MAIN PPT 3:

UNPACKING THE SELF

PHYSICAL SELF
 beauty

For me, beauty means ____________ .

1. A beautiful person is ______________________________________ .

2. I am beautiful because _____________________________________ .
3. I think ____(name a person)_____ is beautiful, because ______________ .
I think ____(name a person)_____ is beautiful, because ______________ .
I think ____(name a person)_____ is beautiful, because ______________ .
 introduction

Nowadays, people are so conscious with their physical features. While some
people become contented of who they are and how they look like, most
people are busy making themselves prettier, sexier, more handsome and
therefore, more acceptable.

Relationships are built or destroyed because of transformation of one’s

physical characteristics. Some people are willing to exert much effort and
financial resources just to improve their bodies. Beauty is sometimes
correlated to physical attractiveness.
 THE BIOLOGICAL BLUEPRINT

• A crucial aspect of the self is one’s physical features including the face,
bodily structure, height and weight. However, people should also
consider their physical competencies, valuation of physical worth, and
perception of beauty.

• AM I BEAUTIFUL?
• DO PEOPLE FIND ME ATTRACTIVE?
• WHAT CAN I DO TO ENHANCE MY FEATURES?
 THE BIOLOGICAL BLUEPRINT

However, the physical self is not only limited to what can be seen by the
naked eye; underneath the skin is a dynamic system of biological and
chemical processes that contribute to one’s physical features. Body
structure, weight, height, skin color, hair color, and other physical
characteristics do not just develop at random. These are triggered by
genetic transformations and biological development through heredity.
 heredity
– is defined as the transmission of traits from parents to offspring. The
traits are made up of specific information embedded within one’s gene, the
basic unit of heredity.

Each individual carries 23 pairs of chromosomes. The 23rd pair is the sex
chromosomes, determines the sex of an individual.

• MATURATION is known as the completion of growth of a genetic character

within an organism. It enables man to walk, run and talk which are evident in
the adolescent stage.
 What is attractive?
High attractiveness ratings were
associated with:
Michael Cunningham (1986)

FEMALES: MALES:
large eyes, large eyes,
a small nose, large chin,
a small chin, prominent cheekbones
prominent cheekbones and a big smile
narrow cheeks,
high eyebrows,
large pupils,
a big smile
 What is attractive?
High attractiveness ratings were
associated with:
Michael Cunningham (1986)

OVERLAP: large eyes

Babyface features— are thought to be
attractive
because they elicit feelings of
warmth and nurturance in perceivers
(Berry, 1995; McArthur &
Berry, 1987; Zebrowitz, 1997; Zebrowitz & Montepare,
1992)
High attractiveness ratings were
What is attractive?
associated with:
Michael Cunningham (1986)
 What is attractive?
High attractiveness ratings were
associated with:
Michael Cunningham (1986)
GENDER DIFFERENCE:

beauty in the female is associated more with

childlike qualities than male beauty is
(Berry, 1995; McArthur &
Berry, 1987; Zebrowitz, 1997; Zebrowitz & Montepare,
1992)
What is attractive?
We share a set of criteria for
defining beauty

(Fink & Penton-Voak, 2002; Tseëlon, 1995).

Cultural Standards of Beauty
Are people’s perceptions of what is
beautiful or
handsome similar across cultures?
 Cultural Standards of Beauty
people from a wide range of cultures agree on what is physically
attractive in the human face

SYMMETRY where the placement and size of the features on one

side of the face match those on the other
 Beauty by numbers

•Our attraction to another person’s body increases if that body is

symmetrical and in proportion
•If a face is in proportion, we are more likely to notice it and find it beautiful.
•We perceive proportional bodies to be more healthy
 Critical Thinking Questions
After puberty, what were the major changes you
encountered?

Focusing on the physical changes, which ones

were the most difficult to deal with?
 Self-image

•A self image problem happens when your looks doesn't match your beauty
standards. For example if you believed that attractive people are slim ones
and if you were not slim (but not obese) then you might believe that you are
unattractive even though others might believe that you are attractive.
• The problem here is with your own beauty standards and not with your
looks. In order to like your looks, you must fix your false beliefs about
physical attractiveness.
 Body image, self-esteem and the
influence of society
• Society shapes us in many ways, possibly more than we realize – from our
interactions, to our personal development through to others’ perception of
our bodies as a reflection of self worth.
• We are social beings. Genetically, we rely on one another for the survival
of humanity. That primal connection makes our interactions physiologically
and psychologically important. So it’s not surprising that how society
perceives us affect us on many levels.
 Body image is both internal
(personal) and external (society)
This includes:
• How we perceive our bodies visually
• How we feel about our physical appearance
• How we think and talk to ourselves about our bodies
• Our sense of how other people view our bodies

How we look has possibly never held as much societal importance or

reflected so significantly on our perceived self worth.
 Body image is both internal
(personal) and external (society)
The media in particular, has increasingly become a platform that reinforces
cultural beliefs and projects strong views on how we should look, that we as
individuals often unknowingly or knowingly validate and perpetuate.

The more we look at perfect images of others and then look to find those
same idealized characteristics in ourselves and don’t find them, the worse
we feel about ourselves. It’s a cycle that breeds discontent. With such strong
societal scrutiny it’s easy to see how the focus on how we look can slide into
the dark side – negative body image.
 Body image is both internal
(personal) and external (society)
The greater our discontent with how we measure up when compared to the
societal or media supported norms, the more negative our body image, and
the greater the risk for extreme weight or body control behaviours occurs.
We’re taking…
• Extreme dieting
• Extreme exercise compulsion
• Eating disorders
• Extreme or unnecessary plastic surgery
• Using steroids for muscle building
 Prejudice - size

Intolerance of body diversity has a lot to do with prejudice of size and shape
in our culture. Being thin, toned and muscular has become associated with
the hard-working, successful, popular, beautiful, strong, and the disciplined.
• Being fat is associated with the lazy, ugly, weak, and lacking in
will-power.
• With this prejudice, fat isn’t a description like tall or redhead – it’s an
indication of moral character and we are conditioned to think that fat is bad.
 Those closest to us –
family and friends
We learn from other people, particularly those closest to us about the things
that are considered important.

• Friendships are particularly important in body image development because

we place high value on them, spend lots of time with our friends and
develop shared experiences, values and beliefs.
Theory of Developmental Tasks
R. Havighurst

1 achieve emotional independence

2 prepare for career and/or marriage
3 accept body image
Theory of Developmental Tasks
R. Havighurst

After puberty, your body has gone

through a lot of changes.
What are its psychological effects
on the boys?
What about the girls?
 So how can we build a strong and
positive body image?

Positive body image involves understanding that healthy attractive bodies

come in many shapes and sizes, and that physical appearance says very little
about our character or value as a person.
 So how can we build a strong and
positive body image?
How we get to this point of acceptance often depends on our individual
development and self acceptance. To get to that all important point of balance
there are a few steps we can take:

• Talk back to the media. All media and messages are developed or constructed
and are not reflections of reality. So shout back. Speak our dissatisfaction with
the focus on appearance and lack of size acceptance
• De-emphasize numbers. Kilograms on a scale don’t tell us anything
meaningful about the body as a whole or our health. Eating habits and activity
patterns are much more important
• Realize that we cannot change our body type: thin, large, short or tall, we
need to appreciate the uniqueness of what we have – and work with it
 So how can we build a strong and
positive body image?
• Stop comparing ourselves to others. We are unique and we can’t get a sense of
our own body’s needs and abilities by comparing it to someone else
• We need to move and enjoy our bodies not because we have to, but because it
makes us feel good. Walking, swimming, biking, dancing – there is something for
everyone
• Spend time with people who have a healthy relationship with food, activity,
and their bodies
• Question the degree to which self-esteem depends on our appearance. If we
base our happiness on how we look it is likely to lead to failure and frustration,
and may prevent us from finding true happiness
So how can we build a strong and
positive body image?
• Broaden our perspective about health and beauty by reading about body image, cultural
variances, or media influence. Check out a local art gallery paying particular attention to fine
art collections that show a variety of body types throughout the ages and in different cultures

• Recognize that size prejudice is a form of discrimination similar to other

forms of discrimination. Shape and size are not indicators of character, morality, intelligence,
or success

• Each of us will have a positive body image when we have a realistic perception of our
bodies, when we enjoy, accept and celebrate how we are and let go of negative societal or
media perpetuated conditioning.

But the media and society in general, are not all bad.
As with most things, with the bad comes the potential for good and
increasingly, people the world over are waking up to the negativity and
conditioning that we are bombarded with daily.
References:
Orbeta, R. (2019). Unpacking the Self – Physical Self.
Slideshare. Retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/RubiOrbeta/physical-self

What is Havighurst’s Developmental Tasks Theory? (2020, May

27). The Psychology Notes HQ. Retrieved from
https://www.psychologynoteshq.com/development-
tasks/
SEXUAL SELF
 Part 1

Development of Secondary
Sex Characteristics
 Review
PRIMARY sexual characteristics are the organs that
make reproduction possible;
are present during birth
Secondary Sex Characteristics
Sexual organs and traits that develop at puberty
and are indirectly involved in human reproduction.
 Female
Secondary Sex Characteristics
• Growth spurt
• Onset of the menstrual
cycle
• monthly shedding of the
blood and tissue that line
the uterus in preparation
for pregnancy when
conception does not occur
• Breast development
 Female
Secondary Sex Characteristics
• Widening hips
• Pubic hair
• Fat deposits
• Further growth and
development of the
uterus, vagina, and
ovaries
 Male
Secondary Sex Characteristics
• Enlarged larynx (Adam’s
apple)
• Deepening voice
• Facial and chest hair
• Pubic hair
• Coarser skin texture
• large height increase
 Part 2

The Erogenous Zones

 Part 3
The Human Sexual Response

The Basic Biology of Sexual Behavior

 Basic Biology

• the testes begins to secrete

androgen
• become capable of and
interested in sexual activities,
without any regard to biological
cycles
 Basic Biology

• the two ovaries begin to produce

estrogen and progesterone
• follows a cyclic pattern
• greatest secretion occurs during
ovulation
Basic Biology
 Part 4

Gender and Sexuality

Biologicalassigned
Sexat birth

Anatomy
Chromosomes
Hormones
Gender
Sexuality
MALE STEREOTYPES

controlling
dominant
independent
manipulating the environment
assertive
competitive
FEMALE STEREOTYPES

relatively passive
nurturing
loving
sensitive
supportive in social relationships
active family roles as wife and mother
GENDER DIFFERENCES

• warmth in personal relationships

• display of anxiety under pressure
• suppression of overt aggression
• expression of sexuality
GENDER DIFFERENCES

Men are more likely to have traditional

gender stereotypes than women,
especially if they are the
sole wage earner in the family.
GENDER DIFFERENCES

Fathers are more concerned that their

children maintain behaviors appropriate to
their gender;
they play a more important role than mothers
in children's gender stereotyping
GENDER DIFFERENCES

Girls are more advanced physically

throughout childhood;
they mature earlier and their development
stops sooner.
GENDER DIFFERENCES

Boys have larger lungs and heart,

and are superior at activities involving gross motor
activities and strength;
are more likely to suffer a wide range of
developmental disorders (speech defects, ADHD,
mental retardation), genetic defects, and are more
susceptible to malnutrition and disease
GENDER DIFFERENCES

Girls tend to have a few intimate friends.

Boys have a larger number of

"pals"—guys they hang out with
but have really few close,
intimate, confiding relationships.
Cognitive
GENDER DIFFERENCES
Girls:
superior at verbal abilities
(vocabulary, reading comprehension, verbal
creativity)
during early to middle childhood

Boys:
have greater visual-spatial ability beginning
around age 10,
also excel at mathematics beginning around
age 12
Cognitive
GENDER DIFFERENCES

Some studies indicate that boys have

a higher IQ on average than girls by
late adolescence
(~4 IQ points)

Theory: Girls' development ends

sooner than boys, and boys continue
to develop. This is controversial.
Cognitive
GENDER DIFFERENCES

Girls:
Superior in Conscientiousness:
Focused attention, responsibility,
dependability, delay of gratification;
strongly correlated with school
success
Social
GENDER DIFFERENCES

Boys:
more aggressive,
especially physical aggression and
direct verbal assault
(Girls use indirect forms of aggression
such as exclusion, negative gossip.)
Social
GENDER DIFFERENCES
Boys:
more into risk-taking and sensation
seeking;
curiosity and exploratory behavior;
attracted to physically dangerous
occupations
Social
GENDER DIFFERENCES

Girls:
more compliant with demands of
parents and teachers;
more nurturant and dependent;
more fearful of possible personal
threats and dangers
Gender Prejudice

Attitudes about gay marriage have not come as far as

attitudes about gay behaviour.

Women are still judged and treated unfairly.

If you were lost in an unfamiliar place,
who would you approach and ask for
directions?
Gender Prejudice
• People may prefer a feminine face, but this
preference doesn’t counteract gender
prejudice:
• Preference for male babies, even abortion or
infanticide of females
• Blaming women for adultery
• Seeing assertiveness or ambition as attractive
in men, abrasive in women
Gender Standards & Stereotypes

Gender socialization begins at birth:

Parents have a role in socializing gender:

Dress boys and girls differently,
Select toys based on gender,
often react negatively if they behave in ways they
think are gender inappropriate
 Part 5

The Chemistry of “Love”

 Why Love
is a Neurochemical
Rollercoaster
Love is a cocktail of
neurochemicals:

Dopamine
Serotonin
Oxytocin
Endorphin
 DOPAMINE
is the great feeling that a reward is
at hand.
 DOPAMINE
releases energy for “the chase”
New “love” stimulates the
brain to produce a lot of
dopamine.
It drops once you get the
“reward.”
 OXYTOCIN
is the “love and attachment” chemical; stimulated
by touch, trust, birth and sex
 SEROTONIN
is the pleasure of social dominance
 SEROTONIN
is not aggression, but a calm sense that
“I will get the reward ”
When you enjoy the attention of someone
important, it boosts your Serotonin.
 ENDORPHINS
mask pain so you can do what
it takes to survive.
 ENDORPHINS
are “endogenous morphine” sources,
but it’s meant for EMERGENCIES
(not partying)
 ENDORPHINS
are stimulated by pain, exercise,
crying and laughing
 when lovers make each other laugh,
it’s a valuable chance to enjoy Endorphins.
Natural selection built a brain that
makes you feel good when you do
things that promote your genes.

Dopamine
Endorphin
Oxytocin
Serotonin
 Part 6

The Psychological Aspect

of Sexuality
Sexual Motivation

SEX: a physiologically based motive, like hunger,

but it is more affected by learning and values

SEXUAL
MOTIVATION:
nature’s way of
making people
procreate, enabling
our species to survive
Genetics and Sexual Motivation
Hormones and Sexual Motivation

Estrogen Testosterone

During ovulation, women show a rise in estrogen and also in

testosterone.
As this happens, sexual desire rises in women and also in the men
around them
(whose testosterone level rises).
Low levels of testosterone can reduce sexual motivation.
The Psychology of Sex
The Effect of External Stimuli
• All effects of external stimuli on
sexual behavior are more common
in men than in women.
• The short-term effect of exposure
to images of nudity and sexuality
increases sexual arousal and desire.
• it distorts our ideas of what is
appropriate and effective for mutual
sexual satisfaction
• the habit of finding sexual response
through idealized images may lead to
decreased sexual response to real-life
sexual partners (expectation vs. reality)
Imagined Stimuli
▪ The brain is involved in sexuality;
people with no genital sensation (e.g.
spinal cord injuries) can feel sexual
desire.
▪ The brain also contains dreams,
memories, and fantasies that stimulate
sexual desire.
▪ Fantasies are not just a replacement for
sexual activity; they often accompany
sex.
Adolescent Sexual Activity
Adolescents often begin to engage in sexual activity, including intercourse. This may be
related to basic drives but is mostly a function of social environment.
Sexual intercourse rates,
How can we tell it
age of first intercourse,
isn’t just a function of vary widely among
biology? cultures, families, and
historical periods.

Sexual activity includes risks that may

be magnified in adolescence such as:

pregnancy while still in school

sexually transmitted infections
Factors related to Sexual Restraint

High Intelligence: Teens with higher intelligence are likely to delay sex, thinking of the consequences

Religiosity: Religious teens and adults often reserve sex for a marital commitment.

Father Presence: A father’s absence from home can contribute to higher teen sexual activity.

Learning Programs: Teens who volunteer and tutor in programs dedicated to reducing teen
pregnancy are less likely to engage in unsafe sex.

Altruistic Activities: Acts that are focused on helping others lessen self-centredness and sexual
preoccupation
Sexual Orientation
Sexual orientation refers to one’s preferences as
an object of sexual attraction.
may exist in the form of desires, interests, infatuations, and
fantasies
“Identity” as either heterosexual, bisexual, or exclusively
homosexual, emerges in puberty
Origins of Sexual Orientation
Theories suggesting that sexual preference is related to parenting behaviors or childhood abuse
are not supported by evidence.
Differences appear to begin at birth. This could be genetic, or it could be caused by exposure to
hormones or antigens in the womb.
The fraternal birth order effect:
being born after a brother increases the likelihood of being gay.
Origins of Sexual Orientation
GENDER IDENTITY
the sense of whether we “feel”
like a male or a female
GENDER ROLE
what our culture and
environment imposes on us
Human Values and Sex Research

As psychologists write about sexual activity,

most attempt to be non-judgmental and value-
free in discussing various sexual behaviors.
Some suggest that people should be reminded
of the consequences of their actions.
Others note that sex should be associated with
love (this is not just a romantic ideal;
sex in a love relationship has been found to
be more emotionally and sexually
satisfying).
 REFERENCES

Sexual Orientation (n.d.) Psychology Today. From

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/homosexuality
Raypole,, C. (2019). How to Hack Your Hormones for a Better Mood. Healthline.
From https://www.healthline.com/health/happy-hormone
Gender Differences in the Classroom: Physical, Cognitive & Behavioral. (2012,
November 7). Retrieved from https://study.com/academy/lesson/gender-
differences-in-the-classroom-physical-cognitive-behavioral.html.
Reid, A. (2018). Primary & Secondary Sexual Characteristics. Sciencing. From
https://sciencing.com/genes-sex-chromosomes-inherited-2313.html
Human sexual response cycle. (2020, May 22). In Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sexual_response_cycle
FAMILY PLANNING
 FAMILY PLANNING
is having the desired number of
children and when you want to have
them by using safe and effective
modern methods
Proper Birth Spacing: 3-5 years
as defined by The WHO
✓ FAMILY PLANNING is the use of a range of
methods of a fertility regulation to help individuals
attain certain objectives:
✓ avoid unwanted births
✓ bring about wanted births
✓ produce a change in the birth rates
✓ regulate intervals between pregnancies
✓ control time at which birth occurs
The RH Law (RA 10354)
An Act Providing for a National Policy on
Responsible Parenthood and
Reproductive Health
The RH Law (RA 10354)
FAMILY PLANNING
refers to a program which enables couples and individuals to
decide freely and responsibly the number and spacing of their
children and to have the information and means to do so, and
to have access to a full range of safe, affordable, effective,
non-abortifacient modern natural and artificial methods of
planning pregnancy.
 Major Provisions
✓ mandates the government to “promote, without
bias, all effective natural and modern methods of
family planning that are medically safe and legal”
✓ Although abortion is recognized as illegal, the bill
states that “the government shall ensure that all
women needing care for post-abortion
complications shall be treated and counseled in a
humane, non-judgmental and compassionate
manner.”
 Major Provisions
✓ “multi-dimensional approach” integrates a
component of family planning and responsible
parenthood into all government anti-poverty
programs
✓ age-appropriate reproductive health and
sexuality education is required from grade five
to fourth year high school using “life-skills” and
other approaches
 Major Provisions
✓ DOLE will guarantee reproductive health rights of its
female employees: Companies with less than 200
workers are required to enter into partnership with health
care providers in their area for the delivery of
reproductive health services
✓ Employers shall inform employees of the availability of
family planning services. Ensure they are provided paid
half-day prenatal medical leaves for each month of the
pregnancy period that they are employed.
 Major Provisions
✓ The national government and local governments will
ensure the availability of reproductive health care
services, including family planning and prenatal
care.
✓ Any person or public official who prohibits or
restricts the delivery of legal and medically safe
reproductive health care services will be meted
penalty by imprisonment or a fine.
 Contraception
Fertility Control

Maternal Care
Sex
Education
So what’s the Problem?
the country will guarantee this
same right to unmarried
teenagers, since they are
"individuals"

this will lead to promiscuity among

the young, as they will be granted
the right to "decide if, when and how
often to reproduce"
What are the options?
Contraceptives in the Philippines
Barrier Methods
Cervical Cap
Female Condom
Male Condoms
 Male Condoms
✓only 82% effective
✓can be combined with spermicides to raise
effectiveness
✓protects you from STDs

P25 (Protec) P60 Durex

P30 (Trust) P65 Premiere
P32 (101) P78 Okamoto
 Hormone Pills

✓ over 99% effective if used correctly

✓ Women must have a pap smear to get
a prescription for birth control pills

P43.75 (Trust pill) P623 (Gracial)

P93 (Marvelon) P643.94 (Cerazette)
P191 (Nordette) P705.68 (Diane 35)
 How does it work?

✓ Stops ovulation
✓ Thins uterine lining
✓ Thickens cervical mucus
 Benefits Side Effects
✓ Prevents pregnancy
✓ Eases menstrual ✓ Breast tenderness
cramps ✓ Nausea
✓ Shortens period ✓ headaches
✓ Regulates period
✓ Moodiness
✓ Prevents ovarian
and uterine cancer ✓ Weight change
✓ Decreases facial ✓ Spotting
acne
Injectables
 Injectables
✓ shots given every three months to prevent
pregnancy
✓ 99.7% effective
✓ No daily pills to remember
✓ Side Effects: Extremely irregular menstrual
bleeding for 3-6 months; Amenorrhea after 3-
6 months; Weight change; Breast tenderness;
Mood change
Subdermal
Implants
 Subdermal Implants
✓ Nexplanon / Implanon
✓ releases progestin: thickens cervical
mucus, stops eggs from leaving the ovaries
✓ can be easily removed by a doctor
✓ 99% Effective
Intra-uterine Devices
 Intra-uterine Devices
✓ a tiny device made of flexible plastic,
inserted in a woman's uterus to prevent
pregnancy
✓ Copper IUD (non-hormonal): up to 10
years;
✓ Progestin IUD: up to 5 years
✓ more than 99% effective
 Intra-uterine Devices

✓ Copper IUD: P10,000-P15,000

✓ Mirena (Progestin IUD): P15,000-
P20,000 (not including insertion fee)

✓ can cause irregular bleeding during

the first three months
✓ amenorrhea after 3 months
Calendar Method
 Calendar Method
✓ abstaining from coitus on “unsafe” days
when a woman is most likely to conceive
✓ history of 6 cycles
✓ only up to 80% effective if used in the
past year
Emergency Contraception
(Plan B)
 Emergency Contraception
✓ can be started up to five days (120
hours)
after unprotected intercourse
✓ 88% effective
✓ requires prescription / illegal in PH
 How does it work?

✓ works by keeping a woman's ovaries from

releasing eggs — ovulation.
✓ Pregnancy cannot happen if there is no egg to
join with sperm. The hormones in the morning
after pill also prevent pregnancy by thickening
a woman's cervical mucus. The mucus blocks
sperm and keeps it from joining with an egg.
Why do we need YOUR help?
Be a kid.
Don’t have one.
References:
Department of Health. (n.d.). Frequently Asked Questions.
https://www.doh.gov.ph/faqs/

Estella, A. (2017). Your Complete Guide To Birth Control Methods In The Philippines.
Cosmopolitan. Retrieved from https://www.cosmo.ph/health/health-
report/contraceptives-available-philippines-kinds-prices-effectiveness-side-effects-
a1526-20170203-lfrm2
MATERIAL SELF
Theory of Meaning of Material Possessions
(Dittmar, 1992, 2004)
- suggests that material goods can fulfill a range of instrumental, social,
symbolic and affective functions

1. Instrumental functions relate to the functional properties of a product.

Ex: A person bought a pick-up style of car for family and business functions.
2. Social symbolic functions signify personal qualities, social standing, group
affiliation and gender roles.
Ex: Buying an Iphone instead of other mobile phones
Theory of Meaning of Material Possessions
(Dittmar, 1992, 2004)
3. Categorical Functions refer to the extent to which material possessions may be used
to communicate group membership and status.
Ex: Buying or renting a condo unit in Makati City

4. Self-expressive functions reflect a person’s unique qualities, values or attitudes.

Ex: People collecting Hello Kitty brand or buying stuff in their favorite color
 ECONOMIC SELF PRESENTATION AND
IDENTITY

Economics
- defined as “the study of things that a person is lacking, of how people make use of
the things that they have, and of making the right decisions”
- the condition of the person, group or region as regards to material prosperity
 Economic Self-Sufficiency

- the ability of individuals and families to consistently meet their

needs with minimal or no financial assistance or subsidies from
private or public organizations.
- the said needs include food, housing, utilities, health care,
transportation, taxes, dependent care and clothing
Determinants of Economic Self-Sufficiency

• Job Stability – Individuals have sustained employment

• Educational Attainment – Individuals reach their employment goal through
academic or vocational achievement
• English Literacy – Individuals have the ability to speak, read and write the
English language
• Family Structure – The stability of families and attributes of
parents influence development of positive behaviors and healthy
relationships
Determinants of Economic Self-Sufficiency

• Health/Disability Status – Individuals with physical, cognitive,

mental, sensory, emotional or development capacity concerns participate to
the fullest extent possible at school, at work, or through meaningful daily
activities
• Community Connections – Individuals have community relationships
to people or organizations that bolster self-sufficiency, or in the case of
youth, future self-sufficiency
 Economic Identity

- a psychological phenomenon that results from social categorization

(identification and differentiation)
- For instance, a category of economic status is whether a person
belongs to the rich, sustainable or poor sectors of society.
- the structure of economic identity includes basic components (cognitive,
affective and behavioral)
factors that affect the economic identity

• Professional development
• Self-determination
• Motivational and value sphere of
his personality
 SYMBOLIC MOTIVES
1. Status Motives
- The extent to which the people believe they can derive a sense of recognition or
achievement from owning and using the right kind of product, can be an important
motivator of behavior.
- Materialism is the importance ascribed to the ownership and acquisition of material
goods in achieving major life goals.
- In some cultures, a lady should wear expensive jewelry to attract a wealthy man into
marrying her.
- Status may increase consumption and can motivate behavior.
- For instance, one will buy a flat screen TV of a known brand, with latest features merely
because it is more expensive than other models.
 SYMBOLIC MOTIVES
2. Affective Motives
- Affect (emotions) serves as a motivator of pro-environmental behavior.
- In relation to the economic self, affective motive: people buy the goods not only because
they think they need it but more so because of the joy/happiness (affect) buying the
goods provide through the mere acquisition of it.
Anticipated affect
- is when a person is expecting to feel good or guilty when doing something
- Anticipated positive affect (excitement, pride, happiness) and negative affect (anger,
sadness, and frustration) are important predicates of whether to buy or not to buy the
product.
- This can be a strong motivator or barrier for the buying behavior.
The Theory of Self

William James (1890)

 The Self
William James (1890)
"a man’s self is the sum total of all that he CAN call
his, not only his body and psychic powers, but his
clothes and his house, his wife and children, his
ancestors and friends, his reputation and works, his
lands and horses, and yacht and bank account.”
(James, 1890, p. 291)
 The Self
William James (1890)
All these things give him the same emotions.
If they wax and prosper, he feels triumphant;
if they dwindle and die away, he feels cast down,
- not necessarily in the same degree for each
thing, but in much the same way for all.
 The Self
William James (1890)
In Understanding the Self,
we may begin by dividing it into three parts:

1. Its constituents;
2. The feelings and emotions they arouse (Self-
feelings)
3. The actions to which they prompt (Self-seeking
and Self-preservation)
 The Self
William James (1890)
The Constituents of the Self:

(a) The Material Self

(b) The Social Self
(c) The Spiritual Self
(d) The Pure Ego
 The Material Self
William James (1890)

It is it to these things that we are the most

deeply affected by because of our
investments of self within these things.
The more we invest of ourselves in these
objects, the more we get attached to them.
 The Material Self
William James (1890)
2 Categories:
THE BODILY SELF
Parts of the Body
EXTRACORPOREAL SELF
any material possession which
extends our body
 The Material Self
William James (1890)

It is our PSYCHOLOGICAL
OWNERSHIP of these materials which
constitute the material self.
 The Material Self
William James (1890)
What makes something part of the extended self?
Do we respond to it in an emotional way?
Do we invest effort in enhancing or maintaining its
possession?
 The Material Self
William James (1890)
The extended self has a positive valence
not by virtue of possessing material per
se; these possessions become a part of
us.
They serve symbolic functions.
The Material Self
William James (1890)

Express who
we are and how
we want to be
regarded
The Material Self
William James (1890)

Extend
ourselves in
time
(Immortality)
 Constituents of
the Material Self
Our bodies
Clothes
 Clothes
“The old saying that the human person is composed
of three parts—soul, body, and clothes—is more than
a joke.
We so appropriate our clothes and identify ourselves
with them that there are few of us who, if asked to
choose between having a beautiful body clad in
raiment perpetually shabby and unclean, and having
an ugly and blemished form always spotlessly attired,
would not hesitate a moment before making a
decisive reply.”
Immediate Family
 Immediate Family
“Next, our immediate family is a part of
ourselves. Our father and mother, our wife
and babes, are bone of our bone and flesh of
our flesh. When they die, a part of our very
selves is gone. If they do anything wrong, it
is our shame. If they are insulted, our anger
flashes forth as readily as if we stood in their
place.”
Home
 Our Home
“Its scenes are part of our life;
its aspects awaken the tenderest feelings of
affection; and we do not easily forgive the
stranger who, in visiting it, finds fault with its
arrangements or treats it with contempt”
 The Material Self
William James (1890)

All these different things are the objects

of instinctive preferences coupled with
the most important practical interests of
life.
 The Material Self
William James (1890)

We all have a blind impulse to watch

over our body, to deck it with clothing of
an ornamental sort, to cherish parents,
wife and babies, and to find for
ourselves a home of our own which we
may live in and 'improve'
 The Material Self
William James (1890)

An equally instinctive impulse drives us to

collect property; and the collections thus
made become, with different degrees of
intimacy, parts of our empirical selves. The
parts of our wealth most intimately ours are
those which are saturated with our labor.
The Material Self
William James (1890)

our bodies
clothes
immediate family
home
References:
Cortez, A. (2019). Written Report Lesson 3 THE Material OR Economic SELF.
StuDocu. Retrieved from https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/pamantasan-ng-
lungsod-ng-maynila/anatomy-and-physiology/other/written-report-lesson-3-the-
material-or-economic-self/6339827/view

Green, C. (n.d.). Classics in the History of Psychology. Retrieved from

https://psychclassics.yorku.ca/James/Principles/prin10.htm
SPIRITUAL SELF
 introduction

• The spiritual self is the most intimate, inner subjective part of

self. It is the most intimate version of the self because of the
satisfaction experience when one thinks of one’s ability to
argue and discriminate, of one’s moral sensibility and
conscience, of our unconquerable will is more pure than all
other sentiments of satisfaction (Green, 1997).
 introduction

• The ability to use moral sensibility and conscience may be

seen through the expressions of religion, its beliefs, and
practices. In the same manner, cultural rituals and ceremonies
are some manifestations what people believe in. moreover,
seeking the meaning of life is a journey that the Spiritual Self
is on.
What is religion?
 religion
Identity and Self-concept

Rebecca Stein (Stein, 2011) works on the definition of

religion “as a set of cultural beliefs and practices that
usually includes some or all of basic characteristics. These
characteristics are:

1. A belief in anthropomorphic supernatural being, such as spirit and gods;

2. A focus sacred supernatural, where sacred refers to a feeling or reverence
and awe;
3. The presence of supernatural power or energy that is found on supernatural
beings as well as physical beings and objects;
 religion
Identity and Self-concept

4. The performance of ritual activities that involves the

manipulation of sacred object to communicate to supernatural being
and/or to influence or control events;
5. The articulation of worldview and moral codes through
narratives and other means; and
6. Provide the creation and maintenance of social bonds and
mechanism of social control within a community; provides
explanation for unknown and a sense of control for individuals.
Major world’s
Identity religion
and Self-concept

1. Buddhism
2. Christianity
3. Hinduism
4. Islam
5. Judaism
 Buddhism: basic beliefs
Four Noble Truths:
1. existence is suffering ( dukhka );
2. suffering has a cause, namely craving
and attachment ( trishna );
3. there is a cessation of suffering, which
is nirvana ;
4. and there is a path to the cessation of
suffering, the eightfold path of right
views, right resolve, right speech, right
action, right livelihood, right effort, right
mindfulness, and right concentration.
 Buddhism: basic beliefs
Experience is analyzed into five
aggregates ( skandhas ).
1. form ( rupa ), refers to material
existence
2. sensations ( vedana )
3. perceptions ( samjna )
4. psychic constructs ( samskara )
5. consciousness ( vijnana ), refer to
psychological processes.

https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/religion/eastern/buddhism/buddhism/basic-beliefs-and-practices
Christianity: basic beliefs
Christians believe that Jesus Christ was
the Son of God – fully human and fully
divine – and that through believing in him
and following his teachings they can
inherit eternal life.

Christians believe that Jesus died for

humanity, that God raised him from the
dead, and that Jesus will come again at
the end of time.
 Christianity: basic beliefs

Trinity
Christians believe in the , or the
three parts of God:
1. God the Father or Creator,
2. God the Son (Jesus) or Redeemer, and
3. God the Holy Spirit or Sanctifier.

The Holy Spirit is God's presence in the

world.
https://uri.org/kids/world-religions/christian-beliefs
 Hinduism: basic beliefs

Hindus acknowledge that, at the most fundamental level, God is the One without
a second — the absolute, formless, and only Reality known as Brahman, the
Supreme, Universal Soul. Brahman is the universe and everything in it.
Brahman has no form and no limits; it is Reality and Truth.

Thus Hinduism is a pantheistic religion: It equates God with the universe. Yet
Hindu religion is also polytheistic: populated with myriad gods and goddesses
who personify aspects of the one true God, allowing individuals an infinite
number of ways to worship based on family tradition, community and regional
practices, and other considerations.
 Hinduism: basic beliefs
Here are just some of the many
Hindu gods and goddesses:
Brahma, the Creator
Vishnu, the Preserver
Shiva, the Destroyer
Ganapati, the Remover of Obstacles
Saraswati, the Goddess of Learning
Lakshmi, Goddess of good fortune, wealth, and well-being
Indra, the King of Heaven and lord of the gods
Surya, the sun
Agni, the fire god
Hanuman, the monkey king and devoted servant

https://www.dummies.com/religion/hinduism/hindu-gods-and-goddesses/
 Islam: basic beliefs

Islam is an Arabic word which means

"surrender, submission,
commitment and peace." Thus, Islam
can be defined as a path to attain
complete peace through voluntary
submission to the divine will.
 Islam: basic beliefs
Muslims have six major beliefs:
1. Belief in one God (Allah)
2. Belief in the Angels
3. Belief in the holy books including Torah, Bible, and Qur'an (Koran)
4. Belief in all the prophets sent by God including Noah, Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob,
Moses, Jesus and Muhammad
5. Belief in the Day of Judgment and life after death. The best reward for performing good
deeds is getting closer to God.
6. Belief in divine decree. This means that God is all-powerful and nothing can happen
without His permission, however, he has given human beings freedom to choose
whether to be good or bad. In the end, everyone will be questioned about how they
lived in this life.

https://uri.org/kids/world-religions/muslim-beliefs
 Judaism: basic beliefs

Judaism, monotheistic religion developed

among the ancient Hebrews. Judaism is
characterized by a belief in one
transcendent God who revealed himself to
Abraham, Moses, and the Hebrew prophets
and by a religious life in accordance with
Scriptures and rabbinic traditions. Judaism is
the complex phenomenon of a total way of
life for the Jewish people, comprising
theology, law, and innumerable cultural
traditions.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Judaism
 Judaism: basic beliefs
The Ten Commandments, as written in the Torah, are:
1. Worship no other God but me.
2. Do not make images to worship.
3. Do not misuse the name of God.
4. Observe the Sabbath Day (Saturday). Keep it Holy.
5. Honor and respect your father and mother.
6. Do not murder.
7. Do not commit adultery.
8. Do not steal.
9. Do not accuse anyone falsely. Do not tell lies about other people.
10. Do not envy other's possessions.

https://uri.org/kids/world-religions/jewish-beliefs
Religious groups
Identity and in the Philippines
Self-concept
Estimate of Adherents
Group
[year reported]
1. Roman Catholic - 80% of the pop. (1998)
2. Other Christian Denominations Combined - 8.7% of the pop. (1990)
3. Muslim/Islamic - 7% of the pop. (2001)
4. Indigenous Religions - 1.2% of the pop. (1990)
5. Buddhists - 0.1 % of the pop (1990)
6. Atheists (did not identify religion) - 0.3 % of the pop. (1990)
Protestants - 8% of the pop. (1990)
El Shaddai - 5 million (2001)
Church of the Nazarene - 14,081 (1998)
Church of Jesus Christ and the Latter Day Saints - 389,000 (1999)
Seventh-Day Adventists (Central Phil. Union
- 181,241 (2000)
Conf.)
Chinese - 1% of the pop (1996)
Hindu - unknown
Mennonites - 1,365 (1998)
Philippine Episcopal Church - unknown
United Church of Christ in the Philippines - unknown
Evangelical - 5.1% (1995)
Baptist World Alliance - 212,643 (1998)

http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Modules/Modules/PhilippineReligions/religious_groups.htm
Religious groups
Identity and in the Philippines
Self-concept
Estimate of Adherents
Group
[year reported]
Methodist - unknown
Judaism - 250 (1998)
Ang Dating Daan - unknown
Worldwide Church of God - 25,000 (2002)
Jehovah's Witnesses - 128,134 (1999)
Unitarian - 1,000 (1998)
Assemblies of God (Ilocos Norte) - 277 (1990)
God World Missions Church - unknown
Presbyterian - unknown
Lutheran Church in the Philippines - unknown
Mount Banahaw Holy Confederation - unknown
Rizalistas - unknown
13% of the pop (1918);
Aglipayan (Philippine Independence Church) -
2,574,000 (1998)
3,000,000 (1999);
Iglesia ni Cristo (Church of Christ) - at least 2 million in Metro Manila
(2000)
Philippine Benevolent Missionary Association
- 60,000 (2002)
(PBMA)

http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Modules/Modules/PhilippineReligions/religious_groups.htm
But spirituality is more than just
religion
What Is Spirituality?
 What Is Spirituality?

Spirituality is that which gives meaning to one's life and

draws one to transcend oneself. Spirituality is a broader
concept than religion, although that is one expression of
spirituality. Other expressions include prayer, meditation,
interactions with others or nature, and relationship with
God or a higher power.
 What Is Spirituality?

a set of PERSONAL and PRIVATE BELIEFS that TRANSCEND the

material aspects of life and give a deep sense of
WHOLENESS,CONNECTEDNESS, and OPENNESS to infinite
possibilities
(Myers et al. 2000)
What Is Spirituality?

any experience that feels meaningful

(Beauregard and O’Leary 2007).

… the connectedness of an individual with the

Higher power which is
Manifested in their daily experiences.
3 MAIN THEMES OF
SPIRITUALITY
Yabut(2016) as viewed by Filipinos

• CONNECTEDNESS WITH THE SACRED

• SENSE OF MEANING OR PURPOSE
• PASSION OR EXPRESSION IN LIFE
 “My religion is simple. My religion is kindness.”
-HH The Dalai Lama

“The least of things with a meaning is worth more in

life than the greatest of things without it.”
-Carl Jung

“Faith is a universal human phenomenon. All people

live by some faith.”
-Fr. Roger Haight
 "Think of the most wonderful experience of
your life: the happiest moments, ecstatic
moments, moments of rapture, perhaps from
being in love, or from listening to music or
suddenly 'being hit' by a book or painting, or
from some creative moment."
(Maslow, Toward a Psychology of Being, 1962)
Benefits of Meditation Suggested By
Studies to Date:
• Improved healing time and decreased
frequency
of illness
• Improved blood pressure
• Improved cognitive function and attention
span
• Increased activity in the parts of the brain
Beliefs That May Cause Distress

• “God is angry at me.”

• “God will heal me if I have enough faith.”
• “The devil is making me sick.”
• “I shouldn’t feel anger at God/doubt in my
faith/disconnection from my pastor, etc.”
Beliefs That May Bring Comfort

• “God loves everyone, and does not want anyone to suffer.”

• “God is with people who suffer.”
• “I have a choice about my response to suffering.”
• “No matter how sick I am, I can still do some things that are
worthwhile.”
• “It is okay for me to feel doubt about my faith sometimes.”
Common Unhelpful Comments

• “God doesn’t give you more than you can handle.”

• “Don’t question God/your beliefs.”
• “If you pray hard enough, your cancer will go away.”
• “Everything happens for a reason.”
• “What doesn’t kill you makes you stronger.”
• “Maybe this is karma/God’s punishment.”
 Spiritual Inventory: True or
False?
1. • “I feel a sense of purpose and meaning.”
2. • “My current spiritual practice supports me in the challenges I am
facing.”
3. • “My spiritual community makes me feel stronger and more
connected.”
4. • “When I suffer for no good reason I can understand, I still feel
connected to my spirituality.”
5. • “My spiritual life helps me face hard realities of life, such as old
age, sickness and death.”
 Values Test

1. What was your “peak experience?” What has been the most
transcendent or happy moment in your life so far?
2. What accomplishment are you most proud of?
3. What do you want people to say about your life when it is over?
4. What kind of community would you build if you had infinite
resources and time?
film viewing
PK (2014)
 ReferenceS:

What is Spirituality? (n.d.). In Google.

https://www.lbbc.org/sites/default/files/PowerPoint%20S
pirituality_Burczak.pdf

Spiritual Self (n.d.). In Scribd.

https://www.scribd.com/document/398753467/8-
Spiritual-Self
POLITICAL SELF
 brainstorming

What makes a Filipino?

You know you're a Filipino
if/when ...
Who is the Filipino?
Who is the Filipino?
Who is the Filipino?
 processing
1. How does the pictures remind you of your being a Filipino
2. Are you proud of being a Filipino? Why and why not?
3. Imagine you were of a different nationality, what would
change in you aside from your nationality and origin?
4. How extensive are the effects of being Filipino in your
selfhood?
Filipino values
 values

the accepted principles or standards

of a person or a group
 Filipino values
"Life experiences dictate the philosophy of the
Filipino, augmented by other sources like
proverbs, folk sayings, folk tales, and the like.”
— Leonardo Mercado
LIST OF DIFFERENT FILIPINO VALUES
Pakikipagkapwa-tao

Treating others with respect and dignity as an

equal, not someone below the individual.
Family Orientation

Filipinos value family over all. We always center

our lives around our family compared to
western countries.
Joy and Humor
This famous trait is the ability of Filipinos to find
humour in everything.
“Masama ang trespassing. Buti pa sa college,
pag tres, passing!” –Unknown Witty Student
Flexibility, Adaptability, Creativity

Filipinos often have an aversion to a set of

standardised rules or procedures, present
oriented, and we have an “organic” clock, which
could be a bad trait.
Faithful and Religious

Filipinos are generally religious people. We even

have holidays and celebrations based solely
only on our religious beliefs.
Ability to Survive

Filipinos developed a sense of resourcefulness

or the ability to survive with whatever they
have.
Hard Working and Industrious

Filipinos do whatever it takes to succeed once

they decide to accomplish something.
Hospitality

The most famous trait. We Filipinos are known

to be one of the friendliest and most helpful
people you will ever meet.
“NEGATIVE” FILIPINO VALUES
 “Bahala na”

Passive and dependent attitudes

accompanied with unaffected feeling of risk
towards the attainment of good
Utang na loob

a feeling of obligation to repay someone who

extend assistance to another which may take
place in undetermined time and in whatever
way.
Pakikisama (Acquiesce/Cooperate)

Giving in or yielding to the wish of the

leader or the majority, even when at
times it contradicts one’s ideas or the
common good
Tsismis (Gossip)

Conversation about the personal details

of other people's lives, whether rumor
or fact, especially when malicious
 “Wala kang pakialam”
(None of your business)

To assert to others that they have no

right or are not in the position to
meddle with your affairs
 Sip-sip (Suck up)

To try to please or win the favor of

somebody important by being
extremely flattering or helpful
 Hiya

Can mean the following: shame;

disgrace; embarrassment;
humiliation; sense of honor; modesty
or propriety; loss of face; sense of
modesty.
 Maramdamin
(Taking Personally)

To be easily affected, especially by the

comments of others
 Palabas (For Show)

To be image-oriented; acting with the goal to

be socially recognized
NINGAS-COGON
 MAÑANA HABIT

delaying or setting aside a certain task assigned

on the next day although it can be done today.
 Relationship of values and politics

Politics in the Philippines has traditionally been dominated by

clans and political bosses and patronage and is characterized by
law makers that make decisions based on fiscal incentives
rather that beliefs and voters that make choices based on
personality rather than reasoned policies. Under the traditional
utang na loob system of patronage, or obligation earned through
favors, voters expect money or jobs in return for their political
support.

http://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Philippines/sub5_6f/entry-3904.html
 Relationship of values and politics

Movie stars and other celebrities

have enjoyed considerable success.
In addition, several prominent
families play a disproportionate role
in politics. The support of the
military and the Catholic church are
key to political survival and success
in the Philippines.

http://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Philippines/sub5_6f/entry-3904.html
Relationship of values and politics
Relationship of values and politics

• Political Family Dynasties in the

Philippines
• Filipino Clans, Celebrities Dominate
Midterm Polls in 2013
• Palakasan System" in the Philippine
Government

http://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Philippines/sub5_6f/entry-3904.html
• What are your thoughts? Insights?
• What is your stand?
How to be a good Filipino?

• 1. Be an active Filipino Citizen

• 2. Study Philippine History
• 3. Support local products
• 4. Speak the Filipino language
• 5. Do not spread fake news and be
democratic in engaging with dissent
 referenceS

• Alata, E.P., Caslib Jr., B.N., Serafica, J.J. & Pawilen, R.A.
(2018). Understanding the self. Rex Bookstore.
• Pinoy Life: 8 Classic Filipino Traits and Characteristics.
(2016, June 9). Owlcation. Retrieved from
https://owlcation.com/social-sciences/Filipino-Traits-
and-Characteristics
• Abello, J. (2014). 14 Bad Habits that Filipinos should
Break to Achieve Progress. Retrieved from
https://faq.ph/14-bad-habits-that-filipinos-should-
break-to-achieve-progress/
DIGITAL SELF
 INTRODUCTION

The present digital era has ushered a slew of technological

creations that have had a substantial and continually evolving
effect on our conceptions of self, identity and social
relations.
INTRODUCTION
In digital life the swarm is the sum of digital selves,
fashioned by the yearning to re-present a version of
their true self via image and textual performances,
often an enhanced copy that serves in managing other’s
impressions in a self-aggrandizing cycle to reap the
neurological rewards fulfilled by attention gratification.
The swift and ravenous actions of the swarm, and all it
consumes constitute the spectacle of collective social
media behavior.
Digital Self
The very idea of a digital self, the
collection of views we interpret that
others have of us combined with how
we manage and attempt to influence,
alter or reinforce them may constitute
an attempt to transfer identity and self
to the digital realm.
 World wide web
Youtube

Email

Online Dating
Chat rooms

Social Media
Mobile phones

Online Shopping
Extended Self (Digital)
In 1988 Russell Belk observed that our material
possessions constitute an extension of our inner
selves. We project emotions onto material
objects that affect our state of being, often in
an effort to enhance our self-construction,
“…knowingly or unknowingly, intentionally or
unintentionally, we regard our possessions as
parts of ourselves.”
Extended Self (Digital)
As with everything gobbled and regurgitated by digital life,
those material possessions take on a different form – one that
according to Belk involves de-materialization:

“…dematerialization of many of our possessions. Today our

information, communications, photos, videos, music,
calculations, messages, ‘written’ words, and data are now
largely invisible and immaterial until we choose to call them
forth. They are composed of electronic streams of ones and
zeroes that may be stored locally or in some hard to imagine
cloud.”
Understanding yourself
through
The Looking Glass
The Digital Self
constructed solely through online
interaction without the intervention of
nonverbal feedback and the influence
of traditional environmental factors
FOUR CHARACTERISTICS:
Inwardly oriented
Narrative in nature
Retractable
Multiplied
 Critical Reflection

“created to protect
“instinctive core the "true self"
of our personality” from insult and
danger”
Winnicott, D. W. (1960)
Critical Reflection

“knowingly or unknowingly,
intentionally or unintentionally,
we regard our possessions
as parts of ourselves”
GUILTY OR
NOT GUILTY?
GUILTY OR
FOODSTAGRAMMING
NOT GUILTY?
Posting aesthetic snapshots of gourmet
dishes is also a part of our visual self-
presentation: polished photos show us in a
positive light to others. Approval and
validation seeking are other strong motives:
22% of food photos show self-cooked meals,
of which their creators are particularly
proud.
GUILTY OR
MEMEING
NOT GUILTY?
Memeing is an internet slang verb that means
to create or spread a meme. In 2013, the verb
evolved to also mean communicating through
memes.

The act of saying something completely inane

and dumb but in a way that makes it sound as
if you're quite serious about it whether you
are or are not.
GUILTY OR
HUMBLE BRAGGING
NOT GUILTY?
-Make an ostensibly modest or self-
deprecating statement with the actual
intention of drawing attention to something
of which one is proud.
Example:
“She humblebragged about how “awful” she
looks without any makeup"
GUILTY OR
SMART SHAMING
NOT GUILTY?
Smart shaming or anti-intellectualism is the
act of mocking someone who is smarter than
others.

Smart shaming is, unfortunately, the result of

the pro-ignorance stance that a lot of
populations take, and something that a lot of
smart people regularly have to deal with.
GUILTY OR
OVERSHARING
NOT GUILTY?
-Oversharing is when people share too much personal information to the public or a
stranger. It can happen both on and offline. However, it is a big problem on social media
sites, which make "putting yourself online" easy.
Examples of Oversharing
Though the result is the same, •Posting embarrassing photos or
people overshare on social media videos of yourself or others.
in various ways. Here are a few •Regularly posting your meals.
examples: •"Checking In" to everywhere you
•Posting intimate details about your go.
relationships, friendships, family •Posting about whatever you are
matters, or personal drama. doing at a given moment, multiple
•Using social media as a soapbox times a day.
or a way to vent your emotions. •Sharing too much info about and
•Posting photos or videos of things photos of your children.
meant to be private.
GUILTY OR
DIRTY JOKES
NOT GUILTY?
- A joke with a morally objectionable or
obscene punchline.
- A joke that can be seen two ways, innocent
or dirty
Class Discussion
Things “NOT” to post on Social Media
Things to post on Social Media

PRIVACY VS. PUBLIC

Individual vs. social identity online
Gender vs. Sexuality on line
Presentation of Self: Online
• Erving Goffman (1959)
Presentation of Self in Everyday Life

• Roles based on social expectations

• Presentation of self online requires strict

boundaries between personal/private and
public/professional identities
Misuse of Information:
• Inappropriate sharing
• Embarrassment
• Professional damage
• Disciplinary procedures
• Suspension
• Job loss
Digital Identities
• What goes online stays online
• Permanent digital footprints
Setting Boundaries to Your Online
Self
 Is this post/story necessary?
 Is there a real benefit to this post – is it funny,
warm-hearted, teachable – or am I just making noise
online without purpose?
 Is it appropriate? Does it stay within the boundaries
of our family values?
 Will this seem funny in 5, 10, or 15 years? Or is this
post better suited for sharing with a small group of
family members? Or maybe not at all?
The Different Side of Me
Content Analysis of one’s social media
1. Look at your FB’s wall, Tweets, Instagram posts, etc.
2. Analyze the content of these social media accounts (for the past 3
months)
3. Why do you post such contents?
4. Do these posts represent who you are as a person? Why or why not?
5. Describe yourself based on the posts that you have.
The Different Side of Me
Contents June 2020 May 2020 April 2020 Total Tally
1. Memes
2. News (specify)
3. Politics
4. Personal Posts
5. Selfies
6. Tiktok
7. Family Posts
8. Shared Posts
9. Fan Posts
1. Why do you post such contents?
2. Do these posts represent who you are as a person? Why or
why not?
3. Describe yourself based on the posts that you have.
REFERENCES
Olavarria, CM. (n.d.). The Digital Self (Chapter 2 from "Swarm and Spectacle"), Retrieved from
https://www.academia.edu/11293218/The_Digital_Self_Chapter_2_from_Swarm_and_Spectacle_?auto=download

Atanasova, A. (2016, November 9). The Psychology of Foodstagramming. Social Media Today. Retrieved from
https://www.socialmediatoday.com/social-networks/psychology-foodstagramming

Memeing. (n.d.). Know Your Meme. Retrieved from

https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/memeing

Memeing. (2016, November 18). Urban dictionary. https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Memeing

Dela Cruz, I. (n.d.). Smart Shaming: The Filipino Culture of Anti-Intellectualism. Change.org. Retrieved from
https://www.change.org/p/web-surfers-smart-shaming-the-filipino-culture-of-anti-intellectualism

Oversharing and Social Media. (2020, January 7). Retrieved from https://apps.il-work-
net.com/ArticleViewer/Article/Index/257/%7Blink%7D#:~:text=Oversharing%20is%20when%20people%20share,%22putting%20yours
elf%20online%22%20easy.

Dirty Joke. (n.d) Your Dictionary. https://www.yourdictionary.com/dirty-joke

Dirty Joke. (2019, December 20). Urban dictionary. https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Dirty%20Joke