饃
writings locustVario
ofVarious Sma
ototypical Determinative 饃 for Various Small Animals
whose prototype is a duck or goose. By contrast, 瘀 the Chinese
袼 D. writings
穹 of 鹎 SMALL 駄
The P.
P.Determinative
D. SMALL ANIM SmA
(虫 huǐ)
Table 11: The Prototypical
Table 11: Prototypical 饃 for Various11:Small
Determinative
Table The 饃 Animals
for Various
Prototypical Det
locust and
SMALL mosquito
andANIMALS
mosquitotaketakethethedeterminative
determinative 饃（虫 huǐ） which
which isisaadepictiondepiction of a snake (OBI:
of a snake (OBI: ), because ancient 饃 P.Chinese
D.蝗 huáng classified
P. 蚊D. wén them瘀into 蚤瘀
SMALL azǎosupra-袼D.
ANIMALS
P. 蝎袼
SMALL xiē 穹ANIM 䗇穹
瘀袼穹鹎駄
generic category [small animals],
), because ancient Chinesewhoseclassified
prototype 瘀 is饃snake
them into a(see Table 穹
supra-generic
袼huáng 11).category 鹎
87
[small
瘀蝗 huáng 袼 wén 瘀穹
Other small animals like the flea, the scorpion, locust andmosquito the
饃蝗
toad also fleabelongscorpion zǎo蚤to
蚊 wén 蚊蚤
蝗 huáng 蚊 wén 蚤 zǎo 蝎 xiē 䗇 jú 88
animals], whose prototype is snake (see Table 11). Other small animals like the flea,
to this category (see also in Table 11).饃However, 蝗 huáng the
饃Egyptian wén
蚊蝗locust writings
huáng zǎo
蚤mosquito
蚊饃of
wén 蝎蝗蚤 xiē zǎofl
huáng
locust mosquito flea
locust scorpion,
mosquito frog, turtle
flea and crocodile
scorpion
Table 12: Thecan
toad take
Prototypical the determinative
Determinative ,
for Various which
88 Quadrupeds
is a depiction 86ofFor“hide and

a general view tail”
of how representing
P.toD.what extentTable
and the12:
locust
cultural prototypical
mosquito
factors influence
Table
The12: Thelocust
features
QUADRUPEDS flea
categorization,
Prototypical
Prototypical
of Maltscorpion
see
mosquito
Determinative
Determinative
1995. flea
locust
for Vari
for Various Qu
mammals,for Various
ototypical Determinative
89
because
87 Egyptians
Quadrupeds
Ethnobiological classified
data suggests them into
that culture-specific a supra-generic
influences category
have the most potential impact on categorization
[quadruped], 90
of which [mammal] Table 12:isThethePrototypical
prototypical P.The
Table 12:Determinative
P.subcategory
D.
D.Prototypical forTable (see
Various
Determinative QuadrupedsQUADRUP QUAD
for VariousDet Qu
12: The Prototypical
QUADRUPEDS
at the supra-generic levels (Malt 1995: 129-130).
88 Shuo Wen Jie Zi interprets 饃 as P. D. P. D. pit viper, and

a logogram of brevicaudate
QUADRUPEDS
it is used P.as D. QUADRUP
determinative for
86
Ethnobiological data suggests that
other culture-specific
small influences
animals because the have the (Xu
snake is representative most potential
Shen 1963: 278). However, I believ
impact on categorization at the supra-generic levels (Malt 1995:129-130).
22
Shuo Wen Jie Zi interprets 饃 as
87
a logogram
could ofother
be an abbreviated brevicaudate
form ofanimals
other
small 癫 (䖵
smallpit viper,
kūn,
animals
because theand
OBI:
because
snake itisis
) the
or used
snake (蟲 chóng,(Xu
representative
褙 Chu-State
is representative
Shen (Xu Ba
Sh
1963
cause the snake isas determinative
representative for1963:
(Xu Shen other small
278). animals
However, because
I believe the snake is representative (Xu Shen
the determinative
1963:278). However, I believe the determinative
other
), the of the 饃
small animals
logogram could
could
because
other
general 饃the
small
namebe
be ofan
could
an
snake
animals isabbreviated
be
small ananimals
abbreviatedabbreviated
form
representative
because the(Ji form
of
other form
(Xu
snake
2004:癫 of
ofanimals
(䖵
isShen
small
221; 癫kūn,(䖵
1963:
224). kūn,
OBI:
278).
representative
And OBI:
)compone
However,
(Xu
because
the Shen
the I)
or snake
褙196
viated form of 癫 (䖵(䖵kūn,
kūn,OBI:
OBI: )) or
or 褙 (蟲 chóng,Chu-State
(蟲 chóng, Chu-State Bamboo
Bamboo slip writing: ), the logogram of
slip writing:
the general name of small animals could 饃 (Jiacould
be 2004:221;
depiction a224).
be anofabbreviated
worm,
饃), the And
which
could formthe
),be
logogramthe of
isan component
very (䖵general
癫similar
abbreviated
logogram
of the kūn,
of tothethe
form饃OBI:of
depiction
of
could
general
name 癫 or
of)name
or
(䖵
be ofan
small 褙 aof (蟲OBI:
snake.
kūn, chóng,
abbreviated
small
animals animals Chu-St
)form
(Ji 2004: or(Ji221
褙of
20
he general name ofcould
smallbe a depiction
animals (Ji 2004: of
221;a 224).
worm, Andwhich
the componentis very饃 similar
of 癫 to or the
褙 depiction of a snake.
89 They can also take their own icons as determinatives, see Goldwasser 2002: Appendix 42
88
They can also take their own icons), as thedeterminatives,
logogram of could
the see
becould
general
), the Goldwasser
alogogrambe a depiction
depiction
name ofthe
of
of a worm,
small (2002:Appendix
of awhich
animals
general
worm,
name (Jiiswhich
), the
very
2004:
of small
logogram
is
221;very
similar similar
to
of224).
animals the
And
the (Ji
tothe
depiction
2004:
general
thecom
nam
de
22
a worm, which is42*–45*).
very similar to the depiction of a snake. 90 On what this sign depicts, there are different opinions. Gardiner considered it as a leop
no horizontal line on its top
could bedifferent
89
a depictionopinions.
They89canThey
of a worm, which
alsocan takealso
is of
very
theirtake
own
similarcould
their
icons
to the
own as icons as determinatives,
determinatives, see Goldw se
beisdepiction of aoftosnake.
ke their own icons On what thissee sign depicts,2002:
there are Gardiner
89 could be a depiction a considered
worm, which itavery
as similar
aedition.
depiction a the
worm, depiction
which
as determinatives, Goldwasser Appendix
edition of 42*-45*.
Egyptian Grammar, but as a cow-skin in his second and third Goldwasser (2
leopard-skin in his first edition of Egyptian Grammar, but as acan cow-skin
Onthiswhatsignthis insignhisdepicts,
second arethereand are different
opinions.opinions.
90 On what 90
depicts, there different Gardin
89
They can also take 89 their
Theyown icons
also takeas determinatives,
their own89icons see
They asGoldwasser
also take2002:
determinatives,
can theirseeAppen
ownGold ic
third
gn depicts, there are edition.
different Goldwasser
opinions. Gardiner (2002:57-61)
considered
that it itis as aargues
a leopard-skin. that
leopard-skin it is
in hisafirst
McDonald
edition of
leopard-skin.
(2004a：243-244)
edition
Egyptianof Egyptian
Grammar,
McDonald
contends that
Grammar,
but as a but
(2004a:
it possibly represents the pro
as a cow-skin
cow-skin in his secondin his and secondthi
243-244) contends that it possibly
ammar, but as a cow-skin in his second and third edition.
represents
Goldwasser (2002:
the prototypical
57-61)
On what attributes
90 On what this sign90depicts, there are different opinions.
argues
this sign depicts, of the 90 mammal
there On Gardiner
arewhat
different considered
this signopinions.
depicts, it ther
as
Gardin
of the
category’s members rather than an individualthat mammal category’s members
species’ rather than an individual species’ hide. I follow McDonald’
it is that ithide.
a leopard-skin. I follow
is a leopard-skin.
McDonald McDonald’s
McDonald (2004a：243-244)
(2004a：243-244) contendscontend that it p
edition of Egyptian Grammar, but as a cow-skin
edition of Egyptian Grammar, in but
his assecond
edition a of and third
cow-skin
Egyptian edition.
in Grammar,
his second Goldwa
andasth
but
explanation.contends that it possibly represents
McDonald (2004a：243-244) the prototypical
91 Goldwasser (1999:59)attributes
first proposed the term “quadruped” for this category, and then con
of the mammal
of the mammal category’s category’s
membersmembers rather than rather than an individual
an individual species’s
90
Goldwasser (1999:59) first proposed that it the term “quadruped”
is a leopard-skin.
thatMcDonald for thisMcDonald
(2004a：243-244)
it is a leopard-skin. category, itand
contends
that then
that it possibly
(2004a：243-244)
is a leopard-skin. represents
contends
McDonald that(20 itt
y’s members rather than an individual species’ hide. I follow
study McDonald’s
of this category, explanation.
see Goldwasser 2002: chapter 4. For the statistical data of the determinat
91 Goldwasser (1999:59) first proposed the term “quadrup
91 Goldwasser (1999:59) first proposed the term “quadruped” for t
of the mammal category’s of the members rather thanmembers
mammal category’s an individual
of therather
mammalspecies’ anhide.
than category’s I follow
individual members McDo
species’ ra
99:59) first proposed the term “quadruped” for this category,
turtle,and then
frog, conducted
scorpion and acrocodile,
detailed see ibid: Appendix 41*-45*.
study
91 Goldwasser (1999:59)
of study
this of this
category, category,
see see
Goldwasser Goldwasser
2002: 2002:
chapter chapter
4. For the4. For
statistithe
first proposed
91 Goldwasser the term
(1999:59) first“quadruped”
proposed
91 Goldwasser thefortermthis category,
“quadruped”
(1999:59) andpro
first th
for
see Goldwasser 2002: chapter 4. For the statistical data of the determinative assignment for 23
turtle,
turtle, frog, frog, scorpion
scorpion and crocodile,
and crocodile, see ibid:see ibid: Appendix
Appendix 41*-45*.41*-45
study of this category, see Goldwasser
study of this category, 2002: seechapter
Goldwasser 4. Forof2002:
study the
thisstatistical
chapter data
category, 4.see
Forof thestatist
the
Goldwasse deter
nd crocodile, see ibid: Appendix 41*-45*.
89 hieroglyphs
he supra-generic ,89 which
,89 levels.
which 87,is awhich
is
,89a which
depiction
Some
89
isthe
,depiction
is which
a of writings
depiction
a of
“hide
contrasting is a“hide
and
depiction
usages
of
of locust
of “hide
and
tail”
depiction
of tail”
and and and
representing
“hide
of “hide
and
prototypical
mosquito
representing
tail” representing
the
tail” thecan take
prototypical
tail”
representing theprototypical
prototypical
the determinative
prototypical
features
features
representing
the the offeatures
offeatures
prototypical of (see
features
of of
90 90 90
mammals,
mammals, mammals, because
because
mammals, because
mammals,
Table 90 Egyptians
90 Egyptians
5),Egyptians
because
because because
in classified
classified classified
them
Egyptians them
Egyptians
Egyptians’ intothem
into
classified
minds classified
they into
a them
them supra-generic
a supra-generic
aaresupra-generic
into
fuzzy-edge into
amemberscategory
category category
supra-generic
a supra-generic
of the category
category
category of
eflect this well. For
example, as we
Thehave mentionedDeterminatives
Prototypical above, in Egyptian
in Egyptian and Chinese Writing 119
91
[quadruped] 91
[quadruped]
[quadruped]
, of of 91
, [quadruped]
which which
[quadruped]
[bird] ,[mammal]
whoseof91which
,[mammal][mammal]
is which
of91which
, of
prototype athe
the[mammal]is
prototypical
the
orisprototypical
isprototypical
[mammal]
duck subcategory
subcategory
the
goose. By subcategory
(see
is prototypical
the contrast,(see
Table
prototypical Table
(see
12). Table
subcategory 12).writings
subcategory
the (see
Chinese 12).Table
(see
Table 12). 12).
of locust
writings of locust and mosquito can take the determinative (see
Table
Table Table 11.
11:
11: The The
and
Table
The11: Prototypical
mosquito
Prototypical
The
Prototypical
Table take
11:Prototypical
Determinative
Table The Determinative
the determinative
11:Determinative
Determinative
Prototypical for
The Prototypical
饃 for Various
Various for 饃
饃Small
Determinative
饃 for
Various
饃Small
Determinativefor
（虫 Various
huǐ）
Animals
AnimalsSmall
饃Various
for Animals
Various
Small Small
which
Small
Animals Animals of a snake (OBI:
isAnimals
a depiction
se in Egyptians’ minds they are fuzzy-edge members of the category of
P. P.D.D.P. D. P. D. P. D.P. D. SMALL SMALL SMALL
SMALL
ANIMALS ANIMALS
ANIMALS
SMALLANIMALS
SMALLANIMALS
ANIMALS
), because
ototype is a duck or goose. By contrast, the ancient
Chinese Chinese
writings classified
of locust them into a supra-generic category [small
瘀瘀瘀袼瘀袼瘀袼穹袼穹袼穹鹎穹鹎穹鹎駄鹎駄鹎駄駄駄
animals], whose prototype is snake (see Table 11).88 Other small animals like the flea,
ke the determinative 饃（虫 huǐ）蝗 huáng 蚊 wén
which is a depiction of a snake (OBI:蚤 zǎo 蝎 xiē 䗇 jú
饃饃蝗饃 huáng
蝗饃 huáng
蝗饃蚊huáng
蝗wén蚊蝗wén
huáng 蚊蚤wén
huáng 蚊zǎo
蚤wén
蚊 zǎo
蚤蝎zǎo
wén 蚤 xiē 蚤xiē蝎
蝎zǎo zǎo䗇xiē
蝎jú䗇蝎 júxiē
xiē 䗇 jú䗇 jú䗇 jú
locust mosquito flea scorpion toad
ncient Chinese classified them 86into
For aageneral
supra-generic
view of how category [small
and to what extent cultural factors influence categorization, see Malt 1995.
locustlocustlocust mosquito
mosquito
locust mosquito
locust flea flea
mosquito flea scorpion
scorpion
mosquito scorpion
flea flea toad toad toad toadtoad
scorpion
scorpion
87
Ethnobiological data suggests that culture-specific influences have the most potential impact on categorization
e prototype is snake
Table
92
(see Table
12. The Other 93
11).88Prototypical
small Determinative94
animals like 95
the flea,for Various Quadrupeds
Table Table 12:
12: TheTable
The12:
Prototypical
The93
Prototypical
92
92 Prototypical
93 Determinative
DeterminativeDeterminative
for
94
Table
at the for Various
94 Various
Table
12: Thefor Various
supra-generic Quadrupeds
95 Quadrupeds
Quadrupeds
95
12:Prototypical
The Prototypical
levels (MaltDeterminative
1995:Determinative
129-130). for Various
for Various
Quadrupeds
Quadrupeds
92 P. P.D.D.
93
P. D.88 P. D.abxn
94 95 QUADRUPEDS
Stw Shuo P. D.
Wen Jie 饃 QUADRUPEDS
bfnt
D.interpretsQUADRUPEDS
P. Zi QUADRUPEDS
as a logogram ofmsH
QUADRUPEDS
QUADRUPEDS
brevicaudate pit viper, and it is used as determinative for
view of how and to what extent cultural factors influence categorization, see Malt 1995.
Stw
Stw abxn
abxn bfnt
bfnt
91 msH
msH
92 93 94
al dataStw 22
abxn influences havebfnt
suggests that culture-specific
turtle frog msHon categorization
the most potential impact
scorpion crocodile
Stw abxn bfnt msH
turtle
turtle
evels (Malt 1995: 129-130). frog
frog scorpion
scorpion crocodile
crocodile
turtle 饃 other
Zi interprets frog
as a logogram of animals
other animals
small
other brevicaudate
small
turtle
scorpion
pit viper, and
theisit
crocodile
isthe
used as snakefrog
determinative for scorpion crocodile
small otheranimals
because because
other
small because
the small the
snake
animals snake
is
animals
becausesnake
representative
representative
because issnake
representative
(Xu
the isShen(Xuis1963:
Shen (Xu
representative 1963:
Shen
278).
representative(Xu278).
1963:
However,
Shen
(Xu However,
278). However,
I believe
I believe
Shen
1963: 1963:
278). the I believe
the determinative
theIdeterminative
determinative
278).
However,
However,
I believebelieve
the determinative
the determinative
egion-specific Prototypes 91 92 93for 94 Attributes
-specific Prototypes
n-specific Prototypes
饃 could饃 be for
could
an
饃 Attributes
forabbreviated
beAttributes
22
could
an
饃abbreviated
be饃anform
could abbreviated
could
be an form
ofbe癫anof(䖵form
癫kūn,
abbreviated (䖵
ofform
abbreviated kūn,
OBI:
癫 (䖵OBI:
form
of 癫)kūn,
ofor
(䖵癫褙OBI:
)kūn,
or(蟲褙
(䖵 ) or
(蟲OBI:
chóng,
OBI:
kūn, 褙 chóng,
(蟲褙 ) chóng,
) Chu-State
or Chu-State
or(蟲
褙 Chu-State
Bamboo Bamboo
chóng,
(蟲 slip
chóng, Bamboo
slip writing:
writing:
Chu-State
Chu-State slipBamboo
Bamboo writing:
slip writing:
slip writing:
Prototypes for AttributesTable 12).
Different cultures ),may
), the logogram ), have
the logogram
the
of thelogogram
), of
thetheir
the
general name
),logogram
the characteristic
general
of the general
name
logogram
of ofof
small
the name
small
animals
general
the of
general
name regional
animals
small
(Ji of animals
2004:
name (Jiof2004:
small221; prototypes
(Ji
small 221;
2004:
224).
animals 224).
And
animals
(Ji 221; And
the
2004:
(Ji for
224).theAnd
component
2004:
221; some
component
224).
221; the component
ofthe
224).
And
饃 And
饃 of
or 癫
癫component
the of
or 饃褙 ofor饃
component
饃
褙癫癫褙ofor癫褙or 褙
ent cultures
rent cultures maymay 3.2
could
could be
haveRegion-specific
have
becould
a depiction
their
their
a depiction
be
could
characteristic
worm,
characteristic
of aa depiction
of a depiction
could
be worm,
beof
which
Prototypes
a which
worm,
is of a is
very
a depiction which
regional
very
similar
worm,
of
regional
similar
is
a worm,tovery
which
forsimilar
tovery
thewhich
Attributes
prototypes
prototypes
theisdepiction
isdepiction to of
thesimilar
similar
very a depiction
toof
for
theato
snake.
for
snake.
some
some
of depiction
depiction
the a snake.
of a snake.
of a snake.
es may
utes have
or abstract their characteristic
concepts. For example, regional prototypes
in Egyptian for
hieroglyphs some qnd “be
They can
89 They can
89
also They alsotheir
take 89can
take
They also
89 their
ownThey
can take
89 own
iconstheir
also
can icons
as
take
alsoown asicons
determinatives,
theirasicons
determinatives,
their
take own determinatives,
own see see
asGoldwasser
icons Goldwasser
see2002:
determinatives, Goldwasser
as determinatives, see 2002:seeAppendix
Appendix 2002:
Goldwasser Appendix
42*-45*.
Goldwasser 42*-45*.
2002: 2002: 42*-45*.
Appendix Appendix
42*-45*.42*-45*.
or
or abstract
abstract concepts.
concepts.Different For
For example,
example,
cultures inin Egyptian
Egyptian
may have hieroglyphs
hieroglyphs
their characteristic qnd
qnd “be
“be regional prototypes for
us”concepts.
takes the Forbaboon
example, in Egyptian hieroglyphs qnd “be
some determinative (E32), and “striking
example,power”
Atopinions.
90 On 90 whatOnthis
what
90 On
signthis
what
90 sign this
depicts,
On90 depicts,
what
On sign
therewhat
thisdepicts,
there
are
sign arethere
different
this different
depicts,
sign are different
opinions.
depicts,
there opinions. opinions.
areGardiner
there Gardiner
different
are Gardiner
considered
different considered considered
it as
opinions.
Gardiner a itleopard-skin
as
Gardiner a leopard-skin
itconsidered
considered as a in
itleopard-skin
hisaitin
as ashisa leopard-skin
first first
in his first
leopard-skin in hisinfirst
his first
attributes or abstract concepts. For in Egyptian hieroglyphs
kes the
akes the baboon
baboon determinative
determinative
editionedition of Egyptian
edition
of Egyptian of Egyptian
Grammar,
edition Grammar,butof
of Egyptian
edition (E32),
(E32),
Grammar,
but
asEgyptianas abut
a cow-skin
Grammar, and
and
cow-skin
as
in abut
Grammar, hiscow-skin
inbut
second
as At
ahiscow-skin
andAt
assecond
in “striking
“striking
histhird
second
and
a cow-skin third
edition.
in his and
insecond
his power”
power”
edition.
third
andedition.
Goldwasser
second Goldwasser
third Goldwasser
(2002:
and edition.
third (2002:
57-61)
edition. 57-61)
Goldwasser(2002:
Goldwasser argues
57-61)
argues(2002: argues
(2002:
57-61)57-61)
arguesargues
aboon determinative
the hippopotamus qnd(E32),
determinative “be furious” and (F3), while takes
At “striking
in theChinese baboon
power” writing determinative
钤 (細 xì) (E32), and
At “striking power” takes the hippopotamus determinative
that
that it is it isthat
a leopard-skin.
it isthat
a leopard-skin. a McDonald
leopard-skin.
itthat McDonald McDonald
(2004a：243-244)
(2004a：243-244)
is a itleopard-skin.
is a leopard-skin. (2004a：243-244)
McDonald contends
McDonald contends
that
(2004a：243-244) contends
it that it
possibly
(2004a：243-244) possibly
that it possibly
represents
contends represents
contends the
that itthat represents
possibly the prototypical
prototypical
it possibly the
represents prototypical
attributes
attributes attributes
the prototypical
represents the prototypical
attributes
attributes
ippopotamus determinative
hippopotamus determinative (F3),
(F3), while while inin Chinese Chinese writing
writing 钤钤 (細 (細xì) xì)
mus determinative
ute, tiny”
of the
takes the (F3),
of the
mammal while
silk(F3),
mammal
of the mammal
category’s
of the while
determinative in
category’s
members
of
mammal Chinese
the mammalincategory’s
category’s
members Chinese
rathermembers
rather
than
睢category’s
(糸
anwriting
thanwriting
ratheran than
individual
members
mì),membersindividual
an
species’
ratherrather
and than ((冷
钤 anthan
鏵 (細
individual細
species’
hide. anxì)
xì)
species’
I hide.
individualfollow “minute,
I
individual
lěng)
follow
hide. I
McDonald’s
species’
“cold”
McDonald’s
follow
species’
hide. hide. tiny”
McDonald’s
I follow
takes
explanation.
explanation.
I follow
McDonald’stakes
explanation.
McDonald’s the
explanation.silk
explanation.
ny”
iny”takes
takesthe
thesilk determinative
silk determinative
determinative
91 Goldwasser
91 Goldwasser 91 Goldwasser
(1999:59) 91(1999:59)
睢
first睢
Goldwasser 糸
(first
(糸
(糸
(1999:59)
proposed
91 Goldwasser
mì),
mì),
mì),
proposed
first
the
(1999:59) termand
and
(1999:59)and
proposed
the
first term
鏵 the
“quadruped”
鏵
proposed
first (冷冷
(term
(冷
“quadruped”
proposed lěng)
lěng)
for
the lěng)
“quadruped”
thefor
this
term “cold”
“cold”
“cold”
this
category,
“quadruped”
term for andtakes
category,
this
“quadruped” takes
takes
category,
for and
thenthis
forthen the
and
conducted ice
conducted
category,
this then
aand
category, adeterminative
conducted
detailed
then
anddetailed
thena conducted
conducteddetailed
a detailed
a detailed
the silk determinative
e determinative study of鏧
study 仌
this((仌
of 睢bīng).
study
thisbīng).
category, (糸
category,
of this mì),
see study
study The
The
category,
see
Goldwasser
of thisof and
baboon baboon
Goldwasser
see
category,
this 鏵
2002:
category, (冷
and
Goldwasser
2002:seeand
chapter
see lěng)
hippopotamus
chapter
2002:
Goldwasser
Goldwasser “cold”
4. Forhippopotamus
chapter
4.
theFor
2002: the
4. For
2002: takes
were
statistical
statistical
chapter the
data
chapter
4. For statistical
data
of4. the
the
For were
familiar
of data familiar
to
thestatistical the
determinative
ofdata
determinative
statistical
the the determinative theto
assignment
assignment
ofdata
theof the
forassignment
determinative ancient
forassignment
determinative for
assignment
for for
rminative 鏧
erminative 鏧 (仌
(仌 bīng).
bīng).
Egyptians
turtle, turtle, frog,
The
turtle,
frog, scorpion
Theandbut
scorpion
frog,
turtle,
baboon
baboon
andnot
scorpion
crocodile,
turtle,
frog, crocodile,
and
and
see
scorpion
frog,
and
at hippopotamus
all hippopotamus
crocodile,
ibid: toseeAppendix
ibid:
seeAppendix
scorpion
and crocodile,
and the
ibid: ancient
seeAppendix
41*-45*.
crocodile,
were
were
41*-45*.
ibid: ibid:
familiar
41*-45*.
see Appendix
familiar
Chinese,
Appendix41*-45*.
toto
41*-45*. andthe
theby the same token, silk
(仌 bīng).but
nt鏧Egyptians The notbaboon
at allare toand the hippopotamus
ancient to Chinese, were familiar by23theto the token, silk and
and ice common Chinaand but
23 completely
same
23 23 foreign
23 to Egypt.
yptians
yptiansbut butnot
notatatall alltotothe theancient
ancientChinese, Chinese,and andby bythe thesame sametoken, token,silk silkand and
et not at all to
common to the
China ancient Chinese, and
but completely by thetosame
foreign Egypt. token, silk and
mmon
mmontotoChina Chinabut butcompletely
completelyforeign foreigntotoEgypt. Egypt.
hina but completely foreign to Egypt.
ulture-specific Value Judgments
-specific Value
e-specific ValueJudgments
Judgmentsa detailed study of this category, see Goldwasser (2002:chapter 4). For the
conducted
Value Judgmentsstatistical data of the determinative assignment for turtle, frog, scorpion and crocodile,
Different culturessee may ibid:haveAppendix different 41*–45*.value judgments of parallel objects. A most
ent cultures
rent culturesmay may91have different
differentvalue
haveGoldwasser
See value (2002:68;judgments
judgments Appendix of
ofparallel 41*). objects.
parallel objects.AAmost most
es may have different
sting pair of prototypical value judgments of parallel
determinatives which reflect special aspects of Egyptian objects. A most
92
FCD: 41.
pair
pairofofprototypical
prototypical 93
Wb
determinatives
determinatives
1, 456. 2.
which
whichreflect reflectspecial specialaspects aspectsof ofEgyptian
Egyptian
ototypical determinatives
Chinese values 94are the117. which
Egyptian reflect special
determinative aspects of Egyptian
(G37, sparrow)
FCD: However, is very rarely used with crocodileand the
(Goldwasser 2002:69).
se values
ese values areare the the Egyptian
Egyptian determinative determinative (G37,
(G37, sparrow) sparrow) and and the the
ese aredeterminative
the Egyptian (女 nǚ, woman). (G37, sparrow) and the
氙 determinative
terminative 氙
eterminative 氙 (女 (女 nǚ, nǚ, woman).
woman).
ve 氙 (女 nǚ, woman).
See Goldwasser 2002: 68; Appendix 41*
dwasser
ldwasser2002:
2002:68;
68;Appendix
Appendix41*
41*
takes the hippopotamus determinative (F3), while in Chinese writ
“minute, tiny” takes the silk determinative 睢 (糸 mì), and 鏵 (冷 lěng

the ice determinative 鏧 (仌 bīng). The baboon and hippopotamus were
Table 13. The Prototypical Determinative

ancient Egyptiansfor
butSmallness and
not at all to theBadness
ancient Chinese, and by the same
P. D. SMALLNESS AND BADNESS
95 96 ice are common
97 to98China but completely
99 foreign to Egypt.
100 101
nDs Hns bin Sw nhw mr Aq

3.3 Culture-specific Value Judgments
small narrow bad empty loss ill perish
95 96 97 98 99 100 101
Different cultures may have different value judgments of parallel o

3.3 Culture-specific Value Judgments
interesting pair of prototypical determinatives which reflect special aspe
Different cultures may have different value judgments of parallel objects.
A most interesting pair of prototypical
and Chinese determinatives which reflect
values are the Egyptian special
determinative (G37, spa
aspects of Egyptian and Chinese values are the Egyptian determinative
(G37, sparrow) and the Chinese
Chinese determinative 氙 (女
determinative (女nǚ, nǚ,woman).
woman).
Sparrow is a prototype of unsatisfactory and defective things in the
ancient Egyptian mind. As we92 can see in Table
See Goldwasser 13,
2002: 68; many
Appendix 41*words concerning
smallness and badness were written
93 with the sparrow determinative.
FCD: 41.
According to Arlette David’s research
94 Wb 1, 456. 2.
on the sparrow determinative,
the sign is originally used as an ideogram or determinative exclusively for
the word nDs “small,” becauseFCD: the117.
sparrow
However, is isavery
prototypical small (Goldwasser
rarely used with crocodile bird, 2002: 69).
95
and is consequently used as a metaphor for smallness. From 24the Sixth

Dynasty onwards, the sparrow determinative was subsequently used for
negative words associated with badness. David proposed three hypotheses
behind this extension of usage. A very plausible one is that the grain-eating
sparrows became a more serious threat to agriculture.102 Actually, Houlihan
proposed this earlier and used other scholars’ research as support to point
out that sparrows are still a considerable problem for agriculture in modern
Egypt.103
95
Wb 2, 384.8–385.4.
96
Wb 3, 116.12–16.
97
Wb 1, 442.15–443.17.
98
Gardiner (1957:471).
99
FCD: 135.
100
Gardiner (1957:471).
101
Ibid.
102
David (2000:chapter 2–4). McDonald (2004b:225–228).
103
Houlihan (1986:137).
disliked
disliked other qualities
other of women
qualities of women which theythey
which perceived
perceived as negative.
as negative. As we cancan
As we see see
in in
the the
right right
disliked
disliked column
other column
other ofofTable
of Table
qualities
qualities of
women 14,
14,women
manymany
whichwords
whichwords
they they concerning
concerning
perceived
perceived asnegative
negative qualities
qualities
negative. As of
seehuman
of human
we we can see in
the right
the
the column
right
right column
column of Table
of
of Table
Table Different
14, many
14,
14, many
manycultures
wordswords
words may
concerning haveas
concerning
concerning
negative.
different
negative
negative
negativevalueAs
qualities can
judgments
of
qualities
qualities human
of
of
in parallel
of
human
human objects. A mos
the right column of Table 14, many words concerning negative qualities of human
beings
beings
the the also
rightright take
also
column columnthe
take woman
the woman
of Table
of Table determinative.
determinative.
14, 14,
manymanywordswordsconcerning
concerning negative
negative qualities of human
qualities of human
beings
beings
the the
rightalso also
right take
column take
column theoftheofwoman
woman
TableTable14, determinative.
determinative.
14,
manymanywordswords concerning
concerning negative
negative qualities
qualities of human
of human
beings
beings
beingsalso take
also
also the
take
take woman
the
the interesting
woman
woman pair
determinative. of prototypical
determinative.
determinative. determinatives which reflect special aspects of Egyptia
beings
Table
also take
14:The
14: The
Table
the woman
Prototypical
Prototypical
The
determinative.
Determinatives
Determinative
Prototypical Determinative氙 for forin
氙 Both Egyptian
Beauty
Both and and
Beauty andBad
Bad Chinese
Quality Writing
Quality 121
beings
beingsalso
TableTable
take
also
14: The
14: The
the
take woman
the woman
Prototypical
Prototypical
determinative.
determinative.
Determinative
Determinative 氙 for for Both
氙 Both Beauty Beauty
and and
Bad Bad Quality
Quality
beings
beings
Table also
14: also
take
The take
the the woman
woman
and determinative.
determinative.
Chinese values areBoth theBeauty
Egyptian determinative (G37, sparrow) and th
Table
TableBEAUTY 14: Prototypical
14:
14:BEAUTY
Table The The
TheAND AND
Prototypical Determinative
Prototypical
GRACE Determinative
GRACE
Determinative 氙 for
氙氙 Both
氙
for for
for
Both Beauty
Both
Beauty and
BeautyBAD
and Bad
and
BAD
and
Bad Quality
Bad Quality
QUALITY
BadQUALITY
Quality
Quality
Table 14:BEAUTY
BEAUTY
Table The Prototypical
14: The AND ANDGRACEGRACE
Determinative
Prototypical Determinative氙 for氙 Both Beauty
for Both BAD
and
Beauty BAD
Bad
and QUALITY
QUALITY
Quality
Bad Quality
Table
霧霧 (媄14.
TableBEAUTY
(媄 14:BEAUTY
BEAUTY
Table The
BEAUTY
měi),měi),
14:
The having
The AND
having
AND AND
AND
Prototypical GRACE
Prototypical
GRACEGRACE
GRACE
beautiful
beautiful
face face 氙祢
Determinative
Determinative
Chinese for
determinative氙祢 (婪
for氙
Both lán
(婪
Bothfor
Beauty
(女lán
BeautyBAD
), Both
greedy BAD
BAD
), greedy
BAD
and
nǚ, and
Bad QUALITY
Beauty QUALITY
QUALITY
QUALITY
Bad and Bad Quality
Quality
Quality
woman).
霧霧 (媄
(媄BEAUTY
měi),měi),
BEAUTYhavinghaving
AND beautiful
beautiful
ANDGRACEGRACEfaceface 祢祢 (婪 (婪 lán lán ), greedy
), greedy
BAD BAD QUALITY
QUALITY
(媄 měi),
(媄 having
měi),
BEAUTY havingbeautiful face
beautiful face (婪 lán
(婪 ),
lán greedy
), greedy
霧
霧霧霧(媄
(姝
(媄
靁BEAUTY BEAUTY
měi),
(婉
shū
měi),
having
),wǎn
beautiful),AND
having
AND AND GRACE
GRACE
beautiful
gentle GRACE
beautiful
faceface 祢祢祢祢
(婪炱
(妨
(婪
lán lán
fáng
105
(佞BAD
), greedy BAD
), greedyBAD
nìng),QUALITYQUALITY
QUALITY
good at flattery
霫
霧霫霧(媄(姝 měi),
(媄 shū
měi), ), having
having beautiful
beautiful face
beautiful face 焯焯
(婪 (妨
lán
68;(婪 ),),greedy
fáng
lán to harm,
),greedy
),41* to harm, harmful
harmful
媄 měi),
祢祢
婪
92
See Goldwasser 2002: Appendix
霧 (霧
霫霫(姝
(媄 (姝
shū
(媄
měi),shū
),
měi), ),
having beautiful
beautiful
having having beautiful
beautiful
beautiful faceface
face 焯焯
祢祢 (妨
(婪((婪
焯 (妨
fáng
lánlán),fáng
lán), to), to
harm,
),greedy
),),greedygreedy harm, harmful
harmful
霫
霫霫霫(姝
(姝 (姝 shū
(姝
shū ),
), beautiful
shū
shū ),
), beautiful
beautiful
beautiful 焯 not(妨
(妨 (妨
焯
焯 fáng
fángfáng
(妨 ), to
fáng ),harm,
to), to harmful
harm,
to women.
harm, harm, harmful
harmful
harmful
姝妨
(媌 (媌 Obviously,
miáo miáo), having
), such
having bad qualities
93 FCD: 41.
beautiful
beautifuleyeseyes are (妄 exclusive
wàng),
(妄 wàng), to
careless,
careless, Ancient
notharmful
behaving
not behaving Chinese
oneselfwomen
oneself
霫 (霫
霶霶(姝shū),shūshū
(姝 ),beautiful
beautiful
), beautiful 焱
焯焯 (妨((妨
焱 fáng fáng), to
), to),harm,
fáng to harm,harmful
harm, harmful
霶霶(媌 (媌
miáo miáo), ),
beautiful eyes eyes 焱 (妄
焱 (妄
wàng), wàng), careless,
careless, not not behaving
behaving oneself
oneself
媌 miáo), 妄
霫
霫 (媌(姝 (媌 (姝
miáo shū
shūmiáo ), beautiful
),),beautiful
having
),
94
beautiful Wb eyes
1, 456. 2. 焯焱焯
(妄 (妨
(妨 wàng), fáng
fángwàng), ), to), to
harm,
careless, harm, harmful
harmful
not behaving oneself
霶 (霶
霶霶(媌 (媌
miáo miáo ), having
), having
beautiful
beautiful
beautiful eyes eyes
eyes
eyes 焱焱焱 (妄((妄 (妄 wàng),
wàng), wàng), careless,
not not
careless,
careless,
careless, notbehaving
not behaving
behaving
behaving oneself
oneself
oneself
oneself
霺霺(婠 had(婠 no
wān),wān),rights
having to
having education
beautiful
beautifulbody nor
body rights
祛 (娝
祛 to take
pōu),
(娝 pōu), part
not in
promising
not social
promising activities in the ancient
婠娝
霶霶 (媌 (媌 miáo miáo), having
), havingbeautiful
beautifuleyes eyes 焱 (妄
焱 wàng),
(妄 wàng), careless, not
careless, behaving
not behavingoneself
oneself
霺
霶霶(霺(婠
(媌 (媌wān),
(婠
wān),
miáo wān),
miáo having
havinghaving
),having
),having
having beautiful
having beautiful
beautiful body
95 FCD:
beautiful
beautiful body
body
117.
eyes
However,
祛
eyes 焱焱 (娝
祛
(妄 (妄((娝
pōu),
is pōu),
very
wàng), pōu),
not
rarely
wàng), not
not promising
usedpromising
promising
with
careless,
careless,
crocodile (Goldwasser 2002: 69).
not not behaving
behaving oneself
oneself
霺
霺霺 (婠
(婠 (婠 wān),wān), beautiful
beautifulbody body
body 祛祛祛 (娝
(娝 (娝 pōu), not
pōu), promising
not not promising
㜺㜤
霺 (婠
wān),wān),having having beautiful
beautiful body 祛 (娝
pōu), pōu), not promising
promising
霼 (
霺霺霼(㜺 zàn),
(㜺zàn),
patriarchal
(婠 (婠 wān), white
wān),white
zàn),havingwhiteand
and
society,
having andbeautiful
beautiful
beautifulbeautiful
so
beautiful they
body were
body 祛祛祓 (㜤 (
mainly
祓
(娝 (娝 (㜤
pōu),shěn),
shěn), no
shěn),
restricted
not not
pōu), no ambition
ambition
no ambition
promising to
promising and
work
24 and
fond
and fond
of
fond
at play
of
home. of106play
play These
嫻嬾
霼霼
霺 (霺(㜺
(婠 (㜺
(婠zàn),
wān), zàn),
wān),white
havingwhite
and
having and beautiful
beautiful
beautiful
beautiful body body 祓祓 (㜤
祓
(娝((娝 (㜤shěn),
pōu), shěn),
pōu), no
not notno ambition
ambition
promising
promising and and
fondfond
of of
play play
霼
霼霼霼(㜺
(㜺 (㜺xián),
(㜺zàn),zàn),
zàn),zàn),elegant
white
white and
white
white
andandbeautiful
and beautiful
beautiful
beautiful
祛祛
祓祓 (㜤
祓
(㜤 (㜤 (㜤 lǎn),
shěn),
shěn), no
shěn),
shěn), lazyambition
no ambition
no ambition
no ambition and fond
and
andand of
fond
fondfond play
of play
of play
of play
婉佞
靦
霼 (靦(嫻 (嫻xián),
xián),
restrictions elegant
elegant
limited their experience 祗 (嬾
祗
and lǎn),
(嬾made lazy
lǎn), lazy
them seem
(㜺 wǎn),
(㜺zàn), gentle
),white
zàn), andand
),white beautiful
beautiful (㜤 (㜤 ((佞
shěn), nìng),
no
shěn), good
ambition
nogood atatshort-sighted
ambition andflattery
fondfond
and ofand
of play playnarrow-
霼祓105 祓 104
105
靁
靦靁
靦(婉
(嫻 (婉
(嫻wǎn wǎn
xián),
xián), gentle
elegantgentle
elegant 炱
祗炱
(嬾
祗 (佞
(嬾
lǎn),nìng), nìng),
lǎn),
lazy good
lazy at flattery
flattery
霼霼
靦靦(㜺 (㜺
(嫻 (嫻zàn),zàn),
xián), white
xián), white
elegant andand
elegant beautiful
beautiful 祓祓
祗 (㜤 (㜤
(嬾
祗 shěn),
lǎn),
(嬾 shěn),
lazy
lǎn), nolazy no ambition
ambition andandfondfond of play
of play
靦 (嫻 xián),
(嫻 xián), elegant
靦 104 elegant (嬾
祗 (嬾 lǎn), lazy
祗 lǎn), lazy
(嫻
靦 104
靦 minded
(嫻xián),
Obviously,
Obviously,
Houlihan
104 toelegant
xián), ancient
such
1986:
Houlihan elegant
such
137.
1986: bad Chinese
137.bad
qualities men.
qualities notThese
are are 祗
not (嬾
祗
exclusivemenlǎn),
(嬾
exclusive toheld
lazy
lǎn),
women.power
lazy
to women. over
Ancient
Ancienteducation
Chinese
Chinese and
women
women developed
靦 In
靦 my
(嫻
(嫻Houlihan
104 104
hometown
xián),
xián),
Houlihan elegant
1986: 137. 137. (Shandong Province,
elegant
1986: 祗祗 (嬾 (嬾 China),
lǎn),lǎn), lazylazy farmers often go to fields
104
104 Houlihan
104 1986:
104 Houlihan
Houlihan
Houlihan 137.
1986:1986:
137. 137.
1986: 137. 26 26
tohadscatter
104the
had
no104no
Houlihan sparrows
writing
rights
rights system
to1986:
1986:
Houlihan education during
137. which
to education
137. used
nornor harvest
rights the
to woman
rights take time,
to26 take
26
26 inespecially
partdeterminative
part social
in social to if
activities they
activities in grow
represent
in the bad
the
ancient millet.In
qualities.
ancient
26 26 26
They Houlihan
also attempt to scatter sparrows when they leave cereals to dry on
104 104 Houlihan 1986: 137.
1986: 137.
26 26 106 106
contrast,
patriarchal
patriarchal Egyptian
society,
society,so men
so did
theytheywerenot
were usemainly
mainlythe woman
restricted determinative
26restrictedto to
work workat home.(B1)
at home. toThese
indicate
These either
the threshing ground. Apparently, the sparrow is also not a good bird
26
for Chinese
restrictions
restrictions
words meaning
people.
limited
limited
their However,
their
experience
beautiful experience
or words
ancient
and and
made made
describing
Chinese
themthemseem
bad
people
seem did not
short-sighted
short-sighted
qualities. andand view
narrow- it as a
narrow-
prototype of bad things.
Ancient
minded
minded Chinese
to ancient
to ancient Chinese men
Chinese men. had
men.
These conflicting
These
menmen heldheld
power attitudes
power
overover about
education
education women.
andand
developed
developed They
appreciated
4. Conclusionwomen’s beauty and grace. As we can see in the left column
the the
writing
writing
system
system which
which usedused
the the
womanwoman determinative
determinative to represent
to representbadbad
qualities.
qualities.
In In
of Table 14, many words related to beauty and grace take the woman
determinative.
contrast,
contrast,
Egyptian
EgyptianHowever,
menmendid did Chinese
not not
use use
the the
woman men
woman disliked
determinative
determinative other qualities
(B1)(B1)
to indicate
to indicateof either
women
either
Prototype effect is a universal phenomenon in human cognition. Prototypical
which they perceived as negative. As we can see in the right column of
words
wordsmeaning
meaning beautiful
beautifulor words
or wordsdescribing
describing badbadqualities.
qualities.
Table 14, many
determinatives words concerning
are attested negative
in both Egyptian and qualities of human
Chinese writing. This isbeings also
not surprising,
take the woman determinative.
Obviously,
4.because
4. Conclusion
Conclusion humanssuchhave badsimilar
qualities physicalare brain
not exclusive
structures, and to women. Ancient
different civilizations
Chinese women had no rights to education nor rights to take part in
socialencountered
activitiessimilar in theproblems
ancientwhen creating writing
patriarchal society,systems.
so they There
were aremainly
probably
Prototype
Prototype effect
effect
is ais universal
a universal
105phenomenon
phenomenon in human
in human cognition.
cognition.Prototypical
Prototypical
restricted to work at home. These restrictions limited their experience
prototypical determinatives in Sumerian and Mayan writing too. We expect future
and made them
determinatives
determinatives seem
are are
attested short-sighted
attested
in both
in both
Egyptian
Egyptian and
and and narrow-minded
Chinese
Chinese writing.
writing. isto
ThisThis isancient
not not
surprising,Chinese
surprising,
men.studies
Theseofmen theseheld
otherpowerwriting oversystems education
to confirmand this.developed
The comparative the writing
study of
system
because
becausewhich
humans
humansused
have the
have
similar woman
similar
physical determinative
physicalbrainbrainstructures, toand
structures, represent
and
different bad
different qualities. In
civilizations
civilizations
contrast, Egyptian
prototypical men did not
determinatives is notuseonly thehelpful
woman for determinative
a better understanding (B1)of tothe
encountered
encountered similar
similar
problems
problems when whencreating
creating writing
writingsystems.
systems. There
There
are are
probably
probably
indicate either words meaning beautiful or words describing bad qualities.
commonality of the workings of the first writing systems, but also for discovering
prototypical
prototypical
determinatives
determinatives
in Sumerian
in Sumerian
andand
Mayan
Mayan
writing
writing
too.too.
We We
expect
expect
future
future
studies
studies
of these
of these
other
other
writing
writing
systems
systems
to confirm
to confirm
this.this.
TheThe
comparative
comparative
study
study
of of
104
The phonogram of this SMC is (仁).
105 The phonogram of this SMC is 择(仁).
prototypical
prototypical
determinatives
determinatives is not
is not
onlyonly
helpful
helpful
for for
a better
a better
understanding
understanding
of of
the the
105
Hao (2002:Chapter 1).1.
106 Hao 2002: Chapter
commonality
commonality
of the
of the
workings
workings
of the
of the
firstfirst
writing
writing
systems,
systems,
but but
alsoalso
for for
discovering
discovering
27
105
The
105
The
phonogram
phonogram
of this
of SMC
this SMC
is 择(仁).
is 择(仁).
4. Conclusion
Prototype effect is a universal phenomenon in human cognition.

Prototypical determinatives are attested in both Egyptian and Chinese
writing. This is not surprising, because humans have similar physical brain
structures, and different civilizations encountered similar problems when
creating writing systems. There are probably prototypical determinatives in
Sumerian and Mayan writing too. We expect future studies of these other
writing systems to confirm this. The comparative study of prototypical
determinatives is not only helpful for a better understanding of the
commonality of the workings of the first writing systems, but also for
discovering culture-specific peculiarities. In this respect, it is a type of
cultural archaeology.
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SCRIPTA Volume 8, October 2016

The Hunmin jeongeum Society

From the perspective of prototype theory in cognitive science this article

SCRIPTA, Volume 8 (October 2016):101–126

usually complex and heterogeneous as Kammerzell himself (2012:75-85) acknowledged,

the standardization in Qin Dynasty, although omission and alteration of

See Qiu (2000:Section 8.5.2) and Boltz (1994:163-165).

Early Dynastic Period (Kahl 2001:118; Kahl 1994:105-135). Chinese determinatives

1.2 Prototypical Determinative

A determinative provides semantic indication of the word’s meaning in

Egyptian writing a taxonomic determinative often depicts a prototype

Table 4. SMCs of Various Birds Taking the Prototypical Determinative 34353637

mnwt DAt hnt niw

“Prototype” is a central member and “best example” of a natural category. This

Lassaline et al. (1992:339).

TLA: DZA 31.538.790.

Table 5. SMCs of Fuzzy-edge Members of Bird Taking the Prototypical

P. D. FUZZY-EDGE MEMBERS OF BIRD

snHm xnws pwy

One point worth mentioning is that there is no consensus on what

was not in-depth and some demonstrations P. D.

Determinative 缭 鰱 lián 鮒 fù 鱅 yōng 鮎 nián 鯫 zōu

their accomplishments 52 52 The canal had

obtained a generalized meaning “tree” in the New Kingdom.) Then she

instrument, patient etc. 69

have than 50 event signs out of 671 in anointing,

aTable 9). The Chinese

marking various wordsvarious

Egyptians used Zhang

cultures can3.1 take contrasting

is a depiction 86ofFor“hide and

88 Shuo Wen Jie Zi interprets 饃 as P. D. P. D. pit viper, and

“minute, tiny” takes the silk determinative 睢 (糸 mì), and 鏵 (冷 lěng

the ice determinative 鏧 (仌 bīng). The baboon and hippopotamus were

Table 13. The Prototypical Determinative

nDs Hns bin Sw nhw mr Aq

Different cultures may have different value judgments of parallel o

and is consequently used as a metaphor for smallness. From 24the Sixth

Prototype effect is a universal phenomenon in human cognition.

Allen, James P. (2014). Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language

David, A. (2000). De l’infériorité à la perturbation: l’oiseau du “mal” et la

Ägyptischen Hieroglyphenschrift. Spektrum Informationen aus

Chen Yongsheng [Received 11 February 2016;

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Determinative 缭鰱 lián 鮒 fù 鱅 yōng 鮎 nián 鯫 zōu

Chen Yongsheng [Received 11 February 2016;