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Female Genital Mutilation in Egypt, Sudan and India: Maya El Azhary 900139136
Female Genital Mutilation in Egypt, Sudan and India: Maya El Azhary 900139136
Female Genital Mutilation in Egypt, Sudan and India: Maya El Azhary 900139136
900139136
Research Question: In what ways is FGM related to culture and religion? And to
what extent does it violate women’s right; focusing on Egypt, Sudan and India?
SEMR 4038
This research paper examines Female Genital Mutilation from a very different, yet
important perspective. In fact, while it portrays an uncommon standpoint, this paper
will assess the origin routes of the practice of FGM and its religious and cultural
views. As FGM is wide spreading, up till today, around Africa and Asia, the main
focus on the effects of FGM in Egypt, Sudan and India will be analyzed in relation
with each country’s women’s position.
2
I. Introduction
Every society has its own traditions, culture and habits that are usually
that regardless of the fact that they might be crossing some lines. In fact, they obey
the rules whether they come from a pious authority or a political one without
considering what’s rationally accepted and what’s not. Today, if we look around us
we would find that everything has gender in it. Gender is embedded in our everyday
lives and we submit to it unconsciously, but the gender systems have a variety of
different features, not all of which are the same across different societies.
Ever since it has widespread all over Africa and Asia, Female Genital
violation of human’s rights1. According to the latest update in February of 2016 by the
World Health Organization: Today, there are 30 countries around the world that
practice FGM and we count more than 200 million women that have been victims of
the FGM2; which also makes it a topic that falls under the umbrella of gender powers
and inequality.
This paper sheds light on the origin of the practice of FGM in general, whilst
understanding women’s position and the FGM effect in Egypt and Sudan; along with
1
Sexual and Reproductive Health." World Health Organization. N.p., n.d. Web.
2
Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A Global Concern. UNICEF, New York, 2016.
3
II. Female Genital Mutilation
Female Genital Mutilation “comprises all procedures that involve partial or total
removal of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs
On a global level, there are at least 200 million girls located in 30 countries
around the world that have undergone FGM.4 More than half of this number only lives
in Egypt, Ethiopia and Indonesia; whereas 44 million of them are under the age of
155.
FGM is practiced the most with a rate of 96% of the women are circumcised 6. In
1998, data show that Egypt has around 29 million circumcised women and about 18
million in Sudan and Somalia combined7 and the number is sustaining its increase.
Actually, in Yemen, there are 85% of girls that undergo FGM within their first week
very sensitive and serious way. FGM is not only unhealthy on the biological level, but
on the psychological one as well; women who undergo it suffer serious emotional
problems. Usually people who perform it are the midwives or the closest barber10.
3
"Female Genital Mutilation." World Health Organization. N.p., Feb. 2016
4
UNICEF FMGC Report 2016
5
Ibid.
6
Montasser, Khaled. Circumcision and Violence against Women. Ed. Sanaa El Bissi. N.p.: Dar El Ein, 2003.
Print. Page 51
7
Montasser, Khaled. Circumcision and Violence against Women. Ed. Sanaa El Bissi. N.p.: Dar El Ein, 2003.
Print. Page 51
8
UNICEF FMGC Report 2016
9
UNICEF FMGC Report 2016
10
Montasser, Khaled. Circumcision and Violence against Women. Ed. Sanaa El Bissi. N.p.: Dar El Ein, 2003.
Print. Page 51
4
a. Types of FGM
The World Healthy Organization had classified FGM under three categories or types.
First, is the known to be Type I and referred to as Clitoridectomy, which is the partial
or total amputation of the small sensitive and erectile part of the female genitals called
Clitoris. Also, removing the prepuce, which is the fold of skin surrounding the area.
Clitoridectomy is associtated with Islam with the misconception that is it part Sunna.
The second category, type II and referred to as Excision, that also includes
partial or total amputation of the clitoris along with the Labia Minora11 either with the
excision of Labia Majora12; the Labia are the “lips” the surround the vaginal genital
of the female.
The third category, Type III and referred to as Infibulation, “this is the
narrowing of the vaginal opening through the creation of a covering seal. The seal is
formed by cutting and repositioning the Labia Minora, or Labia Majora, sometimes
It is indeed that FGM has neither health benefits nor advantages. Women,
who undergo FGM, are faces with a traumatic aftermath such as, unhappy sexual
11
Definition: inner fold of the Vulva. – Female Genital Mutilation." World Health Organization. N.p., Feb. 2016
12
Definition: outer folds of skin of the Vulva. – Female Genital Mutilation." World Health Organization. N.p.,
Feb. 2016
5
life in marriage, sever bleeding, death or even become infertile 13. Also, results in
mention the amount of psychological damage the women live with for the rest of
their live where they question themselves with the “ What if’s” they had not been
circumcised? Will their sex life improve? What are they missing out on? Such
In what concerns the Islamic religion, Aly Gomaa’, the Grand Mufti of Egypt,
previously claimed that FGM harms women in a psychological and physical way
whereas he called upon this practice to be stopped in the name of the values of Islam
that prohibits all Muslims to act peacefully and avoid harming any living breathing
The strongest argument supporting that is simply that the Quran, which is the
most sacred and reliable source in Islam, being God’s direct words, doesn’t contain
any references to it. In fact, “Allah is the One who made the Earth a habitat for you,
and the sky as a structure, and He designed you, and has perfected your design.”
(Qur’an 40:64)
13
Koso-Thomas, Olayinka. The Circumcision of Women: A Strategy for Eradication. N.p.: Zed, 1987.
Print. Page 27
14
Al Fangary, Ahmed Shawky. Circumcision and Religion, Medicine, Psychology, Sociology, History and Law.
N.p.: Egyptian General Authority of the Book, 2011. Print. Page 33
15
“Fatwas Against FGM”. Stop FGM Middle East Organization. N.p. Web :
http://www.stopfgmmideast.org/fatwas-against-fgm/
16
Al Fangary, Ahmed Shawky. Circumcision and Religion, Medicine, Psychology, Sociology, History and Law.
N.p.: Egyptian General Authority of the Book, 2011. Print. Page 33
6
“ But Muslims or scholars who believe in it claim that they do it based on two Hadith
(sayings attributed by the Prophet), which are categorized as two weak ones17.
published a booklet about FGM that was funded by the World Health Organization’s
regional office located in Alexandria, whereas he argued that all Hadiths that refer to
FGM lack authenticity and are poorly evaluated. Afterwards, there were another
Fatwa issues banning circumcision claiming that it the Hadith is not reliable, as the
prophet didn’t let his daughters undergo FGM18. Hence, there is no valid proof of
Also, The Egyptian National Council for Childhood and Motherhood had
published another booklet by Selim El Awaa, whereas he also argued that Islamic
jurisprudential should abide by the scientific theories that the body encounters
dysfunctions and deprivation of its natural functions and its legitimate pleasures.19
In Islam, there are several sects in which the most popular one is the Sunni
that is divided into four schools. In Asia, the Shafa’i, a Muslim Sunni law school that
dominates Indonesia and Iraq, adopts the belief that FMG is actually a requirement in
the Islamic religion. Two other schools do not see as a mandatory Sunni practice, yet
Catholics scholars that FGM is not a religious practice and does not abide by
17
Guenbaum, Ellen. The Female Circumcision Controversy: An Anthropological Perspective. Philadelphia:
University Of Pennsylvania, 2001. Print. Page 65
18
ibid. page 65
19
“Fatwas Against FGM”. Stop FGM Middle East Organization. N.p. Web :
http://www.stopfgmmideast.org/fatwas-against-fgm/
20
Piecher, Olivier. "No “African Problem” Stop FGM Middle East Organization.Web:
"Http://www.stopfgmmideast.org/ /. N.p., n.d. Web.
7
Christian law.21 In fact, in the Conference of East-Africa Program, the leader and
a. Egyptian Women
As an Egyptian woman who had lived her whole life wandering around
how oppressed, mistreated and misperceived they are. Egyptian women are not only
controlled by their society in how and what they dress, but it goes as far as controlling
the way they speak, walk, drive and even laugh. According to the Egyptian Center of
Women’s rights, Egypt is ranked as the 125 th country amongst 136 countries when it
b. FGM in Egypt
FMG, according to the UNICEF’s statistical overview, there has been 27.2 million
21
El Damanhoury, I. E. "The Jewish and Christian View on Female Genital Mutilation." Pan African Urological
Surgeons’ Association, 2013. Web.
22
Ibid
8
(Figure 1) girls who have been circumcised.23 However, the numbers have dropped
from 97% in 1985 to 70% in 2015 (Figure 2). 24 Furthermore, 72 % of the FGM cases
are completed and done by doctors. Actually, it has been stated by Jaime Nadal, the
eradicate FGM in Egypt, we could get rid of one-fourth of the cases worldwide”25
Egypt’s Penal Code. 26Those who perform the circumcision, they were either to be
sentenced from three months to two years or fined a penalty bill of 5000 EGP.
However, it only happened in January of 2015, that the Egyptian Court of Justice
enclosed a hearing during trial against a doctor who performed FGM and caused the
death of 13-year-old girl. The doctor was sentenced to two years and three months of
prison that included hard labor for manslaughter.27 He was also fined what is
a. Sudanese Women
23
UNICEF FMGC Report 2016
24
Ibid.
25
Kingsley, Patrick. "In Egypt, Social Pressure Means FGM Is Still the Norm."The Guardian. Guardian News and
Media, 06 Feb. 2015. Web.
26
"Egypt Will ‘Eradicate Female Genital Mutilation By 2030’: Health Minister."Http://egyptianstreets.com/. N.p.,
6 Feb. 2016. Web.
27
Ibid.
28
Ibid.
9
According to the Arab States for Women’s Rights, Sudan ranks number 17 on the
list out of 22 countries29. Sudanese women are tied up with legal, economic, social
and cultural barriers. In fact, it has been documented that Sudan has the one of highest
in Sudan do not know how to read nor write. One of the main causes behind such high
rates of illiteracy is the civil war that lasted for about 21 years, in which schools and
mentioning when discussing such topics as it is one of the main factors behind the
b. FGM in Sudan
Sadly, even though there have been major efforts and campaigns calling upon
the eradication of FGM, it still manages to spread out amongst families. In fact, some
said they feel pressured from their husbands while others claimed that they choose to
be circumcised thinking they would fit in better with the society that hold such norms
and cultures.30 In its last updated report, UNICEF estimated that between Sudanese
women and girls, aged from 15 to 49, there are 87% of them that have been mutilated
or circumcised. 31 Today, Sudan is ranked as the fifth country with highest FGM rates
In the past decade, there had been several initiatives to stop such criminal acts
against women. In 2007, the Sudanese Parliament got passed on voting on a law to
abolish FGM whereas it was suggested bill payment and a 10-year prison period. 32
29
"Sudan One of Worst Countries for Women's Rights."Www.dabangasudan.org/. N.p., 13 Nov. 2013. Web
30
Salih, Zeinab Mohammed. "FGM Spreading to Minority Groups in Sudan, Say Campaigners." The Guardian.
Guardian News and Media, 15 Feb. 2016. Web.
31
Ibid
32
Ibid.
10
Yet, up till today, the amendment has not been furtherly discussed and is still held on
pause. Also, In 2008, a national strategy adopted by the UNICEF to conceive the
that falls under the ministry that deals with women in Sudan. Notwithstanding the
signing of a national strategy by the president of Sudan to put end to FGM but he
ended up removing the article 13 from the final drafted constitution 34. Due to the fact
that he was pressured by the ICC to sign such strategy, the Salafist of his country
insisted that It was an Islamic tradition which is what led him to drop the case. 35
Regardless of the supported campaigns and the funded initiatives, FGM remains
introduced a new regulation that reinforces solid punishment on those who still
The current Sudanese parliament is made up mostly from Islamic figures, which
makes it even harder on the government to criminalize FGM. 37 When Amira Al-
by the National Council for Child Welfare that is part of the Ministry of Welfare, the
33
"FGM on Decline in Sudan as Attitudes Shift: UNICEF." - Sudan Tribune: Plural News and Views on Sudan.
N.p., 12 Feb. 2014. Web.
34
El Naggar, Samia, and Liv Tonnessen. "Criminalizing FGM in Sudan: A Never Ending Story?" CMI. N.p., 4
May 2016. Web.
35
Ibid
36
FGM on Decline in Sudan as Attitudes Shift: UNICEF." - Sudan Tribune: Plural News and Views on Sudan.
N.p., 12 Feb. 2014. Web.
37
El Naggar, Samia, and Liv Tonnessen. "Criminalizing FGM in Sudan: A Never Ending Story?" CMI. N.p., 4
May 2016. Web.
11
minister replaced her because he was a conservative. 38 Thus, one could clearly that the
Sudanese government disregards any efforts and does not take a solid stand against
FGM.
III. India
a. Indian Women:
The status of Indian women remains inferior to those of men. They are barely even
given any rights whereas they lack equality and liberty39. The situation gets even
worse if they give birth to a girl. 40To understand the Indian culture and the women’s
position, in some communities, women are obliged to eat after their men so they could
have the leftovers41. Such norm indicates that the minimal respect or appreciation for
the Indian woman is not even present within parts of the society.
b. FGM in India:
In Mumbai, FGM is wildly spread across the Dawoodi Bohra community, a relatively
small one compared to the size of India. 42 The Bohra community is divided three
sects: Dawoodis, Sulemanis and Alvis43. Within the Dawoodi Bohra sect, there are
girls who are circumcised before they hit puberty or right after they do 44. The Bohra
community is ran by the Shi’a Sect of which Sydena of Bohra, who is the highest
38
Ibid.
39
N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.womenempowermentinindia.com/status-of-women-in-india/>.
40
Datta, Pinak Pani. "Female Genital Mutilation: An Open Secret In India."Http://www.youthkiawaaz.com/. N.p.,
17 Apr. 2012. Web.
41
Ibid.
42
Ibid.
43
Das, Mohua. "Women Welcome Syedna Rival’s Stand on Circumcision." N.p., 9 May 2016. Web .
44
Datta, Pinak Pani. "Female Genital Mutilation: An Open Secret In India."Http://www.youthkiawaaz.com/. N.p.,
17 Apr. 2012. Web.
12
priest, encourage the practice of FGM which creates conflict and challenges to those
V. Conclusion
famous anti-FGM campaigner45, that historical and anthological studies had proven
that FGM has nothing to do with Egyptian ancient history, nor Arabs nor Muslims,
not Christians nor Jews nor Buddhists; rather it is related to a type of social and
economic system ruling us. It is not a crime related to color, race or religion;
She firmly believes that the reasons for the lower status of women in their
societies, and the lack of opportunities offered for them, is not due to their religion but
again due to the economic and political forces “namely those of foreign imperialism
operating mainly from the outside, and of the reactionary classes operating on the
inside”47. She adds that these two forces work closely and end up causing a focused
oppression and exploitation. It is not possible for a religion to call for disease,
Even though Islam cherishes Sexual relationship between married couples and
there is no way that it orders its people to do something that reduces its pleasure,
people still use other fallacies to brainwash young girls’ minds. Persuading a girl that
FGM will preserve her reputation, cleanness or purity is fallacy. Such way of thinking
45
Cooke, Rachel. "Nawal El Saadawi: ‘Do You Feel You Are Liberated? I Feel I Am Not’." N.p., 11 Oct. 2015.
Web.
46
Montasser, Khaled. Circumcision and Violence against Women. Ed. Sanaa El Bissi. N.p.: Dar El Ein,
2003. Print. Page 37
47
Saadawi, Nawal El. The Hidden Eye Of Eve. Ed. Sherif Hetata. London and New York: Zed, 1980.
Print. Page 41
13
is wrong and even dangerous because what protects or controls a boy or a girl from
sinning is not the removal of a small piece of skin, but we should educate them and
nurture their consciousness and understanding of the problems they might face if they
do sin. When raising awareness to such issue, we should enlighten the women’s mind
that as we increase our consciousness it leads us closer to our aims of drawing human
motives, morals and values, and the greater we increase our desire to live life to its
fullest and appreciate its quality, is where they will avoid surrendering to the mere
Nevertheless, the practice of circumcision does not fall under the category of
health problems for which solutions can be found through actions outside the domain
of the culture, because it has strong religious and cultural base without which it would
not exist today, and because this base structure has long been shrouded in secrecy and
VI. References:
1. Cooke, Rachel. "Nawal El Saadawi: ‘Do You Feel You Are Liberated? I Feel I
48
Saadawi, Nawal El. The Hidden Eye Of Eve. Ed. Sherif Hetata. London and New York: Zed, 1980.
Print. Page 42
14
4. "Egypt Will ‘Eradicate Female Genital Mutilation By 2030’: Health
7. “Fatwas Against FGM”. Stop FGM Middle East Organization. N.p. Web :
http://www.stopfgmmideast.org/fatwas-against-fgm/
2016.
10. Kingsley, Patrick. "In Egypt, Social Pressure Means FGM Is Still the Norm."The
14. Piecher, Olivier. "No “African Problem” Stop FGM Middle East
15
15. Saadawi, Nawal El. The Hidden Eye Of Eve. Ed. Sherif Hetata. London and New
16. Salih, Zeinab Mohammed. "FGM Spreading to Minority Groups in Sudan, Say
17. Sexual and Reproductive Health." World Health Organization. N.p., n.d. Web.
2006. Web.
VII. Appendices.
16
Figure (1)
Source: http://www.stopfgmmideast.org/wp-
content/uploads/2014/02/bildschirmfoto-2014-02-25-um-18-28-02.png
17
Figure (2)
Source:
http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGMC_2016_brochure_final_UNICEF_SPREA
D(2).pdf
18