SMART GRID ARCHITECTURE

Getachew Biru (Dr.-Ing.)

OUTLINE
1. Introduction
2. Computational Intelligence
3. Representative Architecture
4. Functions of SG Components
5. SG Systems
INTRODUCTION
• Today ’ s electric grid was designed to operate
as a vertical structure consisting of generation,
transmission, and distribution and supported
with control devices to maintain reliability,
stability, and efficiency.
• However, system operators are now facing new
challenges including the penetration of DER in
the legacy system, rapid technological change,
and different types of market players and end
users with more power demand.
INTRODUCTION
• When fully developed, the smart grid system will
allow customer involvement, enhance green
generation and transmission with tools to allow
resiliency, reliability, adequacy and power
quality.
INTRODUCTION
• As a solution, the smart grid, with
communication support schemes and real - time
measurement techniques aims at enhancing
customer satisfaction, resiliency and quality of
power.
INTRODUCTION
• The SG will be capable of:
 Accommodating renewables
 Optimizing the transfer capability of the
transmission and distribution networks and
meeting the demand
 Managing and resolving unpredictable events
and uncertainties in operations.
INTRODUCTION
Smart Grid applications/services

Demand Response and Dynamic Pricing

Distributed Generation and Alternate Energy Sources

Self-Healing Wide-Area Protection and Islanding

Asset Management and On-Line Equipment Monitoring

Real-time Simulation and Contingency Analysis

Participation in Energy Markets

7
 INTRODUCTION
• Comparison of Today ’ s Grid vs. Smart Grid
Characteristics Traditional Power grid Smart Grid

Low automation level

Traditional energy infrastructure is
electromechanical. This means that it is of, relating
Generation
to, or denoting a mechanical device that is
electrically operated. No means of communication
between devices and little internal regulation.
Digital:
The smart grid employs digital technology allowing for
increased communication between devices and facilitating
remote control and self-regulation..

One-Way Distribution:
Power can only be distributed from the main plant a smart grid system, power can also go back up the lines to
Distribution
using traditional energy infrastructure.
Manual:
Monitoring Due to limitations in traditional infrastructure,
energy distribution must be monitored manually.
Two-Way Distribution:
While power is still distributed from the primary power plant, in
the main plant from a secondary provider. An individual with
access to alternative energy sources, such as solar panels,
can actually put energy back on to the grid.
Self:
The smart grid can monitor itself using digital technology. This
allows it to balance power loads, troubleshoot outages, and
manage distribution without the need for direct intervention
from a technician.

Few Sensors: Sensors Throughout:

The infrastructure is not equipped to handle many In a smart grid infrastructure system, there are multiple
Sensors sensors on the lines. This makes it difficult to sensors placed on the lines. This helps to pinpoint the location
pinpoint the location of a problem and can result in of a problem and can help reroute power to where it is needed
longer downtimes. while limiting the areas affected by the downtime.
 INTRODUCTION
• Comparison of Today ’ s Grid vs. Smart Grid

Characteristics Traditional Power grid Smart Grid

Self-Healing:
Manual:
Sensors can detect problems on the line and work to
In order to make repairs on traditional energy
do simple troubleshooting and repairs without
infrastructure, technicians have to physically go to the
Restoration intervention. For problems related to infrastructure
location of the failure to make repairs. The need for
damage, the smart grid can immediately report to
this can extend the amount of time that outages occur.
technicians at the monitoring center to begin the
necessary repairs.
Failure & Blackout:
Adaptive & Islanding:
As a result of aging and limitations, traditional energy
Using a smart grid system, power can be rerouted to
infrastructure is prone to failures. Failure of
Equipment go around any problem areas. This limits the area
infrastructure can lead to blackouts, a condition where
impacted by power outages and can do it on a per
the end customer is receiving no power to their unit
residence level.
causing downtime.
Pervasive:
Limited:
With the increased amount of sensors and other smart
Control Using traditional power infrastructure, energy is very
infrastructure, energy companies have more control
difficult to control.
than ever over power distribution.
Many:
Fewer: Using smart technologies, infrastructure can be
Customer The traditional power grid system infrastructure is not shared. This allows more companies and forms of
Choices properly equipped to give customers a choice in the alternative energy to come on to the grid allowing
way they receive their electricity. consumers to have more choice in how they receive
energy.
Smart Grid Systems
• In smart grid applications, the information flow
between the different parts is controlled by an
energy management system (EMS) which
communicates with individual smart meters
located at residential, commercial, and
industrial customer sites.
Smart Grid Systems
Smart Grid Systems

• Microgrids are integrated in the power system

to optimize the power system
Smart Grid Systems
• In micro grids systems, renewable sources,
such as PV generating stations and wind farms,
are interconnected via a common DC bus using
DC/DC converters.
• To reduce power losses, system components
including inverters, storage units, transformers,
and net metering are all located in the DG
station.
Smart Grid Systems
• Smart Sensors, Transducers, and Communication Protocol for
Load Control
Smart Grid Systems
• DC microgrid integration with the grid

• Bidirectional power flow can be needed for:

• Energy storage
• DC loads
Smart Grid Systems
A hybrid AC/DC micro-grid system

A hybrid AC/DC micro-grid system

COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE
• Computational intelligence is the term used to
describe the advanced analytical tools needed to
optimize the bulk power network.
• The expression computational intelligence (CI)
usually refers to the ability of a computer to learn
a specific task from data or experimental
observation.
COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE
• The methods used are close to the human's way
of reasoning, i.e. it uses inexact and incomplete
knowledge, and it is able to produce control
actions in an adaptive way.
• CI uses a combination of complementary
techniques.
• The fuzzy logic which enables the computer to understand natural
language.
• Artificial neural networks which permits the system to learn
experiential data by operating like the biological one,
REPRESENTATIVE ARCHITECTURE
• Several types of architecture have been proposed by the
various bodies involved in smart grid development .
FUNCTIONS OF SMART GRID
COMPONENTS
• Smart Devices: Smart devices for monitoring and
control form part of the generation components ’
real time information processes.
• These resources need to be seamlessly integrated
in the operation of both centrally distributed and
distributed energy systems.
FUNCTIONS OF SMART GRID
COMPONENTS
• Storage Component: Due to the variability of
renewable energy and the disjoint between peak
availability and peak consumption, it is important to
find ways to store the generated energy for later
use.
• Options for energy storage technologies include
pumped hydro, advance batteries, compressed air,
super-conducting magnetic energy storage, super-
capacitors, and flywheels.
FUNCTIONS OF SMART GRID
COMPONENTS
• Transmission Subsystem Component: The
transmission system that interconnects all major
substation and load centers is the backbone of an
integrated power system.
• Efficiency and reliability at an affordable cost
continue to be the ultimate aims of transmission
planners and operators.
• Transmission lines must tolerate dynamic changes
in load and contingency without service disruptions.
FUNCTIONS OF SMART GRID
COMPONENTS
Transmission Subsystem Component:
• Strategies to achieve smart grid performance at
the transmission level include the design of
analytical tools and advanced technology which
performs:
dynamic optimal power flow,
robust state estimation,
real - time stability and reliability assessment
FUNCTIONS OF SMART GRID
COMPONENTS
Transmission Subsystem Component:
• Real – time monitoring based on PMU, state
estimators sensors, and communication
technologies are the transmission subsystem ’ s
intelligent enabling tools for developing smart
transmission functionality.
FUNCTIONS OF SMART GRID
COMPONENTS
Monitoring and Control Technology Component:
• Intelligent power systems include a smart intelligent
network, self-monitoring and self - healing, and the
adaptability and predictability of generation and
demand to handle congestion, instability, and
reliability issues.
• This new resilient grid has to withstand shock
(durability and reliability), and be reliable to provide
real - time changes in its use.
FUNCTIONS OF SMART GRID
COMPONENTS
Intelligent Grid Distribution Subsystem
Component:
• The automation function will be equipped with self -
healing capability, including modules for fault
detection, voltage optimization and load transfer,
automatic billing, restoration and feeder
reconfiguration, and real – time pricing.
FUNCTIONS OF SMART GRID
COMPONENTS
Demand Side Management Component:
• Demand response (DR) is a set of demand-side
activities to reduce or shift electricity use to
improve the electric grid reliability and efficiency.
• DSM modify the consumer demand to cut
operating expenses from expensive generators
and defer capacity addition.
• DSM provide reduced emissions in fuel
production, lower costs.
FUNCTIONS OF SMART GRID
COMPONENTS
Demand Side Management Component:
• Residential load management programs usually
are reducing consumption or shifting
consumption.
• In direct load control (DLC), utility company sets
up an agreement with its customers.
• Utility company can manage and control
remotely the operations and energy
consumption of certain household appliances
Thermal and cooling system
Refrigerators
FUNCTIONS OF SMART GRID
COMPONENTS
Demand Side Management Component:
• Demand response provide mechanisms and incentives for
customers to cut energy use during times of peak demand.

shifting consumption

Energy efficiency
focuses on users
and behavioral
changes to achieve
more efficient
energy usage
FUNCTIONS OF SMART GRID
COMPONENTS
Demand Side Management Component:
• Demand Reduction Approach for Home
Reference
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ELECTRICITY NETWORKS, Madrid, June 2011.
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