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Electrical Equivalent of Heat: Instruction Manual and Experiment Guide For The PASCO Scientific Model TD-8552
Electrical Equivalent of Heat: Instruction Manual and Experiment Guide For The PASCO Scientific Model TD-8552
ELECTRICAL
EQUIVALENT
OF HEAT
ELECTRICAL HEAT
ENERGY
Table of Contents
Section Page
Copyright and Warranty .................................................................................. ii
Equipment Return ............................................................................................ ii
Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1
Equipment ........................................................................................................ 1
Maintenace....................................................................................................... 2
Experiments:
Experiment 1: The Electrical Equivalent of Heat ...................................... 3
Experiment 2: Efficiency of an Incandescent Lamp ................................. 5
Teacher's Guide ............................................................................................... 7
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Electrical Equivalent of Heat 012-02833D
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012-02833D Electrical Equivalent of Heat
Introduction
The PASCO Model TD-8552 Electrical Equivalent of and voltage for a measured time interval, so the electrical
Heat Apparatus provides an experimental determina- energy into the lamp can be calculated. By monitoring the
tion of the quantitative relationship between electrical temperature of the water, the heat produced by the lamp can
energy and heat. Conversely, if the electrical equiva- also be calculated. The ratio between the electrical energy
that flows into the lamp and the heat produced by the lamp
lent of heat is accepted as a given, this apparatus can
determines the electrical equivalent of heat.
provide a convincing demonstration of the conserva-
tion of energy. With either approach, the experiment In Experiment 2, the efficiency of the incandescent lamp is
is easily extended to determine the energy efficiency measured. The details are similar to Experiment 1, but no
india ink is added to the water. Without the ink, the thermal
of an incandescent lamp.
energy and infrared radiation from the lamp are absorbed
Instructions for two experiments, along with student into the water, but the visible light escapes. To determine
worksheets, are on pages 3-6. In Experiment 1, the Electri- the amount of energy that was released as light, the heat
cal Equivalent of Heat is experimentally determined. An transferred into the water is subtracted from the total
incandescent lamp is immersed in a known quantity of water electrical energy that flowed into the lamp . The ratio
and a few drops of India ink are added to the water so it is between the light energy and the electrical energy gives the
opaque to visible light. The temperature of the water is efficiency of the bulb.
measured. The lamp is then illuminated with a fixed current
Equipment
Your Model 8552 Electrical Equivalent of Heat ➁ A digital Volt-Ammeter (a separate voltmeter and
apparatus includes the items shown in Figure 1: a ammeter are best) for measuring the power input to
transparent Electrical Equivalent of Heat Jar (EEH Jar) the lamp. (Such as PASCO Model SE-9589.)
with a built-in 35 Watt incandescent lamp, two
➂ A clock or stopwatch to determine the electrical en-
styrofoam Calorimeters, and a bottle of India ink.
ergy that flows into the lamp (energy = power x
time).
➃ A thermometer, or PASCO's TD-8559 Thermistor
Probe.*
➄ A balance for accurately determining the mass of
the water heated by the bulb.
Maintenance
Replacing the Incandescent Lamp B. The Hard Way
The incandescent lamp is a common one that can be
A. The Easy Way purchased at most auto parts stores (Bulb 1157). Follow
Order the Lamp Assembly directly from PASCO the procedure shown below, then, WEARING
scientific (Part Number 003-02956). Remove the old GLOVES TO PROTECT YOUR HANDS, pull the
assembly as shown below and replace it with the lamp out of the plastic tube. You will have to solder
PASCO replacement. wires to the replacement lamp. When you install the
new lamp, seal it in position with RTV Silicone Rubber.
Be sure the seal is water tight. Replace the lamp
assembly and resolder the wires to the banana plug
terminals.
Lamp Assembly
EEH:
Screw (6-32X3/8 P.H.) 610-014
Jar 650-026
Black Connector 517-010
Lamp Assembly only 003-02956
Red Connector 517-009
Top Assembly 003-03124
(includes Modified Lid
Lamp Assembly Components:
and Lamp Assembly)
Bulb 526-019
Bulb Holder 648-02954
Modified Lid Components:
Standoff 648-02955
Modified Lid Cover 648-02953
Lid Plate 648-02952
Calorimeter 740-02975
Label 646-02834
India Ink 725-003
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012-02833D Electrical Equivalent of Heat
➤ NOTE: You may want to turn the lamp on to help the cold water reach this
starting temperature. If you do, be sure that you turn the lamp off for several minutes
before you begin your measurements, so you are sure the water temperature is even
throughout the jar. Record the starting time (ti) and the temperature (Ti).
➈ Record the current, I, and voltage, V. Keep an eye on the ammeter and voltmeter
throughout the experiment to be sure these values do not shift significantly. If they do
shift, use an average value for V and I in your calculations.
➉ When the temperature is as far above room temperature as it was below room tempera-
ture (Tr - Ti = Temperature - Tr), shut off the power and record the time (tf). Continue
stirring the water gently. Watch the thermometer or probe until the temperature peaks
and starts to drop. Record this peak temperature (Tf).
Weigh the EEH Jar with the water, and record the value (Mjw).
13 V Max!
–
– +
+ + –
Ammeter
Power Supply
Voltmeter
Data
Tr = _________________________________________
Mj = _________________________________________
Mjw = ________________________________________
V = _________________________________________
I= _________________________________________
ti = _________________________________________
tf = _________________________________________
Ti = _________________________________________
Tf = _________________________________________
Calculations
In order to determine the electrical equivalent of heat (Je), it is necessary to determine both
the total electrical energy that flowed into the lamp (E) and the total heat absorbed by the
water (H).
E, the electrical energy delivered to the lamp:
E = Electrical Energy into the Lamp = V . I . t = __________________________
t = tf - ti = the time during which power was applied to the lamp = ________
H, the heat transferred to the water (and the EEH Jar):
H = (Mw +Me)(1 cal/gm C)(T f-Ti) = __________________________________
Mw = Mjw - Mj = Mass of water heated = ____________________________
Me = 23 grams. Some of the heat produced by the lamp is absorbed by the EEH Jar. For
accurate results, therefore, the heat capacity of the jar must be taken into acount (The heat
capacity of the EEH Jar is equivalent to that of approximately 23 grams of water.)
Je, the Electrical Equivalent of Heat:
Je = E/H = _______________________________________________________
Questions
➀ What effect are the following factors likely to have on the accuracy of your determination
of Je, the Electrical Equivalent of Heat? Can you estimate the magnitude of the effects?
a. The inked water is not completely opaque to visible light.
b. There is some transfer of thermal energy between the EEH Jar and the room atmosphere.
(What is the advantage of beginning the experiment below room temperature and ending
it an equal amount above room temperature?)
➁ How does Je compare with J, the mechanical equivalent of heat. Why?
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012-02833D Electrical Equivalent of Heat
In performing the experiment with clear water and no Calorimeter, energy in the form of
visible light is allowed to escape the system. However, water is a good absorber of infrared
radiation, so most of the energy that is not emitted as visible light will contribute to H, the
thermal energy absorbed by the water.
The efficiency of the lamp is defined as the energy converted to visible light divided by the
total electrical energy that goes into the lamp. By making the assumption that all the energy
that doesn't contribute to H is released as visible light, the equation for the efficiency of the
lamp becomes:
Efficiency = (E - Hj)/E.
Data
Tr = ________________________________________
Mj = ________________________________________
Mjw = ________________________________________
V= ________________________________________
I= ________________________________________
ti = ________________________________________
tf = ________________________________________
Ti = ________________________________________
Tf = ________________________________________
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Electrical Equivalent of Heat 012-02833D
Calculations
In order to determine the efficiency of the lamp, it is necessary to determine both the total
electrical energy that flowed into the lamp (E) and the total heat absorbed by the water (H).
E, the electrical energy delivered to the lamp:
E = Electrical Energy into the Lamp = V . I . t = __________________________
t = tf - ti = the time during which power was applied to the lamp = ________
H, the heat transferred to the water (and calorimeter):
H = (Mw +Me)(1 cal/gm C)(T f-Ti) = __________________________________
Mw = Mjw - Mj = Mass of water heated = ____________________________
Hj = H Je = ____________________________________________________
Me = 23 grams. Some of the heat produced by the lamp is absorbed by the EEH Jar. For
accurate results, therefore, the heat capacity of the jar must be taken into acount (The heat
capacity of the EEH Jar is equivalent to that of approximately 23 grams of water.)
Efficiency:
E-Hj
= _________________________________________________________
E
Questions
➀ What effect are the following factors likely to have on the accuracy of your determination of
the efficiency of the lamp? Can you estimate the magnitude of the effects?
a. Water is not completely transparent to visible light.
b. Not all the infrared radiation is absorbed by the water.
c. The styrofoam Calorimeter was not used, so there is some transfer of thermal energy
between the EEH Jar and the room atmosphere.
➁ Is an incandescent lamp more efficient as a light bulb or as a heater?
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012-02833D Electrical Equivalent of Heat
Teacher’s Guide
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Electrical Equivalent of Heat 012-02833D
Notes
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Technical Support