SINGLE LOOP CIRCUITS VOLTAGE DIVISION: THE SIMPLEST CASE

BACKGROUND: USING KVL AND KCL WE CAN

WRITE ENOUGH EQUATIONS TO ANALYZE ANY
LINEAR CIRCUIT. WE NOW START THE STUDY
OF SYSTEMATIC, AND EFFICIENT, WAYS OF
USING THE FUNDAMENTAL CIRCUIT LAWS KVL ON
b c THIS
WRITE 5 KCL EQS
a 2 3 LOOP
OR DETERMINE THE
ONLY CURRENT
6 branches
1 FLOWING
6 nodes 4
1 loop

f 6 e 5 d
ALL ELEMENTS IN SERIES
ONLY ONE CURRENT

THE PLAN
• BEGIN WITH THE SIMPLEST ONE LOOP CIRCUIT
• EXTEND RESULTS TO MULTIPLE SOURCE
• AND MULTIPLE RESISTORS CIRCUITS

IMPORTANT VOLTAGE
DIVIDER EQUATIONS
 SUMMARY OF BASIC VOLTAGE DIVIDER A “PRACTICAL” POWER APPLICATION

R1
v R1 = v (t )
R1 + R2

EXAMPLE : VS = 9V , R1 = 90k, R2 = 30k

R1 = 15k  HOW CAN ONE REDUCE THE LOSSES?

 THE CONCEPT OF EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ELECTRIC
CONNECTION AND PHYSICAL LAYOUT
THIS CONCEPT WILL OFTEN BE USED TO SIMPLFY
THE ANALYSIS OF CIRCUITS. WE INTRODUCE IT SOMETIMES, FOR PRACTICAL CONSTRUCTION
HERE WITH A VERY SIMPLE VOLTAGE DIVIDER REASONS, COMPONENTS THAT ARE ELECTRICALLY
CONNECTED MAY BE PHYSICALLY QUITE APART

i R1 i
vS +
-
vS +
-
R1 + R2
R2
vS
i=
R1 + R2

AS FAR AS THE CURRENT IS CONCERNED BOTH

CIRCUITS ARE EQUIVALENT. THE ONE ON THE
RIGHT HAS ONLY ONE RESISTOR
SERIES COMBINATION OF RESISTORS

R1 R2 R1 + R2


IN ALL CASES THE RESISTORS ARE

CONNECTED IN SERIES
 FIRST GENERALIZATION: MULTIPLE SOURCES
+ v2 −
+ v R1 − Voltage sources in series can be
+ - algebraically added to form an
+ − equivalent source.
R1 -
v1 +
-
+ v3
− +
We select the reference direction to
−
i(t) + move along the path.
R2 v Voltage drops are subtracted from rises
-

v5
+ R2

−
+
+ -

KVL − v4 +
vR1 + v2 − v3 + vR 2 + v4 + v5 − v1 = 0 R1
Collect all sources on one side
(v1 − v2 + v3 − v4 − v5 ) = vR1 + vR 2
veq +
R2
(v ) = v
-

eq R1 + vR 2
SECOND GENERALIZATION: MULTIPLE RESISTORS
FIND I ,Vbd , P (30 k )

APPLY KVL
TO THIS LOOP APPLY KVL
TO THIS LOOP

LOOP FOR Vbd

Vbd − 12 − 20[k ] I = 0 (KVL)  Vbd = 10V

POWER ON 30k  RESISTOR
P = I 2 R = (−10 −4 A) 2 (30 *10 3 ) = 30mW

v R = Ri i 
i

VOLTAGE DIVISION FOR MULTIPLE RESISTORS

 THE “INVERSE” VOLTAGE DIVIDER
R1
+
VS +
- R2 VO APPLY KVL
− TO THIS LOOP

VOLTAGE DIVIDER "INVERSE" DIVIDER

R2 R1 + R2
VO = VS VS = VO − 6 + 80kI + 12 + 40kI = 0  I = −0.05mA
R1 + R2 R2

COMPUTE VS

+
3V
−
INVERSE DIVIDER PROBLEM
" INVERSE" DIVIDER
25 + 15 + 20
220 + 20 VS = 3 = 9V
VS = 458 .3 = 500 k 20
220
Notice use of
passive sign
convention

+ 80k * i (t ) − KVL : − 6V + 80k * i (t ) + 12V + 40k * i (t ) = 0

6V
i (t ) = − = −0.05mA
+ 120k 
i (t ) 40k  * i ( t )
−

Knowing the current one can compute ALL

the remaining voltages and powers
 EXAMPLE
9V
A 20k B C
+ -
I
+
- DETERMINE I 30k
KVL FOR VDAUSING KVL

E 10k D
V DA =
VCD = 30k * I = 1.5V

I DE = 0.05mA

KVL : - 12 + 20k * I + 9 + 30k * I + 10k * I = 0

3V
I= = 0.05mA
60k
KVL : VDA + 12 − 10k * I = 0
VDA = −11.5V
 − Vab +
KVL HERE
EXAMPLE
3Vx
b + 4V − a
I
+-
+ Vx =
4k
+
- APPLY KVL V X Vab =
VS
− P(3Vx ) =
TO THIS LOOP

Sometimes you may want

to vary a bit VS = 12V OR KVL HERE

P(3Vx ) is the power absorbed or

supplied by the dependent source

KVL : − 12 + 4 + 3VX + VX = 0  VX = 2V
KVL : Vab + 4 + 3V X = 0  Vab = −10V
KVL : Vab + VS − V X = 0
P(3V ) = 3VX I (PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION)
X

4V
OHMS' LAW : I = = 1mA
4k
P(3V X
) = 2[V ] *1[mA] = 2mW