A.Z.

AL-AMRI 1

Storage tanks
Standard dimension of Vertical storage tank : Diameter: 10-220 ft
High: 6-64 ft
Capacity: 505-284500 bbl

𝜋
V= 4 D2 H
A1= π D H…….……….. Surface area of vertical tank
𝜋 2
A2= 4 D …….……….. Bottom area of vertical tank

C1=$/A1 …….……….. Annual Cost of surface

C2=$/A2…….……….. Annual Cost of bottom
C3=$/Roof
C4=$/Foundation
C5=$/cost of land
C5 = C1 A1 + (C2 +C3 +C4 +C5) A2
𝜋
= C1 π D H + 4 D2 (C2 +C3 +C4 +C5)

𝐷
( ) = 4𝐶1⁄𝐶2 + 𝐶3 + 𝐶4 + 𝐶5
𝐻 𝑜𝑝𝑡

For:
1- Small size: v<10000 bbl

𝐶1 = 𝐶2 = 𝐶3
𝐶4 = 𝐶5 = 0
𝐷 2𝐶1
(𝐻) =
𝐶1+𝐶1
=1  D=H
𝑜𝑝𝑡

2- Large size: v>10000 bbl

𝐶1 = 𝐶2 = 𝐶3
𝐶4 = 𝐶5 = 0

𝐷 4𝐶1 4 8 8
(𝐻) =
0.5𝐶1+𝐶1
=
1.5
=
3
 D= H
3
𝑜𝑝𝑡
 A.Z.AL-AMRI 2

Example:
V= 55000 bbl
C1= 2 C2
C3= 1.8 C2
C4+C5= 0.4 C2
T=1.5 in.
Find (D/H)opt = ?

4𝐶1
(D/H) opt = 0.5𝐶1+1.8(0.5𝐶1)+ 0.4(0.5𝑐1) = 2.5

D = 2.5 H
𝜋
V = 4 D2 H
𝜋
= 4 (2.5H)2 H = 55000 bbl * 5.615 ft3

 H= 33.74 ft

 D= 84.35 ft

 Courses thickness

t, in= 0.0001456 D (H-1)

t: inch

D: feet

H: feet
 A.Z.AL-AMRI 3

Example:

1 2 3 4 5
H, ft 8 16 24 32 40
t, in ? ? ? ? ?

1- Courses

1 2 3 4 5
H 8 16 24 32 40
t 0.25 0.25 0.34 0.46 057
*0.25 is the minimum standard available

2- Vsteel= π D H ∑t

= (π (100)(8)(0.25+0.25+0.34+0.46+0.57))/12

= 391.7 ft3
 A.Z.AL-AMRI 4

 Pressure Vessel Design

𝜋
V= D2 L
4

𝑃𝐷
t= +C
2𝑆𝐸

Where:

P: pressure inside vessel, psia

D: vessel diameter, ft
t: thickness, in.
S: stress, psi
E: weld efficiency, %
C: corrosion allowances, in.

π 2 PD
Vsteel = (𝜋𝐷𝐿 + 2 D ) + (2SE + C)
4

4V πD2 PD
Vsteel =( + )+( + C)
D 2 2SE

3 PD
(L/D) opt = 1+
4 CSE

P
F =CSE , in-1
 A.Z.AL-AMRI 5

Example

V= 1000 ft3

P= 100 psi

E= 0.8

C= 1/16 in.

S= 16000 psi

Find D, L

Solution:

𝑃 100
F= 𝐶𝑆𝐸 = 1 = 0.125 in-1
( )(16000)(0.8)
16

3
(L/D) opt= 1+ 4 FD

𝜋 3
V = 4 D3 (1+ 4 FD)

1273= D3+ 1.125 D4

D= 5.6 ft
L=40 ft

 Wind effect on vessel and storage tanks:

𝐵 2
𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑃𝑊 = 0.004 𝑣 𝑓𝑠
30

𝑃𝑊 =wind pressure, lb/ft2

B = atm. Pressure, 30in Hg

V = speed, mile/hr

𝑓𝑠 = shape factor, [dimension less] for cylindrical vessel, 𝑓𝑠 = 0.6

for suface(shell) , 𝑓𝑠 = 1.0

A.Z.AL-AMRI 6

 Binding force (Mw):

𝐿2
𝑀𝑀 =πD Pw , lb.ft L=high of vessel
2

Spherical Tank Design

π
V = ( ) D3, ft3
6

6
D = ( ) v1/3, ft
π

 Thickness (t):

𝑃𝐷
t= +C
4𝐸𝑆
 A.Z.AL-AMRI 7

Example:

It is required to store the production of an oil well for 10 days in 3 tanks,

- C1= Annual cost of the shell per unit area, C1= 2.3 times that of the bottom C2

-Annual cost of the roof per unit area is 2.15 times that of the bottom and cost of the land and preparation cost together per
unit area are 0.91 times of the bottom.

Design the tank and determine the optimum dimensions if the oil production is 39000 bpd?

Sol:

C1=2.3 C2

C3=2.15 C2

C4+C5= 0.91

q= 39000 bpd

 V= q * t =390,000 bbl (for all 3 tanks)

t=10 days
390,000
V (for single tank) = 3
= 130,000 𝑏𝑏𝑙

V=130,000> 10,000  we will use large size tank equation

𝐷 4C1
( ) =
𝐻 𝑜𝑝𝑡 C2 + C3 + C4 + C5

4(2.3C2)
= C2 + 2.15 C2 + 0.91C2 =

D =

H =
 A.Z.AL-AMRI 8

Example:

A Pressure vessel of 700 ft3, 200 psi

S= 21000 psi, E = 0.8, C = 1.5 mm, V = 10 mils /hr

Find:

1. Vessel dimensions, (L, D).

2. Moment caused by wind, Mw
3. Volume of steal.
4. Weight of steal.

Solution:

- V=700 ft3

- P= 200 psi
1.5 𝑚𝑚∗1𝑐𝑚∗1𝑖𝑛
C = 1.5 mm = 10𝑚𝑚∗2.54𝑐𝑚
=0.059 in

𝑃 200
F= 𝐶𝑆𝐸
=0.059∗21000∗0.8 = 0.2 in-1

3
(L/D) opt. = [1 + 4FD],

3
V= (/4) D2L = (/4) *D3 *[1 + FD]
4

700 ft3 = (/4)* D3 [1+ (3/4)*0.2* D]

V = (.4)*D3* [1 + (3/4)*0.2* D]

Assume D to get V and then draw V vs. D and value of D @ V=700 ft3

Assumed D V
15 298.9746

17.96866 700.0003

20 1162.963

The resulted figure

 A.Z.AL-AMRI 9

From drawn figure we obtain that:

@V=700 ft  D=17.96866”
𝐿
(𝐷) = [1+ ((3/4)*F*D)] = 3.695299
𝑜𝑝𝑡

4𝑉 4∗700∗144
L = 𝜋𝐷2 =3.14∗17.968662 = 397.7036 ft

𝐿2
2) 𝑀𝑤 =π D Pw , lb-ft
2

𝐵
𝑃𝑊 = 0.004 30
𝑣 𝑓𝑠 , lb/ft2

B = 30"Hg

𝑓𝑠 = 0.6

V= 10, mi/hr
30
Pw= 0.004 * *102*0.6= 0.24 lb/ft2
30
A.Z.AL-AMRI 10

17.96866 15.937152
Mw = 0.24* ∗ ( ) = 28420.7 lb-ft
12 2

𝑷𝑫
3) t= + C = ((214.7*17.96866)/ (4*2100*0.8) + 0.059 = 0.633088”
𝟐𝑺𝑬

π
Volume of steel = (π D L +(2( 𝟒 𝑫^𝟐))t

17.96866
= 3.14* 12
* 397.7036 *0.633088 = 52.78203 ft3

𝑙𝑏
4) Weight (lb) = 52.78203 * 490 (lb𝑓𝑡 3) = 25863.19, lb
A.Z.AL-AMRI 11

Pump design
*Objectives
1. Be familiar with the nomenclature used in the design of centrifugal pumps.

2. be able to use pump characteristic curves.

3. be able to compute the total dynamic head (TDH) of a pump, given its suction and discharge lines and installed fittings.

*Centrifugal Pumps Fundamentals

A centrifugal pump converts the input power to kinetic energy in the liquid by accelerating the liquid by a revolving device - an
impeller. The most common type is the volute pump.

1) Head
- The pressure at any point in a liquid can be thought of as being caused by a vertical column of the liquid.
- The height of the column is called the Static Head and is expressed in terms of feet of liquid.
- The Static Head corresponding to any specific pressure is dependent upon the weight of the liquid according to the following
formula:

2.31 × 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑝𝑠𝑖)

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 (𝑓𝑡) =
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦

A Centrifugal pump imparts velocity to a liquid.

This velocity energy is transformed largely into pressure energy as the liquid leaves the pump.

-The relationship between the head developed in pump and its velocity is expressed by:

𝑉2
𝐻=
2𝑔
Where:

H =Total head developed (feet)

V = Velocity of impeller (feet/sec)

g = 32.2 feet/sec

2) SUCTION LIFT
SUCTION LIFT exists when the source of supply is below the center line of the pump.

Thus the STATIC SUCTION LIFT is the vertical distance in feet from the centerline of the pump to the free level of the liquid to be
pumped.
A.Z.AL-AMRI 12

3) SUCTION HEAD
SUCTION HEAD exists when the source of supply is above the centerline of the pump.

Thus the STATIC SUCTION HEAD is the vertical distance in feet from the centerline of the pump to the free level of the liquid to be
pumped.

4) CAPACITY
Capacity (Q) is normally expressed in gallons per minute (GPM). Since liquids are essentially incompressible, there is a direct
relationship between the capacity in a pipe and the velocity of flow. This relationship is as follows:

𝑄 = 449 × 𝑉 × 𝐴

Where:

A = area of pipe cross section( 𝑓𝑡 2 )

V = velocity of flow (ft/sec)

Q = Capacity (GPM=gallons per minute)

5) Power & Efficiency

•The work performed by a pump is a function of the total head and the weight of the liquid pumped in a given time period.

•Pump input or brake horsepower (BHP) is the actual horsepower delivered to the pump shaft.
A.Z.AL-AMRI 13

𝑸 × 𝑻𝑫𝑯 × 𝑺. 𝑮
𝑩𝑯𝑷 =
𝟑𝟗𝟔𝟎 × 𝒑𝒖𝒎𝒑 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚

•Pump output or hydraulic horsepower (WHP) is the liquid horsepower delivered by the pump:

𝑄 × 𝑇𝐷𝐻 × 𝑆. 𝐺
𝑊𝐻𝑃 =
3960

The brake horsepower or input to a pump is greater than the hydraulic horsepower or output due to the mechanical and hydraulic
losses incurred in the pump.

Therefore, the pump efficiency is the ratio of these two values:

𝑊𝐻𝑃 𝑄 × 𝑇𝐷𝐻 × 𝑆. 𝐺
𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = =
𝐵𝐻𝑃 3960 × 𝐵𝐻𝑃

6) NPSH & Cavitations

The definition of NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD NPSH -is defined as the total suction head determined at the suction nozzle, less
the vapor pressure of the liquid in feet absolute.

NPSH required is a function of the pump design.

•As the liquid passes from the pump suction to the impeller region, the pressure decreases.

•The centrifugal force of the impeller vanes further increases the velocity and decreases the pressure of the liquid.

•The NPSH required is the positive head in feet required at the pump suction to overcome these pressure drops in the pump and
maintain the majority of the liquid above its vapor pressure.

To overcome the phenomenon called “Cavitations”, NPSH available must be greater than available –NPSH required 𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻𝐴 >
𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻𝑅 NO CAVITATION

𝑉2 𝑃 𝑃𝑉
𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻 = + −
2𝑔 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑃 𝑃𝑉
𝑉 = √2𝑔 × [𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻 − + ]
𝑆𝑃. 𝐺 𝑆𝑃. 𝐺

𝑉2 𝑃𝑉
𝑃 = 𝑆𝑃. 𝐺 × (𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻 − + )
2𝑔 𝑆𝑃. 𝐺
A.Z.AL-AMRI 14

Example:
100 GPM of HCl is to be pumped by a centrifugal pump

from a reservoir located 50 ft below a storage reservoir.

Q: Find the TDH of the system.

Solution:
Let’s divide the system in to two sub-systems:

1. Suction Area

2. Discharge Area

Suction Area –in GENERAL:

•The total Pipe length: 5+7+5 = 17ft

•The Static Head –10ft

•One 3”90 Knee –7.7ft
•One fully opened 3”Gate Valve -1.6 ft
•Lummus Rules: P allowed in case of non-boiling liquids entering pump -1psi/100ft.

Hence the pressure drop in the pipe and its fittings is: (17+7.7+1.6)ftx1psi/100 ft = 0.26 psi.
The static pressure in reservoir is calculated from:
A.Z.AL-AMRI 15

2.31 × 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑝𝑠𝑖)

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 (𝑓𝑡) =
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑(𝑓𝑡) × 𝑆𝑃. 𝐺 10 𝑓𝑡 × (1.1)
𝑃(𝑝𝑠𝑖) = = = 4.76 𝑝𝑠𝑖
2.31 2.31
Hence, the suction head is:
2.31 × 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒(𝑝𝑠𝑖) 2.31 × (4.76 − 0.26)
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑(𝑓𝑡) = = = 9.45 𝑓𝑡
𝑆𝑝. 𝐺 1.1

Discharge Area –in GENERAL:

•The total Pipe length: 172ft
•The Static Head –60ft
•Two 2”90Elbow –5ft each
•One fully opened 2”Gate Valve -1.25 ft
•One 2”Check Valve –15ft.
•Lummus Rules: ∆ P allowed in case of 0-250 GPM is 6psi/100ft.
Hence the pressure drop in the pipe and its fittings is:(172+1.25+2 5+15)ft x 6psi/100 ft = 11.9 psi.
The static pressure in reservoir is calculated from:
2.31 × 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑝𝑠𝑖)
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 (𝑓𝑡) =
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑(𝑓𝑡) × 𝑆𝑃. 𝐺 60 𝑓𝑡 × (1.1)

𝑃(𝑝𝑠𝑖) = = = 28.57 𝑝𝑠𝑖
2.31 2.31

Hence, the discharge head is:

2.31 × 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒(𝑝𝑠𝑖) 2.31 × (28.57 + 11.9)
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑(𝑓𝑡) = = = 84.98𝑓𝑡
𝑆𝑝. 𝐺 1.1

Finally, the total dynamic head of this system is:

TDH = Discharge Head – Suction Head

= 85.72 - 9.45 = 75.27 ft

Note –the reason for the sum of the static head and the head loss is due to the fact that the pump must overcome the static pressure
of the storage reservoir as well as that of the piping.

Compression of Natural Gas ( Reference :I koku,ch5)

When gas has insufficient potential energy for its required movement , a compressor station must be used.

Types of compressors:

1-Jet compressors

Its example on dually completed gas well s where both high and low-pressure gas are available and where intermediate
pipe line pressure
A.Z.AL-AMRI 16

2-Rotary compressors

Rotary compressors are divided to: rotary blower and centrifugal compressors

a- The rotary blower

The rotary blower has several advantages. Large quantities of low-pressure gas can be handled at comparatively low
horsepower, it is simple to install and easy to operate, it requires minimum floor space for the quantity of gas removed.

For its disadvantages, it can’t with stand high pressure, it has noisy operation.

Typically, rotary blower has a volume up to 17,000 cfm and has a maximum intake pressure of 10 psig and differential
pressure of 10 psig

b- Centrifugal compressors

The centrifugal compressors are high capacity. Typically, the volume is more than 100,000 cfm and discharge pressure is
up to 100 psig.

3-Reciprocating compressors

-Reciprocating compressors are the mostly used in the gas industry

A.Z.AL-AMRI 17

- Reciprocating compressors are built for all pressures and capacities.

A.Z.AL-AMRI 18
A.Z.AL-AMRI 19
A.Z.AL-AMRI 20

( Reference :I koku,ch5)