IAL-Physics Unit 5 (WPH15-01) (2020-06-01) Q+A

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International
Advanced Level
Monday 1 June 2020

Afternoon (Time: 1 hour 45 minutes) Paper Reference WPH15/01
Physics
International Advanced Level
Unit 5: Thermodynamics, Radiation, Oscillations
and Cosmology
You must have: Total Marks
Scientific calculator, ruler
Instructions
• Use black ink or black ball‑point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer allthequestions.
Answer
• – there may bequestions in the spaces provided
more space than you need.
• appropriate. working out in calculations and include units where
Show all your
Information
• The total mark for this paper is 90.
• – usemarks
The for each question are shown in brackets
this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• Into questions marked with an asterisk (*), marks will be awarded for your ability
structure your answer logically showing how the points that you make are
related or follow on from each other where appropriate.
• The list of data, formulae and relationships is printed at the end of this booklet.
Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try to answer every question.
• your answers if you have time at the end.
Check
Turn over
*P65750A0136*
P65750A
©2020 Pearson Education Ltd.
1/1/1/1/1/1/1

SECTION A
Answer ALL questions.
For questions 1–10, in Section A, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then
mark your new answer with a cross .
1 A radiation detector is placed near a radioactive source and measures the count rate from
the source. Different absorbers are placed between the detector and the source.
The results are shown in the table.
Absorber Corrected count rate / s−1

None 850
Paper 850
Aluminium foil 150
Lead sheet 20
Which of the following is emitted by the source?

A α-radiation only
B β-radiation only
C α-radiation and β-radiation
D β-radiation and γ-radiation
(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)
2
*P65750A0236*

2 The graph shows how the binding energy per nucleon varies with nucleon number.
binding energy
per nucleon / MeV 10
8
6
4
2
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
nucleon number
Which of the following conclusions is supported by this graph?

A The total energy released is greatest when two low mass nuclei fuse.
B The total energy absorbed is greatest when two low mass nuclei fuse.
C The total energy released is greatest when a massive nucleus undergoes fission.
D The total energy absorbed is greatest when a massive nucleus undergoes fission.
3 A closed container holds a mixture of two gases at a constant temperature.

Each molecule of gas X has a mass four times that of each molecule of gas Y.
r.m.s.velocity of molecules in gas X
What is the ratio ?
r.m.s.velocity of moleccules in gas Y
1
A
4
1
B
2
C 2
D 4

3
*P65750A0336* Turn over

4 A negative temperature coefficient thermistor and a resistor are connected as shown.
The temperature of the thermistor decreases.

Select the row of the table that shows how the readings on the meters change.
Ammeter Voltmeter
A decreases decreases
B decreases increases
C increases decreases
D increases increases
5 A simple pendulum takes 1.00 s to swing from one extreme position to the other.
Which of the following expressions gives the length of the pendulum?
(1.00) 2 × 9.81
A
4π 2
(2.00) 2 × 9.81
B
4π 2
4π 2
C
(1.00) 2 × 9.81
4π 2
D
(2.00) 2 × 9.81

4
*P65750A0436*

Questions 6 and 7 both relate to an experiment carried out by a student to investigate

the absorption of gamma radiation by lead.
The student used a GM-tube to measure the background count for 10 minutes. She then used the
apparatus below to measure the count for 2 minutes for different thicknesses of lead.
GM-tube lead gamma source
6 To correct the readings for the effect of background radiation she should
A add the background count to each count.
B add the background count rate to each count rate.
C subtract the background count from each count.
D subtract the background count rate from each count rate.
7 The student discovered that a thickness of 1.0 cm of lead reduced the corrected count rate
to 50% of its initial value with no lead.
Which of the following statements is correct?
A A thickness of 0.5 cm would reduce the corrected count rate to 75% of its initial value.
B A thickness of 0.5 cm would reduce the corrected count rate to 25% of its initial value.
C A thickness of 2.0 cm would reduce the corrected count rate to 25% of its initial value.
D A thickness of 2.0 cm would reduce the corrected count rate to zero.

5

8 A solid is heated and it melts at a constant temperature.
Which row of the table shows how the kinetic energy and the potential energy of the
molecules change as the solid melts?
Molecular kinetic energy Molecular potential energy

A increases stays the same
B increases increases
C stays the same increases
D stays the same stays the same
9 A student hangs a mass from the end of a spring and sets the mass into vertical oscillation.
The period of oscillation of the mass is T.
The student then hangs the same mass from a second spring, with a spring constant four
times that of the first spring.
What is the period of oscillation of the mass on the second spring?
A T/4
B T/2
C 2T
D 4T
10 Forcing a system into oscillation may result in resonance. For resonance to occur the
oscillating system must be driven at its
A natural frequency.
B normal frequency.
C optimum frequency.
D damping frequency.
TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 10 MARKS

6
*P65750A0636*

SECTION B
Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.
11 Electrostatic forces and gravitational forces can both be modelled by the idea of a field.
Give one similarity and one difference between electric fields and gravitational fields.
Similarity.. ................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
......................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
......................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Difference.... ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Total for Question 11 = 2 marks)

7

12 A massive planet orbits the red dwarf star Gliese 876. The planet was discovered after
wavelength shifts in spectral lines were seen in the light received from the star.
(a) Explain how a massive planet orbiting a star can cause a change in the wavelength of
light received from the star.
(3)
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............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) The maximum shift in a spectral line of wavelength 4.35 × 10−7 m in the light
received from Gliese 876 is 3.19 × 10−13 m.
Calculate the maximum velocity of Gliese 876 away from the Earth.
(2)
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............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maximum velocity = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
*P65750A0836*

13 Scientists have been working to achieve a practical nuclear fusion reactor for more than
70 years. So far, this has been with only limited success.
Explain the difficulties involved with fusion as a viable source of power on Earth.
You should include reference to the conditions necessary for fusion to occur.
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............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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9

14 The mean intensity of solar radiation arriving at the Earth is 1.37 kW m−2.
(a) The distance of the Earth from the Sun is 1.50 × 1011 m.
Show that the luminosity of the Sun is about 4 × 1026 W.
(2)
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............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) The energy radiated from the Sun results in a decrease in the mass of the Sun.
Calculate the decrease in the mass of the Sun due to this radiation over a period of 1 year.
1 year = 3.15 × 107 s
(2)
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Decrease in mass = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
*P65750A01036*

BLANK PAGE

11

15 The graph shows how the gravitational field strength g of the Earth varies with distance r
from the centre of the Earth.
r is given in multiples of the radius RE of the Earth.
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
g / N kg −1
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
r / RE
(a) Show that g obeys an inverse square law.

(3)
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12
*P65750A01236*

(b) A satellite is launched from the surface of the Earth into an orbit a height 5RE above
the surface of the Earth.
(i) The change in gravitational potential energy ∆Egrav of a mass m when it
experiences a vertical displacement Δh can be calculated using the expression
∆Egrav = mg∆h
State why this expression cannot be used to calculate the change in the
gravitational potential energy of the satellite.
(1)
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Calculate the change in gravitational potential energy of the satellite.

mass of the Earth = 6.0 × 1024 kg
RE = 6.4 × 106 m
mass of satellite = 3.5 × 103 kg
(3)
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Change in gravitational potential energy = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13

16 Alnilam and Mintaka are stars in the constellation Orion.
The table gives some information about these stars.
Star Surface temperature / K Luminosity / LSun Distance from the Earth / m

Alnilam 2.75 × 104 5.37 × 105 1.90 × 1019
Mintaka 3.00 × 104 9.00 × 104 8.70 × 1018
LSun = 3.85 × 1026 W

(a) State where these stars would be located on a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram.
(1)
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Calculate the wavelength at which peak radiation power occurs for Mintaka.
(2)
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wavelength = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) Calculate the radius of Alnilam.

(2)
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Radius of Alnilam = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14
*P65750A01436*

(d) Deduce which of these stars gives the lower intensity of radiation at the Earth.
(3)
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15

17 According to the Football Association (FA) rules, the football used in a professional
match should have a circumference of between 68.0 cm and 70.0 cm. The pressure of the
air in the football must be between 60 kPa and 110 kPa above atmospheric pressure.
(a) A football was inflated with air at a temperature of 16.0 °C. When inflated, the
circumference of the football was 68.5 cm and it contained 2.50 × 1023 molecules of air.
Deduce whether this football met the FA rules.
atmospheric pressure = 105 kPa
(6)
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16
*P65750A01636*

*(b) The pressure inside a football decreases as the temperature of the air inside falls.
The volume of the ball remains constant.
Explain why, in terms of the motion of the molecules.
(6)
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17

18 Oganesson (Og) can be produced by firing calcium (Ca) ions at a target of californium
(Cf) atoms. Oganesson and a number of neutrons are produced in the nuclear reaction.
(a) Complete the equation for the reaction
(1)
Ca + Cf → Og + × n
............
48 249 294
20 98 118 ............ ............
(b) The calcium ions were accelerated to an energy of 245 MeV.

(i) State how ions of this energy could be produced.
(1)
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) It is claimed that calcium ions with an energy of 245 MeV are travelling at
relativistic speeds.
Assess the validity of this claim.
mass of calcium ion = 47.95 u
(5)
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............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18
*P65750A01836*

(c) The isotope Og-294 is extremely unstable and decays via alpha decay.
After 2.5 ms, a sample contains 500 atoms of Og-294.
Calculate the original number of Og-294 atoms in the sample.
half-life of Og-294 = 0.89 ms
(3)
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Original number of atoms = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) Explain a precaution necessary when handling a sample of an alpha emitting isotope.

(2)
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............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19

19 Microwave ovens use microwave radiation at a frequency of 2.45 GHz to cook food.
The absorption of microwave energy by water in the food causes a heating effect.
(a) The graph shows how the energy absorbed by a water molecule depends on the
frequency of the radiation.
Energy absorbed
0.1 1 10 100
frequency / GHz
A website suggests that water molecules absorb energy because the microwaves
produced by the oven cause the water molecules to resonate.
Comment on this suggestion.
(2)
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............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) The microwave radiation causes the water molecules to rotate.

(i) Explain how this cooks the food.
(3)
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............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20
*P65750A02036*

(ii) Suggest why the transfer of energy from the microwaves may be less efficient for
ice than for liquid water.
(2)
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............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) 325 g of water at 25.0 °C is heated at full power in a microwave oven. After 225 s the
temperature of the water is 85.0 °C.
power of microwave oven = 650 W
specific heat capacity of water = 4190 J kg−1 K−1
(i) The manufacturer claims that the microwave oven has an efficiency of 90%.
Assess the validity of this claim.
(3)
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............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21

(ii) The 325 g of hot water at 85.0 °C is poured into a polystyrene beaker containing
62.5 g of ice at 0.0 °C.
Calculate the final temperature of the mixture of water and melted ice.
latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.33 × 105 J kg−1
(4)
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............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Final temperature of mixture = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
*P65750A02236*

BLANK PAGE

23

20 A mass of 250 g is hung from a spring as shown. The spring extends by 16.5 cm when
the mass is added to the spring.
support
spring
mass
The mass is then displaced a further 3.5 cm vertically downwards and released.
The mass oscillates with simple harmonic motion.
(a) State the conditions for a mass to undergo simple harmonic motion.
(2)
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............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the oscillating mass.

(5)
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............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maximum kinetic energy = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24
*P65750A02436*

(c) The graph shows how the displacement of the oscillating mass varies over two cycles.
Displacement
0
Time
Add to the graph to show how the kinetic energy of the mass varies over the same
time interval.
(2)

25

(d) The mass is submerged in water as shown.
The mass is set into oscillation as before.

Explain how the water would affect the amplitude of oscillation of the mass.
(3)
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............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 80 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 90 MARKS

26
*P65750A02636*

List of data, formulae and relationships
Acceleration of free fall g = 9.81 m s–2 (close to Earth’s surface)

Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 × 10 J K
−23 −1
Coulomb’s law constant k = 1/4πε0

= 8.99 × 109 N m2 C–2
Electron charge e = −1.60 × 10−19 C
Electron mass me = 9.11 × 10−31 kg
Electronvolt 1 eV = 1.60 × 10−19 J
Gravitational constant G = 6.67 × 10−11 N m2 kg−2
Gravitational field strength g = 9.81 N kg–1 (close to Earth’s surface)
Permittivity of free space ε0 = 8.85 × 10 F m
−12 −1
Planck constant h = 6.63 × 10−34 J s

Proton mass mp = 1.67 × 10−27 kg
Speed of light in a vacuum c = 3.00 × 108 m s−1
Stefan-Boltzmann constant σ = 5.67 × 10–8 W m–2 K–4
Unified atomic mass unit u = 1.66 × 10–27 kg
Unit 1
Mechanics
(u v)t
Kinematic equations of motion s=
2
v = u + at
1
s = ut + at2
2
v 2 = u2 + 2as
Forces ΣF = ma
F
g=
m
W = mg
Momentum p = mv
Moment of force moment = Fx
Work and energy ΔW = FΔs
1
Ek = mv 2
2
ΔEgrav = mgΔh
E
Power P=
t
W
P=
t
useful energy output
Efficiency efficiency =
total energy input
useful power output
efficiency =
total power input

27

Materials
m
Density ρ=
V
Stokes’ law F = 6�ηrv
Hooke’s law ΔF = kΔx
1
Elastic strain energy ΔEel = FΔx
2
σ
Young modulus E= where
ε
F
Stress σ =
A
x
Strain ε =
x
28
*P65750A02836*

Unit 2
Waves
Wave speed v = fλ
T
Speed of a transverse wave v=
μ
on a string
P
Intensity of radiation I=
A
Refractive index n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2
c
n=
v
1
Critical angle sin C =

n
Diffraction grating nλ = d sin θ
Electricity
W
Potential difference V=
Q
V
Resistance R=
I
Electrical power, energy and P = VI
efficiency P = I 2R
V2
P=
R
W = VIt
ρl
Resistivity R=
A
Q
Current I=
t
I = nqvA
Resistors in series R = R1 + R2 + R3
1 1 1 1
Resistors in parallel = + +

R R1 R2 R3
Particle nature of light
Photon model E = hf
1
Einstein’s photoelectric hf = o/ + mv 2max
2
equation
h
de Broglie wavelength λ=
p

29

Unit 4
Mechanics
Impulse FΔt = Δp
Kinetic Energy of a p2
non-relativistic particle Ek = 2m
motion in a circle v = ωr
2π
T=
ω
v2
a= r
mv 2
Centripetal force F = ma = r
F = mw2r
Electric and magnetic fields
F
Electric Field E=
Q
Q1Q2
Coulomb’s Law F=
4�ε 0 r 2
Q
E=
4�ε 0 r 2
V
E=
d
Q
Electrical Potential V=
4�ε 0 r
Q
Capacitance C=
V
Energy Stored in capacitor W = 12 QV

2
W = 12 CV
2
1 Q
W= 2
C
Capacitor discharge Q = Q0e–t/RC

30
*P65750A03036*

Resistor capacitor discharge I = I0e–t/RC
V = V0e–t/RC
t
ln Q = ln Q0 –
RC
t
ln I = ln I0 –
RC
t
ln V = ln V0 –
RC
In a magnetic field F = Bqv sinθ
F = BIl sinθ
−d( Nφ )
Faraday and Lenz’s law E=
dt
Nuclear and particle physics

p
In a magnetic field r=
BQ
Mass-energy ΔE = c2 Δm

31

Unit 5
Thermodynamics
Heating ΔE = mcΔθ
ΔE = LΔm
Ideal gas equation pV = NkT
Molecular kinetic theory 1
2 m < c 2 > = 32 kT
Nuclear decay
Mass-energy ΔE = c2Δm
Radio-active decay A = λN
dN
= λN
dt
ln 2
λ = t1
2
N = N0e–λt
A = A0e–λt
Oscillations
Simple harmonic motion F = –kx
a = ω2x
x = A cos ωt
v = –Aω sin ωt
a = –Aω2 cos ωt
1 2π
T= =
f ω
ω = 2πf
m
Simple harmonic oscillator T = 2�
k
l
T = 2�
g

32
*P65750A03236*

Astrophysics and Cosmology

Gravitational field strength g=F m
Gm1m2
Gravitational force F=
r2
Gm
Gravitational field g=
r2
−Gm
Gravitational potential Vgrav =
r
Stephan-Boltzman law L = σT 4 A
Wein’s law λmaxT = 2.898×10–3 m K
L
Intensity of radiation I=
4�d 2
∆λ ∆f v
Redshift of electromagnetic z= ≈ ≈
radiation
λ f c
Cosmological expansion v = H0d

33
*P65750A03336*

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34
*P65750A03436*

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35
*P65750A03536*

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36
*P65750A03636*
Mark Scheme (Results)
October 2020
Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Level

In Physics (WPH15) Paper 01
Thermodynamics, Radiation, Oscillations
and Cosmology
Edexcel and BTEC Qualifications
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Autumn 2020
Publications Code WPH15_01_2010_MS
All the material in this publication is copyright
© Pearson Education Ltd 2020
General Marking Guidance
• All candidates must receive the same

treatment. Examiners must mark the first candidate in
exactly the same way as they mark the last.
• Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates
must be rewarded for what they have shown they can
do rather than penalised for omissions.
• Examiners should mark according to the mark scheme
not according to their perception of where the grade
boundaries may lie.
• There is no ceiling on achievement. All marks on the
mark scheme should be used appropriately.
• All the marks on the mark scheme are designed to be
awarded. Examiners should always award full marks if
deserved, i.e. if the answer matches the mark
scheme. Examiners should also be prepared to award
zero marks if the candidate’s response is not worthy of
credit according to the mark scheme.
• Where some judgement is required, mark schemes will
provide the principles by which marks will be awarded
and exemplification may be limited.
• When examiners are in doubt regarding the application
of the mark scheme to a candidate’s response, the team
leader must be consulted.
• Crossed out work should be marked UNLESS the
candidate has replaced it with an alternative response.
3
Mark scheme notes
Underlying principle
The mark scheme will clearly indicate the concept that is being rewarded, backed up by
examples. It is not a set of model answers.
For example:
(iii) Horizontal force of hinge on table top
66.3 (N) or 66 (N) and correct indication of direction [no ue]  1

[Some examples of direction: acting from right (to left) / to the left / West /
opposite direction to horizontal. May show direction by arrow. Do not
accept a minus sign in front of number as direction.]
This has a clear statement of the principle for awarding the mark, supported by some
examples illustrating acceptable boundaries.
1. Mark scheme format

1.1 You will not see ‘wtte’ (words to that effect). Alternative correct wording should be
credited in every answer unless the ms has specified specific words that must be
present. Such words will be indicated by underlining e.g. ‘resonance’
1.2 Bold lower case will be used for emphasis.
1.3 Round brackets ( ) indicate words that are not essential e.g. “(hence) distance is
increased”.
1.4 Square brackets [ ] indicate advice to examiners or examples e.g. [Do not accept
gravity] [ecf].
2. Unit error penalties

2.1 A separate mark is not usually given for a unit but a missing or incorrect unit will
normally mean that the final calculation mark will not be awarded.
2.2 Incorrect use of case e.g. ‘Watt’ or ‘w’ will not be penalised.
2.3 There will be no unit penalty applied in ‘show that’ questions or in any other
question where the units to be used have been given, for example in a
spreadsheet.
2.4 The same missing or incorrect unit will not be penalised more than once within
one question (one clip in epen).
2.5 Occasionally, it may be decided not to penalise a missing or incorrect unit e.g. the
candidate may be calculating the gradient of a graph, resulting in a unit that is not
one that should be known and is complex.
2.6 The mark scheme will indicate if no unit error penalty is to be applied by means of
[no ue].
3. Significant figures
3.1 Use of an inappropriate number of significant figures in the theory papers will
normally only be penalised in ‘show that’ questions where use of too few
significant figures has resulted in the candidate not demonstrating the validity of
the given answer.
3.2 The use of g = 10 m s-2 or 10 N kg-1 instead of 9.81 m s-2 or 9.81 N kg-1 will be
penalised by one mark (but not more than once per clip). Accept 9.8 m s-2 or 9.8 N
kg-1
4. Calculations
4.1 Bald (i.e. no working shown) correct answers score full marks unless in a ‘show
that’ question.
4.2 If a ‘show that’ question is worth 2 marks then both marks will be available for a
reverse working; if it is worth 3 marks then only 2 will be available.
4.3 use of the formula means that the candidate demonstrates substitution of
physically correct values, although there may be conversion errors e.g. power of
10 error.
4.4 recall of the correct formula will be awarded when the formula is seen or implied
by substitution.
4.5 The mark scheme will show a correctly worked answer for illustration only.
4.6 Example of mark scheme for a calculation:
‘Show that’ calculation of weight
Use of L × W × H 
Substitution into density equation with a volume and density 
Correct answer [49.4 (N)] to at least 3 sig fig. [No ue] 

[If 5040 g rounded to 5000 g or 5 kg, do not give 3rd mark; if conversion to
kg is omitted and then answer fudged, do not give 3rd mark]
[Bald answer scores 0, reverse calculation 2/3] 3
Example of answer:
80 cm × 50 cm × 1.8 cm = 7200 cm3
7200 cm3 × 0.70 g cm-3 = 5040 g
5040 × 10-3 kg × 9.81 N/kg
= 49.4 N
5. Graphs
5.1 A mark given for axes requires both axes to be labelled with quantities and units,
and drawn the correct way round.
5.2 Sometimes a separate mark will be given for units or for each axis if the units are
complex. This will be indicated on the mark scheme.
5.3 A mark given for choosing a scale requires that the chosen scale allows all points
to be plotted, spreads plotted points over more than half of each axis and is not an
awkward scale e.g. multiples of 3, 7 etc.
5.4 Points should be plotted to within 1 mm.
• Check the two points furthest from the best line. If both OK award mark.
• If either is 2 mm out do not award mark.
• If both are 1 mm out do not award mark.
• If either is 1 mm out then check another two and award mark if both of these
OK, otherwise no mark.
• For a line mark there must be a thin continuous line which is the best-fit line for
the candidate’s results.
5
Questio Answer Mark
n
Number
1 D is the correct answer (1)
A is not the correct answer as paper did not absorb radiation

B is not the correct answer as both aluminium and lead absorb radiation
C is not the correct answer as paper did not absorb radiation
2 C is the correct answer (1)
A is not the correct answer as graph shows that low mass nuclei fusing gives
less energy than when fission of massive nucleus occurs
B is not the correct answer as graph shows that energy is released not absorbed
D is not the correct answer as graph shows that energy is released not absorbed
3 B is the correct answer (1)
A is not the correct answer as this is the ratio of the mean squared velocities
C is not the correct answer as this is the inverse of the correct answer
D is not the correct answer as this is the inverse of the ratio of the mean squared
velocities
4 A is the correct answer (1)
B is not the correct answer as there is a larger proportion of the total pd across
the LDR
C is not the correct answer as current in the circuit decreases
D is not the correct answer as current in the circuit decreases and there is a
larger proportion of the total pd across the LDR
A is not the correct answer as T for the pendulum is 2.00 s not 1.00 s
C is not the correct answer as incorrect value of T used and equation has not
been correctly rearranged
D is not the correct answer as equation has not been correctly rearranged
6 D is the correct answer (1)
A is not the correct answer as the background readings must be subtracted

B is not the correct answer as the background readings must be subtracted
C is not the correct answer as it is necessary to use the same time in each case
A is not the correct answer as the relationship is not linear

B is not the correct answer as a smaller thickness must cause a reduction less
than 50%
D is not the correct answer as the relationship is exponential
A is not the correct answer as the mean molecular kinetic energy is unchanged
B is not the correct answer as the mean molecular kinetic energy is unchanged
D is not the correct answer as the mean molecular potential energy increases
6
Question Answer Mark
Number
A is not the correct answer as T is inversely proportional to the square root of k

C is not the correct answer as T is inversely proportional to the square root of k
D is not the correct answer as T is inversely proportional to the square root of k
10 A is the correct answer (1)
B is not the correct answer as ‘normal’ is not the correct description

C is not the correct answer as ‘optimum’ is not the correct description
D is not the correct answer as ‘damping’ is not the correct description

Number
11 Similarity:
Both fields obey an inverse square law (for point masses/charges)
Or both fields have an infinite range (1)
Difference:
Electric fields can be attractive or repulsive, whereas gravitational fields can only
be attractive
Or electric fields exert forces on charges whereas gravitational fields exert forces
on masses
(1) 2
Total for question 11 2

Number
12(a) The (massive) planet exerts a (large) gravitational force on the star. (1)
The velocity of the star relative to the Earth changes. (1)
(which causes a varying) Doppler shift (1) 3
12(b) Use of
∆𝜆𝜆 𝑣𝑣
= 𝑐𝑐 (1)
𝜆𝜆
v = 220 m s−1
(1) 2
Example of calculation
3.19 × 10−13 m
𝑣𝑣 = ×3.0×108 m s-1 = 220 m s-1
4.35 × 10−7 m
7
Number
13 (Very) high temperatures are needed to give hydrogen/nuclei/protons enough
kinetic energy to overcome the repulsive force (between charges). (1)
High densities are needed to enable a high enough collision rate (of
nuclei to sustain the fusion reactions)
Or
High densities are needed to enable a high collision rate (of nuclei) in (1)
order to sustain the fusion reactions
If the material/plasma undergoing fusion (on Earth) were to touch the

container the temperature would decrease and fusion would stop
Or
If the material/plasma undergoing fusion (on Earth) were to touch the
container then the container would melt (and containment cease) (1)
(On Earth) strong magnetic fields are required because there are containment
problems for a material undergoing fusion. (1) 4
8
Number
14(a)
Use of 𝐼𝐼 =
𝐿𝐿 (1)
4𝜋𝜋𝑑𝑑 2
(1) 2
LSun = 3.9 × 1026 (W)
2
𝐿𝐿Sun = 4π×�1.50×1011 m� × 1.37 × 103 W = 3.87 × 1026 W
14(b) Use of ∆𝐸𝐸 = 𝑐𝑐 2 ∆𝑚𝑚 and use of 𝑃𝑃 =

∆𝑊𝑊 (1)
∆𝑡𝑡
(1) 2
𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 = 1.4 × 1017 kg ecf from (a)
3.87 ×1026 J 𝑠𝑠 −1 ×3.15 ×107 s
∆𝑚𝑚 = 2
=1.35 ×1017 kg
8
�3.0×10 m s-1 �
9
Number
15(a) One pair of readings taken from graph (1)
2 pairs of readings taken from graph (1)
(1)
Attempt to show that gr2 is constant
OR
𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺
Use of 𝐹𝐹 = 𝑟𝑟 2 with 𝐹𝐹 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
(1)
𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺
Algebra to show that 𝑔𝑔 = 𝑟𝑟 2
(1)
Statement that GM is constant
(1) 3
g / N kg−1 r / RE g r2 / N kg−1 RE2
8.0 1.1 9.7
5.0 1.4 9.8
2.0 2.2 9.7
9.8 1.0 9.8

2.4 2.0 9.6
0.6 4.0 9.6
15(b)(i) (The graph shows) g is not constant (from the surface of the Earth to
height of 5RE)
Or the gravitational field is not uniform over this distance (1) 1
15(b)(ii) Use of 𝑉𝑉grav = −

𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 (1)
𝑟𝑟
Use of ∆Egrav = 𝑚𝑚 ∆Vgrav (1)
∴ ∆𝐸𝐸grav =1.8 × 1011 J (1) 3
𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺
∆𝑉𝑉grav = −
𝑅𝑅𝐸𝐸 6𝑅𝑅𝐸𝐸
6.67 ×10-11 N m2 kg -2 ×6.0 × 1024 kg 1

∴ ∆𝑉𝑉grav = 6
�1- � =5.2 × 107 J kg -1
6.4 × 10 m 6
∴ ∆𝐸𝐸grav = 3.5 × 103 kg ×5.2 ×107 J kg -1 =1.82 × 1011 J
10
Number
16(a) At the top of the main sequence (1) 1
Accept a sketch of H-R diagram with the stars correctly marked on the main sequence
16(b) Use of 𝜆𝜆max 𝑇𝑇 = 2.898 × 10−3 m K (1)
λmax = 9.7 × 10−8 m (1) 2
2.898×10-3 m K
𝜆𝜆max = =9.66 ×10-8 m
3.00 ×104 K
16(c) Use of 𝐿𝐿 = 𝜎𝜎𝑇𝑇 4 𝐴𝐴 (1)
r = 2.3 × 1010 m (1) 2
5.37 × 105 ×3.85 × 1026 W = 5.67×10-8 W m-2 K -1 ×4π×𝑟𝑟 2 ×(2.75×104 K)4
2.07 × 1032 W
∴ 𝑟𝑟 = � 4
=2.25 ×1010 m
4
5.67×10-8 W m-2 K -1 ×4π×�2.75×10 K�
11
Number
16(d)
Use of 𝐼𝐼 =
𝐿𝐿 (1)
4𝜋𝜋𝑑𝑑 2
IA = 4.6 ×10-8 Wm-2 and IM = 3.6 ×10-8 Wm-2

Or
𝐼𝐼A
= 1.25 (1)
𝐼𝐼M
(1)
Comparison of the intensities of the two stars and appropriate deduction.
Dependent on MP1
OR
Alnilam is about 6 times as luminous as Mintaka, but Alnilam is twice as far away
𝐿𝐿
And the intensity of a star is given by 𝐼𝐼 =
4𝜋𝜋𝑑𝑑 2
Or The intensity of a star is proportional to luminosity and inversely proportional to the
distance squared
Dependent on MP1 (1)
Hence the intensity of Alnilam is greater than that from Mintaka and so Mintaka has the
lower intensity.
Dependent on MP1 and MP2. (1)
Example of calculation 3
𝐼𝐼A 𝐿𝐿A 𝑑𝑑M 2 (1)

= ×� �
𝐼𝐼M 𝐿𝐿M 𝑑𝑑A
2
𝐼𝐼A 5.37 × 105 8.7 × 1018 m
∴ = × � � =1.25
𝐼𝐼M 9.0 × 104 1.9 × 1019 m
12
Number
17(a) Use of circumference = 2πr (1)
4π 𝑟𝑟 3
Use of 𝑉𝑉 = 3 (1)
Conversion of temperature to kelvin (1)
(1)
Use of 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
(1)
Excess pressure calculated
Excess pressure is 79 kPa, so ball meets FA rules (1) 6
0.685 m
𝑟𝑟 = = 0.109 m
2π
4π
𝑉𝑉 = ×(0.109 m)3 =5.42×10-3 m3
3
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 2.5 × 1023 × 1.38 × 10-23 J K -1 ×(16+273)

𝑝𝑝 = = =1.84 × 105 Pa
𝑉𝑉 5.42 × 10-3 m3
Excess pressure = 1.84 × 105 Pa – 1.05 × 105 Pa = 7.9 × 104 Pa (79 kPa)
13
Number
*17(b) This question assesses a student’s ability to show a coherent and logically
structured answer with linkages and fully-sustained reasoning.
Marks are awarded for indicative content and for how the answer is structured and
shows lines of reasoning.
The following table shows how the marks should be awarded for structure and
lines of reasoning.
Number of marks awarded for

structure of answer and
sustained line of reasoning
Answer shows a coherent and logical structure with
linkages and fully sustained lines of reasoning 2
demonstrated throughout
Answer is partially structured with some linkages
1
and lines of reasoning
Answer has no linkages between points and is
0
unstructured
Total marks awarded is the sum of marks for indicative content and the marks for
structure and lines of reasoning
IC points IC mark Max linkage Max final
mark mark
6 4 2 6
5 3 2 5
4 3 1 4
3 2 1 3
2 2 0 2
1 1 0 1
0 0 0 0
Indicative content
• As the temperature of the air decreases the average/mean kinetic energy of the
molecules decreases
• So the (root mean square) velocity/speed of the molecules decreases
𝑝𝑝2
Or (Since 𝐸𝐸𝑘𝑘 = ) the (average) momentum of the molecules decreases
2𝑚𝑚
• The change of momentum of a molecule during a collision with the container

walls decreases
• The rate of collision of molecules with the walls of the container decreases
• So the rate of change of momentum decreases and so the force on the container
walls decrease s
• Hence the pressure exerted by the gas decreases, since p = F/A 6
14
Number
18(a)
48
20Ca + 249
98Cf →
294
118Og + 𝟑𝟑 × 10n (1) 1
18(b)(i) Cyclotron
Or Linac
Or Particle accelerator (1) 1
18(b)(ii) Conversion of energy to J (1)
Conversion of mass to kg (1)

1
Use of 𝐸𝐸k = 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣 2 (1)
2
(1)
v = 3.1 × 107 m s−1
(1) 5
Comparison of calculated value of v and c and valid conclusion
Ek = 245 × 106 eV × 1.6 × 10−19 J eV−1 = 3.92 × 10−11 J
m = 47.95 × 1.66 x 10-27 kg = 7.96 × 10−27 kg
2 ×3.92 × 10-11 J
𝑣𝑣 =� =3.14 × 107 m s -1
7.96 × 10-26 kg
18(c) Use of 𝜆𝜆 = 𝑡𝑡
ln2 (1)
1/2
Use of 𝑁𝑁 = 𝑁𝑁0 𝑒𝑒 −𝜆𝜆 𝑡𝑡 (1)
𝑁𝑁0 = 3.5 × 103 (1) 3
0.693
𝜆𝜆= =779 s-1
0.89 × 10-3 s
-1 × 2.5 × 10−3
500 = 𝑁𝑁0 e-780 s s
500
𝑁𝑁0 = = 3.50 × 103
0.142
15
Number
18(d) Handle the source with tongs
(1)
As alpha particles can only travel a few cm in air
[Accept alpha particles have a very short range]
Or The greater the distance, the lower the intensity of radiation received (1)
OR
Handle the source for as short a time a possible (1)
As the ionising effect is cumulative (1) 2


Number
19(a) The natural frequency of the water molecule is about 10 GHz (1)
The microwave radiation frequency (2.45 GHz) is not at/about the natural
frequency of the water molecule and so this is not resonance
Or
The driving frequency is not is not at/about the natural frequency of the water
(1) 2
molecule and so this is not resonance
19(b)(i) The (rotating) water molecules collide with other molecules (in the food) (1)
There is a transfer of kinetic energy to (adjacent) molecules (in the food) (1)
This increases the internal energy and hence the temperature of the food
Or this increases the (average) kinetic energy (of the molecules) and hence the
(1) 3
temperature of the food
19(b)(ii) Ice is a solid and so the molecules have fixed positions (1)
This prevents the molecules in the solid ice from rotating

Or only molecules in liquid water around the ice can rotate (1) 2
16
Number
19(c)(i) ∆𝑊𝑊
Use of ∆𝐸𝐸 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚∆𝜃𝜃 and use of 𝑃𝑃 = ∆𝑡𝑡 (1)
useful power output

Use of efficiency =
power input
Or
Use of efficiency =
useful energy output (1)
energy input
(1) 3
Efficiency = 56 %, so the manufacturer’s claim is invalid
0.325 kg×4190 J kg-1 K-1 ×(85.0 -25.0) °C

𝑃𝑃 = = 363 W
225 s
363 W
efficiency= × 100 % = 55.8 %
650 W
19(c)(ii) Energy transfer from water cooling =

energy transfer to melt ice + energy transfer to heat ice (1)
Use of ∆𝐸𝐸 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚∆𝜃𝜃 (1)
Use of ∆𝐸𝐸 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (1)
θ = 59 oC (1) 4
Energy transfer from water cooling = energy transfer to melt ice + energy transfer to
heat ice
𝑚𝑚water 𝑐𝑐 ∆𝜃𝜃water = 𝑚𝑚ice 𝐿𝐿 + 𝑚𝑚ice 𝑐𝑐 ∆𝜃𝜃ice
0.325 kg ×4190 J kg -1 K -1 (85.0- θ)
= 0.0625 kg × 3.33 × 105 J K -1 +0.0625 kg ×4190 J kg -1 K -1 (θ -0.0 )
1362 𝜃𝜃 + 262 𝜃𝜃 = +1.16 × 105 J − 2.08 × 104 J
9.52 × 104
∴ 𝜃𝜃= = 58.8 °C
1620
17
Number
20(a) (For simple harmonic motion the) acceleration is:
• (directly) proportional to displacement from equilibrium position (1)
• acceleration is in the opposite direction to displacement (1)

Or (always) acting towards the equilibrium position
OR
(For simple harmonic motion the resultant) force is:

• (directly) proportional to displacement from equilibrium position (1)
(1) 2
force is in the opposite direction to displacement
•
Or (always) acting towards the equilibrium position
(An equation with symbols defined correctly is a valid response for both marks
For equilibrium position accept: undisplaced point/position or fixed
point/position or central point/position)
20(b) Use of 𝐹𝐹 = 𝑘𝑘∆𝑥𝑥 (1)
𝑚𝑚
Use of 𝑇𝑇 = 2𝜋𝜋� (1)
𝑘𝑘
2π
Use of 𝑣𝑣𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 with 𝜔𝜔 = (1)
𝑇𝑇
1
Use of 𝐸𝐸k = 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣2 (1)
2
(1)
𝐸𝐸k = 9.1 × 10-3 J
OR
Use of 𝐹𝐹 = 𝑘𝑘∆𝑥𝑥 (1)
Statement that Ek max = ΔEel (1)
Because energy is conserved (1)

1
Use of ∆𝐸𝐸𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝐹𝐹∆𝑥𝑥 with 𝐹𝐹 = 𝑘𝑘∆𝑥𝑥 (1)
2
(1)
𝐸𝐸k = 9.1 × 10-3 J 5
𝐹𝐹 0.25 kg ×9.81 N kg-1
𝑘𝑘 = = =14.9 N m-1
∆𝑥𝑥 0.165 m
0.25 kg
𝑇𝑇 = 2𝜋𝜋� = 0.814 s
14.9 N m-1
2
1 2π×3.5×10-2 m
𝐸𝐸k = ×0.25 kg × � � = 9.13×10-3 J
2 0.814 s
18
Number
20(c) Sinusoidal curve with twice the frequency of displacement graph (1)
Always positive and maximum Ek at t = 0 (1) 2
Example of graph
20(d)
There would be viscous/drag forces on the mass as it moved through the water (1)
This would remove energy (from the oscillation)
Or this causes damping (1)
The amplitude would decrease over time (dependent on MP2)
(1) 3
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IAL-Physics Unit 5 (WPH15-01) (2020-06-01) Q+A

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Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information

Candidate surname Other names

Pearson Edexcel Centre Number Candidate Number

Monday 1 June 2020

Answer ALL questions.

Absorber Corrected count rate / s−1

Which of the following is emitted by the source?

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

Which of the following conclusions is supported by this graph?

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

3 A closed container holds a mixture of two gases at a constant temperature.

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

The temperature of the thermistor decreases.

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

Questions 6 and 7 both relate to an experiment carried out by a student to investigate

GM-tube lead gamma source

(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

Molecular kinetic energy Molecular potential energy

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

(Total for Question 10 = 1 mark)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 10 MARKS

Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.

(Total for Question 11 = 2 marks)

(Total for Question 12 = 5 marks)

(Total for Question 13 = 4 marks)

(Total for Question 14 = 4 marks)

(a) Show that g obeys an inverse square law.

(ii) Calculate the change in gravitational potential energy of the satellite.

Change in gravitational potential energy = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 15 = 7 marks)

Star Surface temperature / K Luminosity / LSun Distance from the Earth / m

LSun = 3.85 × 1026 W

(c) Calculate the radius of Alnilam.

(Total for Question 16 = 8 marks)

(Total for Question 17 = 12 marks)

(b) The calcium ions were accelerated to an energy of 245 MeV.

Original number of atoms = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(d) Explain a precaution necessary when handling a sample of an alpha emitting isotope.

(Total for Question 18 = 12 marks)

(b) The microwave radiation causes the water molecules to rotate.

Final temperature of mixture = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 19 = 14 marks)

(b) Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the oscillating mass.

Maximum kinetic energy = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The mass is set into oscillation as before.

(Total for Question 20 = 12 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 80 MARKS

List of data, formulae and relationships

Acceleration of free fall g = 9.81 m s–2 (close to Earth’s surface)

Coulomb’s law constant k = 1/4πε0

Planck constant h = 6.63 × 10−34 J s

Energy Stored in capacitor W = 12 QV

Resistor capacitor discharge I = I0e–t/RC

Nuclear and particle physics

Astrophysics and Cosmology

Cosmological expansion v = H0d

Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Level

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• All candidates must receive the same

(iii) Horizontal force of hinge on table top