C 8 - Short Columns

UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
EN 5302 REINFORCED CONCRETE
CHAPTER 8
DESIGN OF
SHORT COLUMNS
Sardar R. Mohammad Amir M. Salih Jaza H. Muhammad
MSc Structural Engineering MSc Structural Engineering MSc Structural Engineering
2018-2019 ©
Draft Edition
19 – 02 – 2019
REINFORCED CONCRETE 2018 - DRAFT
CHAPTER 8 DESIGN OF SHORT COLUMNS
Introduction and Definitions
 The main vertical load-carrying members in buildings are called columns.

 A column is a vertical structural member supporting axial compressive
loads, with or without moments.
 A column is a special case of a compression member that is vertical.
 Columns support vertical loads from the floors and roof and transmit these
loads to the foundations.
 The failure of a column is generally a more severe matter than is the
failure of a beam, because a column generally supports a larger part of a
structure than does a beam. In other words, if a column fails in a building,
a larger part of the building will fall down than if a beam fails.
 The ACI Code defines a column as a member used primarily to support
axial compressive loads and with a height at least three times its least
lateral dimension.
Figure 19 Main Types of Columns
 The code further defines a pedestal as an upright compression member

having a ratio of unsupported height to least lateral dimension of 3 or less.
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 209

 The code definition for columns will be extended to include members

subjected to combined axial compression and bending moment because,
for all practical purposes, no column is truly axially loaded [3]

 Design of columns is guided by considerations of strength and buckling

 Failure of one column in a critical location can cause the ultimate total
collapse of the entire structure
 Lower strength reduction factors (Φ) in the design of compression members
as compression failure provide little visual warning.
Classifications of Columns
Columns can be classified according to their location, loading, reinforcement,

geometry and many other characteristics.
8.2.1 According to Geometrical Shapes
 Squared Columns
 Rectangular Columns
 Circular Columns
 L-shaped Columns
 T-shaped Columns
 Cross-shaped Columns
 Octagonal
 Irregular Columns
8.2.2 According to Loadings and Location
 Axially Loaded Columns (Concentric Columns)

o Such as interior columns
 Uni-axially Loaded Columns (Eccentric in one direction)
o Such as exterior columns
 Bi-axially Loaded Columns (Eccentric in both directions)
o Such as corner columns



8.2.3 According to the Types of Reinforcement
 Tied Columns
o Over 95 percent of all columns in buildings in non-seismic regions
are tied columns [1]
 Spiral Columns
o More Expensive
o Higher ductility and toughness
o Better for seismic resistance
 Composite Columns
Figure 20 Axially Loaded Columns (Tied and Spiral)

8.2.4 According to Slenderness
 Short Columns (Stocky Columns)

o It is a stocky member with little flexibility
o Fails due to initial material failure
o The load that it can support is controlled by
 The dimensions of the cross-section
 The strength of the materials
o Lateral buckling need not be considered
o The effects of slenderness can be neglected in about 40% of all
unbraced columns and about 90% of those braced against
sidesway. (Skokie, IL), p. 11-3. (cited in [6])
 Long Columns (Slender Columns)

o Lateral buckling should be considered.
o As columns become slenderer, bending deformations will increase,
as will the resulting secondary moments. If these moments are of
such magnitude as to significantly reduce the axial load capacities
of columns, those columns are referred to as being long or slender.

Columns Typical Reinforcement

Modes of Failure
Mode 1:
Material Failure (Compression Failure due to crushing of concrete)
Mode 2:
Combined compression and bending failure
Mode3:
Instability (Elastic Lateral buckling) … Not Recommended

Pedestals
 Height is less than 3 times the least dimension.

 Can be designed with a plane concrete, maximum compressive stress is
(𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝝓 𝒇𝒄 ) ; 𝜙 𝑖𝑠 0.65
 If the applied load is larger the strength, the section can be enlarged or
designed as a reinforced column.

ACI code Provisions for Columns and its Reinforcement
8.6.1 Reinforcement Limits
 Minimum Reinforcement = 0.01 Ag
 Maximum Reinforcement = 0.08 Ag
o Use 0.04 Ag if column bars are lap spliced
 Minimum clear concrete cover = 40 mm
 Minimum number of longitudinal bars
o Triangular ties : 3
o Rectangular and circular ties :4
o Spirals :6
8.6.2 Offset bend longitudinal Reinforcement (10.7.4)
 The slope of the inclined portion of an offset bent longitudinal bar relative
to the longitudinal axis of the column shall not exceed 1 in 6
 Portions of bar above and below an offset shall be parallel to axis of
column (10.7.4.1).
 It the column face is offset 75mm or more, longitudinal bars shall not be
offset bent and separate dowels, lap spliced with the longitudinal bars
adjacent to the offset column faces, shall be provided (10.7.4.2).

8.6.3 Splices of Longitudinal Reinforcement
The following types are permitted
 Lap splices
 Mechanical splices
 Butt-welded splices
 End-bearing splices
Notes:
 Splices shall satisfy requirements for all factored load combinations not
only the one that governs the design of the column itself.
 Lap splices shall not be permitted for bars larger than No. 36, except as
provided in ACI318-14: 25.5.5.3.
Figure 21 Arrangement of bars at lap splices in columns [1]

Figure 22 Lap Splice Details at beam-column joints (ACI) and MacGregor,2012

8.6.4 Transverse Reinforcement - Ties
 Maximum Spacing of Ties (center-to-center)
 16 db ( 16 times the diameter of longitudinal bars)
 16 dt ( 48 times the diameter of ties)
 Smallest dimension of the member
 Minimum Clear Spacing: (4/3) dagg
 Diameter of tie bar shall be
o 10 mm for Φ 32 mm or smaller
o 12mm for Φ 36 mm or larger or bundled bars
8.6.4.1 Arrangement of Ties
Rectilinear ties shall be arranged to satisfy the following:
 Every corner and alternate bar shall have lateral support provided by the
corner of a tie with an included angle of not more than 135 degrees.
 No unsupported bar shall be farther than 150 mm clear on each side along
the tie from a laterally supported bar.

Figure 23 Arrangement of Ties [6]
Classwork: Design the interior ties for the following columns.

8.6.5 Transverse Reinforcement - Spirals
 Spirals shall consist of evenly spaced continuous bar or wire

 Diameter of spirals: 10 mm is minimum
 Minimum clear spacing: larger of 25mm and (4/3) dagg
 Maximum clear Spacing: 75 mm
𝑨𝒈 𝒇𝒄
𝝆𝒔 ≥ 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 −𝟏 ; 𝒇𝒚𝒕 ≤ 𝟕𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝑨𝒄𝒉 𝒇𝒚𝒕
Ach : area of cross-section from outer of the spirals

Economical Column Design [6]
a. Reinforcing bars are quite expensive, and thus the percentage of

longitudinal reinforcing used in reinforced concrete columns is a major
factor in their total costs.
b. This means that under normal circumstances, a small percentage of steel
should be used (perhaps in the range of 1.5% to 3%).
c. This can be accomplished by using larger column sizes and/or higher-
strength concretes.
d. Furthermore, if the percentage of bars is kept in approximately this range,
it will be found that there will be sufficient room for conveniently placing
them in the columns.
e. Higher-strength concretes can be used more economically in columns
than in beams.
f. Grade 420 MPa (grade 60) reinforcing bars are generally used for best
economy in the columns of most structures.
g. However, Grade 520 MPa (grade 75) bars may provide better economy
in high-rise structures, particularly when they are used in combination with
higher-strength concretes.
h. In general, tied columns are more economical than spiral columns,
particularly if square or rectangular cross sections are to be used. Of
course, spiral columns, high-strength concretes, and high percentages of
steel save floor space.
i. As few different column sizes as possible should be used throughout a
building. In this regard, it is completely uneconomical to vary a column
size from floor to floor to satisfy the different loads it must support.
j. This means that the designer may select a column size for the top floor of
a multistory building (using as small a percentage of steel as possible)
and then continue to use that same size vertically for as many stories as
possible, by increasing the steel percentage floor by floor as required.
k. Furthermore, it is desirable to use the same column size as much as
possible on each floor level. This consistency of sizes will provide
appreciable savings in labor costs.

l. The usual practice for the columns of multistory reinforced concrete

buildings is to use one-story-length vertical bars tied together in
preassembled cages. This is the preferred procedure when the bars are
Φ36mm or smaller, where all the bars can be spliced at one location just
above the floor line.
m. For columns where staggered splice locations are required (as for larger-
size bars), the number of splices can be reduced by using preassembled
two-story cages of reinforcing.
n. Unless the least column dimensions or longitudinal bar diameters control
tie spacings, the selection of the largest practical tie sizes will increase
their spacings and reduce their number. This can result in some savings.
o. Money can also be saved by avoiding interior ties. With no interior ties,
the concrete can be placed more easily and lower slumps used (thus
lower-cost concrete).
p. In fairly short buildings, the floor slabs are often rather thin, and thus
deflections may be a problem. As a result, rather short spans and thus
close column spacings may be used.
q. As buildings become taller, the floor slabs will probably be thicker to help
provide lateral stability. For such buildings, slab deflections will not be as
much of a problem, and the columns may be spaced farther apart.
r. Even though the columns in tall buildings may be spaced at fairly large
intervals, they still will occupy expensive floor space. For this reason,
designers try to place many of their columns on the building perimeters
so they will not use up the valuable interior space.
s. In addition, the omission of interior columns provides more flexibility for
the users for placement of partitions and also makes large open spaces
available.

Axially Loaded Columns (Concentric Columns) [6]
 In actual practice, there are no perfect axially loaded columns, but a

discussion of such members provides an excellent starting point for
explaining the theory involved in designing real columns with their
eccentric loads.
 If a compressive load P is applied coincident with the longitudinal axis of
a symmetrical column, it theoretically induces a uniform compressive
stress over the cross-sectional area.
 If the compressive load is applied a small distance e away from the
longitudinal axis, however, there is a tendency for the column to bend due
to the moment M = Pe.
 This distance is called the eccentricity. Unlike the zero-eccentricity
condition, the compressive stress is not uniformly distributed over the
cross section but is greater on one side than the other.
 Nominal Axial Strength ( 𝑷𝒐 )
𝑷𝒐 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝒇𝒄 𝑨𝒈 − 𝑨𝒔 + 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒚
 Maximum Nominal Axial Compressive Strength (𝑷𝒏,𝒎𝒂𝒙 )
𝑷𝒏,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝜶 𝑷𝒐 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎 𝑷𝒐 (𝑻𝒊𝒆𝒅 𝑪𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏)
𝑷𝒏,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝜶 𝑷𝒐 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝑷𝒐 (𝑺𝒑𝒊𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝑪𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏)
 Maximum Design Axial Strength ( 𝑷𝒅,𝒎𝒂𝒙 )
𝑷𝒅,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝜶 𝝓 𝑷𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎 𝝓 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝒇𝒄 𝑨𝒈 − 𝑨𝒔 + 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒚 (𝑻𝒊𝒆𝒅 𝑪𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏)
𝑷𝒅,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝜶 𝝓 𝑷𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝝓 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝒇𝒄 𝑨𝒈 − 𝑨𝒔 + 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒚 (𝑺𝒑𝒊𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝑪𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏)

 Columns are generally compression-controlled and the strength

reduction factor is
𝝓 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 (𝑻𝒊𝒆𝒅 𝑪𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏)
𝝓 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 (𝑺𝒑𝒊𝒓𝒂𝒍)
Figure 24 Variation of Φ with tensile strain in extreme tension reinforcement, εt

(ACI318R-14: R21.2.2b)

Maximum Axial Compressive Strength (ACI318-14:22.4.2)
To account for accidental eccentricity, the design axial strength of a section in

pure compression is limited to 80 to 85 percent of the nominal axial strength.
These percentage values approximate the axial strengths at eccentricity-to-
depth ratios of 0.10 and 0.05 for tied and spirally reinforced members,
respectively.
Estimating the Column Size [1]
 For small values of moments:
𝑷𝒖
𝑨𝒈 = (𝑻𝒊𝒆𝒅 𝑪𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏𝒔)
𝟎. 𝟒 ( 𝒇𝒄 + 𝒇𝒚 𝝆)
𝑷𝒖
𝑨𝒈 = (𝑺𝒑𝒊𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒔)
𝟎. 𝟓 ( 𝒇𝒄 + 𝒇𝒚 𝝆)
 Both of these equations will tend to underestimate the column size if there
are moments present.

Minimum Eccentricity
 Eccentricity 𝑒 = is considered as a small eccentricity if:
𝑒 ≤ 0.10 ℎ (𝑇𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠)
𝑒 ≤ 0.05 ℎ (𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠)

 h is parallel to the plane of bending
EXTRA NOTES

Figure
Resistance of an axially loaded column
(MacGregor , 2012)

Example 1
A 350mm x 500mm short tied column is reinforced with 10Φ25 mm. Determine
 Nominal Capacity
 Design Capacity
𝑓 = 35 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝑓 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎
SOLUTION

Example 2
For a reinforced concrete column with the given data below
Axial Dead Load, PD = 1200 kN
Axial Live Load, PL = 800 kN
𝑓 = 25 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝑓 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Assumed Reinforcement ratio: 3.0 %
Required
 Verify whether the column is a short or a slender column

 Design the column
 Design the tie spacing and arrangement
 Draw the cross-section with required detailing
SOLUTION


Uni-axially Loaded Columns – Eccentric Columns
Members that are axially, i.e., concentrically, compressed occur rarely, if ever, in
buildings and other structures. Components such as columns and arches chiefly
carry loads in compression, but simultaneous bending is almost always present.
Bending moments are caused by continuity, i.e., by the fact that building columns
are parts of monolithic frames in which the support moments of the girders are partly
resisted by the abutting columns, by transverse loads such as wind forces, by loads
carried eccentrically on column brackets, or in arches when the arch axis does not
coincide with the pressure line [5]
Even when design calculations show a member to be loaded purely axially,

inevitable imperfections of construction will introduce eccentricities and consequent
bending in the member as built.
For these reasons members that must be designed for simultaneous compression
and bending are very frequent in almost all types of concrete structures.
Figure 25 Eccentrically Loaded Columns [3]

Figure 26 Two-hinged portal frame with bending moment diagram drawn on the tension side [9]
EXTRA NOTES (Nilson, 2016)

P-M Interaction Diagram [1]
8.15.1 Elastic Column (Tension Resistance = Compression Resistance)
8.15.2 Elastic Column (No Tension Resistance)

8.15.3 Elastic Column (Tension Resistance half of Compression

Resistance)

8.15.4 Plastic Centroid and Interaction Diagram of RC Columns
The eccentricity of a column load is the distance from the load to the plastic
centroid of the column. The plastic centroid represents the location of the
resultant force produced by the steel and the concrete. It is the point in the
column cross section through which the resultant column load must pass to
produce uniform strain at failure.
For locating the plastic centroid, all concrete is assumed to be stressed in

compression to 0.85fc’ and all steel to fy in compression. For symmetrical
sections, the plastic centroid coincides with the centroid of the column cross
section, while for nonsymmetrical sections, it can be located by taking moments.
𝑷𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝒇𝒄 𝒂 𝒃 + 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒔 − 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒔
𝒉 𝒂 𝒉 𝒉
𝑴𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝒇𝒄 𝒂 𝒃 − + 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒔 − 𝒅 + 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒔 𝒅 −
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

Figure 27 : Figure 9.10 by Nilson ,2016



EXAMPLE 3
A 400mm x 600mm column is reinforced with 8 Φ 25mm bars.
Concrete Compressive Strength (cylinder) = 28 MPa
Yield Strength of Reinforcing steel bars = 420 MPa
Required (1) Determine the nominal axial resistance (Pn) and nominal moment
resistance (Mn) for the following cases.
A. Pure axial Compression Load

B. Zero Tension
C. Balanced Condition
D. Tension Control Limit
E. Pure Moment
F. Pure axial Tension Load
Required (2): Draw the nominal interaction diagram.
Required (3): Draw the design interaction diagram.
Required (4): Design the lateral reinforcement.
SOLUTION
SUMMARY OF CALCULATIONS
CASES
A
B
C
D
E
F







EXAMPLE 4
For the following column:
Given:
Main Reinforcement: 12 Φ 25mm
Ties: Φ 10mm
𝑓 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝑓 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Required:
1. Compute the load carrying capacity for the following cases

A. Pure axial Compression Load (HW)
B. Zero Tension (HW)
C. Balanced Condition (HW)
D. Tension Control Limit
E. Pure Moment (HW)
F. Pure axial Tension Load (HW)
2. Draw the both nominal and design interaction diagram on the same graph
(Homework).
SUMMARY OF CALCULATIONS
CASES
A
B
C
D
E
F

SOLUTION:


Design of Uniaxially Loaded Columns using Prepared

Interaction Diagrams (ACI graphs)
PROCEDURE
 Given: 𝑃 , 𝑀𝑢 , 𝑓 , 𝑓
 𝑒=
 𝐼𝑓 𝑒 ≤
0.1 ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ( 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛)
 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑠 0.05 ℎ
 𝛾 = ℎ − 2 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 − 2 ∗ 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 − 𝑑
 𝛾=
 𝑃 = ; 𝑀 =
 𝐾 =
 𝑅 =
 Go to the interaction diagrams with the correct designation and bar

arrangements 𝑅. 𝑓 . 𝑓 . 𝛾  Read the value of reinforcement ratio 𝜌
 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐴 = 𝜌 𝑏 ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 (𝑛).
CAUTION
Be sure that the column picture at the upper right of the interaction curve being
used agrees with the column being considered. In other words, are there bars on
two faces of the column or on all four faces? If the wrong curves are selected,
the answers may be quite incorrect.

EXAMPLE 5
Design a short-tied column to carry the following loads and material properties.
𝑓 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝑓 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑃 = 900 𝑘𝑁 ; 𝑀 = 55 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
SOLUTION:



EXAMPLE 6
Using “Interaction diagrams”, design a short-tied circular column to carry the

following loads and using the material strengths given.
𝑃 = 2850 𝑘𝑁 ; 𝑀 = 180 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑓 = 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝑓 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎
SOLUTION



BIAXIAL BENDING
Many columns are subjected to biaxial bending, that is, bending about both axes.
Corner columns in buildings where beams and girders frame into the columns
from both directions are the most common cases, but there are others, such as
where columns are cast monolithically as part of frames in both directions or
where columns are supporting heavy spandrel beams. Bridge piers are almost
always subject to biaxial bending [6]
 Circular columns have polar symmetry and, thus, the same ultimate capacity
in all directions. The design process is the same, therefore, regardless of the
directions of the moments.
 For shapes, other than circular ones, it is necessary to consider the three-
dimensional interaction effects. Whenever possible, it is desirable to make
columns subject to biaxial bending circular in shape. Should it be necessary
to use square or rectangular columns for such cases, the reinforcing should
be placed uniformly around the perimeters
Figure 28 Three-dimensional interaction surface for an RC column with biaxial bending

Methods of Analysis and Design
 Today, the analysis of columns subject to biaxial bending is primarily done

with computers.
 One of the approximate methods that is useful in analysis and that can be
handled with pocket calculators includes the use of the so-called
reciprocal interaction equation, which was developed by Professor Boris
Bresler of the University of California at Berkeley.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + −
𝑷𝒏 𝑷𝒏𝒙 𝑷𝒏𝒚 𝑷𝒏𝒐
Pn : approximate value of nominal load in biaxial bending with eccentricities

ex and ey
Pnx : Nominal load when only Mnx is present
Pny: Nominal load when only Mny is present
Po: Nominal load for concentrically loaded column ( Po=0.85fc’ Ag + As fy)
There are many other methods to design the biaxially loaded columns such as:
 Load Contour Method

 Strain Compatibility Method
 Equivalent Eccentricity Method
 45o slice through interaction surface

Design of Biaxially Loaded Columns – Reciprocal Load

Method
 The Bresler equation works rather well as long as Pni is at least as large
as 0.10Po.
 If Pni is less than 0.10Po, it is satisfactory to neglect the axial force
completely and design the section as a member subject to biaxial bending
only. This procedure is a little on the conservative side. For this lower part
of the interaction curve, it will be remembered that a little axial load
increases the moment capacity of the section.
 The Bresler equation does not apply to axial tension loads.
 Professor Bresler found that the ultimate loads predicted by his equation
for the conditions described do not vary from test results by more than
10%.
Figure 29 Interaction Surface for the Reciprocal Load Method [7]

PROCEDURE
1. Check Minimum eccentricity for both directions (both moments).

𝑀 𝑀
𝑒 = ; 𝑒 =
𝑃 𝑃
2. Design it as a biaxially loaded column if both eccentricities were
greater than the minimum eccentricity
3. Assume reinforcement ratio (Let 𝜌 = 2 % = 0.02)
4. X-direction
 𝑀 = ; ∅ = 0.65 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0.75 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙
∅
 𝛾 =
 𝑅 =
 Use interaction diagrams as design aids to determine Knx

 𝑷𝒏𝒙 = 𝑲𝒏𝒙 𝒇𝒄 𝑨𝒈
5. Y-direction
 Compute 𝑀 =
∅
 𝛾 =
 𝑅 =
 Follow the same procedure to determine Kny

 𝑷𝒏𝒚 = 𝑲𝒏𝒚 𝒇𝒄 𝑨𝒈
6. Find 𝐾 from interaction diagrams
 𝑷𝒏𝒐 = 𝑲𝒏𝒐 𝒇𝒄 𝑨𝒈

7. Use Bresler Reciprocal Equation
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + −
𝑷𝒏 𝑷𝒏𝒙 𝑷𝒏𝒚 𝑷𝒏𝒐
8. Verify: 𝝓 𝑷𝒏 ≥ 𝑷𝒖
EXAMPLE:
Design a short-tied column to carry the following loads then

draw the required reinforcement details.
𝑃 = 2850 𝑘𝑁 ; 𝑀 = 450 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀 = 520 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑓 = 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝑓 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎
SOLUTION






Shear in Columns
The shearing forces in interior columns in braced structures are usually quite
small and normally do not control the design. However, the shearing forces in
exterior columns can be large, even in a braced structure, particularly in columns
bent in double curvature.
𝑵𝒖 ′
𝑽𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕 𝟏 + 𝝀 𝒇𝒄 𝒃𝒘 𝒅
𝟏𝟒 𝑨𝒈

COURSEWORK
Will be given on time during the lectures.
HOMEWORK
8.23.1 Homework 1
For the following loading values and material strength
Given:
𝑃 = 2620 𝑘𝑁 ; 𝑀 = 150 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑀 = 230 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑓 = 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝑓 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Required: Design the cross section and reinforcement for the following three
cases, then write your comments on the results.
a. A rectangular section (h =2b)

b. A square Section
c. A circular Section
8.23.2 Homework 2
Design a short-squared column for the following condition. Distribute the bars
uniformly around the four faces of the column.
Given:
𝑃 = 2670 𝑘𝑁 ; 𝑀 = 110 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑓 = 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝑓 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎

8.23.3 Homework 3
A 500mm x 500 mm short-tied column is reinforced with 16Φ16mm bars.
𝑓 = 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 , 𝑓 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
Required:
Check the adequacy of the section for the following load cases.
Load Cases Pu (kN) Mux (kN.m) Muy (kN.m)
1 3100 130 200
2 2600 250 250
[10]
[11]

REFERENCES
[1] J. K. Wight and J. G. MacGregore, Reinforced Concrete, Mechanics and

Design, 6th ed. 2012.
[2] C. V. R. Murty, R. Goswami, A. R. Vijayanarayanan, and V. V. Mehta,

Some Concepts in Earthquake Behavior of Buildings. .
[3] A. O. Aghayer and G. F. Limrunner, Reinforced Concrete Design, 8th ed.,

vol. 1. 2015.
[4] C. D. Buckner, Concrete Design, Second Edition. .
[5] D. N. Y. Abboushi, Reinforced Concrete, vol. 1–2. 2014.
[6] R. H. B. Jack C. McCormac, Design of Reinforced Concrete. 2014.
[7] A. H. Nilson, D. Darwin, and C. W. Dolan, Design of Concrete Structures,

14th ed. 2010.
[8] ACI Committee 318, Aci 318M-14. 2014.
[9] M. N. Hassoun and A. Al-Manaseer, Structural Concrete Theory and

Design, 6th ed. .
[10] Subramanian, Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures. 2013.
[11] A. M. Ibrahim, M. S. Mahmood, and Q. W. Ahmed, Design of Reinforced

Concrete Structures, First. Baghdad, 2011.

C 8 - Short Columns

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UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

EN 5302 REINFORCED CONCRETE

MSc Structural Engineering MSc Structural Engineering MSc Structural Engineering

CHAPTER 8 DESIGN OF SHORT COLUMNS

Introduction and Definitions

 The main vertical load-carrying members in buildings are called columns.

Figure 19 Main Types of Columns

 The code further defines a pedestal as an upright compression member

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 209

 The code definition for columns will be extended to include members

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 210

 Design of columns is guided by considerations of strength and buckling

Columns can be classified according to their location, loading, reinforcement,

8.2.1 According to Geometrical Shapes

8.2.2 According to Loadings and Location

 Axially Loaded Columns (Concentric Columns)

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 211

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 212

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 213

8.2.3 According to the Types of Reinforcement

Figure 20 Axially Loaded Columns (Tied and Spiral)

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 214

8.2.4 According to Slenderness

 Short Columns (Stocky Columns)

 Long Columns (Slender Columns)

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 215

Columns Typical Reinforcement

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 216

Material Failure (Compression Failure due to crushing of concrete)

Combined compression and bending failure

Instability (Elastic Lateral buckling) … Not Recommended

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 217

 Height is less than 3 times the least dimension.

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 218

ACI code Provisions for Columns and its Reinforcement

8.6.1 Reinforcement Limits

 Minimum Reinforcement = 0.01 Ag

 Maximum Reinforcement = 0.08 Ag

o Use 0.04 Ag if column bars are lap spliced

 Minimum clear concrete cover = 40 mm

 Minimum number of longitudinal bars

o Rectangular and circular ties :4

8.6.2 Offset bend longitudinal Reinforcement (10.7.4)

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 219

8.6.3 Splices of Longitudinal Reinforcement

The following types are permitted

Figure 21 Arrangement of bars at lap splices in columns [1]

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 220

Figure 22 Lap Splice Details at beam-column joints (ACI) and MacGregor,2012

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 221

8.6.4 Transverse Reinforcement - Ties

 Maximum Spacing of Ties (center-to-center)

 16 db ( 16 times the diameter of longitudinal bars)

 16 dt ( 48 times the diameter of ties)

 Smallest dimension of the member

 Minimum Clear Spacing: (4/3) dagg

 Diameter of tie bar shall be

o 12mm for Φ 36 mm or larger or bundled bars

8.6.4.1 Arrangement of Ties

Rectilinear ties shall be arranged to satisfy the following:

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 222

Figure 23 Arrangement of Ties [6]

Classwork: Design the interior ties for the following columns.