ASSIGNMENT NO: 01 i

GROUP NO: i 04 i

Viral Diseases and Cancer

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STUDENT NAME i REG. NO i TOPIC

1- Muhammad Azan Ali i i L1F20BSBT0058 Introduction

2- Ayesha Shakeel
i L1F20BSBT0057 Hepatitis C and cancer
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3- Samavia L1F20BSBT0053 Hepatitis B and cancer

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4- Roshan Mehmood
i L1F20BSBT0079 HIV and Cancer
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5- Syed Murtaza Ali

i i L1F20BSBT0075 Covid-19 and Cancer
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SUBMITTED TO: MA’AM Zinayyera Subhani

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 REFERENCE
1.
Name: i Muhammad Azan ALI i i

Roll No: i i L1F20BSBT0058

Topic: Introduction

Viral Diseases i

Viruses iare imade ivery ismall iinfectious iagents. iThey iare imade iup iof ia ipiece iof igenetic
i material, isuch ias iDNA ior iRNA, ithat’s ienclosed iin ia icoat iof iprotein.

A iviral idisease iis iany iillness ior ihealth icondition icaused iby ia ivirus.

TYPES OF VIRAL DISEASES

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➢ Respiratory iviral idiseases

➢ Gastrointestinal iviral idiseases
➢ Exanthematous iviral idiseases
➢ Hepatic iviral idiseases
➢ Cutaneous iviral idiseases
➢ Neurologic iviral idiseases

Respiratory iViral iDiseases

i Respiratory iviral idiseases iare icontagious iand iaffect ithe iupper ior ilower iparts iof iyour
i respiratory itract.

Symptoms: Runny or stuffy nose, Coughing, Fever

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Example: Respiratory syncytial virus infection, Adenovirus infection, Severe acute

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i respiratory isyndrome

Treatment: Respiratory viral diseases usually heal on their own. But over-the-counter
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i (OTC) imedications, iincluding inasal idecongestants, icough isuppressants, iand ipain irelievers, ican
i help ito ireduce isymptoms. iIn iaddition, iTamiflu, ian iantiviral idrug, iis isometimes iprescribed iif
i someone iis iin ithe ivery iearly istages iof ideveloping ithe iflu.

Gastrointestinal viral diseases i i

Gastrointestinal iviral idiseases iaffect iyour idigestive itract. iThe iviruses ithat icause ithem iare
i contagious iand iusually ilead ito ia icondition icalled igastroenteritis ialso icalled ithe istomach iflu.

Symptoms: Abdominal cramps, Diarrhea, Vomiting

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Examples: Norovirus infection, Rotovirus infection

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Treatment Within two to three days this infection cure by itself no specific treatment is
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i required, idrinking iplenty iof ifluid ifulfill ithe inutritional ineeds iafter idiarrhea

Exanthematous viral disease i i

Exanthematous iviruses icause iskin irashes. iMany iof ithem icause iadditional isymptoms ias iwell.
i Many iof ithe iviruses iin ithis icategory, isuch ias ithe imeasles ivirus, iare ihighly icontagious.

Examples: Measles, Rubella, Chickenpox

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Treatment: Treating exanthematous viral diseases focuses on managing symptoms. Fever-

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reducing imedications, isuch ias iacetaminophen, ican ihelp iwith isome iof ithe imore ibothersome
i symptoms. iAntiviral idrugs, isuch ias iacyclovir, imay ibe igiven ifor ichickenpox ior ishingles.

Hepatic viral diseases

i i

These iviruses icause iinflammation iof ithe iliver, iknown ias iviral ihepatitis. iThe imost icommon
i hepatitis iare iA iand iB
Examples Hepatitis (A, B, C D, E)
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Treatment iby icontrolling ithe isymptoms iof ihepatitis iB, iC iand iD idiseases iwill ibe icontrolled.
i In isome icases, ia idoctor imight iprescribe imedication, isuch ias iantiviral idrugs. iTreatment iof
i hepatitis iA iand iE iinvolves isupportive imeasures, isuch ias igetting iplenty iof irest, idrinking ifluids,
i and iavoiding ialcohol.

Cutaneous viral diseases i i

Cutaneous iviral idiseases icause ilesions ior ipapules ito iform ion ithe iskin. iIn imany icases, ithese
i lesions ican istick iaround ifor ia ilong itime ior icome iback iafter idisappearing ifor ia iwhile.

Examples: Warts, Oral herps, Genital herps

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Treatment: Papules that form due to warts often go away on their own. They can also be
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i removed iby isimple iin-office iprocedures, isuch ias icryotherapy. iThere’s ino icure ifor iherpes. i

Neurologic viral diseases i i

Some iviruses ican iinfect ithe ibrain iand isurrounding itissues, icausing ineurologic iviral idiseases.
i Symptoms: i iFever, iConfusion, iDrowsiness, iSeizures, i

Examples Polio, Viral meningitis, Viral encephalitis, Rabies

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Treatment: There’s no specific treatment for people with mild viral meningitis or
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i encephalitis. iGetting iplenty iof irest, istaying ihydrated, iand itaking iOTC ianti-inflammatories ito
i ease ipain ior iheadaches ican iall ihelp. iIn isome icases, iantiviral imedication imay ibe iprescribed.
i Polio ior isevere icases iof imeningitis ior iencephalitis imay irequire iadditional itreatment, isuch ias
i breathing iassistance ior iIV ifluids.
 Cancer

Cancer iis ia igroup iof idiseases iinvolving iabnormal icell igrowth iwith ithe ipotential ito iinvade ior
i spread ito iother iparts iof ithe ibody

CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS Smoking, Obesity, Poor diet, Lack of physical
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i activities, iSun iand iother iradiations, iExcessive iuse iof ialcohol

MUTATION; The changing in structure of gene is called mutation

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▪ Mutation ihappen ioften i

▪ It imay ibe iharmful ior ibeneficial
▪ A isingle imutation imay inot icause icancer

Usually icancer ioccurs ifrom imultiple imutations iover ithe ilifetime

SYMPTOMS

• Fatigue
• Hoarseness
• Difficulty iin iswallowing
• Lump iof iarea ior ithickening ithat ican ibe ifelt iunder ithe iskin
• Weight ichanges
• Skin ichanges isuch ias iyellowing, idarkening, iredness iof ithe iskin
• Appetite iloss

COMMON SITES OF CANCER i i i

• Lung icancer i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
• Liver icancer
• Kidney icancer
• Breast icancer
 • Brain icancer
• GIT icancer
• Endocrine icancer
• Pancreas icancer

WAYS OF DIAGNOSIS
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1- iPHYSICAL iEXAMINATION: iYour idoctor imay ifeel iareas iof iyour ibody ifor ilumps ithat
i may iindicate ia itumor. iDuring ia iphysical iexam, ihe ior ishe imay ilook ifor iabnormalities isuch ias

i changes iin iskin icolor ior ienlargement iof ian iorgan, ithat imay iindicate ithe ipresence iof icancer.

2- iLABORATORY iTESTS: i iLaboratory itests, isuch ias iurine iand iblood itests, imay ihelp iyour
i doctor iidentify iabnormalities ithat ican ibe icaused iby icancer. i i i i i i i i i i i i

3- iIMAGING iTESTS: i

Imaging itests iallow iyour idoctor ito iexamine iyour ibones iand iinternal iorgans iin ia inoninvasive
i way. iImaging itest iused iin idiagnosing icancer imay iinclude ia icomputerized itomography i(CT)
i scan, ibone iscan, imagnetic iresonance iimaging i(MRI), ipositron iemission itomography i(PET)

i scan, iultrasound iand iX-ray, iamong ianother.

4- iBIOPSY:

During ia ibiopsy, iyour idoctor icollects ia isample iof icells ifor itesting iin ithe ilaboratory. iThere iare
i several iways iof icollecting ia isample. iWhich ibiopsy iprocedure iis iright ifor iyou idepends ion iyour
i type iof icancer iand iits ilocation. iNormal icells ilook iuniform, iwith isimilar isize iand icancer icells
i look iless iorderly, iwith ivarying isizes iwithout iorganization

COMMON METHODS OF TREATMENT

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1. Nano-enabled iimmunology
2. Radiotherapy
3. Chemotherapy
 4. Hormone itherapy
5. CAR-T iimmunology
1- iNANO-ENABLED iIMMUNOLOGY: iThis itechnology iincludes ithe iuse iof iNano-particles
i for idelivery iof iimmuno-stimulatory imolecules ito ithe itarget icells. iIt ialso iincludes iin-situ
i vaccination ito iprevent iformation iof itumors
➢ In iimmunotherapy iwe ifocus ion ithe inew icellular itherapies ifor icancer itreatment. iIt ihelps
i your iimmune isystem ifight iagainst icancer
➢ The iimmune isystem idetects iand idestroy iabnormal icells iand iprevents ithe igrowth ioff imany
i cancers.

2- iRADIOTHERAPY

➢ Radiation itherapy iuses ihigh ienergy iradiations ito ishrink itumors iand ikill icancer icells
➢ Radiation itherapy ican ieither idamage iDNA idirectly ior icreate icharged iparticles iwithin
i the icell ithat idamage iDNA iOn inano-scale imechanism, iscientist ifocus ion ithe iinteraction
i between ix-rays iand iNano-particles ito ienhance ithe ieffect iof iradiotherapy i(less idamage
i to inormal icells)

3- iCHEMOITHERAPY: iChemotherapy iis ia idrug itreatment ithat iuses ipowerful ichemicals ito
i kill ifast igrowing icells iin iyour ibody

➢ Chemotherapy iis ioften iused ito itreat icancer

➢ Chemotherapy idrugs ican ibe iused ialone ior iin icombination ito itreat ia iwide ivariety iof
i cancer

There iare ialso iside ieffects iof ichemotherapy;

➢ Nausea
➢ Vomiting
➢ Diarrhea
➢ Hair iloss
➢ Fatigue
 ➢ Fever
➢ Bleeding
➢ Constipation

4- iHORMONE iTHERAPY

➢ Some itypes iof icancer iare ifueled iby ibody's ihormones i

➢ Removing ithose ihormones ifrom ithe ibody ior iblocking ithe ieffects imay icause ithe icancer
i cells ito istop igrowing

Structure of a Cancer cell

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➢ Irregular ishape
➢ Irregular ishape, imulti-nucleation icommon
➢ Coarse, iaggregated
➢ Small icytoplasmic ivolume
➢ Multiple, ienlarged inucleoli
➢ Uncontrolled igrowth
➢ Remain iimmature iand iundifferentiated
➢ Oxygen iNot irequired i(thrive iin ihypoxic iconditions), ifavor ianaerobic irespiration
➢ Tumor-induced iangiogenesis
➢ Can ispread ito idifferent ilocations iin ithe ibody i(metastasis)

……

Name: i Ayesha iShakeel

Roll iNo: L1F20BSBT0057

Topic: i Hepatitis iC iand icancer

 Hepatitis C i

Hepatitis iC iIs ia iViral iinfection iof ithe iliver icaused iby ithe ihepatitis iC ivirus. i

RNA ivirus iFamily- iFlaviviridae

i Genus i– iHepacivirus

i Hepatitis iC ivirus imay ibe ia ilinear, isingle-strand, i9600-nucleotide iRNA ivirus. i

Structure: The hepatitis C virus contains a genetic component (RNA), enclosed by an

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i icosahedral iprotein ishell, iand ienclosed iin ia ilipid i(oily) ienvelope iof icellular iorigin. iTwo
i envelopes icalled ibacteria, iE1 iand iE2, i i are ienclosed iin ia ilipid ienvelope. iAt ileast ione imajor
i genotypes iwere iisolated, iand> i50 isubtypes iwithin igenotypes, iof iHCV iwere iidentified iby
i nucleotide isequence.

HCV genotype: HCV Genetic type is very strong prognostic marker for HCV antiviral
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i Treatment.

Transmission route: i

Parenteral: iTransfusion iof iinfected iblood ior iits iproducts, iusing inon-invasive iinjections,
i needles iand iimplants, itransplantation iof idonated iorgans ior itissues iof ian iinfected iperson,
i exposure ito iinfected iblood.

Sexual: iThe irisk iof iHCV itransmission iis ivery ilow. iFor isingle ipartners iabout i2%. iThe irisk iis
i high iamong ipeople iwith imultiple ipartners iabout i4-6% i(commercial isex iworkers’ imen iwith isex
i with imen ietc.)

i Mother ito ichild:

i Chance iof iVertical itransmission iof iHCV iis iabout i5-7 i%. iThe irisk iis iincreased iif iHCV iviral
i load iin imother’s iblood iis ihigh.

HCV iis inot itransmitted iby iair, idroplets, ivectors ior ifrom ianimal.

Persons who should be test for HCV infection:

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Intravenous idrug iusers i• iHIV-infected ipersons i• iHemophilia ipatients i• iPatients ion idialysis i•
i Blood irecipients i• iOrgan itransplant ipatients i• iChildren iborn ifrom iHCV iinfected imothers i•
i Healthcare iprofessionals iwho ihad iexposure ito iinfected iblood i(needle istick, icut, iblood icontact
i on imucosa).

PATHOGENESIS

The ivirus iis imainly ireplicated iby ihepatocytes iin ithe iliver, iwhere iit iis iestimated ithat ievery iday
i an iinfected icell iproduces iabout i50 ivirions i(viral iparticles). iBecause iHCV idoes inot ireplicate
i through icentral iDNA, iit idoes inot iattach iitself ito ithe ihost igenome. iIntroducing istem icells,
i HCV iE2 iand iE1 iproteins idetect iand iinteract iwith iCD81 ireceptors ipresent ion ithe isurface iof
i hepatocytes iand ilymphocytes. iAfter ithe iinteraction iof ithe iviral ienvelope iwith ithe icell
i membrane, iHCV ienters ithe icell ithrough iendocytosis. iIn ithe icytoplasm, ithe imessenger iRNA iis
i then itranslated, iand ipolyprotein iis iproduced; iHCV iRNA ithen ireplicates iitself, iafter iwhich inew
i RNA's iviral iviruses iare isynthesized iand itransported ito ithe isurface iof ithe ihost icell iso ithat iit
i can ispread iand icomplete ia inew icycle.

2 forms of Hepatitis C exist:

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• iAcute iHepatitis iC i

• iChronic iHepatitis iC

Acute ihepatitis iC iis ian iinfectious idisease icaused iby ithe ihepatitis iC ivirus, iwhich ioccurs isix
i months iafter iinjecting ithe ivirus iinto ian iorganism. iThe idisease ihas isymptoms i(with ijaundice
i and iwithout ijaundice) iand iasymptomatic icourse. iIf ithere iis iAcute iHCV iwith ian iautoimmune
i disease iin ithem, iit iis iestimated iin i50% iof icases

Main symptoms of Hepatitis C:

i i i i

▪ Fatigue
▪ i i Fever
▪ i Nausea iand ivomiting
▪ i i Abdominal ipain ior idiscomfort, iespecially iin
▪ i the iarea iof iliver ion iright iside iunder iyour ilower iribs iClay-colored ibowel imovements
 ▪ i Loss iof iappetite
▪ i Low-grade ifever
Major laboratory methods for HCV diagnosis
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• 1985 i-Western iblot

• i i 1995 i-Qualitative iand iquantitative iPCR
• i 2003 i-HCV igenotyping i(INNO iLipa)
• i 2007- iHCV iquantit. itest i– iusing iReal iTime iPCR i(TaqMan itechnology)
• i i 2010 i-HCV iNS5B iand i5’UTR/Core iregion isequencing
i Hepatitis C causes cancer:
i i i

i All iothers iwill icontinue ito ihave ihepatitis iC. iContinuous iinfection icauses iinflammation iof ithe
i liver. iThis iexpanded iinflammation ican icause ia iscar, icalled icirrhosis, iand ican ieventually ilead
i to iliver icancer. iChronic ihepatitis iC ialso iincreases ithe irisk iof inon-Hodgkin ilymphoma iand
i head iand ineck icancer

TREATMENT:

There iis ino iprophylactic ivaccine iand/or ispecific iimmunoglobulin iagainst ihepatitis iC. iBut
i effective iantiviral itreatment iexists, iwhich iis idisease iprophylaxis ias iwell.

Drugs for HCV (FDA approved):

i i i i

Pagilated iInterferon ialpha i2a i(Pegasys), iPagilated iInterferon ialpha i2b i(PegIntron), iRibavirin
i (Copegus, iRebetol), iBoceprevir i(Victrelis), iTelaprevir i(Incivek, iIncivo), iSimeprevir i(Olisio),
i Sofosbuvir i(Sovaldi), iDaclatasvir i(Daklinza), iDasabuvir i(Exviera), iSofosbuvir/ledipasvir
i (Harvoni), iOmbitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir i+dasabuvir i(Viekira iPaK)

Global Burden of Hepatitis C

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Hepatitis iC iis ia imajor ipublic ihealth iproblem iworldwide. iApproximately i180 imillion ipeople
i are iinfected iwith ithe ihepatitis iC iVirus iIt iaccounts ifor i3 ipercent iof ithe iworld's i3-4 imillion
i people iinfected iwith iHCV iper ianum. iAbout i25 imillion ipeople iin iEurope ispread ithe iHCV
i virus i5 itimes iover ispread iof isex. iMore ithan i350 i000-500 i000 ipeople idie ieach iyear ifrom iend-
stage irenal idisease i(cirrhoses, iHCC, iliver ifailure) iHepatitis iC iinfection iis ia imajor iproblem iin
i Georgia. iHepatitis iC ivirus i(HCV) iinfection iremains ichronic iin i70-85% iof iinfected ipeople. i

• iIn i20-40% iof icases ichronic ihepatitis iC iinfection ileads ito iend-stage iliver idisease: icirrhoses,
i hepatocellular icarcinoma iand iliver ifailure iafter i20-30 iyears iof iHCV iinfection. i

• iHepatitis iC ichronic iliver ifailure iis ione iof ithe imost icommon icauses iof iliver itransplantation.

i • iHepatitis iC ivirus i(HCV) iinfection iremains ichronic iin i70-85% iof iinfected ipeople.

i • iIn i20-40% iof icases ichronic ihepatitis iC iinfection ileads ito iend-stage iliver idisease: icirrhoses,
i hepatocellular icarcinoma iand iliver ifailure iafter i20-30 iyears iof iHCV iinfection. i

• iHepatitis iC ichronic iliver ifailure iis ione iof ithe imost icommon icauses iof iliver itransplantation

…..

Name: Samavia

Roll iNo: L1F20BSBT0053

Topic: Hepatitis iB iand icancer

i “Hepatitis B”
i

“Hepatitis iB iis ia iserious iliver iinfection ithat icauses iinflammation i(swelling iand ireddening) ithat
i can ilead ito iliver idamage.”

Genome Structure of Hepatitis B:

i i i i

The igenome iof iHBV iis imade iof icircular iDNA, ibut iit iis iunusual ibecause ithe iDNA iis inot ifully
i double-stranded. iOne iend iof ithe ifull ilength istrand iis ilinked ito ithe iviral iDNA ipolymerase. iThe
i genome iis i3020–3320 inucleotides ilong i(for ithe ifull ilength istrand) iand i1700–2800 inucleotides
i long i(for ithe ishort ilength istrand). iThe iviral ipolymerase iis icovalently iattached ito ithe i5′ iend iof
i the iminus istrand.
 (genome istructure iof ihepatitis iB)

Genus: Orthohepadnavirus
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Scientific name(species): Hepatitis B virus

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(Showing iHepatitis iB ivirus)

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Stages of Hepatitis B:
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Despite ithere ibeing ia ivaccine ito iprevent iHVB ibut iit iremains ia iglobal ihealth iproblem. iSo
i hepatitis iB ican ibe iof itwo istages:

▪ Acute iHepatitis iB
▪ Chronic iHepatitis iB
Causes of Hepatitis B:
i i i

The iHepatitis iB iis icaused iby ithe ihepatitis iB ivirus, iand iit ican ispread ifrom iperson ito iperson iin
i certain iways. iSome iof ithe icommon iways ito iget ihepatitis iB iincludes: i

▪ Mother ito ichild: iPregnant iwomen iwith ihepatitis iB ican ipass iit ito ithe ibabies iduring
i childbirth.
 ▪ Sharing ineedles: iThe ivirus ispreads ieasily ivia ineedles iand isyringes icontaminated iwith
i infected iblood.
▪ Accidental ineedle isticks: iHealth icare iworkers iand ianyone ielse iwho icomes iin icontact
i with iinfected ihuman iblood ican iget iit ithis iway.
▪ Sex: iYou ican iget iit iif iyou ihave iunprotected isex iwith isomeone iwho ihas iit iand iyour
i partner’s iblood, isaliva, isemen, ior ivaginal isecretion ienter iyour ibody.

Symptoms of Hepatitis B: i i i i

The isymptoms iof ihepatitis iB imay iinclude:

▪ Jaundice
▪ Light-colored ipoop
▪ Fever
▪ Fatigue i
▪ Stomach itrouble ilike iloss iof iappetite, inausea, iand ivomiting.
▪ Belly ipain i
▪ Joint ipain i
Effects of hepatitis B in human body:
i i i i i i

Hepatitis iB ican idevelop iinto ia iserious idisease iresulting iin ilong iterm ihealth iproblems iincluding
i liver idamage, iliver ifailure, iliver icancer iand ieven ideath

Hepatitis B treatment or medications:

i i i i

Treatment ifor ichronic ihepatitis iB imay iinclude: iAntiviral imedications. iSeveral iantiviral
i medications iincluding:

▪ entecavir i(Baraclude),
▪ i tenofovir i(Viread),
▪ lamivudine i(Epivir), i
▪ adefovir i(Hepsera) iand i
▪ telbivudine i(Tyzeka) iand ihelp ifight ithe ivirus iand islow iits iability ito idamage iyour
i liver.
Vaccine:
 The ivaccine inamed ias iHepatitis iB iVaccine iis iused ifor ithe itreatment iof ithe ihepatitis iB ivirus.

All ithe inewborn ibabies ishould iget ivaccinated.

All ithe ipersons ishould ialso iget ithe ishot iif ihe/she:

▪ Come iin icontact iwith iinfected iblood ior ibody ifluids iof ifriends ior ifamily imembers.
▪ Use ineedles ito itake irecreational idrugs.
▪ Have isex iwith imore ithan ione iperson.
▪ He/she iis ia ihealth iworker
▪ Work iin ia iday-care icenter, ischool, ior ijail.
The iCenters ifor iDisease iControl iand iPrevention i(CDC) irecommends ihepatitis iB ivaccine
i for iall ipersons i0–18 iyears iof iage. iCDC ialso irecommends ihepatitis iB ivaccination ifor iall iadults
i who iare iin irisk igroups ifor ihepatitis iB ivirus iinfection, ias iwell ias ifor iany iadults iwho iwant ito
i be iprotected ifrom ihepatitis iB.

How Hepatitis B can be cancerous:

i i i i i

Chronic iHBV iinfection ican ilead ito ichronic ihepatitis, iliver icirrhosis, iand ihepatocellular
i carcinoma i(HCC). iHCC iis ione iof ithe ifive imajor icancers iin ithe iworld ipopulation. iHepatitis iB
i virus i(HBV) iis ithe imost iimportant ietiologic iagent iof iliver icancer iglobally, iparticularly iin
i high-prevalence iareas iof iliver icancer. iHepatocellular icarcinoma i(HCC) iis ithe imost icommon
i type iof iliver icancer. iAbout i350 imillion ipeople iglobally iare ichronically iinfected iwith iHBV.
i Chronic ihepatitis iB ivirus i(HBV) iinfection iaccounts ifor iat ileast i50% icases iof iHCC iworldwide.

▪ Cirrhosis: iCirrhosis, ior iscarring iof ithe iliver. iThis imakes iit iharder ifor ithe iliver ito ido
i its iwork iand ican ieventually ilead ito iliver ifailure.
▪ Liver icancer: iIf iyou ihave ichronic ihepatitis iB iyour idoctor imay irecommended ithat iyou
i get ian iultrasound iexam ito isee iif ithere iare iany isigns iof iliver icancer.
Treatment of liver cancer: i i i

Localized itreatment ioptions ifor iliver icancer iinclude:

• Heating icancer icells. iRadiofrequency iablation iuses ielectric icurrent ito iheat iand idestroy
i cancer icells. i
• Freezing icancer icells. i
• Injecting ialcohol iinto ithe itumor. i
• Injecting ichemotherapy idrugs iinto ithe iliver. i
• Placing ibeads ifilled iwith iradiation iin ithe iliver.

• The imost ieffective itreatment ito iget irid iof ithis idisease iis ithe iliver itransplantation. i

(Showing iliver icancer)

……..

Name: ROSHAN iMEHMOOD

Roll iNo: L1F20BSBT0079

TOPIC: HIV i[Human iimmunodeficiency ivirus]

HIV:

HIV i(human iimmunodeficiency ivirus) iis ia ivirus ithat iattacks ithe ibody's iimmune isystem. iIf
i HIV iis inot itreated, iit ican ilead ito iAIDS i(acquired iimmunodeficiency isyndrome). iThere iis
i currently ino ieffective icure. iOnce ipeople iget iHIV, ithey ihave iit ifor ilife. iBut iwith iproper
i medical icare, iHIV ican ibe icontrolled.

i Where did HIV come from?

i i i i

• HIV iinfection iin ihumans icame ifrom ia itype iof ichimpanzee iin iCentral iAfrica.
• The ichimpanzee iversion iof ithe ivirus i(called isimian iimmunodeficiency ivirus, ior iSIV)
i was iprobably ipassed ito ihumans iwhen ihumans ihunted ithese ichimpanzees ifor imeat iand
i came iin icontact iwith itheir iinfected iblood.
 • Studies ishow ithat iHIV imay ihave ijumped ifrom ichimpanzees ito ihumans ias ifar iback ias
i the ilate i1800s.
• Over idecades, iHIV islowly ispread iacross iAfrica iand ilater iinto iother iparts iof ithe iworld.
i We iknow ithat ithe ivirus ihas iexisted iin ithe iUnited iStates isince iat ileast ithe imid ito ilate
i 1970s.

Stage 1: Acute HIV Infection

i i i i

• People ihave ia ilarge iamount iof iHIV iin itheir iblood. iThey iare ivery icontagious.
• Some ipeople ihave iflu-like isymptoms. iThis iis ithe ibody’s inatural iresponse ito iinfection.
• But isome ipeople imay inot ifeel isick iright iaway ior iat iall.
• If iyou ihave iflu-like isymptoms iand ithink iyou imay ihave ibeen iexposed ito iHIV, iseek
i medical icare iand iask ifor ia itest ito idiagnose iacute iinfection.
• i can idiagnose iacute iinfection.

Stage 2: Chronic HIV Infection

i i i i

• This istage iis ialso icalled iasymptomatic iHIV iinfection ior iclinical ilatency.
• HIV iis istill iactive ibut ireproduces iat ivery ilow ilevels.
• People imay inot ihave iany isymptoms ior iget isick iduring ithis iphase.
• Without itaking iHIV imedicine, ithis iperiod imay ilast ia idecade ior ilonger, ibut isome imay
i progress ifaster.
• People ican itransmit iHIV iin ithis iphase.
• At ithe iend iof ithis iphase, ithe iamount iof iHIV iin ithe iblood i(called iviral iload) igoes iup
i and ithe iCD4 icell icount igoes idown. iThe iperson imay ihave isymptoms ias ithe ivirus ilevels
i increase iin ithe ibody, iand ithe iperson imoves iinto iStage i3.
• People iwho itake iHIV imedicine ias iprescribed imay inever imove iinto iStage i3.

Stage 3: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

i i i i i

• The imost isevere iphase iof iHIV iinfection.

• People iwith iAIDS ihave isuch ibadly idamaged iimmune isystems ithat ithey iget ian
i increasing inumber iof isevere iillnesses.
 • People ireceive ian iAIDS idiagnosis iwhen itheir iCD4 icell icount idrops ibelow i200
i cells/mm, ior iif ithey idevelop icertain iopportunistic iinfections.
• People iwith iAIDS ican ihave ia ihigh iviral iload iand ibe ivery iinfectious.

Without itreatment, ipeople iwith iAIDS itypically isurvive iabout ithree iyears. i

What causes HIV? i i

HIV iinfection iis icaused iby ithe ihuman iimmunodeficiency ivirus. iYou ican iget iHIV ifrom icontact
i with iinfected iblood, isemen, ior ivaginal ifluids.

• Most ipeople iget ithe ivirus iby ihaving iunprotected isex iwith isomeone iwho ihas iHIV.

• Another icommon iway iof igetting iit iis iby isharing idrug ineedles iwith isomeone iwho iis
i infected iwith iHIV.

• The ivirus ican ialso ibe ipassed ifrom ia imother ito iher ibaby iduring ipregnancy, ibirth, ior
i breastfeeding.

HIV idoesn't isurvive iwell ioutside ithe ibody. iSo iit ican't ibe ispread iby icasual icontact ilike
i kissing ior isharing idrinking iglasses iwith ian iinfected iperson. i

What are the symptoms?

i i i

i HIV imay inot icause isymptoms iearly ion. iPeople iwho ido ihave isymptoms imay imistake ithem ifor
i the iflue. iCommon iearly isymptoms iinclude:

• Fever.

• Sore ithroat.

• Headache.

• Muscle iaches iand ijoint ipain.

• Swollen iglands i(swollen ilymph inodes).

• Skin irash.

Symptoms imay iappear ifrom ia ifew idays ito iseveral iweeks iafter ia iperson iis ifirst iinfected. iThe
i early isymptoms iusually igo iaway iwithin i2 ito i3 iweeks.
After ithe iearly isymptoms igo iaway, ian iinfected iperson imay inot ihave isymptoms iagain ifor
i many iyears. iAfter ia icertain ipoint, isymptoms ireappear iand ithen iremain. iThese isymptoms
i usually iinclude:

• Swollen ilymph inodes.

• Extreme itiredness.

• Weight iloss.

• Fever.

• Night isweats.

i Treatment:
The istandard itreatment ifor iHIV iis ia icombination iof imedicines icalled iantiretroviral itherapy,
i or iART. iAntiretroviral imedicines islow ithe irate iat iwhich ithe ivirus imultiplies.

Taking ithese imedicines ican ireduce ithe iamount iof ivirus iin iyour ibody iand ihelp iyou istay
i healthy.
Medical iexperts irecommend ithat ipeople ibegin itreatment ifor iHIV ias isoon ias ithey iknow i

To imonitor ithe iHIV iinfection iand iits ieffect ion iyour iimmune isystem, ia idoctor iwill iregularly ido
i two itests:

• Viral iload, iwhich ishows ithe iamount iof ivirus iin iyour iblood.
• CD4+ icell icount, iwhich ishows ihow iwell iyour iimmune isystem iis iworking.

After iyou istart itreatment, iit's iimportant ito itake iyour imedicines iexactly ias idirected iby iyour
i doctor. iWhen itreatment idoesn't iwork, iit iis ioften ibecause iHIV ihas ibecome iresistant ito ithe
i medicine. iThis ican ihappen iif iyou idon't itake iyour imedicines icorrectly.
Does HIV medicine cause side effects?
i i i i i

HIV imedicine ican icause iside ieffects iin isome ipeople. iHowever, inot ieveryone iexperiences iside
i effects. iThe imost icommon iside ieffects iare

• Nausea iand ivomiting,

 • Diarrhea,
• Difficulty isleeping,
• Dry imouth,
• Headache,
• Rash,
• Dizziness,
• Fatigue, iand
• Pain

i i i i i i i i i
What kinds of cancer do people with HIV usually get?

i
AIDS-related Cancers:

• Kaposi's iSarcoma i

This icancer igrows iinto ireddish-purple ipatches ion iyour iskin ithat icannot ikill iyou. iIt ican
i be ideadly iif iit igets iin iyour ithroat ior ilungs. iA iherpes ivirus icauses iKaposi's iSarcoma.

• Non-Hodgkin's iLymphoma i

This icancer iusually istarts iin ithe ilymph iglands, iwhich iare ipart iof iyour iimmune isystem
i and ihelp ifight ioff idisease. iLymph iglands iare imainly iin ithe ineck, iunder ithe iarms, iin ithe
i groin, iand iinside ithe ibelly. iEpstein-Barr iVirus iis ia irisk ifactor ifor ithis icancer.

• Invasive icervical icancer i

This iaffects ithe icervix, ithe ientrance ifrom ithe ivagina ito ithe iuterus. iAlmost iall iwomen
i who iget icervical icancer ialso ihave iHPV. iHaving iHIV iand iHPV imakes icervical icancer
i grow ifaster.

Non-AIDS-related Cancers: i

• i Lung iCancer

i Smoking iis ithe imain irisk ifactor. iLung icancer iamong ipeople iwith iHIV ihas ibecome
i more icommon isince ipeople ibegan itaking iHIV imedications iand iliving ilonger. iQuitting
 i smoking, iexercising, iand ikeeping iyour iimmune isystem istrong igreatly ilowers iyour ilung
i cancer irisk.

• Hodgkin's iLymphoma

i is ianother icancer ithat ioccurs imainly iin ithe ilymph iglands. iIt igrows iquickly iin ipeople
i who ihave iweak iimmune isystems.

• Anal iCancer

i Men iwho ihave isex iwith imen ihave ia igreater irisk iof ianal icancer. iAnal isex idoes inot
i directly icause ianal icancer. iBut, iit ican ilead ito igetting iHPV, iwhich imakes iyour irisk ifor
i anal icancer imuch ihigher.

• Liver icancer

i Having ihepatitis iB ior ihepatitis iC iand iHIV imakes iyour irisk iof iliver icancer ivery ihigh.
i Smoking, idrinking ialcohol, iusing istreet idrugs

• Other iskin icancers

i Skin icancers iother ithan iKaposi's isarcoma iare ibecoming imore icommon. i

How are AIDS-related cancers treated?

i i i i i

Treatment idepends ion ithe itype iof iAIDS-related icancer iyou ihave iand ihow ifar iit ihas ispread iin
i your ibody. iYou imay ineed i1 ior imore iof ithese itreatments:

➢ Surgery. iRemoving ithe itumor imay ibe ian ioption ifor isome icancers.
➢ Chemotherapy i(chemo). iThese idrugs ican ikill icancer icells ior istop ithem ifrom igrowing.
➢ Immunotherapy.
➢ i This itreatment iuses idrugs ithat ihelp ithe iimmune isystem ifocus ion iand ikill icancer icells
i while icausing ilittle iharm ito ihealthy icells.
➢ Targeted itherapy. iThese idrugs ifocus ion ichanges iin ithe icancer icells ito ikill ithem iwhile
i limiting idamage ito ihealthy icells
 ➢ Radiation. iHigh-energy iX-rays ior iother itypes iof iradiation ican ihelp ishrink ior ikill
i cancer icells.

Treating iHIV iinfection iitself iis ian iimportant ipart iof itherapy. iYou iwill ibe igiven
i antiretroviral itreatment i(ART) ito icontrol ithe ivirus. iThis ican ihelp ireduce ithe iside
i effects i(such ias iinfection) ifrom iother itreatments iand iimprove iyour ichance iof irecover

…..

Name: i Syed iMurtaza iAli

Roll iNo: i L1F20BSBT0075

Topic: COVID-19 iAND iCANCER

MOST VIRAL DISEASE NOW COVID-19

i i i i

What Is Coronavirus / Covid-19?

i i i i

Coronaviruses iare ia ifamily iof iviruses ithat ican icause irespiratory iillness iin ihumans. i

They iget itheir iname, i“corona,” ifrom ithe imany icrown-like ispikes ion ithe isurface iof ithe ivirus.
i Severe iacute irespiratory isyndrome i(SARS), iMiddle iEast irespiratory isyndrome i(MERS) iand
i the icommon icold iare iexamples iof icoronaviruses ithat icause iillness iin ihumans.
The inew istrain iof icoronavirus, iCOVID-19, iwas ifirst ireported iin iWuhan, iChina iin iDecember
i 2019. iThe ivirus ihas isince ispread ito iall icontinents i(except iAntarctica).

HISTORY:

➢ Tyrell iand iBynoe iisolated ifirst ihuman icoronavirus iin ithe iyear i1965 ifrom ithe
i respiratory itract iof ia ipatient iwith icomplain iof icommon icold. iThe ivirus iwas inamed
i B814. iHowever, ithe iresearchers ifailed ito igrow ithe iagent iin iculture imedia. i
➢ In ia isimilar istudy iby iHamre iand iProcknow, ithe iresearchers ireported isimilar ikind iof
i virus iwhich ithey inamed i229E iisolated ifrom ithe isamples iobtained ifrom imedical
i students iwith icold. i
➢ In ianother istudy iby iMcIntosh iet ial. iether isensitive iagents iof imultiple istrains iwere
i isolated ifrom ihuman irespiratory itract. iSince ithey iwere igrown iin iorgan iculture, ihence
i were inamed i“OC”. i
➢ At iabout ithe isame iperiod iof itime iAlmeida iand iTyrrel istudied iorgan icultures iinfected
i with iB814 iexploiting ielectron imicroscopy iand ireported iparticulates iof isize i80-150 inm
i resembling iinfectious ibronchitis ivirus iof ichickens.
➢ i Astonishingly iboth i229E iagent iidentified iby iHamre iand iProcknow iand iOC ivirus
i reported iby iMcIntosh iet ial. iwere ifound ito ihave isimilar imorphology.
➢ Thus, ia inew igenus iof iviruses iwas ifound iwhich iwas inamed iCORONA, iwhere ithe iterm
i corona idenoted ithe icrown ilike iappearance iof ithe isurface iin ithe imorphological istructure
i of iviruses.

Life Cycle of Coronavirus:

i i i

i The ilife icycle iof ia icoronavirus iis isubdivided iinto ifour iphases: i

1. Entry iand iattachment i

2. Replicase iprotein iexpression i
3. Replication iand itranscription i
4. Assemble iand irelease.

How COVID-19 Enter or Effect On Body:

i i i i i i
COVID-19 iis ilikely ispread:

❖ When ithe ivirus itravels iin irespiratory idroplets iwhen ian iinfected iperson icoughs,
i sneezes, italks, isings ior ibreathes inear iyou i(within isix ifeet). iThis iis ithought ito ibe ithe
i main iway iCOVID-19 iis ispread.
❖ When ithe ivirus itravels iin ismall irespiratory idroplets ithat ilinger iin ithe iair ifor
i minutes ito ihours ifrom ian iinfected iperson iwho iis imore ithan isix ifeet iaway ior ihas
i since ileft ithe ispace. iThis imethod iof ispread iis imore ilikely ito ioccur iin ienclosed
i spaces iwith ipoor iventilation.
❖ From iclose icontact i(touching, ishaking ihands) iwith ian iinfected iperson.
❖ By itouching isurfaces ithat ithe ivirus ihas ilanded ion, ithen itouching iyour ieyes, imouth,
i or inose ibefore iwashing iyour ihands. i(Not ithought ito ispread ieasily iby ithis imethod.)

COVID-19 ienters iyour ibody ithrough iyour imouth, inose ior ieyes i(directly ifrom ithe
i airborne idroplets ior ifrom itransfer iof ithe ivirus ifrom iyour ihands ito iyour iface). iThe ivirus
i travels ito ithe iback iof iyour inasal ipassages iand imucous imembrane iin ithe iback iof iyour ithroat. iIt
i attaches ito icells ithere, ibegins ito imultiply iand imoves iinto ilung itissue. iFrom ithere, ithe ivirus
i can ispread ito iother ibody itissues.

Governments, ihealth iagencies, iresearchers iand ihealthcare iproviders iare iall iworking itogether ito
i develop ipolicies iand iprocedures ito ilimit ithe ispread iof ithis ivirus iboth iglobally iand ifrom
i individual ito iindividual.

OCCURRENCE:

• Coronaviruses iare ioften ifound iin ibats, icats iand icamels. iThe iviruses ilive iin ibut ido inot
i infect ithe ianimals. i
• Sometimes ithese iviruses ithen ispread ito idifferent ianimal ispecies. i
• The iviruses imay ichange i(mutate) ias ithey itransfer ito iother ispecies. iEventually, ithe ivirus
i can ijump ifrom ianimal ispecies iand ibegins ito iinfect ihumans. i
• In ithe icase iof iCOVID-19, ithe ifirst ipeople iinfected iin iWuhan, iChina iare ithought ito
i have icontracted ithe ivirus iat ia ifood imarket ithat isold imeat, ifish iand ilive ianimals i– ibut
i they iare istill iinvestigating. i
 • Although iresearchers idon’t iknow iexactly ihow ipeople iwere iinfected, ithey ialready ihave
i evidence ithat ithe ivirus ican ibe ispread idirectly ifrom iperson ito iperson ithrough iclose
i contact.

SYMPTOMS & CAUSES: i i

The iCDC isays iyou imay ihave icoronavirus iif iyou ihave ithese isymptoms ior icombination iof
i symptoms:

• Fever ior ichills.

• Cough.
• Shortness iof ibreath ior idifficulty ibreathing.
• Tiredness.
• Muscle ior ibody iaches.
• Headaches.
• New iloss iof itaste ior ismell.
• Sore ithroat.
• Congestion ior irunny inose.
• Nausea ior ivomiting.
• Diarrhea.

Additional isymptoms iare ipossible

Symptoms imay iappear ibetween itwo iand i14 idays iafter iexposure ito ithe ivirus. iChildren ihave
i similar, ibut iusually imilder, isymptoms ithan iadults. iOlder iadults iand ipeople iwho ihave isevere
i underlying imedical iconditions ilike iheart ior ilung idisease ior idiabetes iare iat ihigher irisk iof imore
i serious icomplication ifrom iCOVID-19.

PREVENTION:

i WHO iand iCDC ireleased ia iseries iof irecommendations ifor ithe iprevention iand icontrolling ithe
i spreading iof ithe idisease.

Individuals iwere isuggested: i

 i. To iwash ihands iregularly iwith ialcohol ibased ihand iwash ior isanitizer ior idaily iusing
i soaps. i
ii. Avoid ifrequent itouching iof ieyes, inose iand imouth ias ithey iare ithe imost iexposed isite
i for icatching ithe iinfection.
iii. Maintaining isocial idistance iof iabout i1 imetre ibetween ipersons iwho iare icoughing ior
i sneezing. i
iv. Maintaining irespiratory ihygiene ilike icovering imouth iand inose iwhile isneezing iand
i coughing. i
v. Wearing ia iface imask iwhen iin icontact iwith ianother iperson ivi. iCleaning iand
i sanitizing ihome iand iworkplaces.

What Treatments Are Available?

i i i

There’s icurrently ino icure ifor ian iinfection icaused iby ithe inew icoronavirus. iHowever, imany
i treatments iand ivaccines iare icurrently iunder istudy.

On iOctober i22, i2020, ithe iFDATrusted iSource iapproved iits ifirst iCOVID-19 itreatment, ithe
i medication iremdesivir i(Veklury). iIt’s iavailable iby iprescription ito itreat iCOVID-19 iin ipeople
i ages i12 iyears iand iolder iwho’ve ibeen ihospitalized. iIt’s iadministered ias ian iintravenous i(IV)
i infusion.

In iNovember i2020, ithe iFDA ialso igranted iEUAs ito imonoclonal iantibody imedications.

Monoclonal iantibodies iare ihuman-made iproteins ithat ihelp ithe ibody idevelop ian iimmune
i response iagainst iforeign-made isubstances isuch ias iviruses.

These imedications iare:

• bamlanivimab, ifrom iEli iLillyTrusted iSource

• casirivimab iand iimdevimab, iwhich imust ibe iadministered itogether, ifrom iRegeneron
i Pharmaceuticals iTrusted iSource.
Like iremdesivir, ithey’re ialso iadministered iby iIV iinfusion iand iintended ito itreat iCOVID-19 iin
i people iages i12 iyears iand iolder. iThese imedications iare iused ifor ioutpatient itherapy.

The iFDA ihas ialso iissued iEUAs ito ia ifew iother itreatments, isuch ias iconvalescent iplasma, ithat
i are iintended ifor itreatment iin ipeople iwho iare ihospitalized ior iat ihigh irisk ifor ihospitalization.

Most iCOVID-19 itreatment ifocuses ion imanaging isymptoms ias ithe ivirus iruns iits icourse.

Seek imedical ihelp iif iyou ithink iyou ihave iCOVID-19. iYour idoctor iwill irecommend itreatment
i for iany isymptoms ior icomplications ithat idevelop iand ilet iyou iknow iif iyou ineed ito iseek
i emergency itreatment.

Treatments for Other Coronaviruses:

i i i

Other icoronaviruses isuch ias isevere iacute irespiratory isyndrome i(SARS) iand iMiddle iEast
i respiratory isyndrome i(MERS) iare ialso itreated iby imanaging isymptoms. iIn isome icases,
i experimental itreatments ihave ibeen itested ito isee ihow ieffective ithey iare.

Examples iof itherapies iused ifor ithese iillnesses iinclude:

• Antiviral ior iretroviral imedications

• Breathing isupport, isuch ias imechanical iventilation

• Steroids ito ihelp ireduce ilung iswelling iand iinflammation

• Blood iplasma itransfusions

Coronavirus (COVID-19) And Cancer

i i i

People iwith icancer iand itheir ifamilies imight ifeel iespecially iworried iabout ithe ivirus. iCancer
i and iits itreatment ican ilower iyour iability ito ifight iinfection.
 ▪ Cancer ipatients, itheir ifamilies, iand icaregivers iare idisproportionally iimpacted iby
i the iCOVID ipandemic.
▪ Although icancer ipatients iare imore ilikely ito ibecome iinfected ithan ithe igeneral
i population iand isignificantly imore ilikely ito idie ifrom iCOVID-19 ionce iinfected, ithe
i greater irisk imay ibe ialtering ior iforegoing icancer itreatment.
▪ Cancer ipatients ishould idiscuss itheir iconcerns iabout ithe ipandemic iand itreatment
i with itheir idoctor iand iwork itogether ito idevelop ia itreatment iplan ithat ioptimizes
i cancer icare iand ireduces ithe irisks ifrom iCOVID-19.

➢ IN iGENERAL, iindividuals iimpacted iby ia icancer idiagnosis ishould iconsider itwo

i different istrategies ito ireduce itheir irisk iduring ithe ipandemic. i
1. The ifirst iis ito iensure ithey itake iappropriate iprecautions ito iavoid iunnecessary
i exposure ito ithe ivirus. i
2. The isecond iis ito iconsider iwhether ichanges ito itheir itreatment istrategy icould ibe
i implemented ito ireduce itheir irisk iof iinfection.

What Are the Symptoms of Coronavirus Infection in Cancer Patients?

i i i i i i i i i

The isymptoms iof iCOVID-19 iare ithe isame iin icancer ipatients ias ithe igeneral ipopulation.
i Patients ibeing itreated iwith isteroids ican isuppress ithe idevelopment iof ifever.

The isymptoms iof icoronavirus iinclude:

❖ a ihigh itemperature iof iabove i37.8C iand, ior

❖ a inew icontinuous icough i- ithis imeans icoughing ia ilot ifor imore ithan ian ihour, ior i3 ior
i more icoughing iepisodes iin i24 ihours i(if iyou iusually ihave ia icough, iit imay ibe iworse
i than iusual)
❖ a iloss iof, ior ichange iin, iyour inormal isense iof itaste ior ismell i(you ican't ismell ior itaste
i anything, ior ithings ismell ior itaste idifferent ito inormal)

Are All Patients with Cancer at Equal Risk for Infection?

i i i i i i i i i
 • Patients iwith ia iweakened iimmune isystem imay ibe iat igreater irisk iof iinfection ibecause
i their idefenses iagainst iinfection iare ilowered.

• Blood-related icancers isuch ias ileukemia, ilymphoma, ior imultiple imyeloma, ithose
i undergoing ichemotherapy itreatment, iindividuals iwith imore iadvanced idisease.

• And ithose iwith icancer iinvolving ithe ilungs iare imost ivulnerable. i

• Patients iover ithe iage iof i70 iare imore ilikely ito idevelop isevere icases iof iCOVID-19.

• As iare ithose iwho ialso ihave icardiovascular idisease, idiabetes, ior ihigh iblood ipressure, ior
i are iactive itobacco ismokers.

SHIELDING:

At ithe istart iof ithe ipandemic, iclinically iextremely ivulnerable ipeople ihad ito ifollow iparticular
i measures icalled ishielding. iYour iGP ior ihealthcare iteam imight iask iyou ito ishield iagain
i depending ion iyour isituation. i

Currently, iclinically iextremely ivulnerable ipeople iin iEngland iare ishielding.

People iin ithe iextremely ivulnerable igroup iinclude ithose:

• Having ichemotherapy.
• Having iradical iradiotherapy ifor ilung icancer.
• With icancers iof ithe iblood ior ibone imarrow isuch ias ileukemia, ilymphoma ior imyeloma
i who iare iat iany istage iof itreatment.
• Having iimmunotherapy ior iother icontinuing iantibody itreatments ifor icancer.
• Having iother itargeted icancer itreatments iwhich ican iaffect ithe iimmune isystem, isuch ias
i protein ikinase iinhibitors ior iPARP iinhibitors.
• Who ihave ihad ibone imarrow ior istem icell itransplants iin ithe ilast i6 imonths, ior iwho iare
i still itaking iimmunosuppression idrugs.
 • Taking imedicine isuch ias ihigh idoses iof isteroids.

If iyou iare iunsure iwhat itreatment iyou iare ihaving iand iwhether iyou iare iin ione iof ithese igroups,
i speak ito ithe iteam icaring ifor iyou.

A Study Looking at COVID-19 And People Who Have Cancer (SOAP):

i i i i i i i i i i

This istudy ihas ibeen ilooking iat iCOVID-19 iin ipeople iwith iand iwithout icancer iand ihow itheir
i immune isystems ideal iwith iit.

❖ Your iimmune isystem ihelps iyour ibody ifight iinfections isuch ias iCOVID-19 iand idiseases
i such ias icancer.

❖ The isymptoms iof iCOVID-19 ican irange ifrom ibeing ivery imild ito ibeing ivery isevere. i

In iJanuary i2021, ithe iresearch iteam ipublished iearly i(interim) iresults ifor ithe iSOAP itrial. iThey
i plan ito ipublish imore iresults iat ia ilater idate.

The istudy ishowed ithat:

o People iwith ia isolid icancer iwere iable ito ifight iCOVID-19 iin ithe isame iway ias ipeople
i without icancer. iThis iwas iso ifor ipeople iwith iadvanced icancer ias iwell ias ithose ihaving
i cancer itreatment. i i

o People iwho ihad ia iblood icancer i(hematological icancer) ivaried iin ihow iwell ithey iwere
i able ito irespond ito ithe ivirus. iFor imany, iit itook imuch ilonger ifor ithem ito iget irid iof iit.

o The iteam iconclude ithat imost ipeople iwith ia isolid icancer iwill ibe iable ito ifight iCOVID-
19 iin ithe isame iway ias ipeople iwithout icancer. iPeople iwith icancer idevelop iantibodies
i to iCOVID-19. i

o But ithis iisn't iso ifor ipeople iwith icertain itypes iof iblood icancer. iAnd ithey imight ineed
i more icareful imanagement isuch ias icloser ifollow iup iand ivaccination iboosters.

o The iteam inow iwant ito ilook iat ihow ihaving ia iCOVID-19 ivaccination iaffects ithe
i immune isystem iof ipeople iwith icancer.
Is There a Vaccine?
i i i

Effective iDecember i2020 ivaccines iare iavailable. i

Cancer ipatients iare iat ihigher irisk ifrom iCOVID-19, iespecially iif ithey iare ireceiving
i immunotherapy, isteroids iand iimmunosuppressive imedications iwhich ireduce iimmunity. i

Many iindividuals iwith iblood icancers ihave idiminished iimmunity ieven iif ithey iare inot icurrently
i on itherapy.

THE ENDi