Professional Documents
Culture Documents
EMAT 213 Midterm 1 Fall 2005
EMAT 213 Midterm 1 Fall 2005
October 2005
Instructor:
Time allowed: 1h15min sharp.
Material allowed:no calculators.
[10 points] Problem 1.
Consider the two following first-order ODE’s:
dy
(a) − 2y = 2x2
dx
dy
(b) − 2x = 2y 2 .
dx
Find the linear one and explain why the other is not linear.
Find the general solution for the linear equation and solve also the IVP, y(0) = 2.
Solution The second equation is not linear because the dependent variable y is raised to the
second power.
The first equation is linear.
yc = Ce2x
For the particular solution we use the Ansatz yp = Ax2 + Bx + C; this gives
1
y = Ce2x − x2 − x − .
2
The IVP solution is
1 5
y(0) = C − =2 ⇒ C=
2 2
5 1
yIV P = e2x − x2 − x −
2 2
1
[10 points] Problem 2.
(i) Determine which of the following ODE’s is exact.
(ii) Solve the exact ODE in point (i) by expressing (as always) the solution in implicit form and also
find the solution of the IVP
y(0) = 3 .
Solution We check for exactness
(a) : ∂y (y 4 ) = 4y 3 , ∂x (−x2 cos(y)) = −2x cos(y) not equal, hence not exact
(b) : ∂y (e−xy + cos(x)) = −xexy , ∂x (xe−xy − 1) = e−xy − xyexy not equal, not exact
(c) : ∂y (2 xy − yexy ) = 2x − exy − xyexy , ∂x (x2 + 4 y 3 − xexy ) = 2x − exy − xyexy exact!
F (0, 3) = C = 81 − 1 = 80
x2 y − exy + y 4 = 80.
2
(ii) Perform the substitution y = x u in the ODE which is homogeneous among the following two
and reduce it to a separable equation for the unknown function u (it is not required that you
solve it).
(a) (y 2 − 3xy)dx − x2 dy = 0
(b) (2yx − x3 )dx − ydy = 0 .
Solution
(i)
1 0
y0 = − u
u2
u0 1 1
− 2 − = ex 2
u u u
0 x
u + u = −e Z Z
u = Ce−x − e−x ex ex dx = Ce−x − e−x e2x dx =
1 1
= Ce−x − e−x e2x = Ce−x − ex
2 2
So we have
1 1
y= =
u Ce − 12 ex
−x
(ii) The first equation is homogeneous of degree 2; the second is not homogeneous.
y = xu
dy = x du + u dx
(y 2 − 3xy)dx − x2 dy =
= (u2 x2 − 3x2 u)dx − x2 (x du + u dx) = x2 (u2 − 3u − u)dx − x3 du
Hence the ODE becomes
1 1
dx − 2 du = 0
x u − 2u
Z Z
1 dx
du =
u − 2u
2 x
[10 points] Problem 4.
Find the orthogonal trajectories to the family of curves
x4 + 2y 4 = C , (C > 0)
3
Solution
The implicit derivative gives
4x3 dx + 4y 3 dy = 0
dy x3
=− 3
dx y
dy y3
= 3
dx x
Z Z
dy dx
=
y3 x3
1 1
− 2 =− 2 +C
3y 3x
1 1
− = C̃
x3 y 3