General Biology 1

Modified Strategic Intervention Materials

Quarter 1 Week 4
General Biology 1
Modified Strategic Intervention Materials
Senior High School – Quarter 1: Week 4: Importance of Cell Cycle
Disorders and Diseases that Result from the
Malfunction of the Cell during the Cell Cycle.

Development Team
Author: Meryrose Flores Dizon
Cover Art Illustrator: Pelvin V. Banal
Reviewer: Paz I. Calas
Editor: Paz I. Canlas
Layout: Gilbert M. Datu

Management Team
Zenia G. Mostoles EdD, CESOV, Schools Division Superintendent
Celia R. Lacanlale PhD, Chief CID
Paz I. Canlas, Education Program Supervisor in Science

Department of Education – Division of Pampanga

Office Address: High School Boulevard, Brgy. Lourdes,
San Fernando City, Pampanga

Landline Number: (045) 435-27-28

Email Address: pampanga@deped.gov.ph
 Title Card
Lesson 10: Mitosis and Meiosis

Guide Card
Introduction
Cell division is the key to life, from the moment we are first conceived, we are
continually changing and growing. In order for our bodies to grow and develop, they must produce new
cells—and allow for the death of old cells. Cell division is also an essential component of injury repair. If
our cells couldn’t divide and create new cells, our bodies could never produce new skin cells to heal road
crashes, or grow a fingernail back. However, when cell division goes irregular, dramatic results may occur.
Without sufficient cellular oversight, repeated rounds of unregulated cell division can lead to a minor
condition like psoriasis or a life-threatening disease like cancer. Cell division occurs by a strict cycle, with
multiple stages and checkpoints to ensure things do not go irregular.

Perhaps most importantly, without cell division, no species would be able to reproduce—life
would simply end (or would have ended a long time ago). Every human, as well as every sexually
reproducing organism, begins life as a fertilized egg (embryo) or zygote. Trillions of cell divisions
subsequently occur in a controlled manner to produce a complex, multicellular human. In other words,
that original single cell is the ancestor of every other cell in the body. Single-celled organisms use cell
division as their method of reproduction

This lesson discusses the significance or applications of two types of cell division which are called
mitosis and meiosis.

Learning Competency
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
Explain the significance or applications of mitosis/meiosis
1. Identify the significance or applications of mitosis/meiosis
2. Synthesize the various significance or applications of mitosis/meiosis in the life of an individual
3. Compare the significance or applications of mitosis/meiosis

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Pre-Test

VOCABULARY TEST
Direction: Choose the word from the word bank below that best matches each definition.

CYTOKINESIS GROWTH PHASE 1(G1) TUMORS

CANCER SYNTHESIS PHASE(S) CELL CYCLE
DIPLOID DNA REPLICATION MEIOSIS
HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES HAPLOID
MITOSIS NUCLEUS CENTRIOLES

CHROMATIN CHROMOSOME

_____________1. Occurs when the cell cycle is no longer regulated

_____________2. Phase of the cell cycle in which the cell grows rapidly and performs many metabolic
processes
_____________3. Phase of the cell cycle in which the cell makes final preparations to divide.
_____________4. Division of the cytoplasm, resulting in two daughter cells
_____________5. An abnormal mass of cells
_____________6. Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure
_____________7. The 2 copies of each chromosome are called
_____________8. What is it called when there is 1 copy of each chromosome in a cell?
_____________9. What happens during interphase in regards to DNA that is important to cell division?
_____________10. What kind of cell division produces haploid cells with 1/2 the number of
chromosomes of the parent cell?
_____________ 11. What is a form of cell division that enables organisms to grow and reproduce?
_____________ 12. What organelle controls cellular growth and reproduction?
_____________ 13. Which cellular structures appear in pairs during cell division?
_____________ 14. A mass of genetic material composed of DNA and proteins that condense to form
chromosomes and appear during interphase.
_____________ 15. What is an organized structure of DNA and protein found in cells?
Self-Assessment: How sure are you of your answer?

Review:
Essential Question: Why is cell division important?

VOCABULARY
Multicellular organisms have two types of cells based on function and chromosome number:
(a) vegetative, somatic or body cells and (b) reproductive cells.

Real-world reading link

Reproduction is an important biological function. It allows organisms to produce new individuals
of their kind. It ensures that, as old individuals die; new ones are born to take their place to continue the
life of the species.

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Phases of Cell Cycle
There are two primary phases in the cell cycle:

1. Interphase: This phase was thought to represent the resting stage between subsequent cell
divisions, but new research has shown that it is a very active phase.
2. M Phase (Mitosis phase): This is where the actual cell division occurs. There are two key steps
in this phase, namely cytokinesis and karyokinesis.
The interphase further comprises three phases:

1. G0 Phase (Resting Phase): The cell neither divides nor prepares itself for the division.
2. G1 Phase (Gap 1): The cell is metabolically active and grows continuously during this phase.
3. S phase (Synthesis): The DNA replication or synthesis occurs during this stage.
4. G2 phase (Gap 2): Protein synthesis happens in this phase.
5. Quiescent Stage (G0): The cells that do not undergo further division exits the G1 phase and
enter an inactive stage. This stage is known as the quiescent stage (G0) of the cell cycle.

There are four stages in the M Phase, namely:

1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase

Activity Card
Activity Card 1
Let us check your understanding of cell division by answering the multiple
choice type of test which gives the function of all the phases of cell division.

Direction: Answer the questions that follow.

1. Which of the following is a function of mitosis?
a. Growth c. Reproduction
b. Repair d. All of the answers are correct
2. What is cancer?
a. Uncontrolled cell growth, due to problems in mitosis
b. Lack of cell division, resulting in problems with wound healing
c. A excess of cell division, resulting in extra appendages
d. The process of cells dividing from a fertilized egg
3. Which of the following cells undergoes meiosis?
a. sperm cells c. unicellular organisms
b. liver cells d. all of these
4. As a result of "fertilization", which of the following normally occurs?
a. A gamete is created.
b. A single sperm and ovum combine their genetic material to create an offspring with the same
number of chromosomes as the parents.
c. The final phase of spermatogenesis is begun.
d. The final phase of oogenesis is begun.
e.
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 5. Twins that result from the splitting of one zygote are called _______________.
a. Universal c. Dizygotic
b. Monozygotic d. Mitochondrial
6. Which of the following is true about malignant tumors?
a. They do not require treatment
b. They are easily removed by surgery.
c. They can cause tumors in other parts of the body.
d. They contain cells that are clustered together.
7. Why do cells lining the stomach divide more quickly than those in the liver?
a. They are much smaller cells.
b. They have fewer chromosomes.
c. They need much more surface area.
d. They undergo more wear and tear.
8. The gap 1, gap 2, and synthesis stages of the cell cycle make up
a. interphase c. cytokinesis
b. telophase d. mitosis
9. During Interphase, a cell grows, duplicates organelles, and
a. Copies DNA. c. Divides the cytoplasm.
b. Divides the nucleus. d. Produces a new cell.
10. Which of the following phrases best describes cancer?
a. absence of cyclins in the DNA
b. multiple gene mutations on a chromosome of DNA
c. uncontrolled cell growth caused by mutations in genes that control the cell cycle
d. presence of genetic defects caused by hereditary disorders

Activity Card 2

CROSS WORD PUZZLE

DIRECTION: Answer the word puzzle using the clue given below.

1 2
3

4 _

5 _ 6
_

7 8

9 10 11
12 13

14

4
 15

Across Down
3. Cell containing nucleus 1. Go away during prophase
4. Extend from centrioles 2. Nucleur Division
5. Identical copies single 6. Daughter cells created
chromosome 8. Longest stage
7. Condensed genetic material 9. Protein/Dna Complex
13. Spindle fibers attach at this 10.
During which stage do the chromosomes unwind?
location
14. Pairs of chromosomes but not 11. During which stage do the chromosomes align in
identical the middle of the cell?
15. 12.
Spindle fibers play tug of war Chromosomes appear

This activity 2 works on Word puzzle where the learner/s has to access vocabulary and definitions
from their memory, it can help to improve working memory about identifying the different phases of
mitosis.

Activity Card 3

SELF-CHECK

Direction: Answer the following questions briefly.

1. What is the importance of cell division in the life of an organism?

2. What are the negative consequences when cell division goes wrong? Explain your answer.

3. Why is meiosis important to sexually reproducing organisms?

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Discussion of Activity

Mitosis: GROWTH, REPAIR AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Did you know that 28 days from now, every single layer
of skin that covers your body will all be gone, replaced by a set
of completely new ones?

For multicellular organisms like you, cell division,

which causes an increase in cell number, can lead to growth or
repair of damaged body parts. For unicellular organisms like
protozoa and simple algae, cell division is a form of asexual
reproduction that produces new individuals. The type of cell
division involved in growth, repair and sexual reproduction is
called mitosis.

How often do cell divide

Some cells complete this cycle of interphase and mitosis within 24 hours, while others may take
years before they go through the process of cell division. The cells at the apical meristem of an onion root
divide every 20 hours. The epithelial cells in your intestine divide once every 10 hours.

When cell division goes wrong

Cell division may not always go on as it normally should.
Some cells may divide too slow or not at all. When other cells
divide faster than they should, they may develop into cancerous
growth. When cells divide too slow; wounds take a while to heal;
damaged tissues are not repaired soon enough. When cells cease
to divide as in the brain, and damaged nerve cells are not
replaced, memory loss results.

Old cells eventually suffer from complete failure of

division. As our cells grow old and die, so do we.

Meiosis: PREPARING FOR SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

The body cells of man have diploid chromosome number, that is, 2N equals 46 chromosomes.
Since the zygote is formed from the union of two sex cells, you might think that the chromosome number
after fertilization is doubled. You might think that since sexual reproduction proceeds from generation,
the chromosome number in the human species would increase without limit through time.
But this never happens. Each species has a constant number of chromosomes per cell, generation
after generation, even when the organisms are sexually reproducing. Why? This is because the cells that
unite during fertilization have haploid (N) chromosome number. Each sex cell in humans has 23
chromosomes only.
How did this happen? The sex cells are produced through a type of nuclear division that reduces
chromosome number to half of that of the parent cell. This reduction-division is called meiosis.
What then is the significance of the reduction of chromosome number during meiosis? It allows
the formation of haploid gametes. It ensures that, even after fusion of gametes, the chromosomes number
of the zygote or the offspring remains the same as the diploid chromosome number of the parents. Thus,
reduction-division makes possible the maintenance of a constant chromosome number in the species
generation after generation.

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 Enrichment Card
Enrichment Card 1
Critical reading
Direction: From the text passages about cell division, fill in the blank with the appropriate term.

1. When other cells divide faster than they should, they may develop into ______________.
2. For multicellular organisms like you, cell division, which causes an increase in cell number, can
lead to ________________ of damaged body parts.
3. For unicellular organisms like protozoa and simple algae, cell division is a form of
_________________ that produces new individuals.
4. Some cells complete this cycle of interphase and mitosis within ___________ hours
5. Other organisms may take _____________ before they go through the process of cell division.

Self-Assessment: How sure are you of your answer?

Enrichment Card 2
Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis
Directions: Determine whether the following characteristics apply to Mitosis, Meiosis, or both
by putting a check in the appropriate column.

Characteristics Mitosis Meiosis

Two divisions

Four daughter cells produced

Associated with growth and asexual reproduction

Associated with sexual reproduction

One division

Two daughter cells produced

Involves duplication of chromosomes

Chromosome number is maintained

Chromosome number is halved

Daughter cells are identical to parent cells

Daughter cells are NOT identical to parent cells.

Produced gametes

Process occurs in body cells

Process occurs in reproductive organs

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Use your understanding of cell division to address each of the following.
1. What is the name given to the original cell before it divides? ____________________
2. The two cells formed due to cell division are called ____________________.
3. Mitosis is a form of ____________________ reproduction.

Reflection Card
Scientists may not be very far from unlocking the mysteries of youth and aging, immortality and
death. The secret is believed to be in that part of the chromosome called telomere and in that enzyme
known as telomerase.
Scientists noted that telomerase activity is considerably higher in young fetal cells and significantly
lower in old body cells. Telomerase addition allowed scientists to induce human cells in laboratories to
divide over 90 times with no signs of slowing down! Telomerase research therefore could lead to important
discoveries toward preserving our youth and extending our lives. Keeping our body cells actively dividing
and making them live forever certainly can open exciting possibilities.
Shade the picture that corresponds to your feeling now.

Assessment Card
Contrasting Mitosis and Meiosis
Direction: Summarize the differences between mitosis and meiosis by completing the table
below.

Mitosis Same Meiosis

Reference Card
• Allas, I. M. et al.(2013). DIWA textbook Discover Science. Makati City: Diwa Learning System INC. pp.
105-122.
• Joaquin, C. Lagunzad, C. G. Rabago, L. (2003). Functional BIOLOGY Modular Approach. 1253 G.
Araneta Ave., Quezon City. Vibal Publishing House, Inc. pp.332-34

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 9
Pre test
1. CANCER 9. DNA REPLICATION
2. GROWTH PHASE 1 OR G1 10. MEIOSIS
3. SYNTHESIS 11. MITOSIS
4. CYTOKINESIS 12. NUCLEUS
5. TUMOR/S 13. CENTRIOLES
6. HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES 14. CHROMATIN
7. DIPLOID 15. CHROMOSOME
8. HAPLOID
Activity Card 1
1. D 6. C
2. A 7. D
3. A 8. A
4. B 9. A
5. B 10. C
Activity Card 2
N M
E U K A R Y O T I C
C T
L O
S P I N D L E _ F I B E R S
A I
S I S T E R _ C H R O M A T I D S
Y _
T M
C H R O M O S O M E S I
K M N
11
C T I B T M
H E P C E N T R O M E R E
R L R E A R T
H O M O L O G O U S N P A
M P P I E H P
A H H S A H
T A A S A
I S S A N A P H A S E S
N E E E
Answer Card
 10
Activity Card 3
Possible answer
1. Organisms need cell division to survive and multiply. The main goal of cell division is to make
more cells. For example, most of the cells in the human body are somatic cells and divide regularly.
This cell and tissue turnover is important for the organism's health and growth.
2. If any of these signals are faulty or missing, the result can be cancer, where too many cells are produced.
A cancer cell dividing.
3. Meiosis is important because it ensures that all organisms produced via sexual reproduction contain the
correct number of chromosomes. Meiosis also produces genetic variation by way of the process of
recombination.
Scoring Rubrics
CRITERIA 1 DOES NOT MEET 3 PARTIALLY 5 MEETS
MEETS
CONTENT/IDEAS Writing is extremely Writing is limited in Writes related, quality
limited in communicating paragraphs, with little or
communicating knowledge. Length is no details.
knowledge, with no not adequate for
central theme. development.
Enrichment Card 1
1. CANCEROUS GROWTH 4. 24 HOURS
2. GROWTH AND REPAIR 5. YEARS
3. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Enrichment Card 2
Characteristics Mitosis Meiosis
Two divisions /
Four daughter cells produced /
Associated with growth and asexual reproduction /
Associated with sexual reproduction /
One division /
Two daughter cells produced /
Involves duplication of chromosomes /
Chromosome number is maintained /
Chromosome number is halved /
Daughter cells are identical to parent cells /
Daughter cells are NOT identical to parent cells. /
Produced gametes /
Process occurs in body cells /
Process occurs in reproductive organs /

Assessment Card
MITOSIS
End product is 2 daughter cells
Somatic cells undergo this
process
Creates body cells (liver,
blood, muscle)
Purpose is for growth and
maintenance
Results with same number of
chromosomes as parent cell
Creates a human cell with 46
chromosomes
Creates 2 diploid daughter
cells
Total of 6 stages
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SAME
Both undergo DNA replication
Create new cells – daughter
cells
Occur in plants and animals
Start with one parent cell
MEIOSIS
End product is 4 daughter cells
Germ cells undergo this
process
Creates sex cells (sperm, egg)
Purpose is for reproduction
Result with half number of
chromosomes as parent cell
Creates a human cell with 23
chromosomes
Creates 4 haploid daughter
cells
Total of 10 stages
Crossing over occurs
 Title Card
Lesson 11: Disorders and Diseases that Result from the Malfunction of the
Cell during the Cell Cycle.

Guide Card
Introduction
What would happen if an entire chromosome was missing or duplicated? What if a human had
only 45 chromosomes? Or 47? This real possibility is usually due to mistakes during meiosis; the
chromosomes do not fully separate from each other during sperm or egg formation.
Specifically, nondisjunction occurs when homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to separate
during meiosis, resulting in an abnormal chromosome number. Nondisjunction may occur during meiosis
I or meiosis II.

Trisomy is a state where humans have an extra autosome. That is, they have three of a particular
chromosome instead of two. For example, trisomy 18 results from an extra chromosome 18, resulting in
47 total chromosomes. To identify the chromosome number (including an abnormal number), a sample of
cells is removed from an individual or developing fetus. Metaphase chromosomes are photographed and
a karyotype is produced. A karyotype will display any abnormalities in chromosome number or large
chromosomal rearrangements. Trisomy 8, 9, 12, 13, 16, 18, and 21 have been identified in humans.
Trisomy 16 is the most common trisomy in humans, occurring in more than 1% of pregnancies. This
condition, however, usually results in spontaneous miscarriage in the first trimester. The most common
trisomy in viable births is Trisomy 21.

Learning Competency
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
- Identify disorders and diseases that result from the malfunction of the cell during the cell cycle.

Learning Objectives

1. define genetic disorder and genetic counselor;

2. identify the three types of genetic disorder; and
3. identify single gene disorders based on pedigree.

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Pre-Test

Directions: Choose the letter of your answer. Write it on your answer sheet.

1. How are genes affected in Down Syndrome?

a. Through the presence of an extra chromosome 21.
b. Through the presence of a defective gene in chromosome 15.
c. Through the presence of an extra chromosome 15.
d. Through the presence of a detective gene in chromosome 21.
2. Which genetic disorder or disease is a sex-linked trait and carried on the X chromosome?
a. Cystic fibrosis
b. Down syndrome
c. Hemophilia
d. Sickle-cell disease
3. Which disease or disorder causes people to have abnormal hemoglobin?
a. Albinism
b. Cystic fibrosis
c. Down syndrome
d. Sickle-cell disease
4. Which genetic disorder is caused by a dominant allele?
a. Huntington’s
b. PKU
c. Hemophilia
d. Cystic fibrosis
5. A man carrying the allele for Huntington’s disease marries a woman who is homozygous recessive
for the allele. What is the probability that their offspring will develop Huntington’s disease?
a. 50 percent
b. 100 percent
c. 75 percent
d. 25 percent
6. Prenatal or fetal tests can be performed that can provide information about the genetic make-up.
Which of the following is based upon family history to estimate probabilities of genetic disorders?
a. amniocentesis
b. pedigrees
c. fetoscopy
d. ultrasound
7. What single gene disorder occurs when an individual has one altered copy of the relevant gene and
one healthy copy?
a. dominant disease
b. recessive disease
c. x-linked disease
d. y-linked disease
8. What single gene disorder occurs when an individual has two altered versions of the relevant gene?
a. dominant disease
b. recessive disease
c. x-linked disease
d. y-linked disease

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9. What single gene disorders are more common in males because they only have one X chromosome?
a. dominant disease
b. recessive disease
c. x-linked disease
d. mitochondrial inheritance
10. What single gene disorder is being described when a mother is affected, all offspring will be
affected.
a. dominant disease
b. recessive disease
c. x-linked disease
d. mitochondrial inheritance
11. What shape represents a male in a pedigree?
a. circle
b. square
c. triangle
d. oblong
12. What shape represents a female in a pedigree?
a. circle
b. square
c. triangle
d. oblong
13. What does the fully shaded part in the pedigree mean?
a. affected
b. normal
c. not affected
d. carrier
14. What does the half shaded part in the pedigree mean?
a. affected
b. normal
c. not affected
d. carrier
15. What does the diagonal line mean in a pedigree?
a. breeding couple
b. parents to children relationship
c. deceased
d. alive

Review:

The cell cycle is an ordered series of events involving cell growth and cell division that produces
two new daughter cells. Cells on the path to cell division proceed through a series of precisely timed and
carefully regulated stages of growth, DNA replication, and division that produces two identical (clone)
cells. The cell cycle has two major phases: interphase and the mitotic phase (Figure 1).
During interphase, the cell grows and DNA is replicated. During the mitotic phase, the replicated DNA
and cytoplasmic contents are separated, and the cell divides.

14
 Activity Card
Activity Card 1
Directions: Answer the following questions. Write it on your answer sheet.

1. What is the meaning of genetic disorder?

2. What are the three types of genetic disorders?
3. Can we prevent genetic disorders?

Discussion of Activity

A genetic disorder is a disease that is caused by a change, or mutation, in an individual’s DNA

sequence. These mutations can be due to an error in DNA replication or due to environmental factors,
such as cigarette smoke and exposure to radiation, which cause changes in the DNA sequence.

The human genome is a complex set of instructions like a recipe book, directing our growth and
development. However, unlike a printed book, the human genome can change. These changes can affect
the individual bases (A,C,G or T) or much larger chunks of DNA or ever chromosomes.

Our DNA provides the code for making proteins, the molecules that perform most of the
functions in our body. However, when a section of our DNA is changed in some way, the protein it
codes for is also affected and may no longer be able to carry out its normal function. Depending on
where these mutations occur, they can have little or no effect, or may profoundly alter the biology of
cells in our body resulting in genetic disorders.

Genetic disorders can be grouped into three main categories:

1. Single gene disorders: disorders caused by defects in one particular gene, often with simple and
predictable inheritance patterns.

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- Dominant disease: single gene disorders that occur when an individual has one altered copy of the
relevant gene and one healthy copy. For example, Huntington’s disease.

- Recessive disease: single gene disorders that only occur when an individual has two altered versions
of the relevant gene. For example, cystic fibrosis.

- X-linked disorders: single gene disorders that reflect the presence of an altered gene on the X
chromosome. X-linked disorders are more common in males because they only have one X
chromosome. As a consequence males only need one copy of the altered gene for symptoms to occur.
For example muscular dystrophy.
Single Gene Disorder
Autosomal Dominant -Don’t skip generations.

-Affected parents can have unaffected children.

Ex. Huntington’s Disease and Achondroplasia

Autosomal Recessive -Skips generation.

-Unaffected parents can have affected children.

Ex. Cystic fibrosis and Sickle-cell disease

X-Linked Dominant -Disease never transfers from father to son.

-All daughters of an affected father will be affected.

Ex. Vit. D resistant rickets

X-linked Recessive Males are more affected.

-Disease tends to transfer from mother to son and father

to daughter.

-Disease never transfers from father to son.

Ex. Hemophilia and color blindness

Mitochondrial Inheritance -It is only passed on if the mother is affected.

-If the mother is affected, all offspring will be affected.

-If the father is affected, he does not pass it on to his

offspring.
Y-linked Disorders -Only males can be affected, if the father is affected, all
sons will be affected.

-It also does not skip a generation.

2. Chromosome disorder: disorders resulting from changes in the number or structure of the
chromosomes. For example, Down’s syndrome, which result from an extra chromosomes 21 (trisomy
21: three copies of chromosome 21)

3. Multifactorial disorders (complex disease): disorders caused by changes in multiple genes, often in
a complex interaction with environmental and lifestyle factors such as diet or cigarette smoke. For
example, cancer.

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 Genetic counselling is a communication process, which aims to help individuals, couples and
families understand and adapt to the medical, psychological, familial and reproductive implications of
the genetic contribution to specific health conditions.
This process integrates the following:

-Interpretation of family and medical histories to assess the chance of disease occurrence or recurrence.
-Education about the natural history of the condition, inheritance pattern, testing, management,
prevention, support resources and research.
-Counselling to promote informed choices in view of risk assessment, family goals, ethical and religious
values.
-Support to encourage the best possible adjustment to the disorder in an affected family member and/or
to the risk of recurrence of that disorder

A pedigree is a diagram that depicts the biological relationships between an organism and its
ancestors. A pedigree is used for different animals, such as humans, dogs, and horses. Often, it is used to
look at the transmission of genetic disorders.

The purpose of a pedigree is to have an easy-to-read chart that depicts a certain characteristic or
disorder in an individual. It can be used for a characteristic like having a widow’s peak or attached
earlobes, or a genetic disorder like colorblindness or Huntington’s disease. Besides being used to
represent familial characteristics in humans, pedigrees are also important in animals that are selectively
bred for certain characteristics. They visually represent the ancestors of an animal and make it easier to
understand whether that animal will pass on certain characteristics to its offspring.

Parts of pedigree
Shapes: square for male, circle for female
Lines: horizontal for breeding couple, vertical for parents to children, diagonal for death
Filing: shaded part for affected offspring, half shaded for carrier offspring, no shading for unaffected
offspring
Identifying individual: Roman numerals for generation, Numbers for birth order

Enrichment Card
Independent Assessment 1
Directions: Identify the single gene disorder in the following pedigrees. Write your answer on
your answer sheet.

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A. ______________________________

B. ______________________________

C. ______________________________

D. ______________________________

E. ______________________________

F. _____________________________

Independent Assessment 2
Directions: Underline 10 words listed below the crossword puzzle. Words appear straight
across, backward straight across, up and down, down and up, and diagonally.
C H R O M O S O M E S C D A R
V D G H S E A S Z I C F G B E
D O E F T G A H S F Y U N N C
F M G G A E T O G Y G F R O E
G I G T Y U I G U I E U S R S
E N R T Y E B G R T N R A M S
E A F T M E R A C V E D E A I
C N G Y T R D E E D S C F L V
D T R I S O M Y R E R G T I E
E R F T G O V O F R E R T T D
D E R T S G S F C E U I H I H
T F Y O U I I D V B M N L E K
A A T S D Z V R Y I U H G S K
E U R V N M K A R I O U H Y F
A E R U K A R Y O T Y P E F T

1. chromosomes 6. recessive
2. autosomes 7.dominant
3. karyotype 8. abnormalities
4. trisomy 9. genes
5. disorders 10. meiosis

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 Reflection Card
Directions: Reflect on what you have learned after taking up this lesson by completing the chart
below.

What were your I thought …

thoughts or ideas
about genetic disorder
and diseases prior to
the discussion of the
lesson?

What new or I learned that …

additional ideas did
you learn after taking
up this lesson?

Assessment Card
Directions: Write T if the statement is true and F if it is false. Write your answer on the space
provided before each number.

_____1. Some genetic disorders are caused by changes in the DNA of genes, but some are caused by
changes in the structure or number of chromosomes.

_____2. I have at least one X chromosome.

_____3. To trace occurrence of a trait through several generations of a family, you could create a
pedigree.

_____4. Down syndrome is also called Monosomy 21.

_____5. Sickle cell anemia is a sex linked recessive disorder.

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 2
Pre-Test
1. A 6. B 11. B
2. C 7. A 12. A
3. D 8. B 13. A
4. A 9. C 14. D
5. A 10. D 15. C
Activity Card
1. A genetic disorder is a health problem caused by one or more abnormalities in the genome. It can
be caused by a mutation in a single gene (monogenic) or multiple genes (polygenic) or by a
chromosomal abnormality. Most genetic disorders are rare in themselves.
2. 1. Single gene disorders, 2. Chromosomal disorders and 3. Complex disorder
3. Most treatment strategies for genetic disorders do not alter the underlying genetic mutation;
however, a few disorders have been treated with gene therapy. This experimental technique involves
changing a person's genes to prevent or treat a disease.
Independent Assessment 1
1. Y linked disorder
2. Mitochondrial inheritance
3. Autosomal recessive
4. Autosomal dominant
5. X-linked recessive
6. X-linked dominant
Answer Card
https://biologydictionary.net/pedigree/ •
https://www.hgsa.org.au/asgc/definition-of-genetic-counselling •
https://www.kumc.edu/AMA-MSS/Study/table_of_genetic_disorders.htm •
https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-a-genetic-disorder •
d_Grewal)/07%3A_Cell_Reproduction/7.7%3A_Mitosis_vs._Meiosis_and_Disorders
https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Book%3A_Human_Biology_(Wakim_an •
https://n.neurology.org/content/86/16_Supplement/P5.170 •
https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Genetic_disorder •
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-wmopen-biology1/chapter/the-cell- cycle/ •
Reference Card
 3
Independent Assessment 2
Reflection Card
What were your I thought …
thoughts or ideas
about genetic
disorder and
diseases prior to
the discussion of
the lesson?
What new or I learned that …
additional ideas
did your learn after
taking up this
lesson?
Assessment Card
1. T
2. T
3. T
4. F
5. F
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