CROPOCGH BAAJ RD^ARP

^DEIOE@DRGGE KGTM @GE OEPDR^RDPGSO

COPRG

@isusue Ahdm

Fgjfur L ^ged

3797737>70

^DE@O@OJGE IDAIRGLO

LGJTHPGS OHFT SASOGH

TEO\DRSOPGS EDIDRO

FD@GE 2>79

7
 Jgtg ^deigetgr 

mg`irgt Pumge _gei Fgmg Dsg ygei tdhgm fdfbdrijgergmfgt `ge jgrueig ygei `ihifpgmjge-Eyg jdpg`g pdeuhis, sdmieiig `g
`ghgm ‘Criticgh Baaj Rdpart‖.Pujuge sgyg fdfbugt tuigs iei ygei utgfg uetuj fdfdeumi tuigs `gri `asde pdfbifbiei sgyg `ghgf fgtg juhigm ^
gt bdrbgigi jdsghgmge `ge jdjurgeige `ghgf
cg, pdeuhis fdfamae fggl sdbdsgr-bdsgreyg gtgs jardjsi-jardjsi ygei tdhgm `ihgjujge. Mgh tdrsdbut sdfgtg-fgtg gigr fdejg`i sugtu d

tuigs iei `gpgt fdfbdrijge fgelggt bdrupg ihfu

e bgii pgrg pdfbgcg.

Fd`ge, Gprih 2>79

Fgjfur L pged

2
 @gltgr Osi

Jgtg 2
pdeigetgr..................................................................................................
@gltgr isi........................................................................................................... 3

Bgb O ^de`gmuhuge............................................................................................ 0

G. Oelarfgsi 0
Bibhiairgli............................................................................
Bgb OO ^dfbgmgsge Sdcgrg Tfuf Buju.......................................................... 4

G. Sieapsis Buju .............................................................................................. 4

B. Jdhdbimge `ge jdhdfgmge 73
buju............................................................
Bgb OOO ^deutup................................................................................................. 70

G . 70
B B.
J d s i f p u hg e . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sg r g e .. .. .. . .. .. ....... .. ....... .. ......... ......... .. ....... .. ....... .. ....... ..
. ..
...... . ..................
@gltgr 74
^ustgjg...................................................................................................
 Bgb O

^de`gmuhuge

Oelarfgsi Bhibhiairgli

 Buju 7

Ku`uh ; rdfatd sdesiei ge` ietdrprdtgtiae

^deuhis ;
^dedrbit ;

Pgmue tdrbit ;

Jatg P drbit Cdtgjge ;

;
OSBE ;

 Buju 2

Ku`uh ; ^deiie`drgge Kgum uetuj Idairgli

^deuhis ; r. ius S urygeta

@ G

^dedrbit ; p dedrbit a fbgj  

Jatg Pdrbit ; y aiygjgrtg

Pgmue tdrbit ; 2>73

Trutge cdtgjge ; pdrtgfg

OSBE ; 99=-<>2-9400-==-=

0
 Bgb OO

^dfbgmgsge Sdcgrg Tfuf Buju

G. Sieapsis buju
7. Buju pdrtgfg

^deiie`drgge jgum g`ghgm ihfu `ge sdei uetuj fdfpdrahdm ielarfgsi tdetgei
sugtu abjdj, grdg, gtgu ldeafdeg fdhghui geghisis `gtg ygei `ipdrahdm ahdm pdrgeijgt ygei
ti`gj 
 bdrsdetumge `deige abjdj, grdg, gtgu ldeafdeg ygei sd`gei `isdhi`iji. Sggt fdfbgcg jgtg-jgtg
iei, fdeiiuegjge pdeiie`drgge jgum gjge bdrtie`gj sdbgigi sdesar ygei fdrdspaes cgmgyg ygei
`ipgetuhjge `gri mghgfge iei. "@gtg" ygei `ipdrahdm g`ghgm ifpuhs ygei sdsugi `deige jufhgm
cgmgyg ygei `ipgetuhjge `gri grdg idhgp `ge tdrgei pg`g mghgfge. @gtg-`gtg iei `igeghisis, gtgu
`itglsirjge, `i jafputdr uetuj fdfueijiejge fdejdhgsjge grdg idhgp pg`g mghgfge sdbgigi
jufpuhge murul ygei fdfbdetuj jgtg-jgtg. @i hugr iei, fdeideghi bgmwg jgtg-jgtg
itu fdfbdetuj jghifgt, `ge fdeglsirjge ielarfgsi ygei `isgfpgijge ahdm jghifgt itu. sghgm
sgtu
 bdetuj pdeiie`drgge jgum ygei pghiei ufuf, sdrbgiueg, `ge djaeafis g`ghgm lata
u`grg. Sdcgrg mistaris, sdbgiige bdsgr latairgli u`grg bdrbgsis lihf. Egfue, `ghgf bdbdrgpg
tgmue tdrgjmir, latairgli `iiitgh tdhgm fdejg`i bdetuj pghiei `afiege `gri citrg latairgli ygei
bgru
`ijufpuhjge. @ghgf buju iei jdtijg jitg fdeiiuegjge istihgm "latairgli u`grg", jitg fdeigcu
 pg`g latairgli u`grg lihf `ge `iiitgh.
Latairgfdtri g`ghgm ihfu `ge tdjeahaii uetuj fdfpdrahdm pdeiujurge spgsigh `ge

 pra`uj turuege idafdtris hgieeyg ygei `gpgt `ige`ghjge `gri lata. Sdcgrg mistaris, geghisis
latairgfdtri fdhibgtjge pdeiiuegge pra`uj latairgli mgr`capy sdpdrti cdtgjge jdrtgs gtgu
trgespgrgesi lihf. Sggt iei, sdbgiige bdsgr prasd`ur latairgfdtri fdhibgtjge pdeiiuegge
pra`uj 
`gtg `iiitgh, gtgu saltcapy. Egfue, sdbgiige bdsgr lata `iiitgh ygei `iiuegjge `ghgf gphijgsi
latairgfdtri fa`dre `gtgei hgeisuei `gri jgfdrg `iiitgh. pdfrasdsge latairgfdtri `gtg jgfdrg
`iiitgh sdriei `ihgjujge `ghgf pdedrbgeige sdmieiig `iiitgh artmapmatas, `iiitgh fa`dh dhdvgsi
4
(@DF), `ge pra`uj `gtg IOS hgieeyg tdrsd`ig sdidrg sdtdhgm, gtgu bgmjge sdhgfg, fisi latairgli
u`grg. Sdfdetgrg jgrgjtdr lisij mgr`capy `ge lata `iiitgh sgeigt bdrbd`g, priesip-priesip `gsgr 
idafdtris ygei `iiuegjge uetuj fdeigeghisiseyg sdcgrg latairgfdtri i`detij. @ghgf mgh iei

4
`ijdhgsjge mgeyg fdfpdrjdeghjge gspdj pghiei `gsgr `gri subjdj latairgfdtri ygei
hugs. (^drhgjuge ygei hdbim jafprdmdesil `ge tdrpdrieci `gri subjdj latairgfdtri tdrsd`ig
`ghgf rdldrdesi sdpdrti GS^RS, 2>>0: Fijmgih dt gh., 2>>7: `ge Yahl dt gh., 2>73.) Jgfi
fdfbgtgsi
`isjusi jgfi `deige latairgfdtri bdrijut jdiigtge. sdfdetgrg itu `gpgt `ijdhgsjge sdcgrg sieijgt
citrg fuhtispdjtrgh, ygei tdr`iri `gri `gtg igfbgr ygei `ipdrahdm sdcgrg sdhdjtil `ghgf bdbdrgpg
 pitg spdjtrgh. Sistdf jgfdrg bdrbgsis lihf, `iiitgh, `ge vi`da `gpgt `igeiigp sdbgigi
sdesar  fuhtispdjtrgh sd`drmgeg, jgrdeg fdrdjg `gpgt `iiuegjge uetuj fdfpdrahdm citrg `ghgf
tiig gtgu dfpgt pitg pgejgei idhafbgei fuhgi `gri >,3 mieiig >,9 ff. iestrufde ygei `ijdegh
sdbgigi
 pdfie`gi fuhtispdjtrgh. Oestrufde-iestrufde iei `gpgt `irgecgei uetuj fdeiufpuhjge `gtg
`ghgf hdbim bgeygj bge` spdjtrgh `ge pg`g rdetgei dhdjtrafgiedtij ygei hdbim hugs spdjtruf.
Fdfgelggtjge bdrbgigi jdeis `dtdjtar dhdjtraeij, pdfie`gi fuhtispdjtrgh
`gpgt fdfpdrhugs jgeijguge pdeiie`drgge `gri >,3 mieiig sdjitgr 70 ff. (Oei tdrfgsuj
`gdrgm spdjtrgh T\, tdrhimgt, `djgt-OR, pdrtdeigmge-OR, `ge tdrfgh-OR.) Sdhgejuteyg, sistdf
pdfie`gi

fuhtispdjtrgh `gpgt fdrgsgjge `ghgf pitg ygei sgeigt sdfpit. igfbgr pdfie`gi fuhtispdjtrgh
`ipdrahdm sdcgrg lisij, ygei fdecgjup sistdf pdfie`gige hietgs trdj `ge jdjgj. Jgfi fdfdrijsg
 prasds `gsgr, priesip apdrgsi, `ge jgrgjtdristij idafdtris `gri sistdf iei. Sdtdhgm pdrgwgtge
 pdfie`gige fuhtispdjtrgh, jgfi fdfbgmgs igfbgr tdrfgh. Igfbgr tdrfgh `gpgt `igeiigp
mgeyg sdbgigi jdeis citrg fuhtispdjtrgh tdrtdetu ygei tdr`iri `gri `gtg ygei `ipdrahdm mgeyg pg`g
bgiige tdrfgh `gri spdjtruf (`ghgf sgtu gtgu hdbim pitg). Egfue, igfbgr tdrfgh mgrus
`itglsirjge
`deige fdfpdrmgtijge priesip-priesip rg`igsi tdrfgh `gsgr ygei tdrhibgt.
^deiie`drgge jgum `gri rugei geijgsg sggt iei fdrupgjge jdiigtge sdmgri-mgri `i sdhurum
`ueig, ygei su`gm `ijdegh, ygei fdfihiji bgeygj gphijgsi `i bi`gei sgies, pdfdrietgmge, `ge
ie`ustri swgstg. Gphijgsi iei bdrjisgr `gri pdfgetguge sufbdr `gyg ihabgh mieiig
jdiigtge sdpdrti pdrdecgegge pdeiiuegge hgmge, pdeidfbgeige rdgh dstgt, rdspaes bdecgeg
ghgf, `ge egviigsi jde`grgge. Bgeygj tdjeahaii pdeiie`drgge jgrgj jgum sgtdhit ygei
g`g sggt iei
`imgsihjge sdcgrg hgeisuei gtgu ti`gj hgeisuei `gri prairgf Hge`sgt, ygei `ifuhgi pg`g tgmue
79<9 sdbgigi prairgf Sgtdhit Pdjeahaii Sufbdr @gyg Bufi (DRPS) sdbdhuf `iigeti egfgeyg.
<
^rairgf Hge`sgt g`ghgm jdiigtge pdedhitige `ge pdeidfbgeige sipih larfgh pdrtgfg bdrtujuge
fdeiiuegjge sgtdhit uetuj fdfgetgu sufbdr `gyg hgmge sdcgrg ihabgh. ^rairgf iei `ihgjujge
ahdm EGSG bdjdrjg sgfg `deige @dpgrtdfde @ghgf Edidri G.S. Hge`sgt-7 `ihuecurjge pg`g

tgmue 7992 `ge prairgf bdrhgejut mgri iei, `deige sgtdhit ygei pghiei bgru `ihuecurjge `ghgf

<
sdri Hge`sgt g`ghgm Hge`sgt-= (`ihuecurjge pg`g 2>73). Sghgm sgtu lgjtar utgfg
ygei fdfativgsi pdfbdetujge prairgf Hge`sgt g`ghgm pdeidfbgeige gwgh `ge jdbdrmgsihge
sgtdhit fdtdarahaii. @ifuhgi `deige Pdhdvisi `ge Sgtdhit Absdrvgsi Oelrg fdrgm pdrtgfg
(PORAS-7)
 pg`g tgmue 79<>, sgtdhit cugcg gwgh fdeimgsihjge pge`geige ygei gigj jgsgr tdetgei pahg gwge
`ge igfbgr ygei mgfpir ti`gj jdhgs `gri pdrfujgge bufi.
 Egfue, bi`gei sgtdhit fdtdarahaii bdrjdfbgei `deige cdpgt, `ge pdeydfpuregge sdesar 
`ge pdeieijgtge tdjeij pdfrasdsge `gtg fdeimgsihjge igfbgr ygei hdbim bdrbd`g `gri litur 
gtfasldr `ge tdrdstrigh. Fdhimgt fdhghui, ti`gj mgeyg pg`g, gtfasldr bufi tdhgm
fdejg`i fueijie. Kuig fdfpdrjugt igigsge bgmwg pdecitrgge sistdfgtis pdrfujgge bufi
`gri rugei geijgsg fdfihiji eihgi patdesigh ygei bdsgr `ghgf bdrbgigi gphijgsi ihfigm `ge
prgjtis g`ghgm lata-lata ygei `igfbih ahdm gstraeat sdhgfg prairgf hugr geijgsg tgmue 79<>-
ge; Fdrjurius, Idfiei, `ge Gpahha. Sdfgjie bgeygj ielarfgsi hieijueige `ge sufbdr `gyg
ygei bdrmgrig
`ipdrahdm `gri sdesar ygei bdrapdrgsi `i bgiige idhafbgei fijra `gri
spdjtruf

dhdjtrafgiedtij. @ghgf jaetdjs sdesar ygei tdhgm jitg bgmgs sdjgum iei, idhafbgei fijra sgfg
sdjghi bujge "fijra". _gitu, bgiige idhafbgei fijra `gri spdjtruf fdecgjup
pgejgei
idhafbgei `ghgf jisgrge pdrjirgge 7 ff sgfpgi 7 f. @deige `dfijige, idhafbgei fijra
tdrpgejgei sdjitgr 2.4>>.>>> jghi hdbim hgfg `gri idhafbgei cgmgyg tdrpde`dj! G`g `ug litur 
jmgs ygei fdecirijge dedrii idhafbgei fijra `gri su`ut pge`gei pdeiie`drgge jgum;
g. Idhafbgei fijra fgfpu fdedfbus gtfasldr `ghgf mgfpir sdfug jae`isi. Pdrigetuei
 pg`g pgejgei idhafbgei ygei tdrhibgt, dedrii idhafbgei fijra `gpgt "fdhimgt
fdedfbus" jgbut, mujge rieige `ge sghju, gwge, `ge gsgp.
 b. Rdlhdjsi idhafbgei fijra gtgu dfisi `gri bgmge-bgmge bufi ti`gj fdfihiji
mubueige hgeisuei `deige rdjge-rdjge fdrdjg `i bgiige spdjtruf ygei tdrhimgt
gtgu tdrfgh. Fisgheyg, pdrfujgge ygei tgfpgj "jgsgr" `i bgiige spdjtruf ygei
tdrhimgt fueijie "mghus" sdpdrti ygei tdrhimgt ahdm idhafbgei fijra. Sdcgrg ufuf,
rdspaes idhafbgei fijra fdfbdri jitg "pge`geige" ygei sgeigt bdrbd`g tdetgei
hieijueige ygei jgum `gri
 pge`geige ygei `ighgfi ahdm pdeiie`drgge cgmgyg gtgu pgegs.

9
 Geghisis igfbgr `iiitgh fdeigcu pg`g fgeipuhgsi igfbgr `iiitgh `deige
bgetuge jafputdr. Oei bisg bdrjisgr `gri sdargei latairgldr gfgtir fdeiiuegjge pdrgeijgt
huegj ygei

tdrsd`ig sdcgrg bdbgs uetuj fdeydsugijge jaetrgs `ge jdcdrgmge igfbgr `gri jgfdrg `iiitgheyg

9
jd tif ihfuwge ygei fdeiiuegjge jhgsilijgsi jgrieige sgrgl uetuj fdfdtgjge jdeis fiedrgh
`ghgf igfbgr mypdrspdctrgh `i u`grg. Bgeygj `gri tdjeij iei `gpgt `itdrgpjge sdcgrg hugs uetuj 
 bdrbgigi jdeis `gtg pdeiie`drgge jgum. Jgfi jdfu`ige fdhgejutjge uetuj fdecgjup tdjeij 
ygei hdbim fgju `ge jmusus. ^deieijgtge, pdfrasdsge, `ge geghisis igfbgr `iiitgh tdr`iri `gri
subjdj ygei sgeigt hugs, sdrieijghi fdhibgtjge prasd`ur ygei bisg rufit sdcgrg fgtdfgtis. Tetuj 
sdbgiige bdsgr tapij `ghgf bgb iei, jgfi lajus pg`g jaesdp `ge priesip ygei tdrhibgt, tgepg
fdeiighi tdrhghu `ghgf jd `ghgf fgtdfgtijg `ge ghiaritfg ygei `iiuegjge
uetuj  fdeiifphdfdetgsijge fdta`d geghisis `iiitgh iei. ^deiiuegge jafputdr uetuj
pdfrasdsge `ge geghisis `iiitgh `ifuhgi pg`g 79<>-ge `deige stu`i gwgh `gtg pdfie`gi
fuhtispdjtrgh u`grg `ge lata u`grg `iiitgh. Egfue, ti`gj sgfpgi pdhuecurge Hge`sgt-7 pg`g
tgmue 7992 bgmwg `gtg igfbgr `iiitgh fdejg`i tdrsd`ig sdcgrg hugs uetuj gphijgsi pdeiie`drgge
jgum `grgt. ^g`g sggt itu, ti`gj mgeyg tdari `ge prgjtij pdfrasdsge igfbgr `iiitgh pg`g fgsg
pdrtufbumgeeyg, tdtgpi juig
 bigyg jafputdr `iiitgh sgeigt tieiii, `ge jafputgsi fdrdjg dlisidesi sgeigt rde`gm fdeurut

stge`gr fa`dre. Sggt iei, gjsds jd pdrgeijgt jdrgs `ge pdrgeijgt huegj jafputdr ygei furgm
`ge dliside g`ghgm mgh bigsg, `ge sufbdr `gtg igfbgr `iiitgh bgeygj `ge bdrgigf. Sufbdr-
sufbdr iei bdrjisgr `gri sistdf sgtdhit sufbdr `gyg bufi jafdrsigh `ge pdfdrietgm, jd sgtdhit
fdtdarahaii, jd `gtg pdfie`gi u`grg, jd `gtg jgfdrg `iiitgh u`grg, jd `gtg igfbgr
ygei
`imgsihjge ahdm pdfie`gi latairgfdtri `ge sistdf `iiitghisgsi rdsahusi tieiii hgieeyg. Sdfug
 bdetuj `gtg iei `gpgt `iprasds `ge `igeghisis fdeiiuegjge tdjeij ygei `ijdhgsjge `ghgf bgb iei.
egfue Sdjgj 7=4=, jdtijg lata u`grg pdrtgfg `igfbih ahdm bghae ^rgecis
Eg`gr,
tdjeahaii uetuj fdfpdrahdm `ge fdfprasds citrg pdeiie`drgge jgum tdhgm bdrjdfbgei pdsgt.
Gjge g`g sd`ijit iesdetil uetuj pdeidfbgeige tdjeahaii iei, egfue, pdeiie`drgge jgum tdtgp
furei sdbugm jdieiietgmuge ietdhdjtugh. ^dedrgpge citrg pdeiie`drgge jgum `i bgeygj bi`gei
ihfigm, djaeafi, `ge jdiigtge sasigh tdhgm fdfbdrijge jdjugtge pde`araei ygei fdeigrgm
 pg`g pdeidfbgeige bdrgigf sdesar ygei jitg fihiji sggt iei, `gri jgfdrg `iiitgh rdsahusi tieiii
mieiig sistdf fuhtispdjtrgh, mipdrspdjtrgh, `ge pdecitrgge tdrfgh `ge sistdf rg`gr `ge hi`gr.
Bi`gei gjtivitgs fgeusig `i fgeg pdeiie`drgge jgum fueijie `iiuegjge mgfpir ti`gj tdrbgtgs.
@ghgf buju iei, jgfi lajus pg`g gphijgsi sipih `gri pdeiie`drgge jgum, fdsjipue
bgeygj  jdfgjuge `ghgf pdeiie`drgge jgum tdhgm `i`araei ahdm pdedhitige fihitdr. Bgij itu
=
fdhibgtjge
 pdrdecgeg jatg ygei fdeiiuegjge `gtg hi`gr uetuj fdfbgeiue fa`dh jatg 3@, gmhi

djahaii ygei fdeiiuegjge citrg sgtdhit rdsahusi tieiii uetuj fdfdtgjge tieijgt tgegfge ievgsil

`i hgmge

=
  bgsgm, gtgu pdrusgmgge pdrtgfbgeige ygei fdeiiuegjge citrg mipdrspdjtrgh uetuj
fdecgri fiedrgh ygei bdreihgi djaeafis, sdfug gphijgsi iei fdeiijuti prasds ufuf ygei
sgfg; @gtg
 pdeiie`drgge jgum `iubgm fdejg`i ielarfgsi ygei bdriueg, fdhghui jafbiegsi
ietdrprdtgsi igfbgr visugh `ge / gtgu geghisis jugetitgtil. @ghgf prasds iei, pdetieieyg
jdgmhige bi`gei subjdj ti`gj `gpgt `itdjgejge tdrhghu tieiii sdbgigi prgsygrgt ygei `ipdrhujge
uetuj ietdrprdtgsi litur ygei gjurgt `ge bdrwgwgsge `ghgf igfbgr.

2. Buju jd`ug
^deiie`drgge jgum bdrgsgh `gri jgtg rdfatd sdesiei fdfihiji pdridrtige
bgmwg
 pdeiie`drgge jgum fdrupgjge sugtu ihfu `ge sdei uetuj fdfpdrahdm `gtg `ge ielarfgsie`gri
sugtu abjdj `i pdrfujgge bufi `deige fdeiiuegjge ghgt ygei ti`gj bdrmubueige hgeisuei
`deige abjdj ygei `ijgjieyg. Kg`i pdeiie`drgge jgum g`ghgm ihfu `ge sdei uetuj fdeiie`drg,

fdeigeghisis pdrfujgge bufi `gri jgrgj ygei jgum., `ifgeg pdrdjgfgeeyg `ihgjujge `i u`grg
gtgu geijgsg `deige fdeiiuegjge ghgt `ge wgmgeg. Ghgt ygei `ifgjsu` g`ghgm pdrdjgf ygei
ti`gj bdrmubueige hgeisuei `deige abjdj ygei `ijgjieyg tdtgpi pdrdjgfge `ihgjujge
`i geijgsg. Sd`geijge `gtg ygei fdrupgjge mgsih pdrdjgfge ghgt fgsim fdrupgjge `gtg
fdetgm ygei pdrhu `igeghisis. Jafpaede `gsgr `gri sistdf pdeiie`drgge jgum g`ghgm tgridt,
sufbdr  dedrii, ghur tirgesfisi, `ge sdesar. Jafpaede `ghgf sistdf iei bdjdrjg sgfg uetuj
fdeiujur 
`ge fdecgtgt ielarfgsi fdeidegi tgridt tgepg fdeydetum abjdj tdrsdbut. ^g`g
`gsgreyg tdjeahaii pdfatrdtge u`grg `ge pdeiie`drgge jgum g`ghgm sugtu tdjeahaii
ygei fdrdjgf ietdrgjsi siegr/bdrjgs cgmgy ygei bdrgsgh `gri siegr fgtgmgri `gri
bde`g/abjdj `i pdrfujgge
 bufi `itgeijgp ahdm sdesar `ge tigp abjdj fdfbdrijge eihgi pgetuh ygei bdrbd`g sdsugi `deige
silgteyg. ^drdjgfge abjdj `gpgt `ihgjujg, jgrdeg tdegig `ghgf bdetuj tdegig dhdjtrafgiedtij 
ygei `ipgecgrjge ahdm fgtgmgri jd sdighg grgm tdrutgfg jd pdrfujgge bufi, tdegig tdrsdbut
`ipgetuhjge `ge `ipgecgrjge ahdm pdrfujgge bufi. Pdegig pgetuhge `ge pgecgrge tdrsdbut
`irdjgf ahdm ghgt ygei `isifpge ahdm wgmgeg. Jgrdeg itu uetuj fdfpdrahdm `gtg pdeiie`drgge
 jgum tdrsdbut `ipdrhujge jafpaede jafpaede pdeiie`drgge jgum `igetgrgeyg tdegig, abjdj,

9
sdesar, `dtdjtar, `ge wgmgeg. @gtg mgsih pdrdjgfge tdrsdbut fdeimgsihjge 2 jdeis `gtg ygitu ;
`gtg visugh, `ge `gtg citrg.

9
7. @gtg visugh fdrupgjge igfbgr `gri abjdj ygei `irdjgf ygei `isdbut `deige citrg.
^g`g ufufeyg ig `iiuegjge bihg rg`igsi dhdjtrafgiedtij ygei `ipgecgrjge gtgu
`ipgetuhjge ahdm sugtu abjdj ti`gj hgeisuei `irdjgf pg`g lihf. Kg`i citrg g`ghgm igfbgrge
abjdj ygei `irdjgf gjibgt g`geyg ietdrgjsi tdegig dhdjtrafgiedtij ygei `ipgetuhjge `ge
`ipgecgrjge abjdj ygei
`irdjgf `dtdjtar pg`g ghgt.
2. @gtg citrg, `gtg ygei fdfpueygi jdpdjgge `ge jgrgjtdristij ygeib bdrbd`g, fgjg tigp
abjdj  gjge fdfgetuhjge gtgu fdfgecgrjge tdegig dhdjtrafgiedtij fdfbdetuj
jgrgjtdristij ygei
 bdrbd`g, juig `ghgf ietdrgjsieyg getgrg tdegig `ge abjdj `ipdeigrumi ahdm jae`isi
gtfasldrij.

Sdfdetgrg itu ietdrprdtgsi citrg g`ghgm `gtg ygei `ipdrahdm fdhghui pdrdjgfge tdegig
dhdjtrafgiedtij ygei `ipgetuhjge gtgu `ipgecgrjge abjdj bdr`gsgrjge sistdf pdeiie`drgge
jgum, fgjg mgsiheyg `isdbut `deige `gtg pdeiie`drgge jgum. @gtg pdeiie`drgge jgum tdrsdbut
`gpgt

 bdrupg `gtg visugh `ge `gtg citrg. @ghgf ietdrprdtgsi fgjg ietdrprdtdr citrg fdhgjujge bdbdrgpg
 pdeghgrge `deige tgmgpge
g. @dtdjsi
 b. O`detilijgsi
c. Jhgsilijgsi
`. Fdeihgi
Silgt `ge jgrgjtdristij abjdj ygei g`g `i pdrfujgge bufi ygei tdrigfbgr pg`g citrg fdfihiji
 bdetujge ygei sgfg, sd`geijge ujurge abjdj ygei tdrigfbgr bdrbd`g. Sdfdetgrg itu
 pdrjdfbgeige ihfu pdeidtgmuge `ge tdjeahaii fdfbdrijge pdeigrum tdrmg`gp pdrjdfbgeige
`ghgf pdeiie`drgge jgum sdrtg idairgli. ^drjdfbgeige iei fdfbdrijge `gtg `ge ielarfgsi
tdetgei pdrfujgge bufi. ^g`g sufbdr tdegig ygei `imgsihjge sistdf pdeiie`drgge jgum `gpgt
`ijhgsilijgsijge fdejg`i 2 ygitu
7. Sistdf pgsil, `deige sufbdr tdegig bdrgsgh `gri fgtgmgri
2. Sistdf gjtil, `deige sufbdr tdegig bugtge

7>
 ^g`g geghisis `gtg pdeiie`drgge jgum sdcgrg fgeugh, cgrg pdrahdmge `gtgeyg
ygjei fdhgjujge rdjgfge/pdfatrdtge abjdj `i fujg bufi `deige fdeiiuegjge jgfdrg `ge
fd`ig ygei fdeiiuegjge lihf, sdmieiig mgsih pdrdjgfge ygei `ipdrahdm bdrupg lata u`grg.
@ghgf ietdrprdtgsi lata u`grg `ihgjujge `deige fde`gsgrjge tdjeij ietdrprdtgsi lata u`grg
ygitu
7. Raeg gtgu wgreg
Pieijgt jdidhgpge gtgu jdcgrgmge gtgs tieijgt jdcdrgmge abjdj ygei tdrdjgf pg`g lata u`grg
2. Bdetuj  
\grigbdh ygei pdetiei fdfbdrijge jaeliiurgsi gtgu jdrgeijg sugtu abjdj sdriei hgeisuei
`iigfbgrjge gtgu `ieygtgjge `ghgf bdetuj buhgt, sdii dfpgt, sdiitiig `ge sdbgigieyg.
3. Tjurge
Gtribut abjdj pg`g lata u`grg ygei getgrg hgie bdrupg jgrgj, hugs, jdfirieige, isi `ge tieiii
abjdj.
0. Pdjstur  

Lrdjudesi pdrubgmge raeg pg`g lata u`grg, gtgu pdeiuhgeige raeg jdhafpaj abjdj ygei
tdrhghu jdcih uetuj `ibd`gjge sdcgrg ie`ivi`ugh.
4. ^ahg
Ciri ygei fdege`gi bgii bgeygj abjdj bdetujge fgeusig `ge bgii bdbdrgpg abjdj ghgfigm
hgieeyg.
<. Bgygeige
Bgygeige bdrsilgt fdeydfbueyijge `dtgih gtgu abjdj ygei g`g `i `gdrgm ygei idhgp
9. Situs
Situs bujge fdrupgjge ciri abjdj, fdhgiejge `ghgf jgitge `deige hieijueige sdjitgreyg,
gtgu bisg `isdbut bgmwg situs g`ghgm abjdj tdrmg`gp bdetgei `grgt gtgu hdtgj abjdj tdrmg`gp
abjdj hgie `i sdjitgreyg.
=. Gsasigsi
Jdtdrjgitge getgrg abjdj ygei sgtu `deige abjdj ygei hgieeyg.

77
Hghu `ghgf lata u`grg `gpgt `ibd`gjge gtgs jdpdjgge lihfeyg tdr`iri `gri
7. Lata uhtrgviahdt
Kufhgm tdegig dhdjtrafgiedtij ygei `ipgecgrjge `gri fgtgmri tdrmgfbgt pg`g gtfasldr.
@gri jdsdhurumge tdegig fgtgmgri ygei sgfpgi jd pdrfujgge bufi, spdjtruf uhtrgviahdteyg
mgeyg bdrjisgr 7> % eyg sgjg. Hgieeyg sdbsgr 4> % bdrupg spdjtruf tgfpgj `ge 0>%
hgieeyg tdrpdecgr pg`g bdrbgigi jde`dhg gtfasldr.
2. Lata artajrafgtij 
@ibugt `deige lihf artajrafgtij ygei pdjg tdrmg`gp pgejgei idhafbgei >,0 ff – >,4<
ff. Jdpdjggeeyg bdrbd`g `deige lihf pgejrafgtij `ge lihf ielrgfdrgm.
^drubgmge jdpdjgge iei sgeigt fdeiuetueijge jgrdeg uetuj jdeis abjdj tdrtdetu hdbim
`gpgt `ijdeghi
`deige lata ygei fdeiiuegjge pgejgei idhafbgei iei.
3. Lata pgejrafgtij mitgf putim
Lata ygei `ibugt `deige fdeiiuegjge spdjtruf tgfpgj `deige pgejgei idhafbgei getgrg

>,0 ff – >,9 ff. Jdueiiuhgeeyg tdrhimgt pg`g jdsge raeg ygei tdrhimgt sgfg `deige jdsge
fgtg fdfge`gei, rdsahusi spgsigheyg mghus, stgbihitgs `ifdesiaegheyg cujup tieiii, jdeis
lihf iei tdhgm hgfg `ijdfbgeijge sdmieiig argei tdhgm tdrbigsg fdeiiuegjgeeyg.
0. Lata ielrfdrgm
^g`g `gsgreyg lata ielrg fdrgm `ibugt fdeiiuegjge spdjtruf ielrgfdrgm `djgt mieiig
 pgejgei idhafbgei >,9 ff – 7,2 ff `ifgeg fdfpueygi jdueiiuhge ygitu silgt
 pgetuhgeeyg sgeigt jmgs bgii abjdj vdidtgsi, `gyg tdfbuseyg ygei sgeigt bdsgr
tdrmg`gp jgbut tipis, `gyg sdrgp ygei hdbim bdsgr tdrmg`gp gir, jdpdjgge lih ielrgfdrgm
ygei fdhiputi mieiig sghurge uhtrgviahdt `djgt fdfueijiejge pdeiiueggeyg uetuj
pdrjdfgeg `deige sghurge ielrgfdrgm sgjg.
4. Lata fuhtispdjtrgh
Fdrupgjge jdhugrge pdeiie`drgge jgum spdjtrgh. Lata iei fdeiiuegjge dfpgt jdhafpaj 
spdjtrgh, ygjei pgejgei idhafbgei >,0 ff mieiig 7,7 ff ygei tdr`iri `gri dfpgt
jdhafpaj  sghurge spdjtruf, ygjei
g. Sghurge biru (>,0->,4 ff)
 b. Sghurge mijgu (>,4->,< ff)
c. Sghurge fdrgm (>,<->,9 ff)

`. Sghurge ielrgfdrgm (>,9-7,7 ff)

72
B. Jdhdbimge `ge Jdhdfgmge Buju

su`gm sdsugi

`deige
 pdeidtijgeeyg su`gm
bgius,
pdfbgmgsge
rgpi, pdeidjgge sdtigp  buju sdcgrg
jgtg su`gm bgius, ufuf.
`ge juig
sistdfgtijg buju
tdrsdbut su`gm
sdsugi `ghgf
 pdeyusuegeeyg.
• @ghgf igyg
pdeygfpgige
 buju iei su`gm bgius
`ifgeg sdtigp bgb `ijdhgsjge
`deige
 bgij `ge juig `ihdeijgi `deige
igfbgr ygei
fdeigjurgtjge sdtigp jghifgt
ygei tdr`gpgt `i
sdtigp bgb `i buju iei
Buju jd`ug    Sdfdetgrg pg`g buju jd`ug
 pdeidtijge `ghgf sdtigp
jgtg su`gm
fdfdeumi
jritdrig
`ghgf pdeuhisge ygei bgij `ge
 bdegr,


Igyg pdeygfpgige
`ghgf
 buju iei su`gm bgius
`ge
jughitgs pg`g buju iei
 Buju Jdhdfgmge Jdhdbimge
Buju Egfue
pdrtgfg pg`g ^g`g buju
igyg bgmgsg
   ygei pdrtgfg 

`iiuegjge suhit `ipgmgfi jgrdeg

jg`gei getgrg jgtg ygei sgtu

`deige jgtg hgieeyg ti`gj siejrae gtgu ti`gj
bdrmubueige sdmieiig suhit uetuj `ifdeidrti.

•  Egfue pg`g strujur bgmgsg

`ghgf buju iei jurgei fdegrij  jgrdeg
bgmgsg ygei `iiuegjge suhit uetuj
`igrtijge `ge juig
 pdeyusuege sdtigp jgtg jg`gei ti`gj
bdrmubueige
 BGB OOO
^deutup

G. Jdsifpuhge
^deiie`drgge jgum g`ghgm ihfu `ge sdei uetuj fdfpdrahdm ielarfgsi tdetgei
sugtu abjdj, grdg, gtgu ldeafdeg fdhghui geghisis `gtg ygei `ipdrahdm ahdm pdrgeijgt ygei
ti`gj 
 bdrsdetumge `deige abjdj, grdg, gtgu ldeafdeg ygei sd`gei `isdhi`iji. Sggt fdfbgcg jgtg-jgtg
iei, fdeiiuegjge pdeiie`drgge jgum gjge bdrtie`gj sdbgigi sdesar ygei fdrdspaes cgmgyg ygei
`ipgetuhjge `gri mghgfge iei. "@gtg" ygei `ipdrahdm g`ghgm ifpuhs ygei sdsugi `deige jufhgm
cgmgyg ygei `ipgetuhjge `gri grdg idhgp `ge tdrgei pg`g mghgfge. @gtg-`gtg iei `igeghisis, gtgu
`itglsirjge, `i jafputdr uetuj fdfueijiejge fdejdhgsjge grdg idhgp pg`g mghgfge sdbgigi
jufpuhge murul ygei fdfbdetuj jgtg-jgtg. Sdfdetgrg itu ietdrprdtgsi citrg g`ghgm `gtg ygei

`ipdrahdm fdhghui pdrdjgfge tdegig dhdjtrafgiedtij ygei `ipgetuhjge gtgu `ipgecgrjge abjdj 
 bdr`gsgrjge sistdf pdeiie`drgge jgum, fgjg mgsiheyg `isdbut `deige `gtg pdeiie`drgge
jgum. @gtg pdeiie`drgge jgum tdrsdbut `gpgt bdrupg `gtg visugh `ge `gtg citrg. @ghgf ietdrprdtgsi
fgjg ietdrprdtdr citrg fdhgjujge bdbdrgpg pdeghgrge `deige tgmgpge @dtdjsi, O`detilijgsi,
Jhgsilijgsi, Fdeihgi.

B. Sgrge
sgrge sgyg `ghgf buju pdrtgfg su`gm fdejdhgsjge sdcgrg `dtgih tdetgei gpg
itu
 pdeiie`drgge jgum `ge bdrbgigi jdeiseyg ygei `itgfbgmjge hgii `deige pde`gpgt pgrg
gmhi sdmieiig hdbim fdeigjurgtjge `ghgf pdfbdetujge jghifgt. pg`g buju pdfbge`iei
sdbgijeyg fdfbgmgs sdcgrg fde`ghgf tdari tdari gtgu pde`gpgt pgrg gmhi tdetgei sdcgrg
hdeijgp gpg itu
 pdeiie`drgge jgum bdsdrtg jafpaede ygei tdr`gpgt `i`ghgfeyg tdrsdbut supgyg gpg ygei
`isgfpgijge gjge hdbim jugt tdrmg`gp isi buju tdrsdbut.

70
 @gltgr ^ustgjg

Gius Surygeta. 2>73. ^deiie`drgge Kgum uetuj Idairgli. _aiygjgrtg. Afbgj 

74