Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Department of Electrical Engineering Analogue and Digital Communication
Department of Electrical Engineering Analogue and Digital Communication
TASK
Two integer numbers separated by one of the 4 basic arithmetic operations
(addition,
Subtraction, multiplication and division) will be typed on one keyboard
The message should be wirelessly transmitted to the second computer, which should
transmit automatically the result back to the first computer. If errors are detected at
any point of the transmission, some re-transmission system must be implemented.
The result should be displayed on the screen of the first computer in less than10
seconds after pressing “Enter”.
The distance between headsets shall be 5 cm.
All stages of volume control, e.g. volume control on headset and all internal PC
software control shall be on max level.
The minimum and the maximum values for the numbers involved in the operation
are 0 and
1000.
If the second computer is not able to answer the question (due to
noise/interference),a retransmission should be requested. The same operation will
be re-typed and re-transmitted.
PCM
There are three types of modulation ASK, PSK and FSK.We have chosen ASK modulation
because of its simple circuitry and the medium which is given to us is only 5cm .In ASK the
frequency and phase
are constant and the amplitude is varied by on off keying.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
PC 1 TRANSCEIVER
TRANSMISSION
VOLTAGE ASK
DATA INPUT FORMATTING OF MODULATED
ASSIGNMENT MODULATION
WAVE
WIRELESS MEDIUM
RESULT
PC2 TRANSCEIVER
1. DATA INPUT
2. FORMATTING(BINARY TO ASCII CONVERTER)
3. VOLTAGE ASSIGNMENT
4. ASK MODULATION
5. TRANSMISSION OF MODULATED WAVE
DATA INPUT
The task is to design a calculator so we have to take integers and arithmetic functions as as
input from pc1 and we have task to send this data through wireless medium to another pc
which is mentioned as pc2 .So the first task is to convert data in representable way to
transmit across one pc to another.
BINARY TO ASCII CONVERTION
Our first step to design a wireless calculator is to convert our input into binary data. As we
know in calculator every key represents an ASCII here all the characters are representing a
number. Now we have to convert our data to digital signals so we have to do Encoding for
that purpose. Encoding is the process including arranging a sequence of characters such as
letters,punctuation,numbers and certain other symbols into a specialized format for the
purpose of efficient transmission and storage. For example in Matlab there is function for
this conversion
VOLTAGE ASSIGNMENT
Now we have to assign binary values to data inputs we have techniques like NRZ Coding
.NRZ coding allow us to have 1 for High voltage level and 0 for Low voltage level. The end or
start of a bit will not be indicated and it will maintain the same voltage state, if the value of
the previous bit and the value of the present bit are same.But in our case we simply assign
voltage levels
BINARY NUMBERS
1 5V
0 0V
ASK MODULATION
The next step is ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) in which the amplitude of the carrier is
changed in response to information and all else is kept fixed. An ASK modulated signal was
only allowed when base band signal is kept 1 otherwise it will transmit another stream or
carrier signal at 0. All the other parameters of the carriers are kept constant which include
frequency and phase.The reason why we are chosing ask is because of simple circuitry of
modulation and demodulation and short distance communication.
In above equation value of Vask in case ii is 0 because of amplitude is zero.
As we see in above figures we generate a carrier wave and base band square wave at
positive amplitude it allows carrier wave to transmit but at zero it gives 0 value because the
amplitude of the other carrier wave is 0V as we discussed already in topic of assigning
voltages level to binary numbers.
Data Rate
Bit Interval
Sampling Frequency
Number of samples Per Bit
Carrier Frequency
1. Data Reception
2. Sampling
3. LPF
4. Decision making device (threshold values)
5. FORMATTING(Binary to ASCII conversion)
DATA RECEPTION
After the ASK modulated wave is transmitted the receiver collects the binary pulse train
which is further demodulated filtered and pulse shaped .The ASK has an disadvantage of
getting excessive noise and so the shape of wave distorted so the original signal cannot be
obtained at that point.
DEMODULATION
SAMPLING OF DATA
ASK MODULATED
SIGNAL
THRESHOLD
INTEGRATOR LPF
VALUES
Cos2(πfcT)
Like in this above figure the threshold is about 250 mV so the peak value above threshold
couts as 1 and below 250 mV counts as 0.
end
t1=bp/100:bp/100:100*length(x)*(bp/100);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t1,bit,'lineWidth',2.5);grid on;
axis([ 0 bp*length(x) -.5 1.5]);
ylabel('amplitude(volt)');
xlabel(' time(sec)');
title('Orignal signal to transmit');
A1=10;
A2=5;
br=1/bp;
f=br*10;
t2=bp/99:bp/99:bp;
ss=length(t2);
m=[];
for (i=1:1:length(x))
if (x(i)==1)
y=A1*cos(2*pi*f*t2);
else
y=A2*cos(2*pi*f*t2);
end
m=[m y];
end
t3=bp/99:bp/99:bp*length(x);
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t3,m);
xlabel('time(sec)');
ylabel('amplitude(volt)');
title('ASK Modulation');
mn=[];
for n=ss:ss:length(m)
t=bp/99:bp/99:bp;
y=cos(2*pi*f*t);
mm=y.*m((n-(ss-1)):n);
t4=bp/99:bp/99:bp;
z=trapz(t4,mm)
zz=round((2*z/bp))
if(zz>7.5)
a=1;
else
a=0;
end
mn=[mn a];
end
disp(' Waveform After Demodulation :');
disp(mn);
bit=[];
for n=1:length(mn);
if mn(n)==1;
se=ones(1,100);
else mn(n)==0;
se=zeros(1,100);
end
bit=[bit se];
end
t4=bp/100:bp/100:100*length(mn)*(bp/100);
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(t4,bit,'LineWidth',2.5);grid on;
axis([ 0 bp*length(mn) -.5 1.5]);
ylabel('amplitude(volt)');
xlabel(' time(sec)');
title('Result after Demodulation');
RESULTS
Conclusion
The above technique are the basic approach to sending input wirelessly from one pc to another to
perform task.These steps have to be followed while achieving this task practically like coding on
MATLAB so the approach and parameters will be same .