Particles in GENKI: Lessons 1-12 (Emmett)

Ị
P Structural patterns Examples Notes GENKI
Ị X Ị Y ỂẴ ỪẺẲỊầẪẶẟỂẴẇ (ỪẺẲỊ)ỆỈỮẶẟỂẴẇ "X Ị" is often dropped. L1: 14
X Ị {N desu / V / Adj.} Watashi wa gakusee desu. (Watashi wa) ni-nensee desu.
topic marker; contrast '(As for me,) I'm a student.' '(As for me,) I'm a sophomore.'
'as for (X)'; ởộẻẰỮỊầẪẶẟẳỞẝụộẶỮẇ L2: 37
'(X), at least' Yamada-san wa gakusee ja arimasen.
'(As for) Mr. Yamada(, he) is not a student.'
'Mr. Yamada is not a student, (at least).'
ẟẸầ ẨỢạ L5: 100
ẨỉạỊ ࣕ ẲẦẾẺỂẴẇỂờẆʻଐ ỊọộỂẴẇ
'(As for) yesterday, I was busy, but I have a lot of free time today, (at least).'
ỉ L11: 217
(ẝễẺỊ)ợẪἅὊἤὊử ᫩ỚộẴẦẇ
'(As for you,) do you often drink coffee?'
ỉ
ẟẟảẆ(ἅὊἤὊỊ) ặỮặỮ᫩ỚộẶỮẇ ửĺỊ
ẼỞ ỉ
ỂờẆấᒧ Ị ợẪ᫩ỚộẴẇ
'No, I don't drink [coffee] at all, (at least), but I often drink tea, (at least).'
Ẩ Ợ ạ ỪẺẲ ể ẲỢẦỮ ẟ L11: 217
ʻଐ ( ᅶ Ị) ‫ ୿׋‬᫾ Ệ ᘍẨộẴẇ
ẟ
ỂờẆLL ỆỊ ᘍẨộẶỮẇ ỆĺỆỊ
'(As for me,) I'll go to the library today, but I won't go to LL, (at least).' (another particle) Ị
ẲỮốỮ ợ L11: 217
(ẝễẺỊ)ạẼỂ ૼ Ꭵ ử ᛠỚộẴẦẇ
'(As for you,) do you read the newspaper at home?'
ợ ể ẲỢẦỮ ợ
ẟẟảẆ(ạẼỂỊ) ᛠỚộẶỮẇỂờẆ‫ ୿׋‬᫾ ỂỊ ᛠỚộẴẇ ỂĺỂỊ
'No, I don't read it [at home, (at least) ], but I do at the library, (at least).' (another particle) Ị

Ầ
P Structural patterns Examples Notes GENKI
Ầ (X Ị Y ỂẴ)Ầẇ (ẝễẺỊ)ụỠạầẪẶẟỂẴẦẇ L1: 15
1 question marker (Yes/No-Q) (Anata wa) ryuugakusee desu ka.
'Is X Y?' 'Are you an international student?'
(X Ị QW ỂẴ)Ầẇ ẶỮờỮỊễỮỂẴẦẇ L1: 15
question marker (WH-Q) Senmon wa nan desu ka.
'QW is X?' 'What is your major?'
ỄủầỚẼẮẰỮỉẦẰỂẴẦẇ L2: 35
(QW . . . )Ầẇ Dore ga Michiko-san no kasa desu ka.
question marker (WH-Q) 'Which one is Michiko's umbrella?'
'QW . . . ?' ẲỠạộế ễỆ L3: 54
ᡵ ஛ ỊẺẟềẟ ˴ ửẲộẴẦẇ
'What do you usually do on the weekend?'
Ầ XẦY ẦỮẮẪ ẺẟỪỮ ẟ L10: 190
᪡ ‫׎‬Ầ Ө ฺ ỆᘍẪếờụỂẴẇ
2 alternative
'X or Y' 'I intend to go to Korea or Taiwan.'

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 Particles in GENKI: Lessons 1-12 (Emmett)
ờ
P Structural patterns Examples Notes GENKI
ờ (X)ờ(Y ỂẴẇ) ἳỴἼὊẰỮỊầẪẶẟỂẴẇ ỪẺẲờầẪẶẟỂẴẇ Ị ĺờ L2: 37
1 (X)ờ{N desu / V / Adj.} Mearii-san wa gakusee desu. Watashi mo gakusee desu.
similarity 'Mary is a student.' 'I'm a student, too.'
'also'; ỪẺẲ ểẬẟ Ầ Ầ ử ĺờ L4: 81
'. . ., too'; ( ᅶ Ị) ଺ᚘ ử ᝰẟộẲẺẇ ẦẰờ ᝰẟộẲẺẇ
'. . ., either' 'I bought a watch.' 'I also bought an umbrella.'
ỪẺẲ ẨỢạ ẟ L4: 81
( ᅶ Ị)ʻଐ LL Ệ ᘍẨộẶỮỂẲẺẇ
ể ẲỢẦỮ ẟ
‫ ୿׋‬᫾ Ệ ờ ᘍẨộẶỮỂẲẺẇ ỆĺỆờ
'I didn't go to LL today. I didn't go to the library, either.' (another particle) ờ
ờ QW ờ ễỆ Ổế ễỆ ễỆ L7: 135
ʻ ˴ ửẲềẟộẴẦẇ —— К Ệ ˴ ờẲềẟộẶỮẇ ˴ ờ - in a negative L8: 159
2 emphasis
'(not) any' 'What are you doing now?' - 'I'm not doing anything in particular.' sentence only
ẨỢạ QW (another particle) ờ L10: 197
ʻଐỄẮẦỆᘍẪᾎ —— ạạỮẆỄẮỆờᘍẦễẟẇ
'Will you go anywhere today?' –– 'No, I will not go anywhere.'

ỉ
P Structural patterns Examples Notes GENKI
ỉ Noun 1 ỉ Noun 2 ảẟắỉẶỮẶẟ ỚẼẮẰỮỉẦịỮ L1: 16
1 N 1 specifies N 2 eego no sensee Michiko-san no kaban
'N1's N2'; 'an English teacher' 'Michiko's bag'
'N1 N2'; 'a teacher of English'
'N2 {of/at/in/for/by/on} N1'
ểạẨỢạỉẻẟầẪ cf. ểạẨỢạẻẟầẪ
Tookyoo no daigaku Tookyoo daigaku
'a university in Tokyo' 'the University of Tokyo'
ỎỢạẟỮ ỖỮ ở Ớẩ N2 = location word L4: 78
၏ ᨈ Ị ஜ ‫ދ‬ỉ ӫ ỂẴẇ
'The hospital is to the right of the bookstore.'
ỖỮ ở ỎỢạẟỮ ẝẟẻ
ஜ ‫ދ‬Ị ၏ ᨈ ểἋὊἣὊỉ ᧓ ỂẴẇ
'The bookstore is between a hospital and a supermarket.'
ỔỮẨỢạ ỔỮẨỢạ L8: 160
ଐஜᛖỉ Ѡ ࢍ ửẲộẴẇ cf. ଐஜᛖử Ѡ ࢍ ẲộẴẇ
'I do Japanese language study.' 'I study the Japanese language.'
ỎỮ N2 may be omitted. L10: 190
A: ҜЭểҜࢸỉ ̝ ầẝụộẴầ . . . ẇ
'We have a morning flight and an afternoon flight, but . . .'
ỎỮ Ỉầ
B: ҜЭỉ( ̝ )ửấ ᫍ ẟẲộẴẇ
'A morning (flight), please.'

Special uses of ỉ
ỉ V-short ỉ ấỮầẪ Ẩ Ẵ L8: 157
(ᅶỊ) ᪦ ಏ ửᎥẪỉầ‫ڤ‬ẨỂẴẇ
2 nominalizer
'-ing' 'I like listening to music.'

ỉ Adj. ỉ ẳ ẲỢ Ầ NEVER say: L10: 195

A: ờạᠴ୿ửᝰẟộẲẺẦẇ Adj.ỉ Noun ĸ WRONG
3 pronoun
'one' 'Have you already bought a dictionary?'
ẳ ẲỢ Ầ
B: ảảẆ‫ݱ‬Ằẟ{ᠴ୿ ὾ ỉ}ửᝰẟộẲẺẇ
'Yes, I bought a small {dictionary / one}.'
ỔỮ ụ ẳ ẲỢ Ầ
C: ảảẆ ̝ Мễ{ᠴ୿ ὾ ỉ}ửᝰẟộẲẺẇ MUST retain na in na-Adj.
'Yes, I bought a useful {dictionary / one}.'

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 Particles in GENKI: Lessons 1-12 (Emmett)
ầ
P Structural patterns Examples Notes GENKI
ầ (X Ị) (subject)ầ~ ỄủầỚẼẮẰỮỉẦẰỂẴẦẇ Ị does not mark QW. L2: 35
1 subject marker Dore ga Michiko-san no kasa desu ka.
no English equivalent 'Which one is Michiko's umbrella?'
ỪẺẲ ỆỖỮắ Ừ Do NOT use ử. L4: 75
( ᅶ Ị)ଐஜᛖ ầ ЎẦụộẴẇ
'I understand Japanese language.'
ẮẮỆẟệ ầẟộẴẇ (place) Ệ (animate thing) L4: 77
'There is a dog here.' ầẟộẴ
ẝẸẮỆỎỢạẟỮầẝụộẴẇ
(place)Ệ(inanimate thing)
'There is a hospital over there.'
ầẝụộẴ
ẦỚ (someone/something)Ị L7: 138
ʮ‫܇‬ẰỮỊ ᭟ ầ ᧈẟỂẴẇ
(body part/attribute) ầ
'Kyoko has long hair.'
(adjective)
ỐẺụ (someone/something) ầ L7: 140
ẮỄờầʚʴẟộẴẇ
#-counter (NO Particle)
'There are two children.' 'I have two children.'
ẨỢạẻẟ ễỮỆỮ
{ẟộẴ὾ẝụộẴ}
(ẝễẺỊ) Ω ࢂ ầ ˴ ʴ ẟộẴẦẇ
'How many brothers and sisters do you have?'
ẦỈ Do NOT use ử. L8: 153
(ᅶỊ)ấ ᣿ ầẟụộẴẇ
'I need money.'
ẝỈ Ẵ (X= someone/something) L8: 157
‫ ڻ‬Ị{ஜ὾ஜửᛠớỉ}ầ ‫ڤ‬ẨỂẴẇ X Ị(someone/something)ầ
'My older sister likes {books / reading books}.'
{ẴẨ/ẨỤẟ}ỂẴ
ẝỆ ảẟ ắ ảẟ ắ Ịễ ồẺ
Ω Ị{ ᒍ ᛖ὾ ᒍ ᛖử ᛅ Ẵỉ}ầ ɦ৖ỂẴẇ X Ị(something)ầ{ẳỢạẵ/
'My older brother is bad at {English / speaking English}.' ồẺ}ỂẴ
Ịẳ Ịẳ L9: 173
ɡ଺ỆἣὊἘỵὊầ ‫ڼ‬ộẾẺẇ (something)ầ‫ڼ‬ộỦ
'The party began at 7:00.' cf.
Ịẳ {someone/something}ầ
cf. ɡ଺ỆἣὊἘỵὊử ‫ڼ‬ỜẺẇ Ịẳ
'We began the party at 7:00.' (something)ử‫ڼ‬ỜỦ
ẦỪ (someone/something)Ị L12: 229
(ᅶỊ)ỉỄầ ญ ẨộẲẺẇ
(body part/attribute)ầ
'I got thirsty.'
(verb)
ầ (clause 1)ầẆ(clause 2)ẇ ẳ ẲỢ ởẴ Comma (Ẇ) must be L7: 145
Ắỉᠴ୿Ị ‫ ܤ‬ẟỂẴầẆẝộụợẪẝụộẶỮẇ
2 contrast AFTER ầ.
'(clause 1), but (clause 2).' 'This dictionary is cheap, but it is not very good.'

Ỉ
P Structural patterns Examples Notes GENKI
Ỉ (sentence)Ỉẇ ẶỮờỮ ốỮầẪ NO comma (Ẇ) before Ỉ L2: 38
‫ ᧉ ݦ‬Ị ૨ ‫ ܖ‬ỂẴỈẇ
confirmation
agreement Senmon wa bungaku desu ne.
casual exclamation 'Your major is literature, right?'
ẺẦ
Tag-Q ᭗ ẟỂẴỈẇ
(e.g.) Takai desu ne.
'isn't it?' 'is it?' 'It's expensive, isn't it!'
'don't you?' 'do you?'
'right?' 'you know'

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 Particles in GENKI: Lessons 1-12 (Emmett)
ợ
P Structural patterns Examples Notes GENKI
ợ (sentence)ợẇ ấẟẲẟỂẴợẇ NO comma (Ẇ) before ợ L2: 38
certainty; assertion Oishii desu yo.
'I tell you'; 'I assure you'; 'It's delicious, I assure you.'
'I'm telling you'

ử
P Structural patterns Examples Notes GENKI
ử (direct object)ử(transitive V) ẸỉểẬẟửẪẻẰẟẇ L2: 30
1 direct object marker Sono tokee o kudasai.
No English equivalent 'Give me that watch (close to you).'
ẮủửấỈầẟẲộẴẇ L2: 31
Kore o onegai-shimasu.
'I will have this one.' lit. 'I request (that you do) this one.'
ỉ L3: 57
ẺẟềẟẨẾẰềỮỂἅὊἤὊử ᫩ỚộẴẇ
'I usually drink coffee at the coffee shop.'
ẨẾề ợỮộẟ (someone/something)ử L5: 96
Џ৖ ử ׄ ௏ ẪẻẰẟẇ
#-counter (NO Particle)
'Give me four stamps.'
ẪẻẰẟ
ẪỦộ ạỮềỮ L8: 160
(ᅶỊ) ៻ ử ᢃ ᠃ ẲộẴẇ
'I drive a car.'
ẪỦộ ạỮềỮ
(ᅶỊ) ៻ ỉ ᢃ ᠃ ửẲộẴẇ
'I drive a car.' lit. 'I do car-driving.'
ỈẮỊἱἽἁử᫩ỚẺầẾềẟộẴẇ (someone /something)Ị L11: 215
'A cat wants to drink milk.' (someone /something)ử
V-stem {ẺầỦ὾ẺầẾ
cf. (ᅶỊ)൦{ầ὾ử}᫩ỚẺẟẇ ềẟỦ}
'I want to drink water.'
ử (starting point)ử(intransitive V) ếẩ ềẟ ấ L6: 117
ഏ ỉἢἋ ͣ ỂἢἋử ᨀụộẴẇ
2 detachment;
starting point where some 'I will get off the bus at the next bus stop.'
movement begins
ầẾẮạ ởẴ L6: 117
Ẩỉạ‫ ܖ‬ఄử ˞ ỚộẲẺẇ
'out'; 'off;'; 'from' 'I was absent from school yesterday.'
ảẨ ọầẲẫẼ Ể L6: 280
ᬜỉ ி ӝ ử ЈềẪẻẰẟẇ
'Please go out the east exit of the station.'
ẳỠẩỢạ L11: 212
੉ ಅ ửἇἮẾẺẮểầẝụộẴẦẇ
'Have you ever cut classes?'
ử (passing point)ử(intransitive V) ỚẼ ỪẺ L6: 130
ẝỉ ᢊ ử บ ẾềẪẻẰẟẇ
3 space where some
(unidirectional) movement 'Please cross that street (over there).'
occurs
ởộỚẼ ẝỦ L10: 303
ấẳẟẰỮỊᧈẟ ‫ ޛ‬ᢊ ử ഩ ẟề࠙ụộẲẺẇ
'in'; 'on'; 'across' 'The old man went home by walking on the long mountain road.'

ồ
P Structural patterns Examples Notes GENKI
ồ (place)ồ Ẫ ẳ ầẾẮạ ẟ ồ may be replaced by Ệ. L3: 61
ʋ଺Ệ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ồ ᘍẨộẴẇ
direction
goal of movement 'I will go to school at 9:00.'
'to'

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 Particles in GENKI: Lessons 1-12 (Emmett)
Ệ
P Structural patterns Examples Notes GENKI
Ệ (time / date)Ệ Ẫ ẳ ầẾẮạ ẟ Do NOT use Ệ: L3: 61-62
ʋ଺ Ệ ‫ ܖ‬ఄỆᘍẨộẴẇ
1 a specific point in time ẨỢạ
'at'; 'on' 'I will go to school at 9:00.' ʻଐỆ ẝẲẺỆ
ộẟỆẼ ộẟịỮ
ỆẼợạỎ ảẟầ Ớ ൑ ଐỆ ൑ ୌỆ
ଐ୴ଐ Ệ ପဒửᙸộẴẇ
ẟếỆ
'I will see a movie on Sunday.'
Ệ (place)Ệ Ẫ ẳ ầẾẮạ ẟ Ệ may be replaced by ồ. L3: 60
ʋ଺Ệ‫ ܖ‬ఄỆ ᘍẨộẴẇ
2 direction ; destination;
goal of movement 'I will go to school at 9:00.'
'to'
Ệ (place)Ệ ỉ L5: 99
ἢἋỆ ʈẾềẪẻẰẟẇ
3 destination
'in'; 'on'; 'to' 'Please get on the bus.'
ộẟịỮ Ẫ ẳ ỐỨ Ịẟ L6: 117
൑ ୌ ʋ଺Ệấ᫘ԏỆ λ ụộẴẇ
'I take a bath at 9:00 every night.'
‫ޛ‬ɦέဃỊợẪἘἾἥỆ ЈộẴẇ L9: 173
'Professor Yamashita often appears on TV.'
ẼẦ ởộ ỉỗ Ẵ L11: 212
ᡈ Ẫỉ ‫ ޛ‬Ệ ႇ Ủỉầ‫ڤ‬ẨỂẴẇ
'I like climbing a nearby mountain.'
ụỠạầẪ L11: 213
ỶἀἼἋỆ သ ‫ ܖ‬ẲẺẮểầẝụộẴẦẇ
'Have you ever been to England for study?'
Ệ (place)Ệ ẮạảỮ L4: 75
π ‫ ט‬Ệ ‫܇‬ỄờầẟộẴẇ
4 location of existence
'in'; 'at'; 'on'; 'for' 'Children are in the park.'
ẻẟầẪ
ἱ἟Ἇἑ‫ ܖ ٻ‬ỊỄẮỆẝụộẴẦẇ
'Where is the University of Minnesota?'
ẟẴ ẴỪ L6: 116
ౝ‫ ܇‬Ệ ࡈ ẾềẪẻẰẟẇ
'Please seat yourself in a chair.'
ẝỆ ểạẨỢạ Ẵ L7: 135
Ω Ị ி ʮ Ệ ˰ỮỂẟộẴẇ
'My older brother lives in Tokyo.'

൐Ị‫ٻ‬Ẩẟ˟ᅈ ỆếểỜềẟộẴẇ
'My mother {works for / is employed at} a big company.'
ẦỈ ởẴ ể L10: 193
ấ ᣿ ầễẦẾẺẦỤẆ ‫ ܤ‬ẟἭἘἽỆ ජộẾẺẇ
'I didn't have money, so I stayed at a cheap hotel.'
Ặẟ ẳ ẨỢạ Ớ L12: 229
(ᅶỊ)ଐஜỉ ૎ ඙ Ệ ᐻ ԛầẝụộẴẇ
'I {am interested in / have an interest in} Japanese politics.'

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 Particles in GENKI: Lessons 1-12 (Emmett)
Ệ
P Structural patterns Examples Notes GENKI
Ệ (X Ị) (indirect object)Ệ(direct ỪẺẲ ẮạảỮ ểờ ẝ L4: 75
( ᅶ Ị) Ẩỉạ π ‫ ט‬Ể ӐẻẼỆ ˟ẟộẲẺẇ
5 object ử) V
'I saw my friend in the park yesterday.'
target; recipient
'to'; 'for' ỪẺẲ ỖỮẻ ề ầỚ Ầ
( ᅶ Ị) ஜဋẰỮỆ ৖ ኡ ử ୿ẨộẲẺẇ
'I wrote a letter to Ms. Honda.'
ỪẺẲ ẺễẦ ẳẦỮ Ẩ L5: 99
( ᅶ Ị) ဋɶẰỮỆ଺᧓ ử ᎥẨộẲẺẇ
'I asked Mr. Tanaka the time.'
ểẲỢẦỮ ỖỮ Ầả L6:116-117
(ẝễẺỊ) ‫୿׋‬᫾ Ệ ஜ ử ᡉ ẲộẲẺẦẇ
'Did you return the book to the library?'
ểờ ỂỮỪ
(ᅶỊ) ӐẻẼỆ ᩓᛅ ửẦẬộẲẺẇ
'I made a phone call to my friend.'
ảẟắ ấẲ
ẴỚộẶỮẇ(ᅶỆ)ẼỢẾểᒍᛖ ử૙ảềẪẻẰẟẇ
'Excuse me. Please teach me English a little.'
ẦẹẪ Ầ L10: 190
(ᅶỊ) ܼଈ ỆấỚởậ ử ᝰẟộẲẺẇ
'I bought a souvenir for my family.'
ẲỢạẦẟ ẲỢạẦẟ L11: 213
(ᅶỊ) ဋɶẰỮỆஜဋẰỮử ኰ ʼ ẲộẲẺẇ X Ệ Y ử ኰ ʼ ẴỦ
'I introduced Ms. Honda to Mr. Tanaka.' 'introduce Y to X'
Ệ (someone)Ệ(something)ử ẝỈ ẦỈ Ầ L6: 117
(ᅶỊ) ‫ ڻ‬Ệấ ᣿ ử ͈ụộẲẺẇ
6 source
'by'; 'from' 'I borrowed money from my older sister.'
ẝỆ L9: 173
(ᅶỊ) Ω ỆẨẾỒ ửờỤẾẺẇ
'I received a ticket from my older brother.'
Ệ (something) Ệ ỤẟẲỠạụỢẮạ ẟ L6: 128
ஹ ᡵ ଄ᘍ Ệ ᘍẨộẴẇ
7 purpose; role
'for'; 'as' 'I will go on a trip next week.'
Ầ L11: 217
ấỚởậ ỆấẦẲửᝰẟộẴẇ
'I will buy snacks as a souvenir.'
ἡ἟ἲὊὅỆἡὁỶỆᘍẨộẴẇ
'We'll go to Hawaii for our honeymoon.'
Ệ (V-stem) Ệ motion V ỄẮỆẝẸỎ Ệ ᘍẨộẲỢạẦẇ L7: 140
8 purpose of movement 'Where shall we go to have fun?'
'to (V-infinitive)'

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 Particles in GENKI: Lessons 1-12 (Emmett)
Ể
P Structural patterns Examples Notes GENKI
Ể (place)Ể ỉ L3: 60
ẺẟềẟẨẾẰềỮỂἅὊἤὊử᫩ỚộẴẇ
1 place of action
'at; in; on' 'I usually drink coffee at the coffee shop.'
ỊẺỤ cf. L11: 212
༵Ịிʮỉ˟ᅈỂ ΁ ẟềẟộẴẇ (workplace)ỆếểỜỦ
'My father works at a company in Tokyo.'
Ể (place)Ể ẻẟầẪ L4: 77
‫ ܖ ٻ‬Ể ἅὅἇὊἚầẝụộẴẇ
2 place of event
'at'; 'in'; 'on' 'There is a concert at the university.'
Ể (something )Ể Ẽ Ầ ềế ễẦ ẟẼịỮỊở L10: 194
ἢἋểᩓ៻ể‫ע‬ɦ ᤧ ỉ ɶ ỂẆỄủầ ɟ ဪ ᡮ ẟỂẴẦẇ
3 scope; range
'in'; 'among' 'Among bus, train and subway, which [one] is the fastest?'
ẟẼịỮ ỔỮẨỢạ
ẮỉἁἻἋ(ỉɶ) Ể ဋɶẰỮầ ɟ ဪ ợẪ Ѡ ࢍ ẲộẴẇ
'Mr. Tanaka studies most in this class.'
Ể (something)Ể ỊỤ L10: 193
ἁἾἊἕἚỽὊἛỂ ৚ ẾềờẟẟỂẴẦẇ
4 means / instruments to do
something 'May I pay by credit card?'
'by'; 'in'; 'on'; 'with'; 'using' ଐஜᛖ Ể ᛅẲộẲỢạẇ
'Let's talk in Japanese!'
(ᅶỊ)ẺẟềẟỊẲỂắỊỮử᫢ỔộẴẇ
'I usually eat meals with chopsticks.'
Ể (something)Ể ỚẵạỚ ỡạỜẟ L11: 210
ἱ἟ἏἑỊẨủẟễ ฯ Ể ஊ Ӹ ỂẴẇ
5 reason; cause
'because of'; 'due to'; 'for' 'Minnesota is famous for beautiful lakes.'

ỎỢạẨ ẟẼỆẼ
༵Ị၏ൢ Ể ɟ ଐ ˁʙử˞ỚộẲẺẇ
'My father got a day off of work because of illness.'

ẫỤẟ
P Structural patterns Examples Notes GENKI
ẫ (number-counter)ẫỤẟ ềẟ ểờ ẟẼ ẳ ẦỮ ộ ẫỤẟ may be replaced by L4: 75
ἢἋ ͣ ỂӐẻẼử ɟ ଺ ᧓ ẫỤẟ ࢳẼộẲẺẇ
Ụ (demonstrative adj.)ẫỤẟ ẪỤẟ.
'I waited for my friend at a bus stop for about an hour.'
ẟ approximate extent ảẨ L10: 190
'about' ிʮᬜộỂỄỉẫỤẟẦẦụộẴẦẇ
'How long(, approximately,) will it take to get to Tokyo Station?'

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 Particles in GENKI: Lessons 1-12 (Emmett)
ể
P Structural patterns Examples Notes GENKI
ể noun ể noun ỆẪ ở Ằẟ Ầ L4: 81
ἋὊἣὊỂᎹ ể ᣼ ᓔ ửᝰẟộẴẇ
1 exhaustive listing
'and' 'I will buy meat and vegetables at the supermarket.'

ỖỮở ỎỢạẟỮ ẝẟẻ

ஜ‫ދ‬Ị ၏ ᨈ ể ἙἣὊἚỉ ᧓ ỂẲẺẇ
'The bookstore was between a hospital and a department store.'
ể (someone/something)ể ẟờạể ảẟầ Ớ ẟ ể ᾌ ểẟẾẲỢỆ L4: 81
‫ ڶ‬ỊểờẻẼểପဒửᙸỆᘍẨộẲẺẇ
2 partner that does something
w/ the subject of a clause 'My younger sister went to see a movie with her friend.'
'with'; 'from'
ỤẟỈỮ ẬẾẮỮ L7: 135
ஹ ࠰ ἮὊỶἧἾὅἛể ኽ ۟ ẲộẴẇ
'I will marry with my boyfriend next year.'
ἽὊἲἳὊἚểẬỮẦẲẺẪẝụộẶỮẇ L11: 213
'I don't want to quarrel with my roommate.'
ởộờể ẦỉẳỢ ỪẦ L12: 229
‫ ޛ‬ஜ ẰỮỊࢬ ‫ ڡ‬ể К ủẺẇ
'Mr. Yamamoto {broke up with / separated from} his girlfriend.'
ể (clause) ể ấờ L8: 155
(ᅶỊ)ҤẰỮỊ‫ܖ‬ဃẻ ể࣬ ẟộẴẇ
3 quotative marker
'that' 'I think (that) Mr. Minami is a student.'
ỚẼẮ ẟ
ᢊ‫܇‬ẰỮỊɶ‫׎‬ỆᘍẨẺẟể ᚕẾềẟộẴẇ
'Michiko {says / is saying} that she wants to go to China.'

ộỂ
P Structural patterns Examples Notes GENKI
ộ (ending point)ộỂ ẨẾ Ồ L5: 99
ЏᇷỊἉỽἆ ộỂẟẪỤỂẴẦẇ
Ể temporal /spatial limit
'as far as'; 'till'; 'to': 'up to'; 'until'; 'As for a ticket, how much is it (to get) as far as Chicago?'
ỔỮẨỢạ
'through' ׄ଺ẦỤο଺ ộỂ Ѡ ࢍ ẲộẲẺẇ
'I studied from 4:00 to 8:00.'

ẦỤ
P Structural patterns Examples Notes GENKI
Ầ (situation clause)ẇ(reason ẟẸ ẳ ẦỮ ẦỤ MUST be L6: 121
࣯ ẩộẲỢạẇ଺ ᧓ ầẝụộẶỮẦỤẇ
Ụ clause) ẦỤẇ immediately AFTER
'Let's hurry! (It's) because we don't have time.' (reason clause)
1 (reason clause) ẦỤẆ ẳ ẦỮ ẟẸ L7: 285
(situation clause)ẇ ଺ ᧓ ầẝụộẶỮẦỤẆ ࣯ ẩộẲỢạẇ L9: 177
'Because we don't have time, let's hurry!'
reason; explanation 'We don't have time, so let's hurry!'
'because (reason clause)';
'(reason clause), so . . .' ấẟẲẟὁỶὅầẝụộẴẦỤẆ᫩ỚỆẨộẶỮẦẇ
'I have good-tasting wine, so won't you come have a drink?'
'Won't you come have a drink? (It's) because I have good-tasting wine.'
Ầ (starting point)ẦỤ ẝẰ ịỮ ỔỮẨỢạ L5:
ஔ ẦỤ ୌ ộỂ Ѡ ࢍ ẲộẲẺẇ additional
Ụ temporal /spatial starting point
'I studied from morning till night.'
2 'from' ầẾẮạ Ầả L7: 285
‫ ܖ‬ఄẦỤ ࠙ ẾềẆẳỠẪỆᘍẨộẴẇ
'I come home from school and go to cram school.'

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 Particles in GENKI: Lessons 1-12 (Emmett)
ợụ
P Structural patterns Examples Notes GENKI
ợ (someone/something)ợụ ẝẺẺ comparison of two items L10: 194
ἡὁỶỉỖạầἱ἟Ἇἑợụ ଡ଼ ẦẟỂẴẇ
ụ basis of comparison
'{more ~ / -er) than' 'Hawaii is warmer than Minnesota.'
ớẵẦ L10: 197
ଐஜᛖỊЭ ợụ ᩊ ẲẪễụộẲẺẇ
'Japanese language has gotten more difficult than before.'

ẻẬ
P Structural patterns Examples Notes GENKI
ẻ (number-counter)ẻẬ ọể L11: 213
(ᅶỊ)ụỮắử ɟ ế ẻẬ ᝰẾẺẇ
Ậ limit
'just'; 'only' 'I bought only one apple.'
ỐẺụ
‫ܖ‬ဃầʚʴẻẬஹẺẇ
'Just two students came.'

ở
P Structural patterns Examples Notes GENKI
ở noun ở noun ἋὊἣὊỂἥὊἽở ἊἷὊἋửᝰạếờụẻẇ cf. (noun) ể (noun) L11: 216
inexhaustive listing 'I intend to buy beer and juice, (and things like that) at a supermarket.'
'and (, and things like that)'; 'and
so forth'; 'for example'

ễỄ
P Structural patterns Examples Notes GENKI
ễ (someone/something)ễỄ ἠὊἚởảỮỏế ễỄầẟụộẴẇ (X ở) Y ễỄ L12: 313
Ễ exemplification 'We need notebooks, pencils, and so on.'
'and so on'; 'and the like';
'for example'; 'etc.' ẨỉạἠὊἚễỄ(ử)ᝰẟộẲẺẇ
'I bought notebooks, etc. yesterday.'

The contents of this table have not been reviewed or approved by the University of Minnesota, the publisher of GENKI or
the authors of GENKI. The author of this table is solely responsible for any errors or inaccuracies contained in this
table.

This table may be revised as necessary. The author encourages the users to discuss with their classmates and/or instructors,
should they have grammatical questions on particles. If you have any comments or questions regarding this table, contact Keiko
Emmett at < emme0007@umn.edu >. (created: March 15, 2005; 1st revision: July 20, 2005; 2nd revision: Aug. 6, 2006)

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 Particles in GENKI: Lessons 1-12 (Emmett)
References

Banno, Eri, Yutaka Ohno, Yoko Sakane and Chikako Shinagawa. 1999. Genki: An integrated course in elementary Japanese I.
Tokyo: The Japan Times.
Endo-Simon, Mutsuko. 1986. Supplementary grammar notes to An introduction to modern Japanese: Part 1 Lessons 1-15.
Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan.
Endo-Simon, Mutsuko. 1987. Supplementary grammar notes to An introduction to modern Japanese: Part 2 Lessons 15-30.
Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan.
Jorden, Eleanor with Mari Noda. 1987. Japanese: The spoken Language Part I. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Jorden, Eleanor with Mari Noda. 1988. Japanese: The spoken Language Part II. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Jorden, Eleanor with Mari Noda. 1990. Japanese: The spoken Language Part III. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Kojien (Japanese language dictionary, Fifth edition). 1997. Izuru Shinmura (ed.) Tokyo: Iwanami shoten.
Kuno, Susumu. 1973. Nihon bunpoo kenkyuu ('Research on Japanese grammar'). Tokyo: Taishukan.
Makino, Seiichi and Michio Tsutsui. 1986. A dictionary of Basic Japanese grammar. Tokyo: The Japan Times.
Obusha kokugo jiten (Japanese language dictionary). 1982. Kenji Shuzui, et al. Tokyo: Obunsha.
Reikai shin kokugo jiten (Japanese language dictionary, Sixth edition). 2002. Shiro Hayashi, et al. Tokyo: Sanseido.

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