UWB PRINTED SECTORAL MONOPOLE

ANTENNA WITH DUAL POLARIZATION

K. P. Ray, S. S. Thakur, and R. A. Deshmukh
SAMEER, IIT Campus, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, Maharashtra,
India; Corresponding author: kpray@rediffmail.com

Received 22 November 2011

ABSTRACT: A printed sectoral monopole antenna with ultra wide

bandwidth has been proposed. This configuration is formed by chopping
off a quarter part of a circular printed disc. The ultra wide bandwidth
has been obtained in the frequency range from 1.84 to 11.82 GHz with
dual polarization radiation patterns. The experimental and simulated
results for this proposed antenna are presented, which are in agreement.
V
C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:2066–

2070, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com.

DOI 10.1002/mop.27039

Key words: printed sectoral monopole antenna; dual-polarization;

polarization diversity; ultra wide bandwidth

1. INTRODUCTION
Presently, wireless communication technology is growing expo-
nentially with requirement of multiband/wide band antennas.
For an efficient communication system, one needs to have larger
bandwidth, which with the approval of UWB for commercial
use in Feb 2002 by FCC, has further increased the demand of
UWB antennas [1]. In this regards, to increase the capacity of
communication systems, one prefers to use dual polarization.
These antennas increase channel capacity per frequency in many
applications and reduce the side effects of multipath fading [2–
5]. Also, dual polarized operation has found many applications
in wireless communication systems that requires frequency reuse
or polarization diversity, for example, useful for all UMTS
bands (European frequency allocation from 1.9 to 2.2 GHz for
UMTS-TDD, UMTS-Sat, UMTS-FDD) [5]. In reported designs,
Figure 2 Theoretical and measured (a) impedance loci and (b) VSWR
for obtaining dual polarization, generally two port excitations
(……..Simulated, ____ Experimental)
were used, which may lead to undesired coupling. This coupling
affects the radiation pattern and impedance bandwidth of antenna [6]. The challenge lies in obtaining the dual polarization
for large bandwidth.
Dual polarized antennas excite two orthogonal modes simul-
taneously, which generate the vertically and horizontally polar-
ized electric field [7]. In this article, dual polarized printed sec-
toral monopole antenna (PSMA) has been presented, which
yields dual polarization over the bandwidth of 10.5 GHz cen-
tered around 5 GHz, from 1.5 to 12 GHz. The uniqueness of the
proposed geometry is to provide dual polarization with single
feed, which does not require any external circuitry of microstrip
feed. The bandwidth range of this antenna would be very useful
for 1800 GSM, 1900 PCS, 2.4 GHz Bluetooth—ISM, AWS,
UWB, and Radio Relay System [5, 8]. It can also find applica-
tions in multi-input multi-output (MIMO) technologies, mobile
backhaul applications, and radio frequency identification (RFID)
antennas to provide polarization diversity [9, 10].

2. GEOMETRY AND DESIGN OF PSMA

The proposed configuration is as shown in Figure 1. The PSMA
patch has been derived from a circular disc monopole antenna
of diameter 40 mm, which is designed at lower band-edge fre-
quency of around 1.5 GHz [11–13] on glass epoxy (FR4) sub-
strate with thickness ¼ 1.59 mm, dielectric constant er ¼ 4.3,
and loss tangent tan d ¼ 0.01. A quarter of circular disc patch
Figure 1 Geometry of PSMA has been chopped off from the upper portion of the circular

2066 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 54, No. 9, September 2012 DOI 10.1002/mop
 Figure 3 Simulated vector current distribution on patch at (a) 3.5 GHz (b) 5 GHz, and (c) 9 GHz

Figure 4 Simulated and measured radiation patterns at 3.5 GHz for various planes (i) Co-pol, (ii) Cross-pol (…….Simulated, _____
Experimental)

DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 54, No. 9, September 2012 2067
 Figure 5 Simulated and measured radiation patterns at 5 GHz for various planes Co-pol, (ii) Cross-pol (…….Simulated, _____
Experimental)

disc, making it a sectoral antenna. The resulting configuration can
be viewed as superposition of two semicircular patches with radius
R ¼ 20 mm; one vertically oriented semicircle patch with height
(diameter) of 40 mm and another horizontally placed semicircular
patch with similar dimension. The PSMA patch is fabricated on
FR4 substrate of size 65
65 mm2. For excitation of the antenna,
a microstrip line feed with partial backing ground plane of size 65

20 mm2 has been used [12, 13]. The microstrip feed line is
designed with width of 2.8 mm for the impedance of 50 X. The
feed position is optimized so that two polarizations are excited
with good match leading to larger bandwidth. The 50 X feed posi-
tion has been achieved by moving the microstrip feed along the
base (horizontal section) of the PSMA patch. To obtain improved
input match the feed is shifted by x ¼ 3.75 mm with a feed gap
of p ¼ 0.1 mm as shown in Figure 1 [12–14]. The theoretical
study has been carried out using IE3D software [15].
3. RESULTS
Measurements have been carried out to verify the input imped-
ance loci, bandwidth corresponding to VSWR < 2, gain and
dual polarized radiation patterns. The simulated and measured
input impedance loci and corresponding VSWR are shown in
Figures 2(a) and 2(b), respectively. It is observed that the meas-
ured bandwidth for VSWR < 2 is from 1.5 to 12 GHz (BW ¼
10.5 GHz) and the corresponding simulated bandwidth is from
1.8 to 11.8 GHz (BW ¼ 10.0 GHz). The differences in

2068 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 54, No. 9, September 2012 DOI 10.1002/mop
 Figure 6 Simulated and measured radiation patterns at 9 GHz for various planes(i) Co-pol, (ii) Cross-pol (…….Simulated, _____
Experimental)

simulated and measured values can be attributed to the differ-
ence in loss tangent of the commercial grade FR4 substrate.
When sectoral monopole antenna is fed, vertical and horizon-
tal semicircular patches, having same resonance frequency, get
excited simultaneously. The surface currents distribution is along
the vertical and horizontal part of the patch. As shown in Figure
3, the simulated current density is more on edges rather than
central part of the vertical and horizontal patches. The vector
current direction has two major components; vertical and hori-
zontal. This characteristic makes the proposed antenna to radiate
linearly in two orthogonal directions making it dual polarized
antenna at same frequency. The corresponding simulated and
measured radiation patterns justify this argument.
The radiation patterns were simulated over the complete im-
pedance bandwidth and experiments were conducted to validate
the same at various frequencies. Here, radiation patterns are
shown only for three frequencies of 3.5, 5, and 9 GHz. The radi-
ation patterns were plotted on all the three principal planes, that
is, x–y, y–z, and x–z planes. Figures 4–6 compare simulated and F4-F6
experimental radiation patterns. It is noted that co-pol levels are
almost same as that of the cross-pol levels indicating the dual
polarization. The dual polarized radiation of this antenna was
also verified by using linear polarized dipole as receiving
antenna, which received same power level in two orthogonal
planes. The single feed of the PSMA excites two orthogonal
semicircular arms of the antenna, which has identical dimen-
sions, leading to generation of dual polarization. The radiation
patterns in three principal planes are the superimposition of two
orthogonal linear polarizations of two arms of PSMA, that is,
combinations of figure of eight and omnidirectional patterns.

DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 54, No. 9, September 2012 2069

Figure 7 Photograph of the fabricated PSMA
Figure 8 Maximum gain and radiation efficiency versus frequency
(GHz) (_ _ _ Gain, ____ Efficiency)
There is agreement between theoretical and measured radiation
patterns. The differences between measured and simulated radia-
tion patterns are due to manual alignment errors and reflections
from the various objects present inside the laboratory, where
measurements were carried out. The photograph of the fabri-
cated antenna of optimized configuration is shown in Figure 7.
Figure 8 shows the maximum gain and the radiation effi-
ciency. The maximum gain varies between 2 and 6.5 dBi for the
entire 10 GHz bandwidth and the corresponding radiation effi-
ciency varies from 90 to 98%. These parameters make this
antenna an efficient radiator for the required range of bandwidth.
4. CONCLUSIONS
The PSMA has been proposed for ultra wide bandwidth with
dual linear polarizations. Simulations and measurements have
been carried out for input impedance/VSWR variation with fre-
quency and dual polarized radiation patterns, which are in agree-
ment. The measured and simulated bandwidth ratio of this
2070 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 54, No. 9, September 2012
antenna is 10.5:1 and 10:1, respectively for VSWR < 2:1, which
is very useful range for many communication bands. The dual
polarization increases the capacity of the communication link,
thus are used for mobile back-haul applications, MIMO technol-
ogies, and RFID reader system.
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V
C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
TEMPERATURE INFLUENCE ON
POLARIZATION EFFECTS IN OPTICAL
FIBERS
A. Bessa dos Santos,1 G. Borghi,2 and G. Vilela de Faria3
1
Department of Electrical Circuits, Federal University of Juiz de
Fora, MG, Brazil; Corresponding author:
alexandre.bessa@ufjf.edu.br
2
National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology Vilela de
Faria, Giancarlo, Brazil
3
Center for Telecommunications Studies, Pontifical Catholic
University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Received 22 November 2011
ABSTRACT: The differential group delay (DGD) behavior of single-
mode optical fibers was analyzed with regards to temperature variation.
It was observed that the DGD curve shape along the wavelength axis
DOI 10.1002/mop