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التأريض في نظم التوزيع الكهربائي
التأريض في نظم التوزيع الكهربائي
אא
אא
٨
אא ٢٦١ א
אא אא
אא
(8-1)
אאK
אא
אאאאאאאא
Kאאא
אאאאאאאא
Kאאאאא
א אאאאאאאא
Kאאאאאאא
K(8-2)
.(earthing electrode)אאא JW א-
אאאאא
(solidly אאאאKא
K(impedance grounding)(resistance grounding)grounded)
JWא -
Kאא
Kאאאאאאא JWאא -
Kא٢Lאא JWא א-
Kאאאאאאא JWא -
אאאאאאא א JWא -
Kא
- ١٦٤ -
אא ٢٦١ א
אא אא
אאאK(8-3)
אאאאא
אא אKITTTTNא
אאאאאאאא
אאאא אTKאא
אאאאאאאI
אאאאNאאאK
Tאאאאא
Kאאאאאא
PEאאNא TNא
Wאא
PENאPEאאNאWC
KPEאאNאWS
אTNאWTNא EF
אאאאאאא
Wאאאאאאא
Kאא
אTN-S J١
אאאTN-C-S J٢
Kאא
אאאTN-C J٣
Kאא
- ١٦٥ -
אא ٢٦١ א
אא אא
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
א
اﻷﺟﺰاء اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺲ
א
TN-S(8.1)
L1
L2
L3
PEN
א اﻷﺟﺰاء اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺲ
א
TN-C-S(8.2)
- ١٦٦ -
אא ٢٦١ א
אא אא
L1
L2
L3
PEN
א اﻷﺟﺰاء اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺲ
א
TN-C(8.3)
אאאאאWTTא EF
אאא
Kאא
L1
L2
L3
N
א اﻷﺟﺰاء اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺲ
א
PE
TT(8.4)
- ١٦٧ -
אא ٢٦١ א
אא אא
אאאאאאאWITא EF
Kאאאאאא
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
اﻷﺟﺰاء اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺲ
א
א
IT(8.5)
(8-4)אאK
Wאאאאאאאאאאא
אא J١
אא J٢
אא J٣
Kאאאא J٤
א J٥
- ١٦٨ -
אא ٢٦١ א
אא אא
אאK(8-5)
אKאאאאא אאא
Kאאאאא
(8-1)
EKFאא א
40-150 אא
Above 200 א
250-500 אא
Above 1000 אא
אאK(8-6)
אא אאאאא
אאאאאKאאא
K%١٥ 2אאאאא
(8-2)
EKFאא אא
72 20
99
138 10
300 EF
790
3300 EF
-5
-15
- ١٦٩ -
אא ٢٦١ א
אא אא
Kאאאאאא(8-3)
אאאא%١٥10 א
אאאא אKאא
Kאאא
(8-3)
אא א
EKF E٪F
106x10 Zero
1500 2.5
430 5
185 10
105 15
63 20
42 30
אאK(8-7)
F אאאאא
KאאאאאE
K אאא%٩٠אא
Wא
א J א -
אא J אא -
- ١٧٠ -
אא ٢٦١ א
אא אא
(8.6) اﻟﺸﻜﻞאא
- ١٧١ -
אא ٢٦١ א
אא אא
אK(8-8)
אאאK(8.7)אאאא
Kאאאאא
אאאא Iא א
K א א אא א
Wr1אאRאאdxx
x
r
dx
(8.7)א
r1
ρdx ρ 1 1
R= ∫ 2πx
r2
2
= ( − )
2π r r1
ρ
R∞ =
2πr
∞←r1Kאאρ
- ١٧٢ -
אא ٢٦١ א
אא אא
אK(8-9)
א אאאאאא
אאאKאא
Lאאאא(Ellipsoid)
dאא
ρ 4L
R= ln
2πL d
Rאאאאאא
Wא
ρ 2L
R= ln
2πL d
Wאא אאא
ρ 8L
R= [ln( ) − 1]
2πL d
Kאאאאאא(8-4)
(8-4)
ρ 8L L
R = [ln( ) − 1]
2πL d
d
א
ρ 8L ρ L2
R = [ln( ) − 1] + {1 − 2 ) (S>L)
L
4πL d 2πS 3S
2
ρ 32L S S2
R= [ln −2+ − ] (S<L)
S
4πL ds 2L 16L2
- ١٧٣ -
אא ٢٦١ א
אא אא
ρ 16L2 h h2 h
R = ( − 2 + − 2 )
4πL dh L 4L
2L
h
ρ ⎡ 8L2 a 2 − πab h h2 ⎤
R = ⎢ln + − 1 + − 2 ⎥
4πL ⎣ ah 2(a + b) 2 L 4L ⎦ 2L
EbאaF
h
2L
ρ ⎛ 4L2 h h2 ⎞
R = ⎜ ln + 2.9 − 2.14 + 2.6 2 ⎟⎟
8πL ⎜⎝ dh L L ⎠
ρ ⎛ 4L 2
h h 2
⎞
R = ⎜⎜ ln + 6.85 − 6.26 + 7 2 ⎟⎟
12πL ⎝ dh L L ⎠ h
½
h
ρ 16D 2
R = 2 ln D
2π D dh
ρ ρ ⎛ D2 ⎞
R= + ⎜1 − 0.036 2 ⎟⎟ א
D h
4D 8πh ⎜⎝ h ⎠
ρ ρ ⎛ D2 ⎞
R= + ⎜1 + 0.018 2 ⎟⎟ א
4D 8πh ⎜⎝ h ⎠
- ١٧٤ -
אא ٢٦١ א
אא אא
א
א
X1
(8-8)
Wאאאא
ρI 1 1
Vstep = ( − )
2π X X 1
אאאאאאאא
אאאא א
Kאא
- ١٧٥ -
אא ٢٦١ א
אא אא
0.5אW
1500אאאאK120
Kא
Kאא EF
א4אאא E
F
Kא4.8א
r=0.5 m, ρ=120 Ω.m, I=1500 A Wא
ρ 120 x1500
V == = 57295.8 v אEF
2πr 2πx 0.5
= 57.2958 kV
ρI 1 1 120x1500 1 1
V = ( − ) = ( − ) = 1193.66 v אEF
2π x 1 x 2 2π 4 4.8
= 1.193 kV
אאאאאK(8-11)
אאאK
אאאאאא
Wאאאאא
אא K١
אאאא K٢
Kאאא
אאא אK٣
Kא
א،אאאא K٤
Kאאא
Kאאאאאאא K٥
Kאאאאא K٦
- ١٧٦ -
אא ٢٦١ א
אא אא
אאאK(8-12)
K
א
Kאאאאאא
אאאאR (n)אא
Wאאאאאאא
Rn = R/n
אאא(mutual effect)אא
WאאאאKא
Rsystem = R/(nη) = Rn / η
K1 א(screening coefficient)אηW
W(8.9)א،אא
I/2 I I/2
(8.9) ﺷﻜﻞ
אאאא I
WאאאאI/2
∴V = VI = VII
Kאאא I/2אאVא
- ١٧٧ -
אא ٢٦١ א
אא אא
I ρ I ρ ρI 1 1
V= + = ( + )
2 2πr 2 2πd 4π r d
K אrאאd
Wא
V ρ 1 1
R system = = ( + )
I 4π r d
Wא
ρ
R/2 4πr 1
η= = =
R system ρ 1 1 1 + (r / d)
( + )
4π r d
אא ηאאא
Kאא
אK(8-13)
אאאאא אא
אאאKאא
103אא6030אא
KאאאKאאא
K אאאא
W(IEEE, 1987)א
76 t
a = 5x10 − 4 I
ln{(234 + Tm ) /(234 + Ta )}
אאTmאt،٢אaW
KאאאTa
- ١٧٨ -
אא ٢٦١ א
אא אא
אאאK(8-14)
אK אאאא
Wאאאאא
ρ 2L L
R= (ln + K1 − K2)
L dh A
dאאAאאאLW
Kאאאאאא אאK2K1אא
(8-15)אK
אא א אא
Kאאאא%٩٨אK
אאאאאאא
Wr1אאK
ρ 1 1
R1 = ( − )
2π r r1
Wא
ρ 1
R= .
2π r
W
1 1
−
R 1 r r1 r
= =1−
R 1 r1
r
W%٩٨RR1אא
100r
r1 = = 50r
100 − 98
אאא %٩٨אא
Kאא
Wאא
- ١٧٩ -
אא ٢٦١ א
אא אא
Kאאא K١
אאא א K٢
Kאאא
אאאאאא
אאאאK
א
KאאאאKאא
אאאאאאא
Kאאא
(8-15-1)אK
אאאאאאאא
Kאא
R1 = X + A
R2 = X + B
R3 = X + B
אאR2X
אאAאאאR1W
KBאאAאאאR3XאאBא
Wאא
- ١٨٠ -
אא ٢٦١ א
אא אא
X = (R1 + R2 + R3)/2
R1 R3
X
B
R2
א(8.10)א
אאאאאא
KXאאאא
אא .(8-15-2)
אאK אאאאא
KEאCPא
BEאאCEא
WאאVאאIאאא
- ١٨١ -
אא ٢٦١ א
אא אא
Re = V/I
I
P
C
E
אא11א
- ١٨٢ -
אא ٢٦١ א
אא אא
d d d
A B C D
אאא(8.12)
אאאאאW
K1.2אאא20אא
Kאא
d=20 m, R=1.2 Ω Wא
ρ
R= ∴ρ=R.2πd=1.2x2πx20=150.8 Ω.m
2πd
- ١٨٣ -
אא ٢٦١ א
אא אא
א( א8-17-1)
אאא
א (8.13)אK
אאא(8.14)אKBאFא(ground fault)
Kא
אא(8-13)א
אאאא(8.14)א
- ١٨٤ -
אא ٢٦١ א
אא אא
WBאאBאFאא
אא אאiCFאא(ir+iy)א אEF
KאBא
KאIFא ()ب
א(symmetrical component)אאאא
Wא
3VBN 3V ph
IF = =
Z1 + Z 2 + Z 0 Z1 + Z 2 + Z 0
א(positive sequence)אאZ0Z2Z1אVph
K(zero sequence)א(negative sequence)
Wאאא
אא אא EF
Kאאאאא
אiCFאאIFאא אE
F
K
אא(lighning arresters)אא E
F
אאאאא
Kאאאאאאא
( א8-17-2)
J
אא
א–אאאא
אאK אאאא
אאאKEFא
אאBאFא (8.16)(8.15)אK
אאIFאIBYIBRIFFאאאא
אאRא
אאICFאK א
- ١٨٥ -
אא ٢٦١ א
אא אא
אE90oאVYVRא
IBYIBRFIBYIBR
אאאאאRא
א אאאאR
Kאאאאא
VL
R =
3I
RkAאאIkVאVLW
Kא
א(8-15)א
אאאא(8.16)א
Wאאא
K
R =
C R + CY + C B
- ١٨٦ -
אא ٢٦١ א
אא אא
K2.51.0אKאאאCBCYCR
Wאאאא
Kאאאאא EF
Kאאאא E
F
Wא
Kאאאאא אEF
Kא E
F
( א8-17-3)
א
א אא
(Xo)אאאאא
אאא(i.e. Xo/X1>3) 3(X1)אא
(resonant earthing)
EFא( א8-17-4)
אאאאאאא
אאK אא
(18.7)
Kאאאאא
BאFאXא(18.8)
אאאא אYRאא
אאאאKCYCRאא
אKBYBRאא90oאא
Xאא Bא
אא
אאאאBאאא90oאא
KBYBR
90oXאאאYRאאאא
אא אא
אא90o
אא X
- ١٨٧ -
אא ٢٦١ א
אא אא
אאאBאאאא
KXאאא
א(8-17)א
אאאא(8.18)
Wאאאאאא
I CF = 3I BR
VL 3 3V ph V ph
I BR = 3 = =3
XC XC XC
KאאאXCאVL
V ph
IF = א
XL
- ١٨٨ -
אא ٢٦١ א
אא אא
KאאXL
ICF = IFIFאICF
3V ph V ph
=
XC XL
XL = XC/3
1
L=
3ω 2 C
3V ph
I = אא
XC
אאא
אאאאא
Kאאאאא
- ١٨٩ -