Energy Balance: Technological Institute of The Philippines

Technological Institute of the Philippines
ENERGY
BALANCE
Table 8.0 List of Nomenclature for Energy Balance

Symbol Description Conventional Unit
A, B, C Antoine Constants unitless
Tin Inlet Temperature K
Tout Outlet Temperature K
BPE Boiling Point Elevation K
∆𝑯 Enthalpy kJ/kg
∆𝑯𝒓𝒙𝒏 Enthalpy of Reaction kJ/mol
∆𝑯𝒗𝒂𝒑 Enthalpy of Vaporization kJ/mol
∆H°f Heat of Formation KJ/kmol
Q Heat Produced or Removed kW
𝑪𝒑 Heat Capacity J/mol-K
P Pressure atm
R Ideal Gas Constant J/mol-K
𝝀 Latent Heat of Vaporization kJ/kg
m Mass Kg
Mw Molecular Weight g/mol

n Number of Moles Mol
T Temperature K
𝑻𝑪 Critical Temperature K
𝑷𝑪 Critical Pressure atm

Equipment Name Heat Exchanger

Equipment Code HE – 201
Operating Parameters
Temperature 50°C
Pressure 1 atm
Description It is desired to increase the temperature of
the water from 30°C to 50°C.
STREAM from Tank

Mass %
Component
(kg/day) Mass
Water 4500.1118 100
STREAM 6
Total 4500.1118 100
Mass %
Component
(kg/day) Mass
Water 4500.1118 100
Total 4500.1118 100
Stream Temperature, K Pressure, atm

Inlet Stream from tank 303.15 1 atm
Outlet Stream 6 323.15 1 atm
Inlet in Stream from tank:

Table 8.1 Liquid Phase Heat Capacity
Component A B C D
Water 92.053 -3.9953E-02 -2.1103E-04 5.3469E-07
Reference: Chapter 2: Heat Capacity of Liquid. Yaws, C. L. Chemical

Properties Handbook
Calculation of Total Heat at Heat Exchanger 201

𝐽
Cp (𝑚𝑜𝑙) = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4 ; T is in Kelvin
323.15 K
∆HH2O = ∫ (92.053 + (−3.9953E − 02) (T) + (−2.1103E − 04)(T 2 )
303.15 K
+ (5.3469E − 07)(T 3 ))dT
KJ
∆HH2O = −2,500,500.631
kmol
QH2O = nH2O ∆HH2O
kg 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 kJ
QH2O = (4500.1118 )( ) (−2,500,500.631 )
day 18.02 𝑘𝑔 kmole
𝐤𝐉
𝐐H2O = 𝟔𝟐𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝟔. 𝟖𝟓𝟖. 𝟖
𝐝𝐚𝐲
Total Heat
Qtotal = QH2O
kJ 1day 1hour 1min

Qtotal = 624.446.858.8 x x x
day 24hours 60min 60seconds
𝐐𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 = 𝟕𝟐𝟐𝟕. 𝟑𝟗𝟒 𝐤𝐖

Heat Duty
Considering 5% heat loss,
Qtotal = (1 + 0.05)(Q total kW)
Qtotal = (1 + 0.05)(7227.394 kW)
𝐐𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 = 𝟕𝟓𝟖𝟖. 𝟕𝟔𝟑𝟕 𝐤𝐖
Steam Required
Temperature (K) Pressure (kPa) Hv (KJ/kg) Hliq. (KJ/kg) λ ( KJ/kg)

400 245.77 2718 533.41 2184.59
Reference: Thermodynamic Properties of Water from Perry’s Chemical

Engineers Handbook
Qtotal = 𝑚𝑠 λ𝑠
𝐾𝐽 𝐾𝐽
7588.7637 = 𝑚𝑠 (2718 − 533.41)
𝑠 𝑘𝑔
𝐤𝐠
𝐦𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐚𝐦 = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟕𝟒
𝐬
Equipment Name Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor

Equipment Code R – 100
Operating Conditions:
Temperature: 140°C
Pressure: 5.4 atm
Description It is desired to determine the heat
required to produce Glucose.
STREAM 16
Mass %
Component
(kg/day) Mass
H2SO4 1388.8469 30
Water 3240.6428 70
Total 1851.796 100
STREAM 17
Mass %
Component
(kg/day) Mass
Starch 185.1796 2.8571
Water 3055.4633 47.1501
H2SO4 1388.8469 21.4288
Glucose 1851.7959 28.5714
Total 6481.2857 100.00
STREAM 15
Mass %
Component
(kg/day) Mass
Starch 1851.796 100
Total 1851.796 100
Enthalpy Balance:
𝑸𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑸𝒇𝒆𝒆𝒅 + 𝑸𝒓𝒙𝒏 + 𝑸𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕
Calculations:
Solving for 𝑸𝒇𝒆𝒆𝒅 ,
𝑸𝒇𝒆𝒆𝒅 = 𝑸𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒉
Where 𝑸𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒉 ,
Table8.2 Heat Capacity of Starch in Liquid Phase
Component Heat Capacity ( 𝒌𝑱 )
𝒌𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆−𝑲
Starch 309.784
Reference: ASPEN Simulator – Version 11
𝑇2
∆𝐻 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇
𝑇1
298.15
∆𝐻 = ∫ 309.874 𝑑𝑇
413.15
𝑘𝐽
∆𝐻 = −43382.36
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝑄𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ = 𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ ∆𝐻𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ

𝑘𝑔 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑆 = (1851.796 )( )( )(−43382.36 )
𝑑𝑎𝑦 162.146 𝑘𝑔 24 ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝒌𝑱
𝑸𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒉 = −𝟐𝟎𝟔𝟒𝟑. 𝟕𝟔𝟏𝟔
𝒉𝒓
Where 𝑸𝑺 ,
Table 8.3 Constant for Heat Capacity of Liquid Sulfuric Acid
A B C D
26.004 7.0337E-01 -1.3858E-03 1.0342E-06
Reference: Chapter 3: Heat Capacity of Liquid, Yaws, C.L. Chemical
Properties Handbook
𝑇2
∆𝐻 = ∫ (𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 )𝑑𝑇
𝑇1
298.15
∆𝐻 = ∫ (26.004 + 7.03𝐸 − 01𝑇 − 1.39𝐸 − 03𝑇 2 + 1.03𝐸 − 06𝑇 3 )𝑑𝑇
303.15
𝑘𝐽
∆𝐻 = −701.66
𝑄𝑆 = 𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 ∆𝐻𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑
𝑄𝑆 = (1388.8469 )( )( )(−701.66 )
𝒌𝑱
𝑸𝑺𝒖𝒍𝒇𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅 = −𝟒𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟒𝟑𝟎
𝒉𝒓
Where 𝑸𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒇𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒄,

Table 8.4 Constant Heat Capacity of Liquid Water
A B C D
92.053 -0.039953 -0.00021103 5.3469E-07
Properties Handbook
𝑇2
∆𝐻 = ∫ (𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 )𝑑𝑇
𝑇1
298.15
∆𝐻 = ∫ (92.053 − 4𝐸 − 02𝑇 − 2.11𝐸 − 04𝑇 2 + 5.3469𝐸 − 07𝑇 3 )𝑑𝑇
303.15
𝑘𝐽
∆𝐻 = −377.49
𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∆𝐻𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = (3240.6428 )( )( )(−377.49 )
𝒌𝑱
𝑸𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = −𝟐𝟖𝟐𝟖. 𝟓𝟗𝟑𝟖
𝒉𝒓
Heat Residual of Feed
Tc Pc w T1 T2
(K) (MPa) (K) (K)
Starch 957.69 5.827 2.3721 413.15 298.15
Sulfuric Acid 806 4.71 0.9922 413.15 298.15
Water 647.096 22.064 0.3449 413.15 298.15
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
𝑻𝑹𝟏 = 𝑻𝑹𝟐 =
𝑻𝒄 𝑻𝒄
𝑻𝑹𝟏 𝑻𝑹𝟐
Starch 0.431402646 Starch 0.311322035
Sulfuric Acid 0.512593052 Sulfuric Acid 0.369913151
Water 0.638467863 Water 0.4607508
𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟐 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟐
𝑩𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟑 − 𝑩𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟑 −
𝑻𝒓𝟏.𝟔 𝑻𝒓𝟏.𝟔
𝑩𝟎 𝑩𝟎
Starch -1.536943859 Starch -2.647088171
Sulfuric Acid -1.146351588 Sulfuric Acid -1.988823792
Water -0.782147155 Water -1.375030784
𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟐 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟐
𝑩𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟗 − 𝑩𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟗 −
𝑻𝒓𝟒.𝟐 𝑻𝒓𝟒.𝟐
𝑩𝟏 𝑩𝟏
Starch -5.736173119 Starch -22.98415181
Water -0.993255584 Water -4.317263199
𝒅𝑩𝟎 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝟓 𝒅𝑩𝟎 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝟓

= =
𝒅𝑻𝒓 𝑻𝒓𝟐.𝟔 𝒅𝑻𝒓 𝑻𝒓𝟐.𝟔
𝒅𝑩𝟎 𝒅𝑩𝟎
𝒅𝑻𝒓 𝒅𝑻𝒓
Starch 6.006320204 Starch 14.0267848
Water 2.167415945 Water 5.061647732
𝒅𝑩𝟏 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐𝟐 𝒅𝑩𝟏 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐𝟐

= =
𝒅𝑻𝒓 𝑻𝒓𝟓.𝟐 𝒅𝑻𝒓 𝑻𝒓𝟓.𝟐
𝒅𝑩𝟏 𝒅𝑩𝟏
Starch 57.16715959 Starch 311.7783254
Water 7.444133963 Water 40.59882698
𝑯𝑹𝟏 𝒅𝑩𝟎 𝒅𝑩𝟏 𝑯𝑹𝟏 𝒅𝑩𝟎 𝒅𝑩𝟏

= 𝑷𝒓 [𝑩𝟎 − + 𝝎 (𝑩𝟏 − 𝑻𝒓 )] = 𝑷𝒓 [𝑩𝟎 − + 𝝎 (𝑩𝟏 − 𝑻𝒓 )]
𝑹𝑻𝒓 𝒅𝑻𝒓 𝒅𝑻𝒓 𝑹𝑻𝒓 𝒅𝑻𝒓 𝒅𝑻𝒓
𝑯𝑹𝟏 𝑯𝑹𝟐
Starch -562525.688 Starch -2152967.979
Water -5461.427386 Water -15336.82989
𝑱 𝑱
𝑯𝑹𝟐 − 𝑯𝑹𝟏 (𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒓 );
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒌𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆
𝑯𝑹𝟐 − 𝑯𝑹𝟏
Starch -1590442.291
Sulfuric Acid -348053.2963
Water -9875.402504
Heat (Q in kJ/day) from 5.4 atm pressure

n 𝑯𝑹 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 Q
Starch 11.4209 -1590442.291 -18164282.36
Sulfuric Acid 14.0569 -348053.2963 -4892550.381
Water 179.8359 -9875.402504 -1775951.897
𝑸𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 -24832784.64
𝑸𝒇𝒆𝒆𝒅 = 𝑸𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒉 + 𝑸𝑺 + 𝑸𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 + 𝑸𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝟓.𝟒𝒂𝒕𝒎
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 = −20643.7616 − 414.2430 − 2828.5938 − 1034699.36
ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟
𝒌𝑱
𝑸𝒇𝒆𝒆𝒅 = −𝟏𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟓𝟖𝟓. 𝟗𝟓𝟖
𝒉𝒓
Solving for 𝑸𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 ,
Main Reaction:
𝑪𝟔 𝑯𝟏𝟎 𝑶𝟓 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 → 𝑪𝟔 𝑯𝟏𝟐 𝑶𝟔
HEAT OF REACTION
∆𝐻𝑅° = ∑ ∆𝐻°𝑓𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 − ∑ ∆𝐻°𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Table 8.5 Heat of Formation of Reactants and Products of 298.15 K

Component Heat of Formation
Starch -914.33 KJ/mol
Water -241.80 KJ/mol
Glucose -1035.02 KJ/mol
Reference: Chapter 12: Enthalpy and Internal Energy of Formation, Yaws,

C.L. Chemical Properties Handbook & CheCalc – Joback Method
Reaction 1:
𝑪𝟔 𝑯𝟏𝟎 𝑶𝟓 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 → 𝑪𝟔 𝑯𝟏𝟐 𝑶𝟔
∆𝐻𝑅1 = [−914.33 + (−241.80)] − (−1035.02)

𝑘𝐽
∆𝐻𝑅1 = −121.11
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝑄𝑅1 = (𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡)(%𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)(∆𝐻𝑅𝑥𝑛1 )
𝑘𝑔 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑘𝐽 1000 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑸𝑹𝟏 = (1851.7959 )( )( ) (−121.11 )( )
𝑑𝑎𝑦 162.14 𝑘𝑔 24 ℎ𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝒌𝑱
𝑸𝑹𝟏 = −𝟓𝟕, 𝟔𝟑𝟑. 𝟎𝟔𝟒
𝒉𝒓
Solving for 𝑸𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 ,
𝑸𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 = 𝑸𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒉 + 𝑸𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 + 𝑸𝑺𝒖𝒍𝒇𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅 + 𝑸𝒈𝒍𝒖𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆
Where 𝑸𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒉 ,
Table8.6 Heat Capacity of Starch in Liquid Phase

Starch 309.784
𝑇2
𝑇1
413.15
∆𝐻 = ∫ 309.874 𝑑𝑇
298.15
𝑘𝐽
∆𝐻 = 35635.51
𝑄𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ = 𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ ∆𝐻𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ
𝑄𝑆 = (185.1796 )( )( )(35635.51 )
𝒌𝑱
𝑸𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒉 = 𝟏𝟔𝟗𝟓. 𝟕𝟑𝟖
𝒉𝒓
Where 𝑸𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 ,
A B C D
92.053 -0.039953 -0.00021103 5.3469E-07
Properties Handbook
𝑇2
∆𝐻 = ∫ (𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 )𝑑𝑇
𝑇1
413.15
∆𝐻 = ∫ (92.053 − 0.03995𝑇 − 2.1103 − 04𝑇 2 + 5.3469𝐸 − 07)𝑑𝑇
298.15
𝑘𝐽
∆𝐻 = 8694.046
𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∆𝐻𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = (3055.4633 )( )( )(8694.046 )
𝒌𝑱
𝑸𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝟔𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟑. 𝟐𝟕𝟔
𝒉𝒓
Where 𝑸𝑺𝒖𝒍𝒇𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅 ,

A B C D
26.004 7.0337E-01 -1.3858E-03 1.0342E-06
Properties Handbook
𝑇2
∆𝐻 = ∫ (𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 )𝑑𝑇
𝑇1
413.15
∆𝐻 = ∫ (26.004 + 7.03𝐸 − 01𝑇 − 1.39𝐸 − 03𝑇 2 + 1.03𝐸 − 06𝑇 3 )𝑑𝑇
298.15
𝑘𝐽
∆𝐻 = 16815.645
𝑄𝑆 = 𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 ∆𝐻𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑

𝑄𝑆 = (1388.8469 )( )( )(16815.645 )
𝒌𝑱
𝑸𝑺𝒖𝒍𝒇𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅 = 𝟗𝟗𝟐𝟏. 𝟐𝟕𝟐
𝒉𝒓
Where 𝑸𝒈𝒍𝒖𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆 ,
Table8.9 Heat Capacity of Glucose in Liquid Phase

Glucose 543.252
𝑇2
𝑇1
413.15
∆𝐻 = ∫ 543.252 𝑑𝑇
298.15
𝑘𝐽
∆𝐻 = 62473.98
𝑄𝑔𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 = 𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 ∆𝐻𝑔𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒

𝑄𝑔𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 = (185.1796 )( )( )(62473.98 )
𝒌𝑱
𝑸𝒈𝒍𝒖𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆 = 𝟐𝟔𝟕𝟒𝟕. 𝟏𝟖𝟕
𝒉𝒓
Heat Residual of Product
Tc Pc w T1 T2
(K) (MPa) (K) (K)
Starch 957.69 5.827 2.3721 298.15 413.15
Sulfuric Acid 806 4.71 0.9922 298.15 413.15
Water 647.096 22.064 0.3449 298.15 413.15
Glucose 1034.02 6.631 2.6875 298.15 413.15
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
𝑻𝑹𝟏 = 𝑻𝑹𝟐 =
𝑻𝒄 𝑻𝒄
𝑻𝑹𝟏 𝑻𝑹𝟐
Starch 0.311322035 Starch 0.431402646

Water 0.4607508 Water 0.638467863
Glucose 0.288340651 Glucose 0.399557069
𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟐 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟐
𝑩𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟑 − 𝑩𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟑 −
𝑻𝒓𝟏.𝟔 𝑻𝒓𝟏.𝟔
𝑩𝟎 𝑩𝟎
Starch -2.647088171 Starch -1.536943859
Water -1.375030784 Water -0.782147155
Glucose -3.003477045 Glucose -1.748413208
𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟐 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟐
𝑩𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟗 − 𝑩𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟗 −
𝑻𝒓𝟒.𝟐 𝑻𝒓𝟒.𝟐
𝑩𝟏 𝑩𝟏
Starch -31.77077729 Starch -5.736173119
Water -4.317263199 Water -0.993255584
Glucose -22.98415181 Glucose -7.968695148
𝒅𝑩𝟎 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝟓 𝒅𝑩𝟎 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝟓

= =
𝒅𝑻𝒓 𝑻𝒓𝟐.𝟔 𝒅𝑻𝒓 𝑻𝒓𝟐.𝟔
𝒅𝑩𝟎 𝒅𝑩𝟎
Starch 14.0267848 Starch 6.006320204

Water 5.061647732 Water 2.167415945
Glucose 17.12176368 Glucose 7.331601403
𝒅𝑩𝟏 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐𝟐 𝒅𝑩𝟏 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐𝟐

= =
𝒅𝑻𝒓 𝑻𝒓𝟓.𝟐 𝒅𝑻𝒓 𝑻𝒓𝟓.𝟐
𝒅𝑩𝟏 𝒅𝑩𝟏
Starch 311.7783254 Starch 57.16715959
Water 40.59882698 Water 7.444133963
Glucose 464.5437795 Glucose 85.17798132
𝑯𝑹𝟏 𝒅𝑩𝟎 𝒅𝑩𝟏 𝑯𝑹𝟏 𝒅𝑩𝟎 𝒅𝑩𝟏

= 𝑷𝒓 [𝑩𝟎 − + 𝝎 (𝑩𝟏 − 𝑻𝒓 )] = 𝑷𝒓 [𝑩𝟎 − + 𝝎 (𝑩𝟏 − 𝑻𝒓 )]
𝑹𝑻𝒓 𝒅𝑻𝒓 𝒅𝑻𝒓 𝑹𝑻𝒓 𝒅𝑻𝒓 𝒅𝑻𝒓
𝑯𝑹𝟏 𝑯𝑹𝟐
Starch -562525.688 Starch -2152967.979
Water -5461.427386 Water -15336.82989
Glucose -823015.7288 Glucose -3173552.252
𝑱 𝑱
𝑯𝑹𝟐 − 𝑯𝑹𝟏 (𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒓 );
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒌𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆
𝑯𝑹𝟐 − 𝑯𝑹𝟏
Starch -1590442.291
Sulfuric Acid -348053.2963
Water -9875.402504
Glucose -2350536.523
Heat (Q in kJ/day) from 5.4 atm pressure

n 𝑯𝑹 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 Q
Starch 1.1421 -1590442.291 -1816444.141
Sulfuric Acid 14.1601 -348053.2963 -4928469.481
Water 169.5596 -9875.402504 -1674469.298
Glucose 10.2786 -2350536.523 -24160224.71
𝑸𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 -32579607.63
𝑸𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 = 𝑸𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒉 + 𝑸𝑺 + 𝑸𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 + 𝑸𝒈𝒍𝒖𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆 + 𝑸𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝟓.𝟒𝒂𝒕𝒎

𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 = 1695.738 + 9921.272 + 61423.276 + 26747.187
ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝐽
− 1357483.651
ℎ𝑟
𝒌𝑱
𝑸𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 = −𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟕𝟔𝟗𝟔. 𝟏𝟕𝟖
𝒉𝒓
Enthalpy Balance:
𝑸𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑸𝒇𝒆𝒆𝒅 + 𝑸𝒓𝒙𝒏 + 𝑸𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = −1,058,585.958 − 57,633.064 − 1,257,696.178
ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟
𝒌𝑱
𝑸𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = −𝟐𝟑𝟕𝟑𝟗𝟏𝟓. 𝟐
𝒉𝒓
Heat Duty due to Radiation
*Assume 5% loss
𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = (−2,373,915.2 ) (1.05)
ℎ𝑟
𝒌𝑱
𝑸𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = −𝟐𝟒𝟗𝟐𝟔𝟏𝟎. 𝟗𝟔 = −𝟔𝟗𝟐. 𝟑𝟗𝟐 𝒌𝑾
𝒉𝒓
Calculating the mass of cooling medium required:
𝑸𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = −𝑸𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
𝑸𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = −𝒎𝑪𝒑 ∆𝑻
𝑘𝐽 ̇
𝑘𝐽
−2492610.96 = (𝑚̇𝐻2 𝑂 ) (4.178 ) (50℃ − 30℃)
ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑔 ℃
𝒌𝒈
𝒎̇𝑯𝟐 𝑶 = −𝟐𝟗𝟖𝟑𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟑
𝒉𝒓
Equipment Name Evaporator

Equipment Code E – 201
Temperature of Stream 20: 30°C =303.15 K
Temperature of Stream 22: 130°C = 403.15 K
Pressure: 2.74 atm
Description It is desired to remove the excess
water from the glucose
STREAM 21
Mass %
Component
(kg/day) Mass
Water 3292.70 100
Total 3292.70 100
STREAM 22
STREAM 20
Mass %
Mass % Component
Component (kg/day) Mass
(kg/day) Mass
Water 201.64 10
Water 3494.3389 65.8179
Glucose 1814.76 90
Glucose 1814.7600 34.1821
Total 2016.4 100
Total 5309.0989 100.00
Boiling Point Elevation Calculation

Table 8.10 Antoine Vapor Pressure Constants of Water

A 8.07131
B 1730.630
C 233.426
(Reference: Table 13-4 Antoine Vapor-Pressure Constants and Liquid Molar
Volume, Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, 8th Edition)
𝐵
log 𝑃 𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝐴 −
𝑇+𝐶
2.74 𝑎𝑡𝑚 1730.630

log [( ) (760 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟)] = 8.07131 −
1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑇 + 233.426
𝑇𝑏𝑝 = 130.71°C = 403.86 K
𝟑𝟒. 𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟏
(𝑴𝑾 ) (𝑹)(𝑻𝒃𝒑 𝟐 )
𝒈𝒍𝒖𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆
𝑩𝑷𝑬 =
𝟑𝟒. 𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟏 𝟔𝟓. 𝟖𝟏𝟕𝟗
(∆𝑯𝒗𝒂𝒑 ) (𝑴𝑾 + 𝑴𝑾 )
𝒈𝒍𝒖𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
(Reference: Equation 5.119, Physical Chemistry by Keith J. Laidler)
𝑔
𝑀𝑤 = 18.02
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐽
𝑅 = 8.314
𝑚𝑜𝑙 − 𝐾
Table 8.11 Enthalpy of Vaporization

A Tc, K n
Water 52.053 647.13 0.321
(Reference: Enthalpy of Vaporization of Organic Compounds, Yaws Chemical

Properties Handbook)
𝑇 𝑛
∆𝑣𝑎𝑝 𝐻@ 130.71 °C = 𝐴 (1 − )
𝑇𝑐
130.71 + 273.15 0.321

∆𝑣𝑎𝑝 𝐻@ 130.71 °C = 52.053 (1 − )
647.13
𝑘𝐽
∆𝑣𝑎𝑝 𝐻@ 130.71 °C = 38.0235
𝑚𝑜𝑙
34.1821 𝐽 1 𝑘𝐽 2
( 𝑔 ) (8.314 𝑚𝑜𝑙 − 𝐾 ) (1000 𝐽) (403.86 𝐾)
180.16
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐵𝑃𝐸 =
𝑘𝐽 34.1821 65.8179
(38.0235 )( + 𝑔 )
𝑚𝑜𝑙 180.16 𝑔 18.02
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑩𝑷𝑬 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟔𝟏𝟏 𝑲
Enthalpy Calculations
𝑸 = 𝑸𝑯𝟐𝑶 + 𝒏∆𝑯𝒗𝒂𝒑 + 𝑸𝒈𝒍𝒖𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆

𝑯𝟐𝑶
Solving for 𝑸𝑯𝟐𝑶 ,
𝑸𝑯𝟐𝑶(𝒍) = 𝒎𝑯𝟐𝑶(𝒍) 𝑪𝒑 𝒅𝑻
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 1 ℎ𝑟
𝑄𝐻2𝑂(𝑙) = (3494.3389 )(4.184 )(403.15 − 303.15)𝐾 ( )( )
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾 24 ℎ𝑟 3600 𝑠
𝑸𝑯𝟐𝑶(𝒍) = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟗𝟐𝟏𝟕 𝒌𝑾
Solving for 𝒏∆𝑯𝒗𝒂𝒑(𝑯𝟐 𝑶),
𝑘𝐽
∆𝐻𝑣𝑎𝑝(𝐻2 𝑂)@403.15 𝐾 = 38.059
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑛 = 𝑛𝐻2 𝑂
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑛 = (3494.3389 )( )
𝑑𝑎𝑦 18.02 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑛 = 193.9145
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝐽 1000 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 1 ℎ𝑟

𝑛∆𝐻𝑣𝑎𝑝 = (193.9145 ) (38.059 )( )( )( )
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 24 ℎ𝑟 3600 𝑠
𝒏∆𝑯𝒗𝒂𝒑 = 𝟖𝟓. 𝟒𝟏𝟖𝟗 𝒌𝑾

Solving for 𝑸𝒈𝒍𝒖𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆 ,
Table8.12 Heat Capacity of Glucose in Liquid Phase

Glucose 529.921
𝑄𝑔𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 = 𝑚𝑔𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇
403.15 403.15
∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ∫ 529.921 𝑑𝑇
303.15 303.15
403.15
𝑘𝐽 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = (52992.1 )( )
303.15 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 180.16 𝑘𝑔
403.15
𝑘𝐽
∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = 294.139
303.15 𝑘𝑔
𝑄𝑔𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 = (1814.76 )(294.139 )( )( )
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑘𝑔 24 ℎ𝑟 3600 𝑠
𝑸𝒈𝒍𝒖𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆 = 𝟔. 𝟏𝟕𝟖𝟏 𝒌𝑾
Total Heat
𝑄 = 𝑄𝐻2𝑂 + 𝑛∆𝐻𝑣𝑎𝑝 𝐻2𝑂 + 𝑄𝑔𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒
𝑄 = 16.9217 𝑘𝑊 + 85.4189 𝑘𝑊 + 6.1781 𝑘𝑊
𝑸 = 𝟏𝟎𝟖. 𝟓𝟏𝟖𝟕 𝒌𝑾
Heat Duty
Considering 5% heat loss,
𝑄 = (1 + 0.05)(108.5187 𝑘𝑊)
𝑸 = 𝟏𝟏𝟑. 𝟗𝟒𝟒𝟔 𝒌𝑾
Steam Requirement
𝑄𝑠 = 𝑚𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝜆𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝜆𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 39.14972 = 2171.963
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔
(Reference: Thermodynamic Properties of Water, Perry’s Chemical Engineers’
Handbook, 8th Edition)
𝑘𝐽
113.9446 𝑘𝑊 = 𝑚𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 (2171.963 )
𝑘𝑔
𝒌𝒈
𝒎𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒂𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟐𝟓
𝒔
Equipment Name Cooler

Equipment Code Cl - 301
Temperature of Stream 15: 130°C = 403.15 K
Pressure: 1 atm
Description It is desired to lower down the
temperature of glucose.
STREAM 16
16 Mass %
Component
(kg/day) Mass
Water 201.64 10
Glucose 1814.76 90
Total 2016.4 100
15
STREAM 15
Mass %
Component
(kg/day) Mass
Water 201.64 10
Glucose 1814.76 90
Total 2016.4 100
Enthalpy Calculations
𝑸 = 𝑸𝒈𝒍𝒖𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆 + 𝑸𝑯𝟐 𝑶 − 𝒏∆𝑯𝒗𝒂𝒑(𝑯𝟐 𝑶)
Solving for 𝑸𝒈𝒍𝒖𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆 ,
403.15 403.15
∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ∫ 28.5640 + 0.7419𝑇 − 4.6040𝐸 − 04𝑇 2 + 1.0510𝐸 − 07𝑇 3 𝑑𝑇
303.15 303.15
403.15
𝑘𝐽 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = (23748.5285 )( )
303.15 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 180.16 𝑘𝑔
403.15
𝑘𝐽
∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = 131.819
303.15 𝑘𝑔
𝑄𝑔𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 = (1814.76 )(131.819 )( )( )
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑘𝑔 24 ℎ𝑟 3600 𝑠
𝑸𝒈𝒍𝒖𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟔𝟖𝟕 𝒌𝑾
Solving for 𝑸𝑯𝟐𝑶 ,
𝑸𝑯𝟐𝑶(𝒍) = 𝒎𝑯𝟐𝑶(𝒍) 𝑪𝒑 𝒅𝑻
𝑄𝐻2𝑂(𝑙) = (201.64 )(4.184 )(403.15 − 303.15)𝐾 ( )( )
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾 24 ℎ𝑟 3600 𝑠
𝑸𝑯𝟐𝑶(𝒍) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝟔𝟓 𝒌𝑾
Solving for 𝒏∆𝑯𝒗𝒂𝒑(𝑯𝟐 𝑶),
𝑘𝐽
∆𝐻𝑣𝑎𝑝(𝐻2 𝑂)@303.15 𝐾 = 42.4957
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑛 = 𝑛𝐻2 𝑂
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑛 = (201.64 )( )
𝑑𝑎𝑦 18.02 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑛 = 11.1898
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝐽 1000 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 1 ℎ𝑟

𝑛∆𝐻𝑣𝑎𝑝 = (11.1898 ) (42.4957 )( )( )( )
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 24 ℎ𝑟 3600 𝑠
𝒏∆𝑯𝒗𝒂𝒑 = 𝟓. 𝟓𝟎𝟑𝟕 𝒌𝑾
Total Heat
𝑄 = 𝑄𝑔𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 + 𝑄𝐻2 𝑂 − 𝑛∆𝐻𝑣𝑎𝑝(𝐻2 𝑂)
𝑄 = 2.7687 𝑘𝑊 + 0.9765 𝑘𝑊 − 5.5037 𝑘𝑊
𝑸 = −𝟏. 𝟕𝟓𝟖𝟓 𝒌𝑾
Cooling Water Requirement
−𝑸 = 𝑸𝑪𝑾
𝑸𝑪𝑾 = 𝒎𝑪𝑾 𝑪𝒑 𝒅𝑻
Table 8.24 Operating Parameters of Cooling Water
Operating Pressure 1 atm

Temperature of Cooling Water In 296.45 K
Temperature of Water Out 319.15 K
Solving for 𝒎𝑪𝑾 ,
𝑸𝑪𝑾 = 𝒎𝑪𝑾 𝑪𝒑 𝒅𝑻
𝒌𝑱
𝟏. 𝟕𝟓𝟖𝟓 𝒌𝑾 = 𝒎𝑪𝑾 (𝟒. 𝟏𝟖𝟒 ) (𝟑𝟏𝟗. 𝟏𝟓 − 𝟐𝟗𝟔. 𝟒𝟓)𝑲
𝒌𝒈 − 𝑲
𝒌𝒈
𝒎𝑪𝑾 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟓
𝒔
EQUIPMENT NAME: Heat sterilizer

EQUIPMENT CODE: H – 101
OPERATING CONDITIONS:
Temperature 130°C
Pressure 2.7 atm
Electric heater heats the entering stream to the
Description: desired or required temperature of the product or
outlet stream.
INLET STREAMS OUTLET STREAMS

Stream 25 (25C) Mass (kg) Stream 26 Mass (kg)
(130C)
Glucose 12893.14 Glucose 12893.14
Water 1432.572 Water 1432.572
Total 14325.71 Total 14325.71
Q Total = Q water + Q Glucose:

Cp water
A B C D
H20 (L) 92.053 -0.03995 -0.00021 5.347E-07
Data gathered from Yaw’s Chemical Properties Handbook
Cp = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3
𝑇2
CpdT = ∫𝑇1 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 𝑑𝑇
403.15
CpdT = ∫298.15 92.053 − 0.03995𝑇 − 0.00021𝑇 2 + 5.34 𝑥 10−7 𝑇 3 𝑑𝑇
𝐽
CpdT = 7938.101 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑔
MW = 18 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐽 𝑚𝑜𝑙
CpdT = 7938.101 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑥 18 𝑔
𝐽 𝑘𝐽
CpdT = 441.0056 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑟 𝑘𝑔
A B C D
Glucose 28.561 0.7419 -0.00046 1.051 x 10-
7
Data gathered using Checalc Joback Method
Cp = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3
𝑇2
CpdT = ∫𝑇1 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 𝑑𝑇
403.15
CpdT = ∫298.15 28.561 + 0.7419𝑇 − 0.00046𝑇 2 + 1.051 𝑥 10−7 𝑇 3 𝑑𝑇
𝐽
CpdT = 24817.7 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑔
MW = 180.16 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐽 𝑚𝑜𝑙
CpdT = 24817.7 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑥 180.16 𝑔
𝐽 𝑘𝐽
CpdT = 137.7536 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑟 𝑘𝑔
Q water:
Q water = mCpdT
𝑘𝐽
CpdT = 441.0056 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
Q water =1432.752 𝑘𝑔 (441.0056 𝑘𝑔)
Q water = 631,772.1 kJ/d
Q Glucose:
Q glucose = mCpdT
𝑘𝐽
CpdT = 137.7536 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
Q glucose = 12893.15 𝑘𝑔 (137.7536 𝑘𝑔)
Q glucose = 1,776,077 kJ/d
Q Total:
Q Total = Q glucose + Q water
Q total = 1776077 kJ + 631772.1 kJ
Q Total = 2,407,849.06 kJ/d
Q total = -Q steam
Q steam = msteam λsteam
λsteam = Hsteam – hsteam

𝑄𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚
m= λsteam
𝑘𝐽
h steam = 546.8753 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
H steam = 2722.305 𝑘𝑔
Data gathered from Perry’s Chemical Engineer Handbook: Eighth Edition
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
λsteam = 2722.305 𝑘𝑔 − 546.8753 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
λsteam = 2175.4297 𝑘𝑔
2,407,849.06 𝑘𝐽
m= 𝑘𝐽
2,175.4297
𝑘𝑔
m steam = 1,106 kg/d

EQUIPMENT NAME: Crystallizer

EQUIPMENT CODE: CT – 201
Temperature 75°C; 348.15 K
Pressure 1 atm
The Crystallizer will be used to produce crystals
Description: by adding water to the concentrated HCl and
riboflavin solution.

Stream 41 (25C) Mass (kg) Stream 44 (75C) Mass (kg)
Riboflavin 16906.78 Riboflavin 15000
HCl solution 65091.1 HCl solution 1301.82
Water 19959
Stream 43 (80C) Stream 42 (75C)
Water 997950 Riboflavin 526.64
HCl solution 63789.28

Water 977991.2
Impurities 1380.14
Total 1079947.88 Total 1079948.08
Energy Balance:
Q total = Q in + Q out
Q in = Q water + Q riboflavin + Q HCl solution
Q out = Q riboflavin + Q HCl solution
Q in:
Q water:
For Cp water:
A B C D
92.053 -0.03995 -0.0002103 5.3469 x 10-7
Cp liquid = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3
𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓
CpdT = ⵠH = ∫𝑇𝑖𝑛 (A + BT + CT2 + DT3)𝑑𝑇
303.15
ⵠH = ∫353.15 [92.053 − 0.033995(T) + (−0.00021103)T 2 +
(5.3469x10−7 )T 3 ]𝑑𝑇
𝐽
CpdT = -3856.6404 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐽 𝑚𝑜𝑙
CpdT = −3856.6404 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑥 18 𝑔
𝐽 𝑘𝐽
CpdT = -214.2578 𝑔 𝑜𝑟 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
Q water = 997950 𝑘𝑔 𝑥 (−214.2578 𝑘𝑔)
Q water = -213,818,590.9 kJ/d
Q HCL solution:
HCl = 32% mass
HCl = 19% mol
Using HCl enthalpy-concentration diagram:
From Perry’s Chemical Engineer’s Handbook: Eighth Edition
2-285, Fig 2-11
𝑐𝑎𝑙
Enthalpy @ 25C = −650 𝑚𝑜𝑙
1 cal = 4.184 J
𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐽
H = −650 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑥 4.184 𝑐𝑎𝑙
H = −2719.6 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑔 𝑔
MW = 0.19 ( 36.46 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙 ) + 0.81 (18 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟)
𝑔
MW = 21.483 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐽
2719.6
𝑚𝑜𝑙
H=− 𝑔
21.483
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐽 𝑘𝐽
H = −126.5931 𝑔 𝑜𝑟 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
Q HCl solution = 65091.1 kg x −126.5931 𝑘𝑔
Q HCl solution = -8,240,084.13 kJ/d
Q Riboflavin:
𝑘𝐽
Cp Riboflavin @ 25C = 1.17244 𝑘𝑔.𝐾
Q riboflavin = mriboflavin Cpriboflavin (Tref - Tin)

𝑘𝐽
Q riboflavin = 16906.8 kg (1.17244 ) (30 − 25)𝐾
𝑘𝑔.𝐾
Q riboflavin = 99,111.043 kJ/d

Q in = Q riboflavin + Q HCl solution + Q water

Q in = 99,111.043 - 8,240,084.13 - 213,818,590.9 kJ
Q in = -221,959,564 kJ/d
Q out:
Q riboflavin:
Q riboflavin = mriboflavin Cpriboflavin (Tout – Tref)
𝑘𝐽
Cp riboflavin @ 75C =1.3615 𝑘𝑔.𝐾
𝑘𝐽
Q riboflavin = 16906.78 kg (1.3615 𝑘𝑔.𝐾) (75 − 30)𝐾
Q riboflavin = 1,035,836.144 kJ/d
Q HCl solution:
HCl = 2% mass
HCl = 1% mol
𝑐𝑎𝑙
Enthalpy @ 75C = 1200 𝑚𝑜𝑙
1 cal = 4.184 J
𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐽
H = 1200 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑥 4.184 𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝐽
H = 5020.8 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑔 𝑔
MW HCl solution = 0.01 (36.46 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙) + 0.99 (18 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 )
𝑔
MW HCl solution = 18.1805 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐽 𝑚𝑜𝑙
H = 5020.8 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑥 18 .1805 𝑔
𝑘𝐽
H = 276.1640 𝑘𝑔
kJ
Q HCl solution = 1,063,041.1 kg (276.1640 kg)
Q HCL solution = 𝟐𝟗𝟑, 𝟓𝟕𝟑, 𝟔𝟖𝟐. 𝟑 𝒌𝑱/d
Q out:
Q out = Q HCl solution + Q Riboflavin
Q out = 293,573,682.3 𝑘𝐽 + 1,035,836.144 kJ
Q out = 294,609,518.4 kJ/d
Q total:
Q total = Qin + Qout
Q total = -221,959,564 kJ + 294,609,518.4 kJ
Q total = 72,649,954.41 kJ/d
Q total = Q steam

m= λsteam
Using Perry’s Chemical Engineering Handbook: 8th edition:

𝑘𝐽
Hsteam = 2677.24 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
hsteam = 418.12 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
λsteam = (2677.24 – 418.12) 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
λsteam = 2259.12 𝑘𝑔
72,649,954.41 𝑘𝑔
m= 𝑘𝐽
2259.12
𝑘𝑔
msteam = 32,158.52 kg/d

EQUIPMENT NAME: ELECTRIC HEATER

EQUIPMENT CODE: H – 101
Temperature 150°C
Pressure 1 atm
Electric heater heats the entering stream to the
Description: desired or required temperature of the product or
outlet stream.
INLET STREAMS (30°C) OUTLET STREAMS (150°C)

Mass (kg) Stream 46 Mass (kg)
Air 422307 422307 422307
Source: https://www.swst.org/wp/meetings/AM05/peralta.pdf
@ T = 30C; RH = 75%
𝑤 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
ω (Humidity) = 0.0205 𝑤 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
Q total = Q dry air + Q moisture

Basis:
0.0205
= 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠% 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
1.0205
1
= 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠% 𝐷𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
1.0205
Q dry air:
Q dry air = m dry air Cp dry air ⵠT
Cp dry air = 1.006+ω(1.86)

Cp dry air = 1.005 + 0.0205(1.86)
𝑘𝐽
Cp dry air =1.04313 𝑘𝑔.𝐾
1 𝑘𝐽
Q=( ) (422307 𝑘𝑔) (1.04313 ) (150 − 30)𝐾
1.0205 𝑘𝑔.𝐾
Q dry air = 51,800,619.41 kJ/d

Q moisture:
Q moisture = mmoisture Cpmoisuter ⵠT
A B C D E
H20 (V) 33.933 - 0.000029906 -1.7825E- 3.6934E-
0.00842 08 12
Cp gas = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4
423.15
CpdT = ∫303.15 33.933 + (−0.00842)(𝑇) + 0.000029906(𝑇 2 ) +
(−1.7825 𝑥 10−8 )(𝑇 3 ) + 3.6934 𝑥 10−12 (𝑇 4 ) 𝑑𝑇
𝐽
CpdT = 4085.5066 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐽 𝑚𝑜𝑙
CpdT = 4085.5066 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑥 18𝑔
𝑘𝐽
CpdT = 226.9426 𝑘𝑔
0.0205 𝑘𝐽
Q = (1.0205)(422307 𝑘𝑔)(226.9426 𝑘𝑔)
Q moisture = 1,925,421 kJ/d
Qtotal = 51,800,619.41 kJ + 1,925,421 kJ

Qtotal = 53,726,040.41 kJ/d
Q total = -Q steam
m= λsteam

𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝐽
λsteam = (2677.24 – 418.12) 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
53,726,040.41 𝑘𝑔
m= 𝑘𝐽
2259.12
𝑘𝑔
msteam = 23,781.84 kg/d

EQUIPMENT NAME: SPRAY DRYER

EQUIPMENT CODE: SD - 1
Temperature 100°C
Pressure 1 atm
Spray Dryers are used to produce products in
powder form by atomization of the slurry
Description:
entering the feed, and vaporizing the water using
hot air.

Stream 46 Mass (kg) Stream 48 Mass (kg)
(25°C) (100°C)
Riboflavin 15000 Water Vapor 9063.6

Water 9063.6 Air 422307
Stream 47 Stream 49
(150°C) (100°C)
Air 422307 Riboflavin 15000
Total 446370.6 Total 446370.6
ENERGY BALANCE:
Qtotal = QRiboflavin + Qwater + QAir
Q = mCpⵠT
Q Riboflavin :
Source: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2013.09.032
𝐽
CpRiboflavin @ 25C = 441.2596 𝑚𝑜𝑙.𝐾
𝑔
Molecular weight riboflavin = 376.36 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐽
441.2596 𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑚𝑜𝑙.𝐾
CpRiboflavin @ 25C = 𝑔 = 1.17244 𝑔.𝐾 𝑜 𝑘𝑔.𝐾
376.36
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑘𝐽
Q = 15000 𝑘𝑔 (1.17244 𝑘𝑔.𝐾) (100 − 25)𝐾
QRiboflavin = 1,318,995.24 kJ/d
Q Water:
Q = mCpⵠT + mⵠHvap
For H2O (L):
𝑔
MW = 18 𝑚𝑜𝑙
For CP water:
A B C D
92.053 -0.03995 -0.00021103 5.3469x10-7

For Hvap:
A Tc n
52.053 647.13 0.321
Data gathered from Yaws’ Chemical Properties Handbook
Cp = A + BT + CT2 + DT3
CpdT = ⵠH
𝑇2
ⵠH = ∫𝑇1 (A + BT + CT2 + DT3)𝑑𝑇
373.15
ⵠH = ∫298.15 [92.053 − 0.033995(T) + (−0.00021103)T 2 +
(5.3469x10−7 )T 3 ]𝑑𝑇
𝐽
ⵠH = 5800.5233 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐽
5800.5232
ⵠH = 𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙
18
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐽 𝑘𝐽
ⵠH = 322.2513 𝑜𝑟
𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑇 𝑛
Hvap = 𝐴 (1 − 𝑇𝑐)
373.15 0.321
Hvap = 52.053 (1 − 647.13)
𝑘𝐽
Hvap = 39.5026 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑘𝐽 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1000 𝑔
Hvap = 39.5026 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑥 18𝑔 𝑥 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
Hvap = 39.5026 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑘𝐽
Hvap = 2194.587 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
Q = 9063.6 𝑘𝑔 (322.2513 𝑘𝑔) + 9063.6 𝑘𝑔 (2194.587 𝑘𝑔)
Q water = 22,811,615.82 kJ/d

Q air :
A B C D E
N2 29.342 - 0.000010076 -4.3116E- 2.5935E-
0.00354 09 13
O2 29.526 -0.0089 0.000038083 -3.2629E- 8.8607E-
08 12
Air = 79% N2 + 21% O2

Cp gas = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4
𝑇2
ⵠH = ∫𝑇1 (A + BT + CT 2 + DT 3 + ET 4 )𝑑𝑇
For N2:
373.15
CpdT = ∫423.15 29.342 + (−0.00354)(𝑇) + 0.000010076(𝑇 2 ) +
(−4.3115 𝑥 10−9 )(𝑇 3 ) + 2.5935 𝑥 10−13 (𝑇 4 )
𝐽
CpdT = -1463.26505 𝑚𝑜𝑙
For O2:
373.15
CpdT = ∫423.15 29.526 + (−0.0089)(𝑇) + 0.000038083(𝑇 2 ) +
(−3.2629 𝑥 10−8 )(𝑇 3 ) + 8.8607 𝑥 10−12 (𝑇 4 )
𝐽
CpdT = -1509.2167 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Cp Air = 0.21(Cp O2) + 0.79(Cp N2)

𝐽 𝐽
CpdT Dry Air = 0.21(-1509.2167 𝑚𝑜𝑙) + 0.79(-1463.26505 𝑚𝑜𝑙)
𝐽
CpdT Dry air = -1472.9149 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐽
MW air = 29 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐽 𝑚𝑜𝑙
CpdT Dry Air = −1472.9149 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑥 29𝑔
𝐽 𝑘𝐽
CpdT Dry Air = −50.7902 𝑔 𝑜𝑟 𝑘𝑔
𝑤 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
ω (Humidity) = 0.0205 𝑤 𝐷𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
For Water Vapor:

𝒈
MW = 18 𝒎𝒐𝒍
A B C D E
H20 (V) 33.933 - 0.000029906 -1.7825E- 3.6934E-
0.00842 08 12
373.15
CpdT = ∫423.15 33.933 + (−0.00842)(𝑇) + 0.000029906(𝑇 2 ) +
(−1.7825 𝑥 10−8 )(𝑇 3 ) + 3.6934 𝑥 10−12 (𝑇 4 ) 𝑑𝑇
𝐽
CpdT = -1714.5837 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐽 𝑚𝑜𝑙
CpdT = −1714.5837 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑥 18𝑔
𝐽 𝑘𝐽
CpdT =−95.26465 𝑔 𝑜𝑟 𝑘𝑔
Q Dry air = mDaCpDaⵠT

1 𝑘𝐽
Q Dry air = (1.0205) (422307 𝑘𝑔)[−50.7902 𝑘𝑔 +
𝑘𝑔 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝐽
0.0205 𝑘𝑔 𝐷𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟 (−95.26365 𝑘𝑔)]
Q Dry Air = -21,826,342.35 kJ
Q moisture = mmoistureCpmoistureⵠT
0.0205 𝑘𝐽
Q moisture = (1.0205)(422307 𝑘𝑔)(−95.26365 𝑘𝑔)
Q moisture = -808,158.1361 kJ/d
Q Air = Q DryAir + Q moisture

Q Air = -21,826,342.35 kJ – 808,158.1361 kJ
Q Air = -22,634,500 kJ/d
QTotal = QRiboflavin + QWater + QAir
QTotal = QRiboflavin = 1,318,995.24 kJ/d
Q water = 22,811,615.82 kJ/d
Q Air = -22,634,500 kJ/d
QTotal = 1,318,995.24 kJ + 22,811,615.82 kJ - 22,634,500 kJ
Q Total = 1,496,111.06 kJ/d
QT = -Qsteam
Qsteam = msteamλsteam

𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝐽
λsteam = (2677.24 – 418.12) 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
1,496,111.06 𝑘𝐽
m= kJ
2259.12
kg
msteam = 662.2539 kg/d

Energy Balance: Technological Institute of The Philippines

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Energy Balance: Technological Institute of The Philippines

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Technological Institute of the Philippines

Table 8.0 List of Nomenclature for Energy Balance

A, B, C Antoine Constants unitless

Tin Inlet Temperature K

Tout Outlet Temperature K

BPE Boiling Point Elevation K

∆𝑯𝒓𝒙𝒏 Enthalpy of Reaction kJ/mol

∆𝑯𝒗𝒂𝒑 Enthalpy of Vaporization kJ/mol

∆H°f Heat of Formation KJ/kmol

Q Heat Produced or Removed kW

𝑪𝒑 Heat Capacity J/mol-K

R Ideal Gas Constant J/mol-K

𝝀 Latent Heat of Vaporization kJ/kg

Mw Molecular Weight g/mol

n Number of Moles Mol

𝑷𝑪 Critical Pressure atm

Equipment Name Heat Exchanger

STREAM from Tank

Stream Temperature, K Pressure, atm

Inlet in Stream from tank:

Water 92.053 -3.9953E-02 -2.1103E-04 5.3469E-07

Reference: Chapter 2: Heat Capacity of Liquid. Yaws, C. L. Chemical

Calculation of Total Heat at Heat Exchanger 201

+ (5.3469E − 07)(T 3 ))dT

QH2O = nH2O ∆HH2O

kJ 1day 1hour 1min

𝐐𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 = 𝟕𝟐𝟐𝟕. 𝟑𝟗𝟒 𝐤𝐖

Considering 5% heat loss,

Qtotal = (1 + 0.05)(Q total kW)

Qtotal = (1 + 0.05)(7227.394 kW)

𝐐𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 = 𝟕𝟓𝟖𝟖. 𝟕𝟔𝟑𝟕 𝐤𝐖

Temperature (K) Pressure (kPa) Hv (KJ/kg) Hliq. (KJ/kg) λ ( KJ/kg)

Reference: Thermodynamic Properties of Water from Perry’s Chemical

Equipment Name Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor

𝑄𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ = 𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ ∆𝐻𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ

𝑄𝑆 = 𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 ∆𝐻𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑

Where 𝑸𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒇𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒄,

𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∆𝐻𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

Heat Residual of Feed

𝒅𝑩𝟎 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝟓 𝒅𝑩𝟎 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝟓

𝒅𝑩𝟏 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐𝟐 𝒅𝑩𝟏 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐𝟐

𝑯𝑹𝟏 𝒅𝑩𝟎 𝒅𝑩𝟏 𝑯𝑹𝟏 𝒅𝑩𝟎 𝒅𝑩𝟏

Heat (Q in kJ/day) from 5.4 atm pressure

𝑸𝒇𝒆𝒆𝒅 = 𝑸𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒉 + 𝑸𝑺 + 𝑸𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 + 𝑸𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝟓.𝟒𝒂𝒕𝒎

Solving for 𝑸𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 ,

∆𝐻𝑅° = ∑ ∆𝐻°𝑓𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 − ∑ ∆𝐻°𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

Table 8.5 Heat of Formation of Reactants and Products of 298.15 K

Starch -914.33 KJ/mol

Water -241.80 KJ/mol

Glucose -1035.02 KJ/mol

Reference: Chapter 12: Enthalpy and Internal Energy of Formation, Yaws,

∆𝐻𝑅1 = [−914.33 + (−241.80)] − (−1035.02)

Solving for 𝑸𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 ,

𝑸𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 = 𝑸𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒉 + 𝑸𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 + 𝑸𝑺𝒖𝒍𝒇𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅 + 𝑸𝒈𝒍𝒖𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆

Table8.6 Heat Capacity of Starch in Liquid Phase

𝑄𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ = 𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ ∆𝐻𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ

𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∆𝐻𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

Where 𝑸𝑺𝒖𝒍𝒇𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅 ,

Table 8.8 Constant for Heat Capacity of Liquid Sulfuric Acid

𝑄𝑆 = 𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 ∆𝐻𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑

Table8.9 Heat Capacity of Glucose in Liquid Phase

𝑄𝑔𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 = 𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 ∆𝐻𝑔𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒