Combine Eq

ENCI425 – Steel Structures EARTHQUAKE DESIGN
University of Canterbury
WHY
2.2 LDC?
Design Philosophy
Earthquake design philosophy (1960’s to present):
E.g. Performance Based Earthquake Engineering (E.g. Paulay, 1970s)
Provide: To prevent: During Earthquakes causing:

ENCI425:
STEEL STRUCTURES Stiffness:
Strength:
Non-Structural Damage
Structural Damage
Small Shaking
Moderate Shaking
Ductility: Collapse and Life-Loss Strong Shaking
T4_L9 – Earthquake 3
For example: A performance objective is to prevent structural damage due to
moderate shaking. This is done by providing sufficient structural strength.
Gregory MacRae
(i.e. Moment Connection used in Seismic Regions of North America before 2004)
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 4
2.2 Design Philosophy 2.3 Analysis for Design - Assignment

SEAOC 2000 PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES Scope of assignment: Structural analyses using Sap2000
The aim of this assignment is to familiarize the students with methods of structural analyses.
Instructions on usage of Sap2000, one of the most widely use structural analysis software, will be
F0 IO LS NC provided.
Fully
Problem 1: Seismic Structural Analysis of a Steel Frame Building using Sap2000

Use SAP 2000 and report the requested values. Note that the frame has not been designed, and hence
large deformations may be observed. There are seven questions to answer on the online quiz. Handwritten
FE submissions are not required for this week’s assignment, though some minor calculations are required for
some questions.
DBE
Design Basis
Earthquake
MCE
z
x
Joe’s Joe’s
Beer! Beer! Beer!
Food! Food! Food!
MacRae G. A., 2010. “University of Canterbury Research”, in Proceedings of the Steel Structures Workshop 2010, University of Canterbury, 13-14 April. Figure 1. Steel Frame Building
Scope of assignment: Structural analyses using Sap2000

The aim of this assignment is to familiarize the students with methods of structural analyses.
Instructions on usage of Sap2000, one of the most widely use structural analysis software, will be
provided.
Problem 1: Seismic Structural Analysis of a Steel Frame Building using Sap2000 (i.e. Moment Connection used in Seismic Regions of North America before 2004)
Use SAP 2000 and report the requested values. Note that the frame has not been designed, and hence
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 5
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN
large deformations may be observed. There are seven questions to answer on the online quiz. Handwritten
submissions are not required for this week’s assignment, though some minor calculations are required for
some questions.
6
2.3 Analysis for Design - Assignment 2.3 Analysis for Design - Assignment
What input is needed to model a structure? a) BUILD MODEL
1. Specify New Model>File, New Model
Dimensions 2. Choose units of in-kip 340MPa
3. Choose 2D Frames>Portal
Boundary conditions at nodes 4. Choose 2 stories, 1 bay, storey height = 144in (12ft), bay width = 300in (25ft)>OK
Members / elements Figure 1. Steel Frame Building
5. Get rid of left-hand figure
6. Left click and mark the two bottom nodes>Assign>Joint>Restraints>select fixed support icon>OK
Material properties 7. Define>Materials>A992Fy50 (This is for steel Fy = 50ksi, Fu = 65ksi)>OK
8. Left click 2 top columns>Assign>Frame, Frame sections>Import new property>steel>I/Wide
Section properties Flange>(find “Sections.pro” in ProgramFiles/Computers and Structures/Sap2000 14), Choose
W18x143, OK>OK>OK
For plastic analysis: Section strength 9. Left click 2 bottom columns>Assign frame/frame sections>Choose W18x175, OK
10. Left click beams>Assign>frame/frame sections>Choose W21 x 44, OK
For dynamic analysis: Mass / damping 11. Left click all joints>Assign>Joint>Masses>Global, X (1 kip/g), Z (0.1kip/g) (enter these values), OK
INPUTS:
Static: Force 1 kip = 1000 lbs = 4.45kN
Dynamic: Force / Response Spectra, or Mass = weight / g

Force / Earthquake record
1
(i.e. Moment Connection used in Seismic Regions of North America before 2004) (i.e. Moment Connection used in Seismic Regions of North America before 2004)
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 7
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 8
2-D frames are generally modelled with a different horizontal and vertical mass 2-D frames are generally modelled with a different horizontal and vertical mass
Plan: Plan:
Horizontal mass on seismic frame Vertical mass on seismic frame
b) ASSIGN DEAD AND LATERAL LOADS

12. Define>Load Patterns
13. Load name “DEAD” (type in), Type: DEAD, Self Weight Mult = 0, Modify Load Pattern, OK
14. Left click all joints>Assign>Joint Loads>Forces, DEAD, Z (-30kips), OK
15. Click the beams>Assign>Frame Loads>Distributed, DEAD, Direction Z, Uniform Load, Load (-
0.45kips/in), OK
(i.e. Moment Connection used in Seismic Regions of North America before 2004) 16. (i.e.
Display>Show Tables>Frame
Moment Connection Load
used in Seismic Assignments
Regions (checkbefore
of North America applied UDL), OK
2004)
17. Define>Load Patterns>Load name “LATERAL” (type in), Type: Quake, ADD NEW LOAD
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 9
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN
PATTERN, Self Weight Mult = 0>OK
10
18. Define>Load cases>LATERAL, Modify/Show Cases, Change Scale Factor to 0.1, Modify, OK, OK
19. Left click all 4 joints>Assign>Joint-Loads>Forces: LATERAL, X 70 kips, Z 0 kips
20. Left click top 2 joints>Assign>Joint-Loads>Forces: LATERAL, X 70 kips, Z 0 kips, Add to Existing
b) ASSIGN DEAD AND LATERAL LOADS loads
12. Define>Load Patterns 21. Define>Load Combinations>Add New Combination, Name: “D+LAT”, Linear Add, Case Name
13. Load name “DEAD” (type in), Type: DEAD, Self Weight Mult = 0, Modify Load Pattern, OK “DEAD” Add, Case Name “LATERAL” Add, OK, OK
14. Left click all joints>Assign>Joint Loads>Forces, DEAD, Z (-30kips), OK
15. Click the beams>Assign>Frame Loads>Distributed, DEAD, Direction Z, Uniform Load, Load (- Mass (kip/g) Gravity Forces (DEAD) Forces (LATERAL)
0.45kips/in), OK 0.1 0.1
0.45 kip/in
16. Display>Show Tables>Frame Load Assignments (check applied UDL), OK 30 kip 30 kip 140 kip 140 kip
17. Define>Load Patterns>Load name “LATERAL” (type in), Type: Quake, ADD NEW LOAD 1 1
PATTERN, Self Weight Mult = 0>OK
18. Define>Load cases>LATERAL, Modify/Show Cases, Change Scale Factor to 0.1, Modify, OK, OK
19. Left click all 4 joints>Assign>Joint-Loads>Forces: LATERAL, X 70 kips, Z 0 kips
0.1 0.1 0.45 kip/in
20. Left click top 2 joints>Assign>Joint-Loads>Forces: LATERAL, X 70 kips, Z 0 kips, Add to Existing 30 kip 30 kip 70 kip 70 kip
loads 1 1
21. Define>Load Combinations>Add New Combination, Name: “D+LAT”, Linear Add, Case Name
“DEAD” Add, Case Name “LATERAL” Add, OK, OK
(a) (b) 12-16 (b) 17-20
Mass (kip/g) Gravity Forces (DEAD) Forces (LATERAL)
0.1 0.1
0.45 kip/in
30 kip 30 kip 140 kip 140 kip Figure 1. Mass and Force Configuration (1kip/g = 386.2kips in force units since g = 386 in/s2)
1 1
(b) 21
0.1 0.1 0.45 kip/in

30 kip 30 kip 70 kip 70 kip
1 1
Figure 1. Mass and Force Configuration (1kip/g = 386.2kips in force units since g = 386 in/s2)
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 11
c) CONDUCT DEAD AND LATERAL ELASTIC ANALYSIS WITH COMBINATIONS
22. Analyze>Set Analysis Options>Plane frame>OK
23. Analyze>Set Load Cases to Run, check “action” for DEAD and LATERAL are both set to “Run”, Run
Now, OK
24. Display>Deformed Shape>Case: LATERAL d) CONDUCT DEAD & LATERAL ELASTIC ANALYSIS WITH INELASTIC ANALYSIS OPTION
25. Right Click on top left node>X-displacement = 0.591 in 34. Unlock Analysis (padlock symbol to the right of the save symbol)>OK> Define>Load Cases> Select
26. Display>Show Forces/Stresses>Frame/Cables>Case: LATERAL – Moment 3-3, OK DEAD>Add a Copy of Case>Click Nonlinear, OK (This creates case DEAD-1), OK
35. Define>Load Cases>Select LATERAL>Add a Copy of Case> Click Nonlinear> Continue from State
27. Right Click Bottom Right Column>Shear == 21 kips (as expected from Figure 2c)
210kips
at End of Analysis Case “DEAD-1”>OK (This creates case LATERAL-1), OK
28. Right Click Bottom Beam>Moment at right end of beam (300 in) = 1,010 in-kips
36. Analyze>Set Load Cases to Run>DEAD-1 and LATERAL-1>RUN Now
29. Right Click Top Beam>Moment at right end of beam = 1,010 in-kips
30. Display>Show Forces/Stresses>Frame/Cables>Case: DEAD – Moment 3-3>OK 37. Display>Show Forces/Stresses>Frame/Cables>Case: LATERAL-1 – Moment 3-3
31. Right Click Top Beam> Moment at right end of beam = 3100 in-kips 38. Right Click Top Beam>Moment at right end of beam = 4,110 in-kips (as before in Step 33!)
32. Display>Show Forces/Stresses>Frame/Cables> Case: D+LAT – Moment 3-3>OK
33. Right Click Top Beam>Moment at right end of beam = 4,110 in-kips (≈1,010+3100)
Note: Mp for a W21x 44 = 95.4in3 x 50ksi = 4,770in-k, so member still behaves elastically Apply force to analyzed frame
Frame may be inelastic
Result
D + L = D+L D + L may be
inelastic
Analyze Analyze Analyzed Analyze Analyze
2
f) RESPONSE SPECTRA ANALYSIS
45. Unlock, OK
46. Define>Load Patterns
47. Load name “SPECTRAL” (type in), Type: Quake, ADD NEW LOAD, OK
e) MODAL ANALYSIS 48. Define>Functions>Response Spectrum>Choose Function to Add “From File”>Add New
39. Unlock>OK Function>Function name “Sylmar”>Browse “Syl_RS5_.dat” (you will need to download this file from
40. Analyze>Set Load Cases to Run>MODAL (deselect all other options)>RUN Now LEARN)>Values are “Period vs value”, No. lines to skip = 0 (because SAP doesn’t read lines starting
41. Display>Deformed Shape, Modal, Mode 1>OK with $), OK, OK. (Note: At T = 1.27s, Sa ≈ 0.52g)
42. At the bottom right of the screen, you should see a “Start Animation” button. Next to it are two blue 49. Define Load Cases>Spectral>Modify/Show case>Change “STATIC” to “Response Spectrum”, Leave
arrows. Pressing these will change the mode shape which is displayed on the screen. Check that Mode Modal Combination as CQC, Load Type: “Accel” (acceleration), “U1”, “Sylmar” and the Scale Factor
1 Period = 1.27s, and Mode 2 = 0.297s (these should be shown just below the padlock symbol) = g = 386.2 (in/s2), Add>Change damping to 5% in all modes, OK, OK, OK
43. Start Animation for Mode 1 and observe dynamic Mode 1 excitation. 50. Define>Load Combinations>Add New Combo>Load Combination Name “D+RS”>Linear Add, Case
44. See also modes 2, 5, 6, 9 (and listen to the groovy music!) Name “DEAD” Add, Case Name “SPECTRAL” Add, OK, OK
51. Analyze>Set Load cases to run, Dead, Modal & Spectral, RUN NOW
52. Display>Deformed Shape>Spectral>Right click top left node (Displacement 10.2in). [Note: This is
T2 = 0.297s reasonable as Sd = Sa/w2 = (0.52 x 386.2)/(2π/1.27)2 = 8.19 in for a SDOF oscillator.]
53. Display>Show Forces/Stresses>Frame/Cables>Case: SPECTRAL – Moment 3-3>Right Click RH
T1 = 1.27s
lower Column> Shear is 374 kips
54. Display>Show Forces/Stresses>Frame/Cables>Case: D+RS>Moment 3-3 in top beam. This is 21,000
in-k which is much greater than Mp = 4,770in-k, so yielding would be expected if it could yield.
Sa
T1 T2
T
0.8
g) ELASTIC TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS Ground Acceleration (g)
0.6
55. Unlock>OK
56. Define>Functions>TimeHistory>Choose “Function from File”>Add New Function>Function Name: 0.4
“SylmarTHA”, Values are “Time and Function Values”, Free format>Browse>Sylmar Record
“SylmarTHA.dat” (you will need to download this file from LEARN), Header lines to skip “0”, Display 0.2
Graph (should match that of Figure 3), OK, OK
0
57. Define Load Cases>Add New Load Case>Case Name: “ETHA”, Load Case Type “Time History”,
Analysis Type: Linear, Time History Type: Direct Integration, Time History Motion Type: Transient, -0.2
Proportional Damping (5% = 0.05 at periods of 1.27s and 0.297s – Specifying damping by period for
this case), Newmark Integration (beta = 0.25, gamma=0.5), 150 steps of 0.1s each = 15s of record -0.4
(since shaking after this time is small), Load Type: Accel, Name U1 (this implies x –direction 0 10 20 30 40
excitation), Function: SylmarTHA, Scale factor: 386.2, Add, OK, OK Time (s)
58. Define>Load Combinations>Add New Combo “D+ETHA”, Linear Add, Case Name “DEAD” Add, Figure 1. Sylmar Ground Acceleration Time Plot
Case Name “ETHA” Add, OK, OK
59. Analyze>Set load cases to run, DEAD & ETHA, RUN NOW
60. Display>Show Forces/Stresses>Frame/Cables>Case: D+ETHA>Moment 3-3 in top beam. This is
ag 21,717.6 in-k which is similar to the 20,960 in-k in Step 55.
61. Display>Deformed Shape>ETHA>Envelope, OK, Right click upper left node>Joint displacement is
10.02 in This is very close to the value of 10.19 in Step 53 computed using response spectra modal
t analysis as we would expect.
62. Display>Show Tables>Select Load Cases “ETHA”, Joint Output, OK - Joint displacements (9.23in,
10.02in) for upper nodes
h) PUSHOVER ANALYSIS
63. Unlock>OK
64. Define>Materials>A992Fy50>Modify, Change Fye from 55ksi to 50ksi, OK, OK
65. (i.e. Moment Connection
Define>Section used in Seismic
Properties>Hinge Regions of North
Properties>Add NewAmerica before
Property> 2004)
Steel> Name: “hinge” (type in), (i.e. Moment Connection used in Seismic Regions of North America before 2004)
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN
Ductile, Moment M3
66. Modify/Show Hinge Property> Specify parameters B, C, D and E (see Question 4), and the acceptance
17
criteria for the case considered (see pg 10-13 in course reader). Is Extrapolated, OK, OK, OK
2.3 Analysis for Design - Assignment
67. Click Beams>Assign>Frame>Hinges, hinge property “hinge”, 0, Add,
OK
hinge property “hinge”, 1, Add
h) PUSHOVER ANALYSIS 2.3 Analysis for Design - Assignment
h)
68.PUSHOVER
Click lower columns>Assign>Frame>Hinges, hinge property “hinge”,
ANALYSIS 63. 0, Unlock>OK
Add, OK
64. Define>Materials>A992Fy50>Modify, Change Fye from 55ksi to 50ksi, OK, OK
69. Check that your hinge configuration matches that in Figure 1. 65. Define>Section Properties>Hinge Properties>Add New Property> Steel> Name: “hinge” (type in),
63. Unlock>OK Ductile, Moment M3
64. Define>Materials>A992Fy50>Modify, Change Fye from 55ksi to 50ksi, OK, 66. OK
Modify/Show Hinge Property> Specify parameters B, C, D and E (see Question 4), and the acceptance
65. Define>Section Properties>Hinge Properties>Add New Property> Steel> Name: “hinge”
criteria for the (type in),
case considered (see pg 10-13 in course reader). Is Extrapolated, OK, OK, OK
Ductile, Moment M3 67. Click Beams>Assign>Frame>Hinges, hinge property “hinge”, 0, Add, hinge property “hinge”, Up to1,this
Add point, we had ignored the effects of the floor slabs. However, the presence of floor slabs could
OK
66. Modify/Show Hinge Property> Specify parameters B, C, D and E (see Question 4),lower
68. Click and columns>Assign>Frame>Hinges,
the acceptance hinge property “hinge”, 0, Add, OK
increase the stiffness and positive flexural strength of the beam. This could potentially cause an increase in
criteria for the case considered (see pg 10-13 in course reader). Is Extrapolated, OK,that
69. Check OK,yourOKhinge configuration matches that in Figure 1. rotational demands in beam in negative flexure and in the columns. As such, we will repeat the pushover
67. Click Beams>Assign>Frame>Hinges, hinge property “hinge”, 0, Add, hinge property “hinge”, 1, Add analyses to observe these effects. Save your analyses in a new file before making the following changes
OK (based on page 10-18 in the course reader):
68. Click lower columns>Assign>Frame>Hinges, hinge property “hinge”, 0, Add, OK - Define>Section properties>Frame sections>W21x44>modify/show property>Set modifiers>moment
69. Check that your hinge configuration matches that in Figure 1. inertia about 3 axis 1.2, OK
F - Define>Section properties>Hinge Properties>Add a copy of the property>modify/show hinge
property>uncheck symmetric and modify the moment coefficient for B to 1.4 and C to 1.75
Force Control/
Figure 1. Hinge Locations Displacement Control (1.4x1.25), OK, OK, OK (assume residual strength ratio (from C-D-E) remains same as previous)
D - Repeat step 68 to assign new hinge property to the BEAMS ONLY.
70. Define Load Case>Add New Case>Analysis Case Name, “PUSH”(type in), Nonlinear, Static, Load Figure 1. Hinge Locations Do pushover analysis for this case and see the differences with the steel frame!
Name “Lateral” ADD, Continue from State at End of Analysis Case “DEAD-1”, Load Application>
70. Define Load Case>Add New Case>Analysis Case Name, “PUSH”(type in), Nonlinear, Static, Load
Displacement Control, to 10in at joint 3, U1, OK, OK, OK Name “Lateral” ADD, Continue from State at End of Analysis Case “DEAD-1”, Load Application>
Composite stiffness and strength factors of 1.2 and 1.4 from NZS3404 Appendix N
71. Analyze>Set cases to run, DEAD-1, PUSH, RUN NOW Displacement Control, to 10in at joint 3, U1, OK, OK, OK
71. Analyze>Set cases to run, DEAD-1, PUSH, RUN NOW
72. Display>Deformed Shape>PUSH>Right click top left node (Displacement 10in as specified).
73. Display>Show Forces/Stresses>Frame/Cables>Case: PUSH, Moment 73.3-3, OK
Display>Show Forces/Stresses>Frame/Cables>Case: PUSH, Moment 3-3, OK
74. Right Click Top Beam>Moment atFigure left end of beam = 4,881.7
1. Hinge Locations
in-kips
74. Right Click Top Beam>Moment at left end of beam = 4,881.7 in-kips
75. Display>Show Tables>Analysis Results>Element Output>Frame Output>Table Frame Hinge States,
75. Display>Show Tables>Analysis Results>Element Output>Frame Output>Table Frame
OK (min/max Hingeare
plastic rotation States,
0.00823 rad and -0.0473 rad for hinge 6H1)
70. OK (min/max
Define plastic rotation
Load Case>Add are 0.00823 rad
New Case>Analysis andName,
Case -0.0473 rad for hinge
“PUSH”(type in),6H1)
76. Can be
Nonlinear, compared
Static,
Display>Deformed Shape>Start with
Load Animation!
76. Display>Deformed
Name “Lateral” ADD, Shape>Start Animation!
Continue from State at End of Analysis Case “DEAD-1”, Load acceptability
Application> criteria
Displacement Control, to 10in at joint 3, U1, OK, OK, OK
71. Analyze>Set cases to run, DEAD-1, PUSH, RUN NOW
73. Display>Show Forces/Stresses>Frame/Cables>Case: PUSH, Moment 3-3, OK
74. Right Click Top Beam>Moment at left end of beam = 4,881.7 in-kips
75. Display>Show Tables>Analysis Results>Element Output>Frame Output>Table Frame Hinge States,
OK (min/max plastic rotation are 0.00823 rad and -0.0473 rad for hinge 6H1)
76. Display>Deformed Shape>Start Animation!
3
i) INELASTIC TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS
77. Switch back to previous save file (i.e. no composite action considered)>Unlock>OK
78. Define>Load Case>ETHA>Add Copy of Case>Name it “ITHA” Nonlinear, Continue from State at
End of Analysis Case “DEAD-1”, OK, OK
79. Analyze>Set cases to run, DEAD-1, ITHA, RUN NOW
80. Display>Deformed Shape>ITHA>Envelope, OK, Right click upper left node>Joint displacement is
14.39in (This is greater than that of 10.02in from the elastic time history analysis. If many
comparisons of many records are carried out, the Equal Displacement Assumption indicates that the
elastic and inelastic displacements should be similar on average).
81. Display>Show Tables>Select Load Cases “ITHA”, Joint Output> Displacements, Joint 6 has max and
min displacement of approximately 3.20in and -14.4in
82. Display>Deformed Shape>Multivalued options: time, OK. Push the arrows at the bottom of the screen
to see how the frame moves and how hinges form during the shaking.
84. Display>Show Plot functions>time range: 0 to 14s>Define plot functions>Add Joint
Figure 1. Inelastic time history analysis
displacements/forces>Joint ID 6, Disp, UX OK, OK, Add Joint 6 to vertical functions, Horizontal plot
function is time, Display. The result is shown in Figure 5.
Important Note
The assignment question and its instructions were written with use of Sap2000 v14. Some of the
steps may differ if a different version of Sap2000 is used. Also, the “display graph” option from
steps 49 and 57 may not be working properly, but if the other steps are followed properly, this
should not cause any issues for latter steps.
4
ENCI425 – Steel Structures EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 2
2.4 Material Behaviour
(a) Strain rate effects Engineering
stress and strain
s
ENCI425:
STEEL STRUCTURES e
T4_L10 – Earthquake 4 Due to strain rate effects the yield point can increase significantly
(E.g. an 8% increase at a strain rate of 0.5%/s and a 17%
increase at a strain rate of 10%/s), and the ultimate strength
slightly increases (less than 3% at these strain rates). It is not
Gregory MacRae normally considered in earthquake design.
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 3
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 4
2.4 Material Behaviour 2.4 Material Behaviour

(b) Cyclic effects (b) Cyclic effects Bilinear is commonly
used in analysis
s s
e e
Kato indicates that
the cyclic strength
seems related to the
monotonic strength.
(Wakabayashi M., Design of Earthquake Resistant Buildings, McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-067764-6)

(Wakabayashi M., Design of Earthquake Resistant Buildings, McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-067764-6)
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 5
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 6
2.5 Member Behaviour 2.5 Member Behaviour

(a) Beams Initial cycles (a) Beams
are stable
Strength Strength degradation due to:
degradation
due to: (a) Local buckling
buckling
Normally both
forms of buckling
are required for
significant
(b) Lateral buckling strength loss
(Wakabayashi M., Design of Earthquake Resistant Buildings, McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-067764-6) (Wakabayashi M., Design of Earthquake Resistant Buildings, McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-067764-6)
1
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 7
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 8

(a) Beams (a) Beams
(i) Section Requirements (See Tables 12.5 and 4.7.2 for full information) (i) Section Requirements (continued)
1) The section should be compact (5.2.3) (i.e. Cat 2 – cf. Table 5.2 ep and Table 12.5) For such members the expected plastic hinge rotation capacity including
earthquake loads and effects for a compact section is:
Plastic Hinge Rotation Capacities (From Table 4(7))
Plate Slenderness Axial Force Level Maximum Plastic Hinge Rotation (rad)
Limits for Category 2 N* < 0.15  Ns 0.040
I-Section Members 1
1&&2
2
b fy 0.15  Ns < N* < 0.30  Ns 0.030
(from Table 12.5) t 250 0.30  Ns < N* < 0.50  Ns 0.013
0.50  Ns < N* < 0.80  Ns 0.008
d1 f y
t w 250
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 9

(a) Beams (a) Beams
(ii) Member Requirements (ii) Member Requirements
The buckling requirements along the member length are the same as those
for plastic analysis.
Bracing for Reduced Beam Section (RBS) without Slab (Englehardt):
More bracing:
(Englehardt)

(a) Beams (a) Beams
(iii) Composite Members (iii) Composite Members
a) Along the beam length b) Beam overstrength effects on the column (NZS3404)
f‘c,long term
However, for an initial estimate of the stiffness of the overall member, and the = f‘’c,28 days + 10 MPa
strength over the positive bending region, the following may be assumed: (Morrison P
P
J. 1974. “Design of Continuous Composite Beams for Buildings”, Arup Journal 9(2)).
Also NZS3404 Appendix N:
P/2 P/2 M
Icomposite beam = 1.2 Isteel beam
Mp,composite beam = 1.4 Mp,steel beam Axial and Flexural

Forces Imposed by Beams
Based on Umarani and MacRae, 2007, and MacRae G., Clifton C. and Mago N. “Overstrength Effects of Slabs on
Demands in Steel Moment Frames”, Pacific Structural Steel Conference, Wairakei, New Zealand, March 2007.
2
(h)
FIV FII
(b)
FI (c)
- (g) (d) 
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN
(a)
(i) Moment Diagram at Different Displacements
14
(e) III
(f)
F FIV
(h)
FII
FIV FI (b)
(c)
(a) Beams (a) Beams - (g) 
(i) Force-Displacement Curve (d)
(a)
(iv) Beam Moment Shakedown Effects
Mp (e)
Elastic analysis, or a monotonic pushover analysis to the target wL2/8 (f)
FIII
(a) FIV
displacement, may underestimate demands that a structure may experience
(i)Force-Displacement
(ii) Force-Displacement Curve
Hysteresis
in an earthquake as it is yields due to the displacements back and forth. Mp
Figure 1. Shakedown Mp
Demands underestimated include Mp wL2/8 Effects
F
No lateral
I
force
(a) Mp
- positive (sagging) moments in the beam, Mp
(b)
(h) Mp IV (h) Mp
FI
- joint panel zone forces, and FIV FII (b)
F FII
(b) (b)
- column axial forces. FI (c)  FI (c)
FII (h) 
- (g) (d)  FIV
M p II VIIFII M - (g) (d) 
Mpos (b)
MIIcolF p Mp
M II VII Mp
FI
col
(a) (c) (c) (c) Mpos (a)
(e) - (g)  (e)

(f)
FIII (d) F=0 M= (Mp+ Mpos)
(f)
FIII
FIV F=0 M= (Mp+ Mpos) (a) 2 wL2F
/8
IV
(d)
IV (h) 2 wLIII2/8
F FII (i) Force-Displacement Curve (e) (i) Force-Displacement CurveMp
(d) (f)
F
(b) FIII
FI (c) Mp FIV Mp M
wL2/8 Mp wL2/8
(d) 
- (g) (a) (a) (e)
FIII (i) Force-Displacement Curve
Mp Mp Mp
M
(a) FIV Mp Mp
Mp (e) wL2/8 Mp
(e) III FI M(a)
p FI (f) M
(f)
F
FIV (b) (b) MM
p p Mp
(i.e. Moment Connection used in Seismic Regions of North America before 2004) (i.e. Moment
IV Connection used in Seismic Regions of North America before 2004) F=0
F
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN
(i) Force-Displacement Curve
15
(i) Moment Diagram at Different Displacements EARTHQUAKE

F
MDESIGN I p
(g)
MM pp
(i) Moment Diagram at Different Displacements
16
Mp
 (b) wL2/8 
2.5 Member Behaviour F II Mp F IV (h)
FII
(f)
2.5 Member Behaviour F II
F IV (h)
FII
(a) wL2/8 FMI p (b) VII FMI p (b) MpV
II
(c) II
M Mp IV
MIVM
(c) II VIV M
(a) Beams (c) Mpos 
col
(a) Beams (c) MF Mp col col
Mp - (g) (d) (h) pos

 - (g) (d) 
II F=0
(a) F Mp (a) Mp
Mp Mp M (h) II II
FIVp VII MpMoment Diagram at(e)Various
FI (e)
FIII (g) Mpos M colF (ii) FIII Displacements
(b) F=0 M= (Mp+ Mpos(f)) FIV (c) FI (b)
wL 2 F=0 M= (M + M (f)
) IV
(c)/8 Figure 3. p Beam pos Moment
F Shakedown
(i) 2
Force-Displacement
(ii) Force-Displacement wL 2
Curve
/8
Hysteresis (ii)
2 DisplacementswL
Force-Displacement 2
Curve
/8
Hysteresis
(d) - (g) (d)  (d)
Figure 1. Shakedown
wL2/8 Effects
Mp
IV Mp Figure 1. Shakedown wL2/8 Effects
Mp

(a) F=0
IV M= (Mp+ Mpos) V(a) IV
First Fyield
II in any beamFIV (h)
MpF
Pushover forces at2 peak(a)displacement
M col
Mp (b) II FII II Mp (h) wL /8 2 Mp
FI M col FIIIV I Mp Mp IV (h) Mp M (d) (e)
FIII FIII I Mp IV (h) Mp M
(c) Mpos (c) F
(b)
F FII
p (f) IV
F
(b) Mp F FII
F – e.g. Priestley’s
- (g) (d)  (e) F I (b)
(c)
(Some people use the pushover forces for design
(e) M p F I (b)
(c)
Displacement (ii) Moment
Based Diagram
Design at Various
approach) Displacements
(a) FIII (i) Force-Displacement Curve
F=0 M= (Mp+ Mpos) FII - (g) (d)  II Mp Figure 3. Beam Moment Shakedown FII
Mp - (g) (d)  II
Mp V M V
MII Mp M p
MII Mp
2 (e) wLIII2/8
F FIV (c) Mpos (a) col M (e) Displacements wL2/8 FIV (c) Mppos (a) col
(d) (f) (a)p
FIV
(f) F=0 M= (Mp+ Mpos)(f) (e) FIII (f) F=0MM pM=p
(Mp+ Mpos)
(e)
FIII
(i) Force-Displacement Curve Mp 2 IV FIV 2
(f) IV
III wL2F/8 M M p wL2F/8
F (d) MFIp p (d) Mp
M Mp p
F=0 (i) Force-Displacement CurveMp (b)(f) F=0 (i) Force-Displacement CurveMp
(a) wL2/8
(e) FIII Mp
Mp FIII Mp
2
Mp M
(g) (e) Mp wL /8 (g) (e)
Mp wL2/8
(a) Mp wL2/8 F=0 (a)
 wL 2
/8
Mp II
FIF
IV Mp
FIV Mp
Mp
MpF Mp VII FIVM
Mp Mp
M
(b) Mp
IV M(g)p
Mpos MIIcol2 p Mp
IV
I IV M p M colIV V M (c) wL /8 FF (f) I IV M p M colIV V M
(f) FF (f) p
(h)
(b) Mp
(h)
(b) Mp
(i.e. Moment Connection used in Seismic Regions of North America before 2004) F=0 M

(i.e. Moment Connection used in Seismic Regions of North America before 2004) F=0M
p p
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN
FII F=0
17
Mp MF=0 p IV
F EARTHQUAKE DESIGN
M= (Mp+ Mpos) MIVcol VIV 18
Mp
Mp II (i) Moment Diagram at Different Displacements (g) (i) Moment Diagram at Different Displacements
V (g)
M M
II
 2 
2 2
M col (ii) Momentp p Diagram at wL /8
Various Displacements (h) wL 2
/8 (ii) Moment Diagram at wL /8
Various Displacemen
2.5 Member
(c) M pos Behaviour F II
F IV (h)
2.5 Member Behaviour F II
F IV (h)
(g) M F II
II (d) M F II
II
wL2/8 Figure 3. Beam F I Moment
p (b) (c) II Shakedown
IV MpV M Figure M 3.
p Beam F I Moment
IV MpV M
FIV MIVM col col
V p
FIV MIVM col col
V
(a) Beams (c) (h) M pos Displacements
- (g) (d) 
(a) Beams (c) (h) M pos M
p Displacements
- (g) (d) 
(ii) Moment Diagram at Various Displacements
F=0 M= (Mp+ Mpos) Mp (a) Mp FIII (a) Mp
FIV 2 M2IV VIV (ii) Moment Diagram at(e)Various Displacements
Figure 3. Beam Moment Shakedown (ii)MMoment p
Diagram at (e)Various Displacements
wL /8col FIII FIII
(h)
(d) F=0 M= Figure(M3. p+Beam
(f)
Mpos)Moment FIV Shakedown (e) Displacements F=0 M= (M3.
Figure p+Beam
(f)
Mpos)Moment FIV Shakedown
(ii)
2 DisplacementswL
Curve /8
Hysteresis (ii)
2 DisplacementswL
Curve /8
Hysteresis
(d) M
Mp p (d) Mp
Figure 1. Shakedown 2 Effects
Mp Figure 1. Shakedown 2 Effects
Mp
III wL /8 IV wL /8
F (ii) Moment Diagram at Various Displacements (a)
Mp F (a)
Mp
Unload frame - No lateral force Mp
FirstM pyield due to force in other direction (but displacement Mp
Figure 3. Beam Moment Shakedown FIII I possibly still in same direction as before) FIII I
(e) F
Mp Mp M(f) p
Mp
F Mp M
Displacements (b) (b)
(e) Mp (e) Mp
FIV Mp 
F=0 
FII II Mp FII Mp
Mp V Mp Mp VII Mp
IV MIIcol IV MIIcol
(f) F (c) Mpos (g)p
M F (c) Mpos
wL2/8
(f) F=0 Mp (Mp+ Mpos)
M= (f) F=0 M= (Mp+ Mpos)
F=0 2 wL2/8
Mp 2 wL2/8
(d) Mp MFp IV
MIVcol VIV(d)
(g) F=0 Mp (h) F=0 Mp
wL2/8 FIII Mp
Mp FIII Mp
Mp
(g) (e) (g) (e)
Mp wL2/8 (ii) Moment Diagram at Various Displacements wL2/8
FIV MIVcol VIV Mp Mp
(h)
F IV
Mp Mp Figure 3. Beam Moment ShakedownF IV
Mp
IV
FIV (f) MIVcol V Displacements FIV (f) MIVcol VIV
(h) Mp (h)
Mp Mp
F=0 F=0
(ii) Moment Diagram at Various Displacements Mp
Figure 3. Beam Moment Shakedown
(g)
wL2/8
Mp
(g)
wL2/8
Mp
3
(e) (e)
(f)
FIII (f)
FIII
 FIV FIV
FII F=0 M= (Mp+ Mpos)
Mp (h) II VII Mp (i) Force-Displacement Curve
FIV M col II 2 (i) Force-Displacement Curve
(c) Mpos F wL2/8
(b) (d)
FI (c) Mp M
(a) wL2/8 (a) wL2/8
(d) 
- (g) Mp
F=0 M= (Mp+ Mpos ) Mp F
III
M
(a) Mp
2 wL2/8
(d) I Mp Mp(e) I Mp M
(e) F F
(f)
FIII (b) (b)
IV
(i.e. Moment Connection used in Seismic RegionsF
of North America before 2004) Mp (i.e. Moment Connection used in Seismic Regions of North America before 2004) Mp
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN
FIII (i) Force-Displacement Curve MMoment
(i) p
19
Diagram at Different Displacements EARTHQUAKE

F DESIGN IV
(i)
MMoment Diagram at Different Displacements
p
20
 
2.5 Member
(e) Behaviour FII Mp FIV
(h)
FII 2.5 Member
(f) Behaviour FII FIV
(h)
FII
wL2/8 FMI p (b)
(c) II
VII Mp FMI p (b)
(c) II
VII M
(a) M col M col
(a) Beams (c) MposM
p - (g) (d) 
(a) Beams (c) Mpos
Mp - (g) (d) 
IV Mp
F Mp
(a) F=0 (a)
Mp Mp Mp
FI F=0 M= (Mp+ Mpos(f)) FIV
(e)
FIII (e)
FIII
(f) (g) F=0 M= (Mp+ Mpos(f)) FIV
(b) wL2/8
(ii)
2
Force-Displacement wL 2
Curve
/8
Hysteresis (ii)
2
Curve
wL /8
Hysteresis
(d) Mp Mp (d) Mp
Figure 1. Shakedown
wL2/8 Effects Figure 1. Shakedown
wL2/8 Effects
F=0 (a) (a) Mp
At mechanism  Mp MFp IV VIV
II
F II
Mp MIVcol Mp
(g) Mp II 2 FVIII Mp Mp IV (h) FIII Mp
MwLcol /8 FI (h) Mp M p FI Mp M
(c) Mpos (b)
F FII (b)
(b) Mp
(e) FI (c) (e)
Mp  (ii) Moment Diagram at Various Displacements 
FIV MIVcol VIVFII - (g)  Mp II
F
F=0 M= (Mp+ Mpos) Mp (d) VII Mp VII
(h) F IV Mpos (a)
MIIcol Mp Figure 3. Beam Moment Shakedown
FIV (c) M MIIcol Mp
2 wL2/8
(c) Mp pos
(d)
Displacements
Mp
(f) (e) (f) F=0 M= (M + M
F=0 M= (Mp+ Mpos)
(f)
FIII p pos)
(ii) Moment Diagram at Various Displacements
Mp 2 wL2F
/8
IV 2 wL2/8
F III (d) Mp (d)
F=0 Mp(i) Force-Displacement CurveM F=0
p Mp
Displacements F M
III
Mp FIII Mp
(e) p Mp
(g) (e) wL2/8 (g) (e)
(a) wL2/8 wL2/8
(h) Mp
IV Mp Mp
FIV F FII FIV M
Mp FIV
(b) p Mp Mp Mp
FI (c) Mp V IV
VIV
FF (f) I IV MIVcol Mp F IV
(f) MIVcol
(f)
(d) 
- (g) (h)
(b) Mp
(h) Mp
(i.e. Moment Connection used in Seismic Regions of North America before 2004) F=0 (i.e. Moment Connection used in Seismic Regions of North America before 2004) F=0
(a) Mp M
EARTHQUAKE
F=0 DESIGN (g) (i) Moment Diagram at Different Displacements
21
Mp
EARTHQUAKE DESIGNp
(g)
22
Mp

2 2
F (e) (ii) Moment

III Mp Diagram Displacements atwLVarious
/8 (ii) Moment Diagram Displacemen atwLVarious
/8
2.5 Member Behaviour (f) F II
FIV
(h)
FII 2.5 Member Behaviour
II
(g) FIV 2 Figure 3. Beam FM I Moment
IV MpV M Figure 3. Beam Moment Shakedown
IV Mp
wL /8 F IV
M IVM col V p
F IV
M IV V
(a) Beams M
(c) (h) pos Displacements
- (g) (d) 
col
(a) Beams (h) Displacements col
(i) Force-Displacement Curve

(a)
Mp Mp (v) Beam Rotation Concentration Effects Mp
IV2 VIV (ii) MpMoment Diagram at
FIV M
wL /8
col
(e)Various
FIII Displacements (ii) Moment Diagram at Various Displacements
Care must be taken to ensure that yield only occurs at the desired positions.
(a) F=0 M= (M + M (f)) IV
Figure 3.
p Beam pos Moment
F Shakedown Figure 3. Beam Moment Shakedown
(h) Generally yield is expected only at the beam ends due to earthquake. That
2 DisplacementswL
Curve
/8 Displacements
Mp (ii) Hysteresis is:
Mp (d) Mp
Figure 1. Shakedown
wL2/8 Effects
I Mp (a) Mp
F (ii) Moment
At mechanism in positive
Diagram atdirection
Various Displacements Mp
(b) Mp
FIII
Figure 3. Beam Moment Shakedown M Mp
Compare with pushover forces from (c). These
F are much bigger I p Mp
BMD
Displacements (b)
(e)  However, often significant gravity load may be on the beams, giving a BMD
FII  of:
Mp VIIFII M Mp
Mpos MIIcol p Mp
MIIcol
VII Mp
(c) FIV (c) Mpos Mp
(f) F=0 M= (Mp+ Mpos)

F=0 M= (Mp+ Mpos) 2 wL2/8
2 2
(d) Mp
wL /8 F=0
(d) Mp
F III
Mp
Mp
(g) (e)
Mp
III wL2/8
F Mp Mp
FIV Mp
(e) Mp
F IV
(f) MIVcol VIV
(h) Mp Mp
(i.e. Moment
IV Connection used in Seismic Regions of North America before 2004) F=0 (i.e. Moment Connection used in Seismic Regions of North America before 2004)
F M
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN (g)
Mp
2
23
Mp
EARTHQUAKE DESIGNp
24
(f) (ii) Moment Diagram atwLVarious

/8 Displacements
IV V
M
(a) Beams IV
IV p
(a) Beams F Mp M col
F=0 (h) Displacements

(v) Beam Rotation Concentration Effects Mp Mp (v) Beam Rotation Concentration Effects
(g) the positive moment maybe greater
Here, along the(ii)
beamMoment Diagram at Various Displacements
length than at the ii) Allow column yielding only at specific locations along the length (e.g. RC
wL2/8 Figure 3. Beam Moment Shakedown
beam ends. Three ways to cope with this are: beams)
Displacements
i) Make the beam strong along its length so that it canMonly yield at the ends
p
FIV MIVcol VIV In NZS3404, shear studs are
In steel use
dogbone
(h) stopped 1.5h from the
column face reducing the
strength
M of that section
p Here, hinge rotations are larger for same frame.
(ii) MomentIncreased
Diagramcapacity dueDisplacements
at Various to composite slab
 
Figure 3. Beam Moment Shakedown 
Displacements versus 
 
4

(a) Beams (a) Beams
(v) Beam Rotation Concentration Effects (v) Beam Rotation Concentration Effects
iii) Allow beam yielding along the length With each cycle, curvature accumulates in one direction at each hinge
Active Hinge location. These are referred to in NZS1170.5 as “monotonic hinges”. In long
Permanent Deformation duration earthquakes, with several cycles of loading, the ductility capacity
can be used up. The beam deformed shape after several cycles is:
Moments Deformations
As the load moves back and forward the displacements increase.
5
2.5 Member Behaviour
(a) Beams
(vi) Short Beams
Beams behave in different ways depending on their length. Shear yielding
and inelastic deformation, rather than flexural inelastic deformation, will
occur if:
ENCI425:
STEEL STRUCTURES
Gregory MacRae
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 3
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 4

(a) Beams (a) Beams
(vi) Short Beams (vi) Short Beams
For beams where shear yielding is expected, large inelastic deformations NZS3404 requirements state that the inelastic beam rotational capacity, p,
may be obtained if the member is stiffened and buckling is prevented. is:
 1.6M sp
 0.08, e Shear
 Vw
  eV  1.6M sp 3M sp
 p  0.08  0.0357 w  1.6 , e Intermediate
M  Vw  Vw 1.
   sp    01.08 , sp 1.6M sp e
   0.083,M 1.6
.6M e
 M
0.03, e 
 0 .08 , 0.08, sp e e
sp
Vw
   Flexural VVww


 Vw  1.6M 1sp .6M eV3wM  1.6M sp
  p 0.08

0.08 0eV
  eV
eV 
  1
w 0 . 08 1.6 0M.0357
.6 1,.6 ,1.sp6M 1. 3 Msp 1.6 3

e sp  esp  
sp , M sp 

w
 0.0357
.0357 p
 p  0.08  0.0357  1M.6 ,
  V  e  spVw
6M M  Vw Vw
 M 0.08, Mspsp  V ewV V
w 
sp

p 0.08 , e
 V
  , sp0.03 eV   1.6M
 V w w
  1.6wM 3M sp
w w 3

A shear beam after testing (AISC, 2007) 3M
 0.08 0 .0357  eV ,  1.6 , e  1.6M e.03, 3M sp3M
sp
e
 0.M03,  1.6 , V VVe  3VeM
.008  esp0
w sp sp
p 0.08  0.0357

p  w  Vwesp  sp
    0.03, eV  M sp 1.6M
sp w w w
 Vw
   0.08 0.0357 M0.03, 1.6 , V ee VV 3M
w3M3M Vw
p
 w sp
Vwsp sp sp
 0sp.03, w
e ww
  3M sp Vw
 0.03, e
 Vw
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 5
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 6

(a) Beams  (a) Beams 1.6M sp
(vi) Short Beams  0.08, e
(vi) Short Beams
 Vw
Stiffeners in the beam at the brace end:   eV w Intermediate
 1.6M stiffeners along
3M spthe active link length
 p  0.08  0.0357 .6 ,
 1Intermediate fulldepth
e  stiffeners are required:
sp
combined width required: bb – 2twb M 
  sp  V w Vw 
 - both sides of web if beam depth > 610mm
3M sp  0.08,
thickness required: 0.75twb  0.03, - one sideeof web only if beam depth < 610mm 
 Vw   eV
Stiffener  p  0.08  0.0357 w  1
M
- thickness must be greater than 0.75twb.   sp

- widths must be greater than bb/2 - twb.  0.03 ,

Fillet welds should develop a strength equal to the design strength of the
plates being connected.
1
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN  1.6M sp

0.08, EARTHQUAKE DESIGN
7 8
 e
 Vw
2.5 Member Behaviour 
2.5
 eV w
Member
 1.6M sp
Behaviour
3M sp
(a) Beams  p  0.08  0.0357 (a) 1.6 ,
Beams e
M  V Vw
(vi) Short Beams   sp(vii) Alternative
 wBeam Details
 3M sp
The stiffener spacing, s, is given as:
 0.03, One of several e
US approaches to minimize the
  db Vw fracture – the Reduced
possibility of connection
 d  56t wb  ,  p  0.03(RBS), also known as the dogbone!
 56t wb  b ,  p  0.03 5 Beam Section
5  
 p 0.03p  0.03t wb
1.6M spd
  db
56t wb  5s , 0.08 56,t wb  360 e  , 0.03   p  0.08
s  56t wb  360 p  0.03t wb  b , 0.03   p 0.08 
b
d  Vw 5
 5 
s  56  t wb  360 tp 0d.503, t wbdeV
 56
b b
, 0.030.03
p 10..08
6M dbsp 3M sp 1.6M sp
  p  0.08  0.0357d ,t   ,  e  0.08,  p  0.08
wb p
 d 5 w
 1.638 e
38t wb  b ,  p  0s.08
56t  360   0d.03t   , 0.03    0.wb
38t wb  5b ,  5 M sp  p  0.08 Vw5
b
08 Vw Vw

wb p wb p
5    38t  , d b
  0.08  3M sp 1.6 MeVspw  1.6M sp 3M sp
  0.08,  p  e0.08  0.e0357    1.6 , e
wb p
5
 0.03,
Link strength:  
  Vw VM w sp  Vw Vw
The flexural strength of the active link, Msal, is the nominal capacity   eV w   1.6M sp 3M sp 3M sp
p  0.08  0.0357
  1.6 , 0
.03 e , e 

computed for the flanges alone.   M sp  Vw Vw Vw
 3M sp
The shear strength, Vsal, of the active link is taken as the shear
 strength0.for
03, a e
beam.  Vw
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 9

(a) Beams (a) Beams
(viii) The Northridge connections (viii) The Northridge connections

(a) Beams (a) Beams
(viii) The Northridge connections (viii) The Northridge connections
2
2.5 Member Behaviour 2.5 Member Behaviour Wakabayashi

(b) Beam-Columns (b) Beam-Columns
(i) Monotonic Column Capacity is Less than that of beams (ii) P-delta Effects can be significant
It is approximately one half based on the simple approach below. Global
member effects are not included here.
These effects lead to large permanent

displacements due to the lack of
dynamic stability

(iii) Cyclic load degradation may be significant (iv) Cumulative Strains and Degradation Occurs
Note: The test configuration used here minimizes P-delta effects

(iv) Cumulative Strains and Degradation Occurs (iv) Cumulative Strains and Degradation Occurs
3

(iv) Cumulative Strains (iv) Cumulative Strains and Degradation Occurs
and Degradation Occurs

(iv) Cumulative Strains and Degradation Occurs (iv) Cumulative Strains and Degradation Occurs

(iv) Cumulative Strains and Degradation Occurs (v) Column Buckling over Length
Due to axial force, columns are
susceptible to buckling over length.
M1 M2
(vi) Prevention of Yielding Away from N
the End of a Column (a) Column
(b) First order moments

This is not permitted because the column may
twist and behave poorly.
(c) Second order moments
(d) Total Moments
4

(b) Beam-Columns (c) Braces
(vii) Banana-ization (i) Rods
Subassemblage tests by Popov and Chandramoulli indicate that yielding
occurs in the column below the joint in one direction, but above the joint in
the other direction. After several cycles, the column becomes banana
shaped.
These carry tension but no compression. Impact forces result.

Given the issues above is it better to have
column or beam yielding?

(c) Braces (c) Braces
(ii) Buckling Braces (ii) Buckling Braces
Wakabayashi Wakabayashi

(iii) Non-buckling Braces (iii) Non-buckling Braces
These have similar strength in tension and compression. BRBs are becoming commonly used in Christchurch. Here are some AISC
Buckling- photos
* A Buckling Restrained Restrained Brace:
Steel Core
Brace (BRB) is shown +
(AISC, 2007) where the Casing
steel core carries the Casing

force, but a jacket
around the outside
Steel Core
confines the mortar and
limits the possibility of
buckling.
Steel Core
Steel jacket
Mortar
Debonding material
(ii) Other types
Friction Braces (e.g. Pall and Marsh)

5

(iii) Non-buckling Braces (iii) Non-buckling Braces
The behaviour of a BRB is compared with that of a buckling brace below. It * Friction Braces (e.g. Xie et al.)
may be seen that the BRB has:
- more energy absorbed
- a more symmetric hysteretic loop
P
Py
* Flag-shaped Recentering Braces (e.g. Christopoulos)

 P
PCR
Py
(ii) Other types

(d) Beam-Column Joints
Friction Braces (e.g. Pall and Marsh)
Welded: Bolted End Plate (BEP):
Bolted end plate connections are preferred in NZ because there is:

- higher construction quality due to shop welding
- faster construction speed
The end-plate is welded to the end of the beam in the fabrication shop, and
bolted to the column on site (shop-welding site-bolting).
(i) Beam End Welds

Full penetration
Flag-shaped SP butt welds
Recentering are required
Braces for the beam end connection to the
(e.g. Christopoulos)
column or to the end plate.
6
ENCI425:
STEEL STRUCTURES Bolted end plate connections are preferred in NZ because there is:
T4_L13 – Earthquake 7 - faster construction speed

(i) Beam End Welds

Gregory MacRae Full penetration SP butt welds are required for the beam end connection to the
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 3
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 4

(d) Beam-Column Joints (d) Beam-Column Joints
(ii) Panel Zone Strength  3bc t fc
2

Vc  0.60 f * yp d c (t wc t p )1  
The nominal shear capacity of the panel zone is given as:  d b d c (t wc t p ) 
 3bc t fc
2

Vc  0.60 f * yp d c (t wc t p )1  
 d d (t
b c wc  t )
p 
 2
  N*  t wc f yc  t p f yp
Where   min  1.15   N  f * yp   2

  t wc  t p 3bc t fc

s
 0.60 f * yp d c (t wc t p )1  Vc = 4.bctfc /4.f
2
 1.0 VVcy  y/db
 d d (t
b c = wc  t )  2
fyc, fyp = strength of column web plate/ doubler plate 0.6fyp.(4/(4*0.6).bctfc /db
bc, dc = breadth and depth of column
  N* 
2 = 0.6fy.(1.66bctfc2/db) < 0.6fy.(3bctfc2/db)
twc = thickness of column web plate 
tfc = thickness of column flange   min  1.15   N  The 3 is because the web also contributes to the
 

s
tp = total thickness of doubler plates (if needed) flange bending resistance
 1.0
N*/(Ns) = column axial force ratio
Considers axial force – shear interaction
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 5
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 6

 3bc t fc
2

(d) Beam-Column Joints Vc  0.60 f * yp d c (t wc t p )1   (d) Beam-Column Joints
 d b d c (t wc t p )  (iii) Continuity plates with the following area, As
Web doubler plates (if provided) are used to strengthen the web
Note: The strength predicted by the equation above relates to a shear strain
of 4 times the yield shear strain. Continuity Plates
1
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 7
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 8

(d) Beam-Column Joints (d) Beam-Column Joints
For the tension flange: (iii) Continuity plates with the following area, As
As f ys  A fb  t wct fb  f yb
For
For the tension
the tension flange: flange:
For the compression flange:
f ys  A fbAst wct fb  f yb
StiffenerAs area,
As f ys  A fb  t wct fb  f yb As f ys  oms A fb f yb  t wc t fb  5t fc  2t ep  2t wf  f yc
f ys = strength of stiffener (continuity) plate

tfb = thickness of beam flange
tep = thickness beam end plate (if any)
twf = leg length of weld on beam flange (if any)
(Wakabayashi)
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 9

10.5.5 Splices (Wakabayashi)
(e) Splices (e) Splices
Column splices are in the middle third of the storey height, and shall be
designed for full contact. (Wakabayashi)
They are should be designed for the forces, but minimum forces also exist
(12.9.2.2)
2.6 Steel Framed Systems 2.6 Steel Framed Systems

Moment Frames: Concentrically Braced Frames: Energy dissipation is primarily in the following deformation
Beam ends and first storey column bases Braces and first storey column bases modes:
Eccentrically Braced Frames: Steel Panel Walls: MRF EBF CBF

Ductile link and first storey column bases Panels and first storey column bases
Flexure Shear/Flexure Axial deformation
2
2.7 Multistorey Frame Dissipation Mechanisms 2.7 Multistorey Frame Dissipation Mechanisms
In general, frames can be designed to dissipate energy in a few Imagine a building with uniform interstorey drift under the elastic design forces. The
structure is pushed so that the roof displacement, u, is t times the yield roof
stories, or over one storey. The peak roof displacement of a displacement, y.
structure is related approximately to the period of the structure,
but the deformations within the structure are related to the a) If the structure has the same yield displacement at each story and yields uniformly
over the height, then the storey ductility, storey, is equal to the roof ductility, t.
relative strengths of the elements.
  b) If one storey is much weaker than the other stories, then the storey ductility, storey,
may be significantly greater than the roof ductility, t, as described below.
u =  t y
 N

  t  ty   d i 
storey  i 2 
1 y
    ty  1 y 

t ty
1 y H
 ty r
  t  1 1
1 y
  t  1  1
H h1 
h
s
(From MacRae and Kimura, 2004)
10.8. Prevention of Soft Stories

2.7 Multistorey Frame Dissipation Mechanisms 2.8 Multistorey Frame Dissipation Mechanisms
u =  t y
A soft-storey mechanism is not specifically designed against in many
 N
 braced frame structures, such as the EBF shown. Here, the frame outside
  t  ty   d i 
 i 2  the link is designed similarly to a truss. However, if it is modeled as a
storey 
1 y truss (with no moment fixity) and analyzed, then storey drift concentration
    ty  1 y  occurs as the links yield, and large drifts result. This behaviour is not

t ty
1 y H observed in frames where the columns are modeled as being continuous

 ty r over the storey heights and where they have realistic stiffnesses.
  t  1 1 10.8. Prevention of Soft Stories
1 y
MacRae et al. (2004) have shown that continuous column stiffness, in addition to strength, is
h1 mechanism is not specifically designed against in many
  t  1 A soft-storey
H
1 in discouraging a soft story mechanism in a shear-type structure. This stiffness represents tha
h braced frame structures, such as sthe EBF shown. non-seismicHere, the frame outsidecolumns in the structure. A methodology has been developed to det
and seismic
the(From
link MacRae and Kimura,
is designed 2004) to a truss. However, if it is modeled
similarly amount of stiffness &asstrength
a required for a specified drift concentration.
If t = 5, for a 10 storey frame with equal story
trussheights,
(with nothen storey = 41.
moment fixity)
Thatand analyzed, then storey drift concentration
is, the
story drift angle, , is 8.2 times that if thereoccurs
were noasdrift concentration,  .
the links yield, r and large drifts result.InThis behaviour is not
general though, the amount of column stiffness provided from just the seismic columns se
observed in frames where the columns are modeled
This storey susceptible to a large drift concentration is generally referred to as a “soft-
as being
sufficient continuous
to prevent significant storey drifts.
storey” and it is not desirable. over the storey heights and where they have realistic stiffnesses.
MacRae et al. (2004) have shown that continuous column stiffness, in addition to strength,
F2
is important
in discouraging a soft story mechanism in a shear-type structure. This stiffness represents
h that of all thek2 EI
non-seismic and seismic columns in the structure. A methodology has been developed to determine the
H
amount of stiffness & strength required for a specified drift concentration. F1
h k1 EI dc
10.8. Prevention of Soft Stories
In general though, the amount of column stiffness provided from just the seismic columns seems to be
sufficient
A soft-storey mechanism is not specifically designed to prevent
against in many significant storey drifts. Figure. Pinned Connection Structure
braced frame structures, such as the EBF shown. Here, the frame outside
the link is designed similarly to a truss. However, if it is modeled as a
with Continuous Column
truss (with no moment fixity) and analyzed, then storey drift concentration
EARTHQUAKE
occurs as the links yield, and largeDESIGN
drifts result. This behaviour is not F2
17
EARTHQUAKE
V
DESIGN
P/2 Vc2
18
observed in frames where the columns are modeled as being continuous h k2 MacRae
EI G. A., 2 Kimura Y., Vand f2 Roe
=P/2
2.8 Multistorey Frame Dissipation Mechanisms
over the storey heights and where they have realistic stiffnesses.
H
2.5 Member
(2004) “Effect ofBehaviour
Column Stiffness
P on Braced Frame Seismic Behavior”,
Mc Journal of Structural
MacRae et al. (2004) have shown that continuous column stiffness, in addition to strength,
F1
h is important k
ASCE,
(d) 130(3), pp. 381-391,
Beam-Column V1 March.
Joints Vc1 =PH/4
Vf1
1 EI dc
in discouraging a soft story mechanism in a shear-type structure. This stiffness represents that of all the P/2 = - P/2
non-seismic and seismic columns in the structure. A methodology has been developed to determine the Welded: Bolted End Plate (BEP):
amount of stiffness & strength required for a specified drift concentration.
Figure. Pinned Connection Structure
withtoContinuous
In general though, the amount of column stiffness provided from just the seismic columns seems be Column
sufficient to prevent significant storey drifts.
V2 P/2
Vc2
MacRae G. A., Kimura Y., Vandf2 Roeder C. W.
F2 =P/2
h (2004)
k2 EI “Effect of Column Stiffness on Braced Frame Seismic Behavior”,
P c Journal are
Bolted end plateMconnections of Structural
preferred Engineering,
in NZ because there is:
H ASCE, 130(3), pp. 381-391,
V1 March. Vc1 - higher =PH/4
construction quality
Vf1 due to shop welding
F1
h k1 EI dc = - P/2
P/2 - faster construction speed
Figure. Pinned Connection Structure The end-plate is welded to the end of the beam in the fabrication shop, and
with Continuous Column bolted to the column on site (shop-welding site-bolting).
MacRae G. A., V2 P/2

Vc2 Kimura Y., Vand f2 Roeder C. W. (i) Beam End Welds
=P/2
(2004) “Effect of Column Stiffness
P on Braced Frame Seismic Behavior”,
Mc Journal of Structural Engineering, Full penetration SP butt welds are required for the beam end connection to the
ASCE, 130(3), pp. 381-391,
V1 March. Vc1 =PH/4
Vf1 column or to the end plate.
P/2 = - P/2
3
3. Moment Frames
ENCI425:
STEEL STRUCTURES
Gregory MacRae (Figures AISC, 2007)
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 3
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 4
3.1 MRF Characteristics 3.2 Locations of Possible Inelastic Action

MRF construction has:
- architectural freedom
- low stiffness (stiffness/drift often controls design) Panel Zone

(Shear Yielding)
- small ductility demands
Column
- external seismic frames and internal gravity frames in modern construction (Flexural & Axial
Yielding)
- all moment connections in older construction

Beam
(Flexural Yielding)
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 5
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 6
3.2 Locations of Possible Inelastic Action Column

(Flexural & Axial
Panel Zone
(Shear Yielding)
3.2 Locations of Possible Inelastic Action
Yielding)
A. Well detailed beams (with low section and member Beam

(Flexural Yielding)
B. Panel zones can dissipate energy, but
slenderness) can be ductile and can dissipate large amounts of Panel Zone
energy. Their deformation capacity depends on the materials their yielding is less desirable than beam Column
(Shear Yielding)
(Flexural & Axial
used, configuration and detailing. Beam detailing requirements yielding, because they are part of the Yielding)
are given below: columns which carry the axial force. They Beam
(Flexural Yielding)
also have a limited deformation capacity.

1) The section should be compact (5.2.3)
(i.e. Category 2 – cf. Tab. 5.2 ep and Tab. 12.5)
C. Steel columns may be ductile (as opposed to some RC
2) Lateral bracing should be columns). However, yielding of columns is much less desirable
as for plastic beams than yielding of beams as described in 10.5.2.
Note: The selection of which elements yield, or which

combinations of elements yield, is not important as long as the
inelastic cyclic demands are less than the inelastic cyclic
capacities for the particular limit state (or performance objective)
considered.
1
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 7
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 8
3.3 MRF Mechanisms 3.3 MRF Mechanisms

Three mechanisms are often considered in MRFs. These are: Mechanism a is often used for RC structures where the columns are
relatively brittle, and can have splices immediately above a story. Column
yielding is not desired here, except for at the base of the frame, where special
detailing is provided. It is not necessary for steel frames.
(a) Full Strong-Column (b) Beam-Sway Mechanism (c) No Mechanism Determined

Weak Beam Mechanism
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 9

Mechanism b allows some column hinging during earthquake shaking, but Mechanism c is suitable for some gravity dominated low-rise structures,
most of the yielding occurs at the beam-ends. There is no storey sway where it would be uneconomic to design using Mechanism b. The frame must
mechanism. This is commonly used for steel building structures, because the have ductility capacity in all beams and columns. Without determining the
columns possess some ductility capacity. In analyses of tall structures, a full mechanism, a soft story mechanism may occur. This implies greater story
height beam-sway mechanism is seldom seen, even though it is considered ductility demands than frame ductility demands as described previously. The
in design. ductility capacities should be provided.

Mechanism d, another mechanism involves panel zone deformation. Mechanism b above is generally used for steel frames.
Column yielding above the base is not fully

prohibited because
i) column yielding is not brittle, yet
ii) we do not want it to be the major energy dissipation mechanism.
Here,
a) the size of the beams is determined from the force demands of a code-type
analysis (usually the beam size is chosen to match as closely as possible)
b) the other member sizes are determined by capacity design considerations.
2

If Mechanism c is used, then all member sizes are often determined based DesignThree mechanisms are often
procedures/examples consideredbinisMRFs.
for Mechanism These are:
given below. These are
on the force demands based on procedures in NZS3404 from MacRae, Carr, and Walpole (1990).
but …
capacity design is to ensure that there is no problem with

- the connections or
- with shear failures
(a) Full Strong-Column (b) Beam-Sway Mechanism (c) No Mechanism Dete
also …
Weak Beam Mechanism
It is necessary first to obtain an estimate of the static overstrength forces on
the frame. This may be done 3 ways (see NZS1170.5 App C, NZS3404):
a) Code method distributing beam overstrength force to column based on
The likely member demands anywhere should not exceed the capacity. relative stiffness above and below joint;
These demands should be computed considering the possibility of a soft- b) Pushover analysis
storey mechanism. c) Simplification of (a) where the moment is distributed to columns
above and below based on the number of columns. This is appropriate
for very regular frames only. This method is simple so we will use it.
3.4 Steel MRF Capacity Design Procedure 3.4 Steel MRF Capacity Design Procedure
The first step is to compute Static Overstrength Forces for the frame which foMpb,CL,LRHS
Moments:
has been preliminarily designed to provide the ductile members with sufficient foMpb,RHS VGDc/2
strength to resist the code defined earthquake forces, and which meets the VRHS
VEQDc/2
code drift limits. We will use a simplification of NZS1170.5 Appendix C, which
is sufficient for regular steel frames, to do this. foMpb,CL,LHS
VGDC/2 VEQDC/2 VLHS

(i) Static Overstrength Forces: Plastic
DC
foMpb,LHS Hinges
(a) Find the maximum beam moments and shears =

Mpb = beam plastic moment at column face
foMpb = beam overstrength moment at column face VEQ Earthquake “EQ”
fo = flexural overstrength factor
VEQ = (foMpb,RHS + foMpb,RHS)/Lb

+
Gravity “G”
VG,LHS = wl/2 wl2 VG,RHS
Lb = distance between column faces 8
VG = wLb/2 foMpb,CL = beam moment at column centreline
= foMpb (at face)+ Vface..Dc/2 Vface= VG + VEQ
(b) Find column forces (c) Find the column shears, Voc
At the beam column intersection  M = 0 These are obtained by connecting the column moments at the beam
centreline. I.e.
The total moment due to beams is:
Moc,CL,top
For equilibrium, this must equal the column moment: Db,/2 Mocf,top
Voc = (Moc,CL,top + Moc,CL,bot )
h h
Mocf,bot
i.e. Voc
We will distribute the moment to the columns above and below the joint
equally. Moc,CL,bot
(d) Find column moments at beam face, Mocf
Mocf = Moc,CL - Voc.Db/2

Where ncol = number of columns framing into joint
where ncol is the number of columns framing into the joint considered
3
(e) Find the column axial force, Pe (e) Find the column axial force, Pe
These are obtained by connecting the column moments at the beam
centreline. I.e.
Po = Pg + Peq
where Pg = gravity axial force from floors above = Pg1 + Pg2

Pg1 = self weight of all elements above but not UDL on beams
Pg2 = permanent UDL on beams considered (w)
𝑤𝐿𝐶𝐿
= 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜 𝑣𝑒 2
LCL = beam span between column centrelines
Peq = sum of earthquake component of load
from beam shear on either side
∅𝑜 𝑀𝑝𝑏,𝐿𝐻𝑆 + ∅𝑜 𝑀𝑝𝑏,𝑅𝐻𝑆
= 𝑉𝑒𝑞 =
𝐿𝑏
The axial forces tend to be greater on the outer columns 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜 𝑣𝑒
These static overstrength forces are now used in the design procedures
(ii) Design for Beam-Sway Mechanism (Mechanism 2): (ii) Design for Beam-Sway Mechanism (Mechanism 2):
(a) Moment (a) Moment
At column centerline  fMoc,CL > ws.(fo.Mpb,CL)
but the column design moments need not be greater than Mce(m = 1)
ws = dynamic magnification factor for preventing a story mechanism

found from analyses
= 1.2 (except at the top of the frame where 1.0 should be used)
fo = 1.25 for beams expecting high seismic demands (Category 1 or 2)
made from Australian steel according to NZS3404. Slab effects
should also be included.
The summation sign indicates that the sum of the overstrength beam
moments must equal the sum of the column moments at the
beam-column centre
The term Me(m = 1) implies that there is no need to design for a moment
greater than the column moment if the frame were to remain elastic.
Moment patterns
MOC 1.8MOC
VOC 1.2VOC 1.3VOC
Static Average shear for Maximum shear on Maximum moment

Overstrength all columns in storey individual column to on individual column,
to discourage soft discourage column wb = 1.8 (not
storey mechanism, shear failure, wv = considered for steel
ws = 1.2 * 1.3 ** structures)
* For a soft storey mechanism, the moment at the top and bottom of all the columns in the structure
must be high at the same time. That is, the slope of the moment diagram (i.e. shear) must be high
for this to happen. By providing column flexural strength equal to wsMOC will therefore prevent the
mechanism.
** To prevent a column shear failure, the column shear strength should be greater than wvVOC
Dynamic amplification effects (Priestley’s book) Numbers obtained are based on analyses during design level shaking
4
o ( Peq  Pg 
Design P* >
(i.e. Moment Connection used in Seismic Regions of North America before 2004)  P(i.e. Moment Connection  based on
used in Seismic Regions of North America before 2004)
mechanism
Pelastic ( Pelastic,eq  Pg 
min 
(ii) Design for Beam-Sway Mechanism (Mechanism 2): (ii) Design for Beam-Sway Mechanism (Mechanism 2):
(b) Shear (c) Axial
 Po ( Peq  Pg   based on mechanism

Design P* > min 
 Pelastic ( Pelastic, eq  Pg 
The maximum axial force considered for design need not be greater than
a) the axial force associated with a full mechanism
(although for taller frames a full mechanism may not occur, and
The maximum shear considered for design need not be greater than
a reduced value could be argued related to the number of stories
a) the dynamically magnified static overstrength shear
above, frame ductility and period)
b) the shear associated with the flexural overstrength yielding
b) the axial force associated with the column behaving elastically
at the top and bottom of the column at the same time
(we cannot squeeze more shear out of the column than this)
c) the shear associated with the column behaving elastically
(ii) Design for Beam-Sway Mechanism (Mechanism 2) - Example
(a) Initially Find Static Overstrength Moments at column centerline
Overstrength beam moments at column face for levels 1 and 2:
1.25 x 320 = 400 kNm (hogging)
1.25 x 240 = 300 kNm (sagging)
Overstrength beam moments at column face for level 3 is 200 kNm (hogging) and 150 kNm
(sagging).


(i) Beam End Welds

Full penetration SP butt welds are required for the beam end connection to the
5
3.4 Steel MRF Capacity Design Procedure
The first step is to compute Static Overstrength Forces for the frame which
has been preliminarily designed to provide the ductile members with sufficient
strength to resist the code defined earthquake forces, and which meets the
code drift limits. We will use a simplification of NZS1170.5 Appendix C, which
is sufficient for regular steel frames, to do this.
ENCI425: (i) Static Overstrength Forces:
STEEL STRUCTURES (a) Find the maximum beam moments and shears
Mpb = beam plastic moment at column face
foMpb = beam overstrength moment at column face
T4_L15 – Earthquake 9 fo = flexural overstrength factor
VEQ = (foMpb,RHS + foMpb,RHS)/Lb
Lb = distance between column faces

Gregory MacRae VG = wLb/2
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 3
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 4
foMpb,CL,LRHS (b) Find column forces
Moments:
foMpb,RHS VGDc/2
VRHS
VEQDc/2 At the beam column intersection  M = 0
foMpb,CL,LHS The total moment due to beams is:

VGDC/2 VEQDC/2 VLHS
Plastic
DC For equilibrium, this must equal the column moment:
foMpb,LHS Hinges
=
i.e.
VEQ Earthquake “EQ”
We will distribute the moment to the columns above and below the joint
equally.
+
Gravity “G”
VG,LHS = wl/2 wl2 VG,RHS
8
foMpb,CL = beam moment at column centreline Where ncol = number of columns framing into joint
= foMpb (at face)+ Vface..Dc/2 Vface= VG + VEQ
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 5
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 6
(c) Find the column shears, Voc (e) Find the column axial force, Pe
These are obtained by connecting the column moments at the beam

centreline. I.e.
Moc,CL,top
Db,/2 Mocf,top
Voc = (Moc,CL,top + Moc,CL,bot )
h h
Mocf,bot
Voc
Moc,CL,bot
(d) Find column moments at beam face, Mocf
Mocf = Moc,CL - Voc.Db/2

The axial forces tend to be greater on the outer columns
where ncol is the number of columns framing into the joint considered
1
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 7
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 8
(e) Find the column axial force, Pe (ii) Design for Beam-Sway Mechanism (Mechanism 2):
These are obtained by connecting the column moments at the beam (a) Moment
centreline. I.e.
At column centerline  fMoc,CL > ws.(fo.Mpb,CL)
Po = Pg + Peq
but the column design moments need not be greater than Mce(m = 1)
where Pg = gravity axial force from floors above = Pg1 + Pg2
Pg1 = self weight of all elements above but not UDL on beams ws = dynamic magnification factor for preventing a story mechanism
Pg2 = permanent UDL on beams considered (w) found from analyses
𝑤𝐿𝐶𝐿 = 1.2 (except at the top of the frame where 1.0 should be used)
= 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜 𝑣𝑒 2 fo = 1.25 for beams expecting high seismic demands (Category 1 or 2)
LCL = beam span between column centrelines made from Australian steel according to NZS3404. Slab effects
Peq = sum of earthquake component of load should also be included.
from beam shear on either side The summation sign indicates that the sum of the overstrength beam
∅𝑜 𝑀𝑝𝑏,𝐿𝐻𝑆 + ∅𝑜 𝑀𝑝𝑏,𝑅𝐻𝑆 moments must equal the sum of the column moments at the
= 𝑉𝑒𝑞 =
𝐿𝑏 beam-column centre
𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜 𝑣𝑒
The term Me(m = 1) implies that there is no need to design for a moment
These static overstrength forces are now used in the design procedures greater than the column moment if the frame were to remain elastic.
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 9
(ii) Design for Beam-Sway Mechanism (Mechanism 2):
(a) Moment
Dynamic amplification effects (Priestley’s book)
Moment patterns (ii) Design for Beam-Sway Mechanism (Mechanism 2):
MOC 1.8MOC (b) Shear
VOC 1.2VOC 1.3VOC
Static Average shear for Maximum shear on Maximum moment

Overstrength all columns in storey individual column to on individual column,
to discourage soft discourage column wb = 1.8 (not
storey mechanism, shear failure, wv = considered for steel
ws = 1.2 * 1.3 ** structures)
The maximum shear considered for design need not be greater than
* For a soft storey mechanism, the moment at the top and bottom of all the columns in the structure a) the dynamically magnified static overstrength shear
must be high at the same time. That is, the slope of the moment diagram (i.e. shear) must be high
for this to happen. By providing column flexural strength equal to wsMOC will therefore prevent the b) the shear associated with the flexural overstrength yielding
mechanism. at the top and bottom of the column at the same time
** To prevent a column shear failure, the column shear strength should be greater than wvVOC (we cannot squeeze more shear out of the column than this)
c) the shear associated with the column behaving elastically
Numbers obtained are based on analyses during design level shaking
2
o ( Peq  Pg 
Design P* >
 P(i.e. Moment Connection  based on
used in Seismic Regions of North America before 2004)
mechanism (i.e. Moment Connection used in Seismic Regions of North America before 2004)
Pelastic ( Pelastic,eq  Pg 
min 
3.4 Steel MRF Capacity Design Procedure 3.5 Steel MRF Capacity Design Procedure - Example
(ii) Design for Beam-Sway Mechanism (Mechanism 2): Beam-Sway Mechanism (Mechanism 2)
(c) Axial
 Po ( Peq  Pg   based on mechanism

Design P* > min 
 Pelastic ( Pelastic, eq  Pg 
The maximum axial force considered for design need not be greater than
a) the axial force associated with a full mechanism
(although for taller frames a full mechanism may not occur, and
a reduced value could be argued related to the number of stories
above, frame ductility and period)
b) the axial force associated with the column behaving elastically
3.5 Steel MRF Capacity Design Procedure 2.5 Member Behaviour

Beam-Sway Mechanism (Mechanism 2) (d) Beam-Column Joints
(a) Initially Find Static Overstrength Moments at column centerline Bolted end plate connections are preferred in NZ because there is:
Overstrength beam moments at column face for levels 1 and 2: - higher construction quality due to shop welding
1.25 x 320 = 400 kNm (hogging)
1.25 x 240 = 300 kNm (sagging) bolted to the column on site (shop-welding site-bolting).
Overstrength beam moments at column face for level 3 is 200 kNm (hogging) and 150 kNm (i) Beam End Welds
(sagging). Full penetration SP butt welds are required for the beam end connection to the
m
kNm
kNm
3
8 168
Beam Overstrength Forces - Steps in obtaining frame forces
i) Draw forces from beams on frame
- moment foMp
- shear – Vg at column centreline =
= 168
- Veq (from mechanism)
ii) find column moments at beam centrelines to get joint equilibrium
iii) find column shears

face face
iv) find column moments at beam face
Mcol,face = Mcol,CL – Db/2
Beam Sidesway (Mechanism 2) - Steps in obtaining frame forces
393 = (450+336)/2
164-95*0.6m/2
i) Column moment demands at beam face, Mcol, are 1.2Mocf
face
ii) Column shear demands
We don’t know the actual flexural capacity provided or the elastic
3.5m 95kN = (164+168)/3.5m 225kN 130kN
column moment so use:
168
Vcol = 1.3Voc
129 = 225 kNm*2/3.5m
96 kN 225 kN
iii) Column axial force, Pcol = Peq + Pg (considering levels above)
3.5 Steel MRF Capacity Design Procedure 3.6 Panel Zone

Panel zones are designed for the forces on the joint equal to the minimum of:
face - 1.15Mpb
= 55+71.5-71.5 At top w = 1.0
1.2*186 - the forces resulting in elastic response
This is simplified from NZS3404 (simplified from 12.9.5.2(ii) (2)) discourages

= 1.3*95kN
= 71.5+27.5 panel zone yielding from being the main energy dissipating mechanism.
= 1.3*156kN
4
3.6 Panel Zone 3.5 Panel Zone

i) Demand i) Demand
3.6 Panel Zone 3.6 Panel Zone

i) Demand ii) Drift Due to Panel Zone Deformation
ML MR
V* 
(db  t fb L  (db  t fb R  Vcol For a panel zone shear strain, g, the associated drift may be found from:
30
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN
3.6 Panel Zone 3.7 IMPROVED PERFORMANCE
ii) Drift Due to Panel Zone Deformation
Building Performance Levels
Medium
Shaking
E.g. Office
Building
Level of Shaking
Large
Shaking
(Design)
Low Damage
Very
Construction
Large (LDC)
Target
Shaking
Joe’s Joe’s
Beer! Beer! Beer!
Food! Food! Food!
MacRae G. A., 2010. “University of Canterbury Research”, in Proce. of the Steel Structures Workshop 2010, University of Canterbury, 13-14 April., Hamburger
5
IMPROVED PERFORMANCE IMPROVED PERFORMANCE
a) CURRENT DESIGN APPROACH (?) b) Strong (Elastically Responding) Systems

c) Base Isolation
d) Post-tensioned beams (?)
e) Friction types
– moment connections sliding hinge joint braces
- braces (asymmetric and symmetric friction)
f) Lead dissipaters (e.g. Rogers et al.)
g) Rocking structures (E.g. Kordani, Djojo)
h) Supplemental dampers
i) Grip N Grab
MacRae G. A and Clifton G. C, “Low Damage Steel Construction”, Steel Innovations Conference,
Steel Construction New Zealand, Wigram, Christchurch, 21-22 February 2013, Paper 1.
Courtesy S. Gardiner (SPIIRE) J. Kirk (Kirk Roberts)
b) Strong (Elastically Responding) Systems D) POST-TENSIONED

 Post-tensioned BEAMS
beam systems
c) Base Isolation
d) Post-tensioned beams (?)
e) Friction types P
– moment connections sliding hinge joint braces
- braces (asymmetric and symmetric friction)
f) Lead dissipaters (e.g. Rogers et al.)
g) Rocking structures (E.g. Kordani, Djojo)
P
h) Supplemental dampers
i) Grip N Grab D
MacRae G. A and Clifton G. C, “Low Damage Steel Construction”, Steel Innovations Conference,
Steel Construction New Zealand, Wigram, Christchurch, 21-22 February 2013, Paper 1.
D) POST-TENSIONED BEAMS D) POST-TENSIONED BEAMS

System Issues: Slab Issues:
Cracking
C
 Slab damage
(Clifton G. C. 2005. Semi-Rigid
MacRae G. A., 2010. “Some Steel
Seismic Research Issues”, in
C Slight beam growth
Joints for Moment Resisting Steel
Framed Seismic Resisting
Proceedings of the Steel Systems. PhD Thesis,
Structures Workshop 2010,
Increase in column demand Department of Civil and
Research Directions for Steel from RHS only Environmental Engineering,
Structures, compiled by MacRae University of Auckland)
G. A. and Clifton G. C., University
of Canterbury, 13-14 April.
It is possible to mitigate some of these slab issues for some structures.

SESOC does not recommend the use of post-tensioned beam systems
Kim J., Stanton J., and MacRae G. A., “Effect of Beam Growth on Reinforced Concrete Frames”, Journal of Design of Conventional Structural Systems Following the Canterbury Earthquakes: Structural Engineering Society of New Zealand,
Structural Engineering, ASCE, 130(9), pp. 1333-1342, September 2004. ENG.SESOC.0016.1, Version No. 4– 21 December 2011, http://canterbury.royalcommission.govt.nz/documents-by-key/20110930.14
6
Actuator Top Bolts
Top Flange Plate

Detail A
Web Plate
Web Cap Plate
Top Web
Beam Bolts
Column
(Shear)
Bottom 37 38 38
EARTHQUAKEFlange
DESIGN
Plate
Bottom
Flange
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN
Cap Plate Bottom Web
IMPROVED PERFORMANCE
Pin-Ended Strut
Bolts (Sliding) IMPROVED PERFORMANCE
Bottom Flange
Bolts (Sliding)
E) Friction Connections Friction Connections
DETAILS:
Actuator Top Bolts
sliding hinge joint (shj)

Top Flange Plate
Detail A
Web Plate
Web Cap Plate
Top Web
Beam Bolts
Column
(Shear)
Bottom
Flange Bottom
Plate Flange
Cap Plate Bottom Web
Bolts (Sliding)
Pin-Ended Strut
Bottom Flange
Bolts (Sliding)
Clifton 2005, MacRae et al. 2010 + Khoo, Chanchi, Xie, Borzouie, Shahab + others
39 39 40 40
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN EARTHQUAKE DESIGN
Friction Connections Friction Connections

Deformations: Deformations:
Column Column
Force Force
Displacement Displacement
1 2
41 41 42 42

Column Column
Force Force
3 4
7
43 43 44 44

Column Column
Force Force
5 6
45 45 46 46
Friction Connections 310UC158 Friction Connections

DETAILS:
1.5m
SHJ BEHAVIOUR
 MINIMAL DAMAGE (to connection and frame)
 LOW COST (E.g. < 0.5% extra, and no patent fees)
 RECENTERING CHARACTERISTICS
360UB44.7 2.0m ISSUES

 CONSTRUCTION TOLERANCES
 DURABILITY
Mackinven and MacRae, 2006
47 48
Courtesy: Darrin Bell of Connell-Wagner, 2007 Courtesy: Geoff Sidwell, Aurecon

Related Projects: Robin Xie / Jamaledin Borzouie / Shahab Ramhormozian / Jose Chanchi
8

Gusset plate connected to beam with
Gusset plate stiffener horizontally elongated bolt holes Rotational
Friction Links
Gusset plate with smooth Floating plate Plate attached
transition to extension. Is behind the to braces
Elongated bolt holes gusset plate
are in extension
Floating plate
(DSFD area)
Brace
Level
Braces
Chanchi, Xie
MacRae G. A and Clifton G. C, “Low Damage Steel Construction”, Steel Innovations Conference, Steel Construction New Zealand, Wigram, Christchurch,
21-22 February 2013, Paper 1
Leung/Clifton
IMPROVED PERFORMANCE 3.7 Low Damage Systems

ii) Lead Dissipators
Friction Connections Base Connections b)
Non-linear lead
Non-linear
HF2V device
extrusion damper
Borzouie The Terrace Project Figure . Lead Dissipator Details (Mander, MacRae, Chase, Rodgers and Mander, 2007)

G) Rocking Systems I) Others: Tension only device (Grip n Grab)

Initially
considered for
rocking walls
(Gunning and
Weston, 2013)
Tests by Cook,
P
A-B B-C C-D D-E E-F F-G Rodgers and
D Force Tension G Force Tension G Force MacRae (NZSEE,
B C B C C G B, C
2015)
C C C
F A D Disp. A Disp. F A, D Disp.

EC C D, E, F EC
Kordani/Rodgers (UC) Djojo/Clifton (UA) C

System Rod C
Device
9


(i) Beam End Welds

10
4. Concentrically Braced Frames
ENCI425:
STEEL STRUCTURES
Gregory MacRae (Figures AISC, 2007)
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 3
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 4
4. Concentrically Braced Frames 4. Concentrically Braced Frames
> 2t
(Figures AISC, 2007)
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 5
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 6

4.1 CBF Configurations 4.2 Characteristics
- Braces all frame concentrically into one point
- Stiff
- May not be ductile, depending on brace type
1
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 7
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 8

4.3 Deformation Mode 4.3 Deformation Mode
Truss type (axial tension/compression) deformation Compression buckling of the brace

often governs the response
Members are subject to: resulting in a pinched hysteresis
- tension loop.
- compression
- bending Thin braces buckle earlier than
Elastic bending moments are generally small stocky braces.
Energy is dissipated by tension yield in the braces, with

compression yielding or buckling.
Columns (except for flexure at the base) and beams are

capacity designed to remain elastic.
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 9

4.4 Characteristics of CBF Configurations with buckling bracing 4.4 Characteristics of CBF Configurations with buckling bracing
1) K-bracing 2) Chevron bracing (V or inverted V)
- causes large column forces
The compression brace will always yield first. Since the tension brace can reach its overstrength
capacity, and the compression brace has a low compression, there will be a net downward force
on the beam.
The beam should be designed to carry the gravity loads without the braces present.
ANSI/AISC 341-02 (Seismic Provisions) requires the beam to be designed for the overstrength
tension brace force in conjunction with 0.3 of the compression brace design buckling capacity,
Nc. However, it does not need to carry more than the elastic earthquake force combination.
The beam flanges shall be adequately braced to carry 2% of the nominal flange strength.
- not desirable (and not permitted in highly seismic zones) It should also be designed for the minimum expected compression, in conjunction with the
maximum expected tension as this causes the most extreme axial forces in the member.

4.4 Characteristics of CBF Configurations with buckling bracing 4.4 Characteristics of CBF Configurations with buckling bracing
3) X bracing 4) Diagonal bracing
Braces are generally slender. They often are rods or angles which cross
each other, or they are connected to a central plate,
Generally they have large tensile capacity but small compressive capacity. This system has the best performance.
Braces are permitted only in buildings with few stories.
2

12.5 Balanced Strength Requirement: 12.5 Balanced Strength Requirement:
Braces are required in both directions to give a “balanced” resistance. 12.12.6.6

4.6 Height Limitations: 4.7 CBF Connections
CBFs have height restrictions because of their perceived lack of ductility. Tab 12.12.4 1. Connection design should be greater than the minimum of:
Note that US practice considers “Dual Systems” where a CBF or EBF works together i) Overstrength forces from the brace, ofyAs
with a MRF which resists 25% of the lateral force. This results in superior performance
(and less severe height limitations). These are permitted according to 12.13. ii) Elastic level earthquake forces in conjunction with gravity forces
and the welds should be sufficient to carry the full strength of the gusset plate
being connected due to the effects of out-of-plane action.
2. US practice is to design the ends of braces for any moment likely from out
of plane brace buckling, or terminate the brace 2 times the gusset plate
thickness from a line about which the gusset plate can bend unrestrained by
the column or joint.

4.7 CBF Connections 4.7 CBF Connections
2t
>2t
3

4.8 Brace Detailing 4.10 CBF Design Steps
The minimum section slenderness ratios depend on the level The minimum section slenderness ratios depend on the level
of inelasticity expected for the frame. of inelasticity expected for the frame.
This, in addition to the member slenderness, have a This, in addition to the member slenderness, have a
significant effect on the behaviour. significant effect on the behaviour.
Normalized Force
Ductility Ductility

4.10 CBF Design Steps 4.10 CBF Design Steps

4.10 CBF Design Steps 4.10 CBF Design Steps
4

4.10 CBF Design Steps 4.11 New Methods for Braced Frames
Gusset plate connected to beam with

Gusset plate stiffener horizontally elongated bolt holes
Gusset plate with smooth Floating plate Plate attached

transition to extension. Is behind the to braces
Elongated bolt holes gusset plate
are in extension
Floating plate
(DSFD area)
Brace Braces
(a) Friction Brace (b) Friction Attachment

Figure. Examples of Friction Dissipater Technology
4. Concentrically Braced Frames

4.11 New Methods for Braced Frames
The advantages of these friction systems over ordinary buckling braces, buckling
restrained braces (BRB), or eccentrically braced frames are that:
i) there is no significant damage to the frame (except perhaps to some bolts which
may require tightening or replacement),
ii) the system will have almost the same behaviour in both directions of loading,
iii) the hysteretic loop will have a post-elastic stiffness which encourages
recentering of the structure after an earthquake, and
iv) the technology developed does not require patents for use.
5
5. Eccentrically Braced Frames
e Link e Link
ENCI425:
Link Link
STEEL STRUCTURES e e
Gregory MacRae
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 3
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 4
5. Eccentrically Braced Frames 5. Eccentrically Braced Frames

EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 5
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 6

5.1 Configurations
1
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 7
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 8

5.2 Characteristics 5.3 Deformation Mode
- braces are not concentric, but eccentric
- stiff (like CBFs)
- ductile and able to dissipate large amounts of energy (like MRFs)
The link rotation capacity generally governs the design
Links deform inelastically in shear and/or flexure, depending on the length.
Beams outside the links, columns and braces are designed to remain elastic
(using capacity design).
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 9

5.4 Link Deformation Demand 5.5 Link Beam Strengths, Rotation Capacities and Detailing
These are specified under link beams in the members section with detailing
requirements for the link.
Students should be able to derive these
Deformation demands are based on the expected frame drifts. By subtracting

the elastic storey drifts, the inelastic drifts remain, p. The link rotation
demands, , can be estimated as shown below using simple geometric (a) Unstiffened Shear Link (b) Stiffened link
considerations. Force-Displacement Curves for Shear Links Under Cyclic Loading

5.5 Link Beam Strengths, Rotation Capacities and Detailing 5.5 Link Beam Strengths, Rotation Capacities and Detailing
Lateral bracing is required along the

link length as for plastic design of
members. Bracing is also required at
both ends of the link. The braces
should resist 0.025fyAfb, calculated
at a displacement of 4mm using the
elastic section properties where Afb is
the flange area in Section 12.11.6.2.
(Note, in NZ the web plate shown in

the figures is not generally used.)
2

5.6 Link Beam Size (Design) 5.6 Link Beam Size (Design)
Required link design strengths are Vl,3, Vl,2, and Vl,1

5.7 Design Strength of Other Components 5.7 Design Strength of Other Components
The overstrength factor, o, is given in Tab 12.2.8(2). It is often greater than The overstrength factor, o, is given in Tab 12.2.8(2). It is often greater than
1.40. We should design the “non-yielding” components for the capacity derived 1.40. We should design the “non-yielding” components for the capacity derived
forces (i.e. capacity design). forces (i.e. capacity design).

5.8 Columns Beside Links 5.8 Columns Beside Links
The link column connection is similar to a beam-column connection in a

moment frame. It should be designed considering both overstrength and
dynamic magnification.
The column design moment is given as:
Mpc(N*) > wboMsb
Vc(N*) > wvVosc
3

5.9 Beams in EBFs Outside the Link 5.9 Beams in EBFs Outside the Link
The beam should be provided with sufficient strength to prevent the beam from
yielding. This may be performed by:
a) Using a shear link
=> the link flexural demand is lower than beam capacity
b) Placing strengthening plates on the beam flanges beside the link, or

use composite action with the slab outside the link
=> increase the beam capacity

5.10 EBF Design Example (Old homework) 5.10 EBF Design Example (Old homework)
5. Eccentrically Braced Frames 2.5 Member Behaviour

5.11 New EBF Systems (d) Beam-Column Joints
a) Replaceable links
b) Friction Links (Clifton)

Plate Over Shims either
side of Web CL
Slab on Decking (Decking not shown) Bolted end plate connections are preferred in NZ because there is:
Deck Support Plate
M24 bolts
Stiffener
Clear - faster construction speed
Slotted holes
in web
gap The end-plate is welded to the end of the beam in the fabrication shop, and
Centre bolt (M30) between
beam
(i) Beam End Welds
ends Full penetration SP butt welds are required for the beam end connection to the
Brace
4


(i) Beam End Welds


Combine Eq

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Combine Eq

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ENCI425 – Steel Structures EARTHQUAKE DESIGN

E.g. Performance Based Earthquake Engineering (E.g. Paulay, 1970s)

Provide: To prevent: During Earthquakes causing:

EARTHQUAKE DESIGN EARTHQUAKE DESIGN 4

2.2 Design Philosophy 2.3 Analysis for Design - Assignment

Problem 1: Seismic Structural Analysis of a Steel Frame Building using Sap2000

Scope of assignment: Structural analyses using Sap2000

Dynamic: Force / Response Spectra, or Mass = weight / g

Horizontal mass on seismic frame Vertical mass on seismic frame

b) ASSIGN DEAD AND LATERAL LOADS

0.1 0.1 0.45 kip/in

Analyze Analyze Analyzed Analyze Analyze

2.4 Material Behaviour 2.4 Material Behaviour

(Wakabayashi M., Design of Earthquake Resistant Buildings, McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-067764-6)

2.5 Member Behaviour 2.5 Member Behaviour

2.5 Member Behaviour 2.5 Member Behaviour

2.5 Member Behaviour 2.5 Member Behaviour

2.5 Member Behaviour 2.5 Member Behaviour

Mp,composite beam = 1.4 Mp,steel beam Axial and Flexural

(e) - (g)  (e)

(i) Moment Diagram at Different Displacements EARTHQUAKE

Mp - (g) (d) (h) pos

Diagram at Different Displacements EARTHQUAKE

F (e) (ii) Moment

(i) Force-Displacement Curve

(f) F=0 M= (Mp+ Mpos)

(f) (ii) Moment Diagram atwLVarious

(a) Beams F Mp M col

F=0 (h) Displacements

2.5 Member Behaviour 2.5 Member Behaviour

As the load moves back and forward the displacements increase.

2.5 Member Behaviour 2.5 Member Behaviour

p 0.08  0.0357

2.5 Member Behaviour 2.5 Member Behaviour

EARTHQUAKE DESIGN  1.6M sp

2.5 Member Behaviour 2.5 Member Behaviour

2.5 Member Behaviour 2.5 Member Behaviour

2.5 Member Behaviour 2.5 Member Behaviour Wakabayashi

These effects lead to large permanent

2.5 Member Behaviour 2.5 Member Behaviour

Note: The test configuration used here minimizes P-delta effects

2.5 Member Behaviour 2.5 Member Behaviour

2.5 Member Behaviour 2.5 Member Behaviour

2.5 Member Behaviour 2.5 Member Behaviour

2.5 Member Behaviour 2.5 Member Behaviour

the End of a Column (a) Column

(b) First order moments

(d) Total Moments

2.5 Member Behaviour 2.5 Member Behaviour

These carry tension but no compression. Impact forces result.

2.5 Member Behaviour 2.5 Member Behaviour

2.5 Member Behaviour 2.5 Member Behaviour

steel core carries the Casing

(ii) Other types

Friction Braces (e.g. Pall and Marsh)

2.5 Member Behaviour 2.5 Member Behaviour

(ii) Other types

Bolted end plate connections are preferred in NZ because there is:

(i) Beam End Welds

Welded: Bolted End Plate (BEP):

T4_L13 – Earthquake 7 - faster construction speed

(i) Beam End Welds