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W3 - GIS Data Topology
W3 - GIS Data Topology
GIS Data Topology
Produced By: Sean Pickner
Definition of Map Topology
— Chang text defines topology as the study of
properties of geometric objects that remain
invariant under certain transformations. (Chang)
— A major area of mathematics concerned with
spatial properties that are preserved under
continuous deformations of objects. (Wikipedia)
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Example of Topology
— The Rubber Band
example
Ø A rubber band can be
stretched and twisted, but
as a result of it being a
closed circuit the rubber
band demonstrates
aspects of topology in the
sense that it well stay a
closed circuit even when
its shape is transformed
or manipulated.
My Experience with Topology
— Mapping tract
boundaries of USFWS
lands
— Topology was used to
insure correct property
boundaries
— Restricted certain
analysis of properties
that included
easements
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Graph Theory
— A field of mathematics that
uses diagrams or graphs to
study the arrangements of
geometric objects and how
they are related.
— Digraphs (Directed Graphs)
Ø Arc Line connected with two
points
Ø Node The beginning or end
point on a line
— Vertices Points that fall
between Nodes on Arcs
Adjacency
• A Matrix or Matrices are used
to show relationships
•1 and 0 are used to define
characteristics of adjacency
•Direction of an Arc is used to
determine value
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Incidence
•A Matrix or Matrices are used to
show relationships
•1, 1, and 0 are used to define
characteristics of Incidence
•Nodes are used to define
connectivity of Arcs
Benefits of Topology
• Insure Data Quality
1. Shared lines can restrict boundary discrepancies
2. Gaps in line segments can restrict aspects of
connectivity to a network
3. Defined areas can insure land use restrictions
• Enhances GIS Analysis
1. Attribute rules benefit address locating by reducing
attributes to be searched
2. Transit directions benefit route finding by depicting
realistic transportation options
3. Housing needs assessments are benefited through
restrictions in property uses.
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Sources
— Chang, Kangtsung. "Introduction to GIS 5 th Edition" Chang 2009, 5 th
Edition
— Viro, Ivanov, Netsvetaev, Kharlamov. “Topology” Wikipedia. 2009
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology>
— Magic Shop. “Elastrix” How Do Tricks: Elastrix Book Image
<http://www.howtodotricks.com/Books.html>
— USFWS. “FWS National Cadastral Data” Branch of Data and System
Services. <http://www.fws.gov/data/Cadastral.htm>
Questions
1. What values and how are those values used in
matrices to define Adjacency?
2. What values and how are those values used in
matrices to define Incidence?
3. Name two important digraphs related to map topology
of the Vector Data Model?
4. How can topology insure the integrity and quality of
spatial data?
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