Kuliah 14

Perencanaan berbasis
Sistem Informasi:
Partisipasi Masyarakat
PL 4103 Sistem Informasi Perencanaan
 Can GIS minimize conflicts regarding landuse?
• Basic assumptions:
1) that more information is necessarily better
2) that all participants in the conflict agree on the validity of both the data and
the decision models used within the framework of the GIS
• Two sources of conflict:
1) disagreement on facts (cognitive conflict)
2) disagreement regarding values (interest conflict)

Source: Obermeyer et al. (2008)

 Public Participation GIS (PPGIS)
• PPGIS is a collection of methods and technologies whose main objective is the use of GIS to facilitate
citizens’ participation in decision making processes (Sieber, 2006).
• The integration of
PPGIS on the Web
(Web PPGIS) allows
participation to be
asynchronous and
spatially distributed
• Users can access
information about
the problems being
discussed and to
comment on and
express opinions
about those
problems
Source: Laurini, 2001
 Process in Spatial Planning

Source: Laurini, 2001

 Towards New Tools for Public Participation
in Spatial Planning
• It is important in a modern democracy to offer city-dwellers some tools for, at maximum,
designing their future urban environment or, at minimum, to be fully aware about it.
• Issues in providing tools for public participation in spatial planning:
• Participative plan design: the way of involving citizens in the design of local plans
• Urban plan visualization: the way to present urban plans, not only map statements, but also
written statements. Consider: a lot of people do not understand maps, especially when the
contents bear some prescriptive juridical aspects.
• Opinion collection and synthesis: some people can give their opinions, or different remarks
regarding the proposed plans. What kinds of mechanism to provide for synthesizing those
opinions?
• Information distribution and communication between citizens and the city council: the
Internet can be used as a medium for exchanging information, ideas, maps between all
actors.

Source: Laurini, 2001

Participative plan design

Kingston’s Public Participation Ladder

• Public right to know: the public has only the
possibility to be aware that some planning issue
could be of interest.
• Informing the public: to inform the people but the
people have no possibility to react.
• Public right to object: here the city-dwellers may
say yes or no to a project, but have no possibility to
react or to amend it.
• Public participation in defining interests, actors and
determining agenda
• Public participation in assessing consequences and
recommending solutions
• Public participation in final decision: the decision is
not only made by elected officers (city-councillors
for instance), but each citizen can vote whether or
not to accept the plan.
Source: Laurini, 2001
Participative plan design

Nobre’s Participation Ruler

• ‘to inform’ is the minimal proceeding that one organization must provide to assure any
operation’s success
• ‘to consult’. It means not just ‘to inform’ but also to collect from some representatives’
institutions their opinion, by organizing public inquiries and discussion encounters.
• ‘To discuss’ is somehow accepting ‘to share’ knowledge, but sharing in decisions is
clearly the highest level of community participation.
Source: Laurini, 2001
Participative plan design

PPGIS and tools for Public Participation

• The first level can be defined as
a support for exploration and
communication between the
actors, and more precisely with
the citizens
• The second level should be more
dedicated for enhancing analysis
and deliberation between
actors.

Source: Laurini, 2001

 Slide kuliah 9

IS and Decision-making Process

System
Spatial Decision Support System Architecture

Source: Densham, 1991

Urban plan visualization

Urban Plan Visualization

• Cartographic Visualization
• 6 visual variables (size, lightness, texture, color hue, orientation, shape)
• Animation, other multimedia information
• Animated Visual Simulation
• Virtual Reality
an ideal virtual reality system can give the citizen the impression that he is present both in the
actual and the planned environment

Source: Laurini, 2001

Urban plan visualization

Responsive Workbench
Computer-generated stereoscopic images are projected onto a
horizontal tabletop display surface via a projector-and-mirrors system,
and viewed through shutter glasses to generate the 3D effect
http://www-graphics.stanford.edu/projects/RWB/

Source: Laurini, 2001

Urban plan visualization Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-YxDs5LGGIQ

Towards New Visualization Systems Do we need this?

Opinion Collection

Opinion Collection
• Using hypermap techniques to organize opinions
• Storing annotations can be done geographically, chronologically, by association, by
relevance, especially by using ‘post-it notes’
• Annotation types:
• simple graphical marks (such as lines, circles, dots, etc.)
• video sketching (graphical ‘what if‘)
• textual annotation (flexible, low storage/bandwidth)
• audio annotation (fast, can be awkward)
• video annotation (expressive, compelling, storage/representation concerns

Source: Laurini, 2001

Sumber: materi sosialisasi PP 21/2021, ATR/BPN, 2021
Sumber: materi sosialisasi PP 21/2021, ATR/BPN, 2021
RDTR Interaktif (1)
RDTR Interaktif (2)
Reference
• Obermeyer, Nancy J.; Pinto, Jeffrey K. (2008). Managing Geographic
Information Systems. The Guilford Press
• Chapter 11: Policy Conflicts and The Role of GIS: Public Participation and GIS
• Laurini, Robert. (2001). Information Systems for Urban Planning. CRC
Press.
• Chapter 9: Computer Systems for Public Participation
Terima kasih