1-President Lyndon B.

Johnson launched a set of programs called the Great Society to eliminate poverty,
racial injustice and improve health care. Many of these programs benefited more than 195 million
Americans, yet the Great Society and Johnson's "War on Poverty" had their critics. Some events and
problems affected the Great Society's success; It did not fully materialize when the administration
turned its attention to foreign affairs. Public spending on domestic problems, along with the Vietnam
War, put significant pressure on the economy and, as a result, many of these initiatives were bypassed
in their full development. Critics of the Great Society said it added layers of bureaucracy and wasted
money on "handouts" to people who didn't deserve them. Still, others rejected the idea that the federal
government should take on these tasks. The Great Society's impact in many areas is indisputable as
today's political leaders still struggle with how to deal with the problems of poverty, healthcare, and
education.

2- The Chicano Movement of the 1960s was a civil rights movement that extended Mexican-American
Civil Rights to achieve Mexican-American Empowerment. After the war, growth and recovery in the
United States consisted of reshaping America again, causing a wide gap of inequality between rich and
poor and causing violence and destruction.

3- The Feminine Mystique is a book by Betty Friedan that broke new ground by exploring the idea that
women find personal fulfillment outside of their traditional roles as homemakers. The book became a
sensation, creating a social revolution by dispelling the myth that all women wanted to be happy
homemakers. Friedan encouraged women to seek new opportunities for themselves. She wanted
women to have a more significant role in the political process. The Feminine Mystique helped promote
the National Organization for Women (NOW) movement to fight for women's rights. The book helped
transform public consciousness and brought many women to the forefront of the women's movement,
just as it propelled Friedan to her early leadership.

4- In the 1960s and 1970s, the Environmental Movement turned its attention to pollution and
successfully lobbied Congress to pass measures to promote cleaner air and water. In the late 1970s, the
movement increasingly addressed the environmental threats created by toxic waste disposal. Towards
the end of the century, the ecological agenda also included global problems such as ozone depletion and
global warming.

5- In the early 1960s, African Americans in cities across the country were increasingly frustrated by the
high level of poverty in their communities. The riots were caused by white racism and widespread
discrimination and segregation, harsh and poor conditions in the ghetto, and the frustration of hopes
and a feeling of powerlessness on many blacks.

6- There were multiple causes of the urban crisis in the 1970s; urban decay and increased poverty,
deplorable economic and social conditions of the communities: ruined communities, low possibility of
receiving medical attention, increased suburbs, and unemployment.

7- The scandal stemmed from the Nixon administration's continuous attempts to cover up its
involvement in the June 17, 1972 break-in of the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the
Washington, D.C. Watergate Office Building. The Watergate scandal resulted in 69 government officials
being charged and 48 being found guilty. Many Americans lost faith in the government and caused the
reputation of the presidency to be significantly damaged.
8- In the late 1960s and early 1970s, feminists viewed the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) as the only
way to eliminate all legal discrimination based on gender in the United States. But some time later,
some things changed; Out of nowhere, a determined and highly organized opposition emerged,
suggesting that the ERA's ratification would lead to the complete breakdown of traditional American
society. Phyllis Schlafly created a campaign called STOP ERA, which was against the amendment and was
based on the belief that it would eliminate laws designed to protect women. The campaign argued that
the laws already protected women, and making the ERA gender-neutral would deprive women of their
special protections and privileges. Schlafly argued that the ERA would bring many undesirable changes
for American women. Feminist groups claimed that the idea of gender equality was hit hard in the
United States; They saw women divided against other women.

9- The Stonewall riots were a series of demonstrations by members of the gay (LGBT) community in
response to a police raid on the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan,
New York City. The Stonewall riots catalyzed the gay rights movement in the United States and around
the world.

10- The New Right was a conservative movement that existed in American politics from 1956 to the
1980s. In the wake of the Goldwater campaign, the New Right became more populist and religious and
affiliated with the Christian Right during the 1970s. The New Right was supported by Christian religious
leaders who were part of the Religious Right; Many American Catholics agreed with the New Right's
sentiments.

11- In his “Crisis of Confidence” speech, President Jimmy Carter reflects on what he has learned from
listening to the American people. He sympathizes with America’s pain and frustration over the impact of
oil and the economic recession. However, his solution to these problems speaks more about character
and morale than of jobs and oil prices. Carter describes specific policy proposals on energy. All these
proposals follow a common theme: conservation. Urge Congress to require the nation’s utilities to cut
oil use by 50% over the next decade. Call on all states, cities, even individuals to use less and conserve
more. President Jimmy Carter Criticizes American’s Reaction to the Oil Crisis; however, what was
intended to be a refined criticism is instead interpreted as a crude excuse, fueling tensions between the
White House and the American people. In Ronald Reagan’s “First Inaugural” speech, he inspires people
to revitalize the American government and rebuild the economy. Reagan also emphasizes the
importance of giving power back to the people and motivating people to improve the economy by
calling the common worker an “American hero.” Reagan argues that a better future is in the hands of
the people, not the federal government. He points out that people are the everyday heroes who keep
the economy alive. Reagan, through calls to action, creates a tone of patriotism that inspires
determination for the future. “It is time for us to realize that we are too great a nation to limit ourselves
to small dreams.”

12- The Laffer Curve is a theory developed by supply-side economist Arthur Laffer to show the
relationship between tax rates and tax revenue collected by governments. The curve is used to illustrate
Laffer's argument that sometimes-cutting tax rates can increase total tax revenue. The Laffer Curve is
based on the economic idea that people will adjust their behavior in the face of the incentives created
by income tax rates. Higher-income tax rates decrease the motivation to work and invest compared to
lower rates.
13- Jesse Jackson is an American civil rights activist, Baptist minister, and politician. Jackson has been
known for commanding public attention since he first started working for Martin Luther King Jr. He
participated in the Selma to Montgomery marches organized by James Bevel, King, and other civil rights
leaders in Alabama.

14- Roe v. Wade was a landmark legal decision issued on January 22, 1973, in which the U.S. Supreme
Court struck down a Texas statute banning abortion, effectively legalizing the procedure across the
United States. The Court held that a woman's right to an abortion was implicit in the right to privacy
protected by the 14th Amendment to the Constitution. During the first trimester, when it was believed
that the procedure was safer than childbirth, the Court ruled that the government could not restrict a
woman's ability to choose to abort a pregnancy other than minimal medical safeguards such as requiring
a licensed physician to perform the procedure.

15- The disease AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) first appeared in the early 1980s and
rapidly became an epidemic among homosexual men. Intravenous drug users who shared needles,
blood transfusion patients, and women with infected sexual partners were also at risk of contracting
AIDS. At first, the US government did little to respond to the crisis; it eventually committed millions of
dollars to research, care, and public education.

16- The Iran-Contra Affair was a secret U.S. arms deal that traded missiles and other arms to free some
Americans held hostage by terrorists in Lebanon and used funds from the arms deal to support armed
conflict in Nicaragua. The controversial deal—and the ensuing political scandal—threatened to bring
down the presidency of Ronald Reagan. Senior administration officials secretly facilitated the sale of
arms to the Khomeini government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which was the subject of an arms
embargo. The administration hoped to use the proceeds of the arms sale to fund the Contras in
Nicaragua. Under the Boland Amendment, further funding of the Contras by the government had been
prohibited by Congress. The official justification for the arms shipments was that they were part of an
operation to free seven American hostages being held in Lebanon by Hezbollah, a paramilitary group
with Iranian ties connected to the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps. The plan was for Israel to ship
weapons to Iran, for the United States to resupply Israel, and for Israel to pay the United States.

17- The Nuclear Freeze campaign was a mass movement in the United States during the 1980s to secure
an agreement between the U.S. and Soviet governments to halt the testing, production, and
deployment of nuclear weapons. President Reagan proposed new space- and ground-based defense
systems to protect the United States from nuclear missiles in his 1984 Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI).
Scientists argued that it was technologically unfeasible, and it was criticized in the media as the “Star
Wars” program.

18- The Gulf War was a war waged by coalition forces from 35 nations led by the United States against
Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait from oil pricing and production disputes.
The Gulf War occurred in 1990 and 1991 when Iraq invaded Kuwait. UN, NATO, and United States forces
responded by attacking and pushing Iraqi troops out of Kuwait.

19- During his early 2002 State of the Union Address, Bush set forth what has become known as the
Bush Doctrine. It held that the United States would implement a preemptive military strikes policy
against nations known to be harboring or aiding a terrorist organization hostile to the United States. The
US's responsibility is to protect itself by promoting democracy where the terrorists are located to
undermine the basis for terrorist activities. The US invasion of Iraq in 2003 was the culmination of a long
series of events and the product of many complexes, different, and yet interrelated factors. In the first
instance, it was a part of the counterattack the US embarked on against terrorism in the wake of the
9/11 atrocities. Saddam Hussein's links to terrorist organizations in the past qualified Iraq as a state
sponsor of terrorism and, therefore, a target under the criteria George W. Bush set out when he
announced the war on terror in his 2002 State of the Union. Once Afghanistan was invaded, the Taliban
regime was overthrown, and the remnants of al-Qaeda scattered, Iraq represented the next logical step
in the War on Terror.