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Kuliah-4 Tahapan Pembentukan Tanah
Kuliah-4 Tahapan Pembentukan Tanah
Slow--------------------------------------Fast
~ 1 cm/1000 yr ~ 30cm/50yr
Hans Jenny
• 1941: soil is open system, properties
are functionally related; system changes
when property(ies) change(s).
s = ƒ (cl, o, r, p, t)
1. CLIMATE
2. ORGANISMS
3. RELIEF
4. PARENT MATERIAL
5. TIME
1. CLIMATE
…determines speed, character of soil
development:
type and rate of weathering
2. Effective precipitation
(water that moves through entire soil
column, including regolith)
-c) topography
-d)permeability
a) Seasonal distribution of precipitation:
Location A Location B
600 mm/yr 600 mm/yr
50mm 100mm
Location A Location B
hot High cool Low
evapotranspiration evapotranspiration
600 mm 600 mm
wind
4. Salt Wedging
5. Time
• Amount of time soil has been exposed
to weathering and soil forming
processes influences soil properties.
– Jenny’s staircase
– Ohio/Ky.
4 soil forming processes:
(pedogenic)
Addition
Loss
Transformation
Translocation
The processes in action
Additions
Transformations
Translocations
Translocations
Losses
Penambahan
ion, senyawa terlarutkan, dan bahan
tersuspensi lewat curah hujan; bahan
organik; debu; dan gas O2, CO2, dan N2
muka tanah
Penyingkiran
Alih ragam bahan organik, lempung,
bahan organik humus senyawa terlarutkan, dll.
mineral primer lempung aluminosilikat oleh erosi dan aliran
oksida limpas
oksida terhidrat
ion
H4SiO4
Alihtempat Alihtempat
humus, lempung, ion, ion, H4SiO4
dan H4SiO4
Pelindian
ion, H4SiO4
Basa-basa
Cl- > SO4 >Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+> K+>SiO2>Fe2O3>Al2O3
Tingkat pelapukan
Annual precipitation
Equator Equator to Poles Factors
Temperature
Equatorial Low-latitude Temperate Arctic
Grasslands and
and tropical Savannahs deserts and regions
(steppes) tundra
rain forests semi-deserts and mixed
boreal forests regions
30 degrees Latitude
40ºC
Precipitation
1800 Temperature
mm 30ºC
Evaporation
20ºC
600 10ºC
mm
Rainforest US & Europe
Bedrock at
or very near Desert
surface
Bedrock
OH O----H
Si
O H