HW9

Thursday, 22. April 2021

5.21 The Cessna Cardinal, a single-engine light plane, has a wing with an area of
16.2 m2 and an aspect ratio of 7.31. Assume that the span efficiency factor is 0.62. If the airplane is flying at
standard sea-level conditions with a velocity of 251 km/h, what is the induced drag when the total weight is
9800 N?

5.23, Consider a finite wing with an area and aspect ratio of 21.5 m2 and 5, respectively (this is comparable to
the wing on a Gates Learjet, a twin-jet executive transport). Assume that the wing has a NACA 65-210 airfoil, a
span efficiency factor of 0.9, and a profile drag coefficient of 0.004. If the wing is at a 6° angle of attack,
calculate CL and CD.

5.24, During the 1920s and early 1930s, the NACA obtained wind tunnel data on different airfoils by testing
finite wings with an aspect ratio of 6. These data were then “corrected” to obtain infinite-wing airfoil
characteristics. Consider such a finite wing with an area and aspect ratio of 1.5 ft2 and 6, respectively,
mounted in a wind tunnel where the test-section flow velocity is 100 ft/s at standard sea-level conditions.
When the wing is pitched to α = −2°, no lift is measured. When the wing is pitched to α = 10°, a lift of 17.9 lb is
measured. Calculate the lift slope for the airfoil (the infinite wing) if the span effectiveness factor is 0.95.

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5.27, The airfoil on the Lockheed F-104 straight-wing supersonic fighter is a thin, symmetric airfoil with a
thickness ratio of 3.5 percent. Consider this airfoil in a flow at an angle of attack of 5°. The incompressible lift
coefficient for the airfoil is given approximately by cl = 2πα, where α is the angle of attack in radians. Estimate
the airfoil lift coefficient for (a) M = 0.2, (b) M = 0.7, and (c) M = 2.0.

5.28, The whirling-arm test device used in 1804 by Sir George Cayley is shown in Figure 1.7. Cayley was the
first person to make measurements of the lift on inclined surfaces. In his 1804 notebook, he wrote that on a
flat surface moving through the air at 21.8 ft/s at 3° angle of attack, a lift force of 1 ounce was measured. The
flat surface was a 1 ft by 1 ft square. Calculate the lift coefficient for this condition. Compare this measured
value with that predicted by the expression for lift coefficient for a flat-plate airfoil in incompressible flow
given by cl = 2πα, where α is in radians. What are the reasons for the differences in the two results? (See
Anderson, A History of Aerodynamics and Its Impact on Flying Machines, Cambridge University Press, 1997,
pp. 68–71, for a detailed discussion of this matter.)

5.30 Consider a finite wing with an aspect of ratio of 7; the airfoil section of the wing is a symmetric airfoil
with an infinite-wing lift slope of 0.11 per degree. The lift-to- drag ratio for this wing is 29 when the lift
coefficient is equal to 0.35. If the angle of attack remains the same and the aspect ratio is simply increased to
10 by adding extensions to the span of the wing, what is the new value of the lift-to-drag ratio? Assume that
the span efficiency factors e = e1 = 0.9 for both cases.

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