C 5 - Shear in Beams

UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
EN 5302 REINFORCED CONCRETE
CHAPTER 5
Shear and Diagonal

Tension in Beams
Edited by
Amir M. Salih Sardar R. Mohammad
MSc Structural Engineering MSc Structural Engineering
2018-2019 ©
Draft Edition
12-12-2018
REINFORCED CONCRETE 2018 - DRAFT
CHAPTER 5 SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS

Summary
Shear reinforcement restrains the growth of inclined cracking so that ductility of

the beam is improved and a warning of failure is provided. In an unreinforced
web, the formation of inclined cracking might lead directly to failure without
warning.
When the factored shear, Vu , is high, it shows that large cracks are going to
occur unless some type of additional reinforcing is provided. This reinforcing
usually takes the form of stirrups that enclose the longitudinal reinforcing along
the faces of the beam.
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 116

Introduction [6]
 The objective of today’s reinforced concrete designer is to produce ductile

members that provide warning of impending failure.
 To achieve this goal, the code provides design shear values that have
larger safety factors against shear failures than do those provided for
bending failures.
 The failures of reinforced concrete beams in shear are quite different from
their failures in bending.
 Shear failures occur suddenly with little or no advance warning.
Therefore, beams are designed to fail in bending under loads that are

appreciably smaller than those that would cause shear failures. As a

result, those members will fail in a ductile mode.
 During the bending failure, the beam may crack and sag a great deal if
overloaded, but they will not fall apart, as they might if shear failures were
possible.
Types of Cracks
1. Shear Crack, Diagonal Crack, Web Crack (Pure Shear)

2. Flexure-shear crack
3. Flexural Cracks
Figure 14 Types of cracking in concrete beams [8]
Shear Stress Distribution of Homogeneous Beams


EXTRA NOTES:

Types of Shear Reinforcement

1. Stirrups, ties and hoops
2. Spiral reinforcement
3. Bent bars
4. Combined bent and stirrups
5. Welded wire reinforcement
6. Others
Shear Reinforcement Performance
1. Carries a portion of the external factored shear force, Vu

2. Restrict the growth of the diagonal cracks
3. Holds the longitudinal reinforcing bars
4. Provide some confinement to the concrete in the compression zone.
5. Others

Factors affecting Shear Strength of Beams (without web

reinforcement)
1. Tensile Strength of Concrete

2. Longitudinal Reinforcement
3. Shear span and depth ratio (a/d)
4. Size of Beams
5. Axial Forces (Compression and Tension)
6. Aggregate Interlock (type, size and roughness)
Shear Stresses in Concrete Beams [6]
 Although no one has ever been able to accurately determine the

resistance of concrete to pure shearing stress, the matter is not very
important because pure shearing stress is probably never encountered in
concrete structures.
 Furthermore, according to engineering mechanics, if pure shear is
produced in a member, a principal tensile stress of equal magnitude will
be produced on another plane. Because the tensile strength of concrete
is less than its shearing strength, the concrete will fail in tension before its
shearing strength is reached.
 In Plane Concrete Beams, diagonal principal tensile stresses, called
diagonal tension, occur at different places and angles in concrete beams,
and they must be carefully considered. If they reach certain values,
additional reinforcing, called web reinforcing, must be supplied.

 In reinforced concrete beams, the situation is quite different because

the longitudinal bending tension stresses are resisted quite satisfactorily
by the longitudinal reinforcing. These bars, however, do not provide
significant resistance to the diagonal tension stresses.
Shear Cracking of Reinforced Concrete Beams [6]
 Inclined cracks can develop in the webs of reinforced concrete beams,

either as extensions of flexural cracks or occasionally as independent
cracks.
 flexure–shear crack: the ordinary types of shear cracks found in both
prestressed and nonprestressed beams.

 For them to occur, the moment must be larger than the cracking moment,
and the shear must be rather large.
 The cracks run at angles of about 45◦ with the beam axis and probably
start at the top of a flexure crack.
 The approximately vertical flexure cracks shown are not dangerous
unless a critical combination of shear stress and flexure stress occurs at
the top of one of the flexure cracks.
 Occasionally, an inclined crack will develop independently in a beam,
even though no flexure cracks are in that locality. Such cracks, which are
called web–shear cracks, will sometimes occur in the webs of prestressed
sections, particularly those with large flanges and thin webs.
 They also sometimes occur near the points of inflection of continuous
beams or near simple supports. At such locations, small moments and
high shear often occur.
 These types of cracks will form near the mid-depth of sections and will
move on a diagonal path to the tension surface.

Figure 15 Web-shear cracks [6]
 As a crack moves up to the neutral axis, the result will be a reduced

amount of concrete left to resist shear—meaning that shear stresses will
increase on the concrete above the crack.
 It will be remembered that at the neutral axis, the bending stresses are
zero, and the shear stresses are at their maximum values. The shear
stresses will therefore determine what happens to the crack there.
 After a crack has developed, the member will fail unless the cracked
concrete section can resist the applied forces.
 If web reinforcing is not present, the items that are available to transfer
the shear are as follows:
1. the shear resistance of the uncracked section above the crack
(estimated to be 20% to 40% of the total resistance)
2. the aggregate interlock, that is, the friction developed due to the
interlocking of the aggregate on the concrete surfaces on opposite
sides of the crack (estimated to be 33% to 50% of the total)
3. the resistance of the longitudinal reinforcing to a frictional force,
often called dowel action (estimated to be 15% to 25%)
4. a tied-arch type of behavior that exists in rather deep beams
produced by the longitudinal bars acting as the tie and by the
uncracked concrete above and to the sides of the crack acting as
the arch above.

EXTRA NOTES

Critical Section for Shear Force (9.4.3.2)

ACI Shear Coefficients
As been illustrated in the previous chapters.

Shear at mid-span of Uniformly Loaded Beams

One-way Shear Strength
In a member without shear reinforcement, shear is assumed to be resisted by

the concrete. In a member with shear reinforcement, a portion of the shear
strength is assumed to be provided by the concrete and the remainder by the
shear reinforcement. The shear strength is based on an average shear stress
over the effective cross section, bwd.
Shear strength of Reinforced Concrete =
Shear strength of concrete + shear strength of shear reinforcement
𝑽𝒏 = 𝑽𝒄 + 𝑽𝒔
Shear Strength of Concrete (ACI318M-14)
 The concrete is assumed to contribute to the shear capacity through

resistance across the concrete compressive zone, aggregate interlock,
and dowel action in an amount equivalent to that which caused incline
cracking.
 A great deal of research has been done on the subject of shear and
diagonal tension for nonhomogeneous reinforced concrete beams, and
many theories have been developed.

 Despite all this work and all the resulting theories, no one has been able
to provide a clear explanation of the failure mechanism involved. As a
result, design procedures are based primarily on test data.
5.14.1 Simplified Method
𝑽𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕 𝝀 𝒇𝒄 𝒃𝒘 𝒅
V : Shear strength of concrete
λ = 1.0 for normal -weight concrete
𝑓 : concrete compressive strength (MPa)
5.14.2 Detailed Method (For information only!)
As an alternative, the following shear force (from Section 11.2.1.2 of the code)
may be used, which takes into account the effects of the longitudinal reinforcing
and the moment and shear magnitudes. This value must be calculated
separately for each point being considered in the beam.
5.14.3 Shear Strength of Concrete with Axial Compression
𝑵𝒖 ′
𝑽𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕 𝟏 + 𝝀 𝒇𝒄 𝒃𝒘 𝒅
𝟏𝟒 𝑨𝒈
 Nu is positive for compression

5.14.4 Shear Strength of Concrete with Significant Axial Tension
𝑵𝒖 ′
𝑽𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕 𝟏 + 𝝀 𝒇𝒄 𝒃𝒘 𝒅
𝟑. 𝟓 𝑨𝒈
 Nu is negative for tension

 Vc shall not be less than zero.
Calculation of Shear Reinforcement
 To be effective, it is critical that inclined stirrups cross potential shear

cracks.
 If the inclined stirrups are generally oriented pararllel to the potential shear
cracks, the stirrups provide no shear strength.
𝐴 𝑓 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + cos 𝛼) 𝑑
𝐴 = ( 𝑆𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝛼)
𝑠
 Α is the angle between the inclined stirrups and the longitudinal axis of
the member
 S is measured parallel to the longitudianl reinforcement
 Av is the effective area of all bar legs or wires within spacing s.
𝑨𝒗 𝒇𝒚𝒔 𝒅
𝑨𝒗 = (𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠, 𝛼 = 90°)
𝒔
Shear Resistance Provided by bent-up bars
For your information, refer to ACI318M-14 (22.5.10.6)

Minimum Section Size (ACI318M-14: 22.5.1.2)
To minimize the likelihood of diagonal compression failure in concrete and limit

the extent of cracking, cross-section of the member should be large enough to
satisfy the following equation.
𝑽𝒖 ≤ 𝟓𝑽𝒄
General Notes about Shear Strength of Concrete
 For calculation of Vc and Vs in solid, circular sections, d shall be permitted

to be taken as 0.8 times the diameter, and bw shall be permitted to be
taken as the diameter.
 The value of 𝑓 used to calculate Vc, Vci and Vcw for one-way shear
shall not exceed 8.3 MPa, unless allowed in 22.5.3.2.
 The values of fy and fyt used to calculate Vs shall not exceed 420MPa
(stirrups) and for more details, refer to the limits in ACI318M-14:20.2.2.4
 Effects of any openings in members shall be considered in calculating Vn.
 Effect of axial tension due to creep and shrinkage in restrained members
shall be permitted to be considered in calculating Vc.
 Effect of inclined flexural compression in variable depth members shall be
permitted to be considered in calculating Vc. (The internal shear at any
section is increased or decreased by the vertical component of the
inclined flexural stresses)

Design of Shear Reinforcement – Typical Design Procedure

𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝑼𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑺𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆
Vu (at critical section)
𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝑫𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑵𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒄𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚

Vd = ∅ Vn (∅ = 0.75 shear reduction factor)
𝑉𝑢
Vd ≥ 𝑉𝑢 , Vn =
∅
C𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑽𝒄 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑽𝒔
Vn =
𝑉𝑐 + Vs
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
Vs = Vn - 𝑉𝑐
Reinforced Concrete Vn ≥ 𝑉𝑐 + 0.66 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 Enlarge the Section

Design of Shear Reinforcement – Vn ≥ 5 𝑉𝑐
Typical Design Procedure
Section is large enough,
ACI318M-14 𝑉𝑐 No shear reinforcement
Vn ≤
2 requird
Vn ≤ 𝑉𝑐 Vn > 𝑉𝑐
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 𝑑
Minimum Shear Reinforcement is required 𝑆=
𝑉𝑠
Minimum Shear Reinforcement

𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦
𝑆 ≤
0.062 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦
𝑆 ≤
0.35 𝑏𝑤
𝑪𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌 𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒏𝒈
𝑑
, 600 𝑚𝑚 Vs < 2 𝑉𝑐
2
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 ⬚
𝑑
, 300𝑚𝑚 Vs > 2 𝑉𝑐
4
Vn VERSUS Vc
𝑽𝒄
𝑽𝒄 𝟐𝑽𝒄 𝟓𝑽𝒄
𝟐
Vn
No Shear 𝑨𝒗 𝒇𝒚 𝒅 Enlarge the

reinforcement 𝒔=
𝑽𝒔 Section
required
Minimum Shear reinforcement

Examples
5.20.1 Example 1
Find the design shear capacity of

the following beam.
𝑓 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝑓 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Example 2
Design the simply supported beam for shear resistance using the given data.
𝑓 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝑓 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Use Φ20mm reinforcing bars for flexural reinforcement
Use uniform stirrup spacing.


Example 3
The beam shown in the figure, supports a uniformly distributed service live load
of 40 kN/m and dead load of 55 kN/m. The loadings shown, include the self-
weight of the beam.
REQUIRED
Design vertical stirrups as shear reinforcements.
GIVEN
𝑓 = 25 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝑓 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Main reinforcements: Φ20mm
Use uniform stirrup spacing.





Homework
Using uniform stirrup spacing, design the shear reinforcement according to the
given date in Homework 1, 2 and 3.
𝑓 = 25 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝑓 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Width of beam : 400mm
The loading values include self-weight.
5.23.1 Homework 1
L=5.0m ; w = 30 kN/m; h=600mm
5.23.2 Homework 2
L=6.0m ; w = 50 kN/m; h=600mm
5.23.3 Homework 3
L=10.0m ; w = 170 kN/m; h=600mm

References
[1] J. K. Wight and J. G. MacGregore, Reinforced Concrete, Mechanics and

Design, 6th ed. 2012.
[2] C. V. R. Murty, R. Goswami, A. R. Vijayanarayanan, and V. V. Mehta,

Some Concepts in Earthquake Behavior of Buildings. .
[3] A. O. Aghayer and G. F. Limrunner, Reinforced Concrete Design, 8th ed.,

vol. 1. 2015.
[4] C. D. Buckner, Concrete Design, Second Edition. .
[5] D. N. Y. Abboushi, Reinforced Concrete, vol. 1–2. 2014.
[6] R. H. B. Jack C. McCormac, Design of Reinforced Concrete. 2014.
[7] A. H. Nilson, D. Darwin, and C. W. Dolan, Design of Concrete Structures,

14th ed. 2010.
[8] ACI Committee 318, Aci 318M-14. 2014.
[9] M. N. Hassoun and A. Al-Manaseer, Structural Concrete Theory and

Design, 6th ed. .
[10] Subramanian, Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures. 2013.
[11] A. M. Ibrahim, M. S. Mahmood, and Q. W. Ahmed, Design of Reinforced

Concrete Structures, First. Baghdad, 2011.

C 5 - Shear in Beams

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UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

EN 5302 REINFORCED CONCRETE

Shear and Diagonal

Amir M. Salih Sardar R. Mohammad

MSc Structural Engineering MSc Structural Engineering

CHAPTER 5 SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS

Shear reinforcement restrains the growth of inclined cracking so that ductility of

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 116

 The objective of today’s reinforced concrete designer is to produce ductile

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 117

appreciably smaller than those that would cause shear failures. As a

1. Shear Crack, Diagonal Crack, Web Crack (Pure Shear)

Figure 14 Types of cracking in concrete beams [8]

Shear Stress Distribution of Homogeneous Beams

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 118

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 119

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 120

Types of Shear Reinforcement

Shear Reinforcement Performance

1. Carries a portion of the external factored shear force, Vu

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 121

Factors affecting Shear Strength of Beams (without web

1. Tensile Strength of Concrete

Shear Stresses in Concrete Beams [6]

 Although no one has ever been able to accurately determine the

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 122

 In reinforced concrete beams, the situation is quite different because

Shear Cracking of Reinforced Concrete Beams [6]

 Inclined cracks can develop in the webs of reinforced concrete beams,

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 123

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 124

Figure 15 Web-shear cracks [6]

 As a crack moves up to the neutral axis, the result will be a reduced

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 125

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 126

Critical Section for Shear Force (9.4.3.2)

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 127

ACI Shear Coefficients

As been illustrated in the previous chapters.

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 128

Shear at mid-span of Uniformly Loaded Beams

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 129

One-way Shear Strength

In a member without shear reinforcement, shear is assumed to be resisted by

Shear strength of Reinforced Concrete =

Shear strength of concrete + shear strength of shear reinforcement

Shear Strength of Concrete (ACI318M-14)

 The concrete is assumed to contribute to the shear capacity through

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 130

5.14.1 Simplified Method

V : Shear strength of concrete

λ = 1.0 for normal -weight concrete

𝑓 : concrete compressive strength (MPa)

5.14.2 Detailed Method (For information only!)

5.14.3 Shear Strength of Concrete with Axial Compression

 Nu is positive for compression

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 131

5.14.4 Shear Strength of Concrete with Significant Axial Tension

 Nu is negative for tension

Calculation of Shear Reinforcement

 To be effective, it is critical that inclined stirrups cross potential shear

Shear Resistance Provided by bent-up bars

For your information, refer to ACI318M-14 (22.5.10.6)