1. What three proteins make up the filaments of the cytoskeleton?

A)
microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments
1. Describe the structure of each.A) -Microtubules
structure:Microtubules play a vital role in all eukaryotic cells. These
cells release a protein tubulin in a normal manner that involves
transcription of the gene coding for tubulin that yields RNA and it is
followed by transcription of mRNA to produce protein by
ribosomes. -Microfilaments structure:consist of
intertwined strings of actin protein.
-Intermediate filaments: built from
keratin proteins, specialized for bearing tension, intermediate in size 8-12
nm

2. How are microtubules involved in the movement of organelles and vesicles

within the cell?A) Track for intracellular movement and structure components of
cilia and flagella.

3. What does MTOC stand for?A) for anchor minus ends of microtubules to other
parts of the cell.
1. What is its significance?A) Microtubules-organizing centers
2. Where is it found?A) is in the centrosome
3. What is it composed of?A) composed of two centrioles
4. How does it relate to cell division?A) they are duplicated

4. Why do cells have cilia and/or flagella?A) Cells use them to move liquids and
particles across the cell surface
1. What is the primary cilium and what is its purpose?A)Most
vertebrate cells and its purpose is to bind with specific molecules
outside the cell or on other cells.

5. Explain the structure of a cilium/flagellum.A) they are composed of

microtubules.
1. How do they move?A) they help unicellular and small multicellular
organisms move through a watery environment.

6. What type of cell structures and functions are microfilaments involved with?A)
myosin and actin. How are they involved?A) in ATP: they help contract muscles,
in amoeba and human WBC: actin filaments push the plasma membrane
outward

7. What makes intermediate filaments different from microtubules and

microfilaments? A) By their preferential site of incorporation, polarity, enzymatic
activity, distribution

8. Explain the structural and functional difference between the glycocalyx and
extracellular matrix. A) The glycocalyx is a glycoprotein-polysaccharide covering
that surrounds the cell membranes of some bacteria, epithelia and other cells. It
is the cell coat. In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a collection of
extracellular molecules secreted by cells that provides structural and biochemical
support to the surrounding cells.

9. Explain the function and structure of the following intercellular junctions:

1. Desmosomes. A) -function: allow cells to form strong sheets,
-structure:points of attachment that hold cells together at one spot
2. Adhering junctions. A) -function:connect to microfilaments of the
cytoskeleton, -structure:cement cells together
3. Tight Junctions. A)-function: seal off body cavities, -structure:
connections between cell membranes that are so tight, no space
remains between the cells
4. Gap Junctions. A) -function:allows communication between cells
,-structure:composed of connexin molecules that are grouped to
form a cylinder that spans the plasma membrane
5. Plasmodesmata A) -function: connections between plant cell walls
that are functionally equivalent to gap junctions, -structure:
channels that pass through the cell walls of adjacent plant cells