Ansi C57.13-1978

ANSI/I E E E C57.
13-1978
(Revision of ANSI (37.13-1968)
requirements for
instrument transformers
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SH06700
December 29, 1978
Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

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ANSVIEEE C57.13-1978
2 7 January 1986
ADOPTION NOTICE
This non-Government document was a d o p t e d on 27 J a n u a r y 1986, a n d is approved for use by t h e DoD. The
P
indicated industry group h a s furnished t h e clearance required by existing regulations. Copies of t h e document a r e
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activities only. Contractors a n d industry groups must obtain copies from IEEE, 345 East 47th Street, New York,
NY 10017.
Title of Document: IEEE Standard Requirements for

Instrument Transformers
Date of Specific Issue Adopted: March 30, 1978
Releasing Industry Group: Institute of Electrical and

Electronics Engineers
Custodians: Military Coordinating Activity:

Army - ME Navy - YD
Navy - M)
Air Force - 80 (Project 6120-0026)
Review Activities:
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Air Force - 99
DLA - GS
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENTA. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
AMSC N / A
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ANSI/IEEE C57.13-1978
(Revision of ANSI C57.13-1968)
A n American National Standard
IEEE Standard Requirements for

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Sponsor
Transformers Committee of the
IEEE Power Engineering Society
Approved September 9, 1976

IEEE Standards Board
Secretariat
Edison Electric Institute
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
National Electric Manufacturers Association
Approved March 30,1978

American National Standards Institute
Published by
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc
345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017

American National Standard
An American National Standard implies a consensus of those sub-

stantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An American National
Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer,
and the general public. The existence of an American National Standard
does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the
standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using
products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard.
American National Standards are subject to periodic review and users
are cautioned to obtain the latest editions.
CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be
revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American
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National Standards Institute require that action be taken to reaffirm.

revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the
date of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may
receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the
American National Standards Institute.
0 Copyright 1978 by

--.
,
N o part of this publication may be reproduced in any form,

in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,
without the prior written permission o f the publisher.

- Foreword
(This Foreword is n o t a part of ANSI/IEEE C57.13-1978, American National Standard Requirements for Instru-
ment Transformers. )
For a number of years prior t o 1942, The Sectional Committee on Transformers, Regulators, and
Reactors, C57, was developing and correlating standards on transformers. The data used in this
work was gathered from many sources, including the existing standards and publications of Amer-
ican Institute of Electrical Engineers, standards of the National Electrical Manufacturers Associa-
tion, reports of the Edison Electric Institute, and others. This work resulted in the publication in
1942 of the American Standard for Transformers, Regulators, and Reactors. This standard was re-
vised and greatly expanded in 1948 and 1949.
'
American Standard Requirements, Terminology, and Test Code for Instrument Transformers,
C57.13-1954, was an editorial consolidation of preceding standards on instrument transformers,
namely, the American Standard Test Code for Instrument Transformers, C57.23-1948. In addi-
tion, in order t o eliminate cross-references wherever possible, it contained excerpts from other stan-
dards of the C57 family.
USA Standard C57.13-1968 was a revision which recognized subsequent developments. It also had
been updated t o conform with American National Standard General Requirements for Distribution,
Power, and Regulating Transformers, ANSI/IEEE C57.12.00-1973, and American National Stan-
dard Test Code for Distribution, Power and Regulating Transformers, ANSI/IEEE C57.12.90-1973,
except where instrument transformer requirements demand modifications.
Suggestions for improvement of this standard will be welcome. They should be sent to the
Secretary
IEEE Standards Board
345 East 47th Street
New York, NY 10017
- At the time is approved this standard, C57 had the following membership:
H . D. Lewis, Chairman C . R. Willmore, Secretary
Organization R e p resented Name of Representative
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Bonneville Power Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . George W. Iliff
Electric Light and Power Group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. R. Best
I. 0. Berkhan
I. H. Koponen
J. P. Markey (Alt)
P. H. Philippidis
W. A. Richter
B. F. Smith
E. A. Villasuso
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. Bennon
W. P. Burt
J. C. Dutton
D. C. Johnson (Alt)
L. W. Long
D. E. Massey
Naval Facilities Engineering Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leonard W. Johnson
National Electrical Manufacturers Association. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. C. Aicher
W. R. Courtade
J. D. Douglass
W. C. Kendall
G. W. Mayall (Alt)
W. J. McNutt
Norman M. Neagle (Alt)
R. L. Schwah
R. E. Uptegraff, J r
G. C. Wilhurn (Alt)
Rural Electrification Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J. C. Arnold, J r
Tennessee Valley Authority. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. R. Smith
- Underwriters Laboratories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

W. A. Farquhar (Alt)
E. J. Huher
R. H. Richardson

The Working Group who developed this standard had the following membership:
R. C. Thomas, Chairman FL B. Stetson, Secretary
J. C. Arnold H. R. Lucas
Egidio Basso R. D. MacKimmie
C. F. Burke Robert A. Magill
E. Conner S. C. McCollum
P. Falkowski J. E. Smith
D. L. Hillhouse J. W. Walton
The Transformers Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society of 1976 reviewed and ap-
proved this standard.
When this standard was approved September 9, 1976, the IEEE Standards Board had the follow-
ing membership:
William R. Kruesi, Chairman Irvin N. Howell,Jr., Vice Chairman
Ivan G. Easton, Secretary
William E. Andrus Irving Kolodny William J. Neiswender
Jean Jacques Archambault Benjamin J. Leon Gustave Shapiro
Dale R. Cochran Anthony C. Lordi Ralph M. Showers
Warren H. Cook J o h n P. Markey Robert A. Soderman
Louis Costrell Thomas J. Martin Leonard W. Thomas, Sr
J a y Forster Donald T. Michael Charles L. Wagner
William T. Wintringhamt
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Joseph L. Koepfinger Voss A. Moore

William S. Morgan
t Deceased

Contents
SECTION PAGE
1. Scope.................................................................................................................................................. 9
2. Definitions......................................................................................................................................... 9
3. References......................................................................................................................................... 11
4. General Requirements...................................................................................................................... 11
4.1 Service Conditions.................................................................................................................... 11
4.2 Effect of Air Density on Sparkover Voltage........................................................................... 12
4.3 Frequency ................................................................................................................................. 12
4.4 Effect of Altitude on Temperature Rise and Effect of Ambient
Temperature on Permissible Loading ..................................................................................... 12
4.5 Basic Impulse Insulation Levels, Dielectric Tests, and Outdoor
Instrument Transformer Creepage Distance and Wet Tests................................................. 13
4.6 Temperature Rise.................................................................................................................... 16
4.7 Tests ........................................................................................................................................ -16
4.8 Construction ............................................................................................................................. 16
5. Accuracy Classes for Metering Service............................................................................................ 18
5.1 Basis for Accuracy Classes...................................................................................................... 18
5.2 Expression for Transformer Correction Factor a t 0.6 and 1.0 Power Factor
of Metered Load ....................................................................................................................... 18
5.3 Standard Accuracy Classes...................................................................................................... 19
5.4 Limiting Values of Radio Correction Factor and Phase Angle for
Standard Accuracy Classes...................................................................................................... 19
6 . Current Transformers....................................................................................................................... 19
6.1 Terms in Which Ratings Shall be Expressed .......................................................................... 19
6.2 Standard Burdens.................................................................................................................... 19
6.3 Assignment of Accuracy Ratings for Metering Service ........................................................... 19
6.4 Accuracy Classes for Relaying................................................................................................. 19
6.5 Continuous-Thermal-CurrentRating Factors Based on 30°C
Ambient Air Temperature....................................................................................................... 24
6.6 Short-Time Current Ratings .................................................................................................... 24
6.7 Secondary Winding Induced Voltages..................................................................................... 24
6.8 Nameplates ............................................................................................................................... 24
6.9 Terminals.................................................................................................................................. 24
6.10 Application Data ...................................................................................................................... 24
6.11 Routine Accuracy Tests........................................................................................................... 26
7. Voltage Transformers........................................................................................................................ 26
7.1 Terms in Which Ratings Shall be Expressed .......................................................................... 26
7.2 Standard, Burdens................................................................................................................... 26
7.3 Assignment of Accuracy Ratings ............................................................................................. 26
7.4 Thermal Burden Ratings ......................................................................................................... 26
7.5 Nameplates............................................................................................................................... 28
7.6 Terminals................................................................................................................................. 28
7.7 Short-circuit Capability.......................................................................................................... 28
7.8 Application Data ...................................................................................................................... 29
7.9 Induced Potential Test ............................................................................................................ 29
7.10 Routine Accuracy Test ............................................................................................................ 30
. 8. Test Code.......................................................................................................................................... 30
8.1 Measurement and Calculation of Ratio and Phase Angle ...................................................... 32
8.2 Demagnetization....................................................................................................................... 46
8.3 Impedance and Excitation Measurements.............................................................................. 47
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SECTION PAGE
8.4 Polarity ..................................................................................................................................... 50

8.5 Resistance Measurements ........................................................................................................ 51
8.6 Short-circuit Characteristics................................................................................................... 53
8.7 Temperature Rise Tests........................................................................................................... 55
8.8 Dielectric Tests......................................................................................................................... 57
8.9 Measurement of Open-circuit Voltage of Current Transformers.......................................... 60
9 . Bibliography...................................................................................................................................... 61
FIGURES
Fig 1 55 "C Rise Current Transformer Basic Loading Characteristics....................................... 13
Fig 2 Limits of Accuracy Classes for Current Transformers for Metering Service.................... 20
Fig 3 Limits of Accuracy Classes for Voltage Transformers for Metering Service..................... 21
Fig 4 Typical Excitation Curves for Multi-ratio C Class Current Transformers ....................... 25
Fig 5 Typical Overcurrent .Ratio Curve........................................................................................ 26
Fig 6 Typical Primary Connections for Voltage Transformers ................................................... 27
Fig 7 Current Transformer Accuracy Test with Compensated Current Comparator ................ 35
Fig 8 Current Transformer Accuracy Test with Composite Current Comparator ..................... 35
Fig 9 Current Transformer Accuracy Test with Composite Current Comparator
and Operational Amplifier................................................................................................... 37
Fig 10 Current Transformer Accuracy Test with Current Comparator and
Standard Current Transformer ........................................................................................... 37
Fig 11 Accuracy Test with Direct-Null Network ........................................................................... 38
Fig 12 Accuracy Test with Standard Current Transformer (Direct
Comparison Network) .......................................................................................................... 39
Fig 13 Accuracy Test with Capacitance Divider Method (Direct-Null Network) ........................ 40 h
Fig 14 Accuracy Test with Current Comparator-Capacitance Ratio Method .............................. 41

Fig 15 Accuracy Test with Resistance Divider Method (Direct-Null Network).......................... 42
Fig 16 Voltage Transformer Accuracy Test with Pseudo-Bridge Method
(Direct-Null Network) ......................................................................................................... 42
Fig 17 Voltage Transformer Accuracy Test with Comparative-Null Method ............................... 43
Fig 18 Simplified Equivalent Circuit of Current Transformer on Secondary N
Turns Base ........................................................................................................................... 44
Fig 19 Phasor Diagram of Fig 18.................................................................................................... 44
Fig 20 Method 1: Circuit for Demagnetizing Current Transformers ............................................ 46
Fig 21 Method 2: Circuit for Demagnetizing Current Transformers ............................................ 47
Fig 22 Circuit for Measuring Impedance: Three-Voltmeter Method ............................................ 48
Fig 23 Circuit for Measuring Impedance: Wattmeter, Voltmeter, Ammeter Method .................. 49
Fig 24 Circuit for Measuring Excitation Current and Loss .......................................................... 49
Fig 25 Polarity by Inductive Kick .................................................................................................. 50
Fig 26 Polarity by Comparison with Transformer of Same Ratio and
Known Polarity .................................................................................................................... 51
Fig 27 Polarity by Comparison with Voltage Transformer of Same Ratio and
Known Polarity .................................................................................................................... 51
Fig 28 Polarity by Comparison of Winding Voltages..................................................................... 51
Fig 29 Four-Terminal Network for Resistance Measurement ....................................................... 52
Fig 30 Measurement of Open-circuit Voltage of Current Transformers...................................... 60
TABLES
Table 1 Dielectric Strength Correction Factors for Altitudes Greater Than
1000 m (3300 ft)..............................................................................................................
Table 2 Basic Impulse Insulation Levels and Dielectric Tests ...................................................
12
14 .
Table 3 Basic Impulse Insulation Levels and Dielectric Tests for Current Transformers
with the Same Dielectric Test Requirements as Power Circuit Breakers ..................... 15
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PAGE
Table 4 Limits of Temperature Rise............................................................................................ 16
Table 5 Instrument Transformer Symbols............................................................................. 17-18
Table 6 Standard Accuracy Class for Metering Service and Corresponding Limits
of Transformer Correction Factor (0.6 to 1.0 Percent Power
Factor of Metered Load, Lagging).................................................................................. 19
Table 7 Basic Impulse Insulation Levels for Current Transformers .......................................... 20
Table 8 Basic Impulse Insulation Levels for Current Transformers with
the Same Dielectric Test Requirements as Power Circuit Breakers ............................. 21
Table 9 Ratings for Current Transformers with One or Two Ratios .......................................... 22
Table 10 Current Transformer Ratings, Multi-Ratio Type .......................................................... 22
Table 11 Standard Burdens for Current Transformers with 5 A Secondaries............................. 23
Table 12 Ratings and Characteristics of Group 1 Voltage Transformers ..................................... 28
Table 15 Ratings and Characteristics of Group 4 Voltage Transformers
(Figs 6B and 6D)............................................................................................................. 31
Table 16 Ratings and Characteristics of Group 5 Outdoor Voltage Transformers ....................... 31
Table 17 Standard Burdens for Voltage Transformers ................................................................. 32
Table 18 Full Voltage Duration for Induced Potential Tests........................................................ 58
L
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An American National Standard
IEEE Standard Requirements for
1. Scope a primary winding. This type of current trans-

former is for use with a fully insulated conductor
1.1 This standard is intended for use as a basis as the primary winding. A bushing-type current
for performance, interchangeability, and safety of transformer usually is used in equipment where
equipment covered, and to assist in the proper the Primary conductor is a component part of oth-
selection of such equipment. er apparatus.
1.2 This standard covers certain electrical, di- cascade-type voltage transformer. An in-
mensional, and mechanical characteristics, and sulated-neutral terminal type voltage transformer
takes into consideration certain safety features of with the primary winding distributed on several
currrent and inductively coupled voltage trans- cores with the cores electromagnetically coupled
formers of types generally used in the mea- by coupling windings. The secondary winding is
surement of electricity and the control of equip- on the core a t the neutral end of the high-voltage
ment associated with the generation, trans- winding. Each core of this type of transformer is
I
mission, and distribution of alternating current. insulated from the other cores and is maintained
at a fixed voltage with respect to ground and the
line-to-ground voltage.
2. Definitions
All definitions, except as specifically covered in continuous-thermal-currentrating factor
this standard, shall be in accordance with
(RF). The specified factor by which the rated pri-
mary current of a current transformer can be
IEEE 100-1977,Dictionary Of
multiplied to obtain the maximum primary cur-
trical and Electronics Terms.
rent that can be carried continuously without ex-
bar-type current transformer. One that has a ceeding the limiting temperature rise from 30°C
fixed, insulated straight conductor in the form of ambient air temperature. (When current trans-
a bar, rod, or tube that is a single primary turn formers are incorporated internally as parts of larger
passing through the magnetic circuit and that is transformers or power circuit breakers, they shall
assembled to the secondary, core, and winding. meet allowable average winding and hot spot tem-
peratures under the specific conditions and require-
burden of an instrument transformer. That
ments of the larger apparatus.)
property of the circuit connected to the secondary
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winding that determines the active and reactive current transformer. An instrument transformer
power at the secondary terminals. The burden is intended to have its primary winding connected in
expressed either as total ohms impedance with the series with the conductor carrying the current to be
effective resistance and reactance components, or measured or controlled. (In window type current
as the total volt-amperes and power factor at the transformers, the primary winding is provided by the
specified value of current or voltage, and frequen- line conductor and is not an integ~alpart of the trans-
CY. former.)
bushing-type current transformer. One that double-secondary current transformer. One
- has an annular core and a secondary winding in-
sulated from and permanently assembled on the
that has two secondary coils each on a separate mag-
netic circuit with both magnetic circuitsexcitedby the
core but has no primary winding or insulation for same primary winding.

ANSI/IEEE
(257.13-1978 IEEE STANDARD REQUIREMENTS F O R
double-secondary voltage transformer. One instrument transformer and the power factor of
that has two secondary windings on the same magnet- the primary circuit being measured.
ic circuit insulated from each other and the primary. 'rhe phase angle correction factor is the factor that
corrects for the phase displacement of the secondary current
excitation losses for an instrument trans- or voltage, or both, due to the instrument transformer phase
former. The watts required to supply the energy nec- angles.
essary to excite the transformer, which include the The measured watts or watt-hours in the secondary circuits
of' instrument transformers must be multiplied by the phase
watts, the 'Ore and the watts in the angle correction factor and the true ratio to obtain the true
excited winding due to the excitation current. primary watts or watt-hours.
fused-type voltage transformer. One that is pro- phase angle of an instrument transformer.
vided with means for mounting one or more fuses as The phase displacement, in minutes, between the
integral parts of the transformer in serieswith the pri- primary and secondary values.
mary winding.
NOTE: The phase angle ofa current transformer is designated
grounded-neutralterminal type voltage trans- by the Greek letter beta (0) and is positive when the current
leaving the identified secondary terminal leads the current en-
former. A voltage transformer that has the neutral tering the identified primary terminal.
end of the high-voltage winding connected to the case The phase angle of a voltage transformer is designated by
or mounting base. the Greek letter gamma (7) and is positive when the secondary
voltage from the identified to the unidentified terminal leads
instrument transformer.A transformer that is in- the corresponding primary voltage.
tended to reproduce in its secondary circuit, in a defi- polarity. The designation of the relative in-
nite and known proportion, the current or voltage of stantaneous directions of the currents entering the
its primary circuit with the phase relations substan- primary terminals and leaving the secondary ter-
tially preserved. minals during most of each half cycle.
insulated-neutralterminal type voltage trans- NOTE: Primary and secondary terminals are said to have the
former. A voltage transformer that has the neutral same polarity when, at a given instant during most of each half
end of the high-voltage winding insulated from the cycle, the current enters the identified, similarly marked pri-
mary lead and leaves the identified, similarly marked secon-
case or base and connected to a terminal that provides dary terminal in the same direction as though the two termi-
insulation for a lower voltage than required for the nals formed a continuous circuit.
line terminal. rated current. The primary current selected for
marked ratio. The ratio of the rated primary value the basis of performance specifications of a cur-
to the rated secondary value as stated on the rent transformer.
nameplate. rated secondary current. The rated current
multiple-secondary current transformer. divided by the marked ratio.
One that has three or more secondary coils each rated secondary voltage. The rated voltage
on a separate magnetic circuit with all magnetic divided by the marked ratio.
circuits excited by the same primary winding.
rated voltage of a voltage transformer. The
multi-ratio current transformer. One from primary voltage selected for the basis of perfor-
which more than one ratio can be obtained by the mance specifications of a voltage transformer.
use of taps on the secondary winding.
ratio correction factor (RCF). The ratio of the
percent ratio. The true ratio expressed in per- true ratio to the marked ratio. The primary cur-
cent of the marked ratio. rent or voltage is equal to the secondary current or
voltage multiplied by the marked ratio times the
percent ratio correction of an instrument
transformer. The difference between the ratio ratio correction factor.
correction factor and unity expressed in percent. secondary winding of an instrument trans-
NOTE: The percent ratio correction is positive if the ratio cor-
former. The winding that is intended to be con-
rection factor is greater than unity. If the percent ratio correc- nected to the measuring or control devices.
tion is positive, the measured secondary current or voltage will
be less than the primary value divided by the marked ratio. thermal burden rating of a voltage trans-
former. The volt-ampere output that the trans-
phase angle correction factor. The ratio of former will supply continuously at rated secon-
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the true power factor to the measured power fac- dary voltage without causing the specified tem-
tor. It is a function of both the phase angles of the perature limitations to be exceeded.
10

ANSIlIEEE
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS C57.13-1978
three-wire type current transformer, One 3. References

that has two primary windings, each completely
insulated for the rated insulation level of the When the following American National Stan-
transformer. This type of current transformer is dards referred to in this standard are superseded
for use on a three-wire, single-phase service. by revisions approved by the American National
Standards Institute, the revision shall apply.
NOTE: The primary windings and secondary windings are [ 11 ANSI/ IEEE C37.20-1974, Switchgear As-
permanently assembled on the core as an integral structure.
The secondary current is proportional to the phasor sum of the semblies Including Metal-Enclosed Bus.
primary currents. 121 IEEE Std 4-1978, Standard Techniques for
High-Voltage 'resting.
transformer correction factor (TCF). The ra- 131 ANSI C37.04-1964(R1969), Rating Structure
tio of true watts or watt-hours to the measured for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers.
watts or watt-hours, divided by the marked ratio. [4] ANSI/ IEEE C57.12.00-1973, General Re-
quirements for Distribution, Power, and
NO'I'E: 'The transformer correction factor for a current or volt- Regulating Transformers.
age transformer is the ratio correction factor multiplied by the
phase angle correction factor for a specified primary circuit 151 ANSI/IEEE C57.12.90-1973, Test Code for
power lactor. Distribution, Power, and Regulating Trans-
'The true primary watts or watt-hours are equal to the watts formers.
or watt-hours measured, multiplied by the transformer correc-
tion factor and the marked ratio. (61 ANSI/IEEE Std 21-1976, General Require-
The true primary watts or watt-hours, when measured using ments and Test Procedures for Outdoor Ap-
both current and voltage transformers, are equal to the current
transformer correction factor times the voltage transformer
paratus Bushings.
correction factor multiplied by the product of the marked ra- 171 ANSI C37.09a-1970, Supplement to ANSI
tios of the current and voltage transformers multiplied by the C37.09-1964(R1969), Test Procedure for AC
observed watts or watt-hours. High-Voltage Circuit Breakers.
181 ANSI/ IEEE C37.078-1972, Requirements
true ratio. The ratio of the root-mean-square for External Insulation for Outdoor AC
(rms) primary value to the rms secondary value High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a
under specified conditions. Symmetrical Current Basis.
turn ratio of a current transformer. The ra- 191 ANSI C37.09-1964(R1969), Test Procedure
tio of the secondary winding turns to the primary for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers.
winding turns. 110) ANSI/ IEEE C37.074-1972, Requirements
for Switching-Impulse Voltage Insulation
turn ratio of a voltage transformer. The ra- S t r e n g t h for AC High-Voltage Circuit
tio ofthe primary winding turns to the secondary Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current
winding turns. Basis (362 kV and Above).
voltage transformer. An instrument trans-
former intended to have its primary winding con- 4. General Requirements
nected in shunt with a power supply circuit, the 4.1 Service Conditions
voltage of which is to be measured or controlled. 4.1.1 Usual Temperature and Altitude Ser-
window-type current transformer. One that vice Conditions. Usual temperature and altitude
has a secondary winding insulated from and per- service conditions apparatus conforming to this
manently assembled on the core, but has no pri- standard shall be suitable for operation at its
mary winding as an integral part of the structure. thermal rating, provided that the altitude does not
Complete insulation is provided for a primary exceed 3300 ft (1000 m).
winding in the window through which one turn of 4.1.1.1 30°C Average Ambient Tempera-
the line conductor can be passed to provide the ture. If air cooled, the temperature of the cooling
primary winding. air (ambient temperature) does not exceed 40°C
and the average temperature of the cooling air for
wound-type current transformer. One that any 24 h period does not exceed 30°C'.
has a primary winding consisting of one or more I It is recommended that the average temperature of the
turns mechanically encircling the core or cores. cooling air be calculated by averaging 24 consecutive hourly
. The primary and secondary windings are in- readings. When the outdoor air is the cooling medium, the av-
erage ofthe maximum and minimum daily temperature may
sulated from each other and from the cords) and be used. The value that is obtained in this manner is usually
are assembled as an integral structure. higher than the true daily average by not more than %"C.
11
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ANSI/IEEE
C57.13-1978 IEEE STANDARD REQUIREMENTS FOR
4.1.1.2 55°C Ambient Temperature Inside 4.3 Frequency. Instrument Transformers shall
Enclosed Switchgear. Instrument transformers be designed for operation at a frequency of 60 Hz.
may also be given ratings for operation in 55°C
4.4 Effect of Altitude on Temperature Rise
maximum ambient temperature inside enclosed
switch gear according to ANSI/IEEE C37.20-
and Effect of Ambient Temperature on Per-
missible Loading
1974, American National Standard Switchgear
4.4.1 Loading o f Current Transformers at
Assemblies including Metal-Enclosed Bus.
Less Than Rated Current at High Altitudes. Cur-
4.1.2. Unusual Temperature and Altitude rent transformers may be operated at altitudes
Service Conditions. Instrument transformers may greater than 1000 m without exceeding estab-
be applied at higher altitudes or higher ambient lished temperature limits provided the current is
temperatures than specified in 4.1.1, but the per- reduced below rated (or below rated times con-
formance may be affected and special considera- tinuous thermal current factor) by 0.3 percent for
tion should be given to these applications. (See each 100 m that the altitude exceeds 1000 m.
4.4.) 4.4.2 Operation of Current Transformers at
4.1.3 Other Conditions That M a y Affect De- Other Than 30"CAmbient. Current transformers
sign and Application. Where unusual conditions designed for 55°C temperature rise above 30°C
other than those discussed in 4.1.1 or 4.1.2 exist, ambient air temperature may be loaded in ac-
they should be brought to the attention of those cordance with the curves of Fig 1 for any given
responsible for the design and application of in- average cooling air temperature and continuous-
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
strument transformers. Examples of these condi- thermal-current rating factor. The percent of
tions are: rated primary current that can be carried con-
(1) Damaging fumes or vapors, excessive or tinuously without causing established tem-
abrasive dust, explosive mixtures of dust or gases, perature limitations to be exceeded is given by the
steam, salt spray, excessive moisture or dripping curves. For example, a transformer with a
water, etc continuous-thermal-current rating factor (RF) of
(2) Abnormal vibrations, shocks, or tilting 2.0 a t 30'C ambient can be used a t approximately
( 3 ) Ambient temperatures above 55°C or 150 percent of rated current at a n ambient tem-
below -30°C perature of 55°C.
(4) Unusual transportation or storage condi-
4.4.3 Loading o f Voltage Transformers at
tions
(5) Unusual space limitations or restricted
Higher Altitudes or Higher Ambient T e m -
ventilation
peratures. Voltage transformers can be safely op-
(6) Unusual duty, frequency of operation, dif-
erated at higher altitudes or higher ambient tem-
ficulty of maintenance, poor wave form, un-
balanced voltage, special insulation requirements,
etc Table 1
(7) Applications in switchgear assemblies in- Dielectric S t r e n g t h Correction F a c t o r s f o r
cluding metal enclosed bus 14) Altitudes G r e a t e r T h a n 1000 m (3300 f t )
(8) Applications with high voltage power
circuit breakers [ 31 Altitude Correction
(9) Applications with power transformers [4] Factor for
(10) Applications with outdoor bushings 161 A1titud e Dielectric Strength
(ft) (m)
4.2 Effect of Air Density on Sparkover 3300 1000 1.00
Voltage. The effect of the decreased air density 4000 1200 0.98
5000 1500 0.95
due to high altitude is to decrease the sparkover 6000 1800 0.92
voltage for a given sparkover distance. See IEEE 7000 2100 0.89
Std 4-1978, for use of a correction factor with ROO0 2400 0.86
9000 2700 0.83
sphere gaps. 10 000- 3000 0.80
The dielectric strength of air decreases as 12 000 3600 0.75
altitude increases. Dielectric strength that de- 14 000 4200 0.70
15 000 4500 0.67
pends on air should be multiplied by the proper -.
altitude correction factor to obtain the dielectric Note: Altitude of 15 000 ft is considered a maximum for in-
strength at the required altitude (see Table 1). strument transformers conforming to this standard.
12

ANSI/IEEE
50C
4 5c
40C
35c
c
z
W
a
U
2 300
*
a
a
Ia
a
n
250
W
&
a
LL
0
+ 200
z
W
0
a
W
a
I 50
100
50
AVERAGE COOLING AIR TEMPERATURE FOR 2 4 h PERIOD, DEGREES C

(MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE MUST NOT EXCEED AVERAGE BY MORE THAN IOo C)
Fig 1
55°C Rise Current Transformer Basic Loading Characteristics
peratures only after consultation with the manu- 4.5 Basic Impulse Insulation Levels,
r-
facturer because a large percentage of the tem- Dielectric Tests, and Outdoor Instrument
perature rise may be due to iron loss, which varies Transformer Creepage Distance and Wet
widely with design. Tests. An instrument transformer shall be as-
13
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ANSI/IEEE
(257.13-1978 IEEE STANDARD REQUIREMENTS F O R
Table 2
Basic Impulse Insulation
Levels and Dielectric Tests
See Table 3 for current transformers with the same dielectric test requirements as power circuit breakers.
See Section 8 for test methods.
~~ ~~~
Chopped Wave
BIL* and Minimum Applied Wet 60 Hz Minimum
Full Wave Time to Potential 10 8 Creepage
Crest Crest Flashover Test Withstand Distance
(kV)t (kV) (U6) (kV rms) (kV rms)** (in)
10 12 - 4
30 36 1 10
45 54 1.25 15
60 69 1.6 19
75 88 1.6 26
95 110 1.8 34
110 130 2 34 11
125 145 2.25 40 36 4 15

150 175 3 50 70 17
200 230 3 70 95 26
250 290 3 95 120 35

350 400 3 140 175 48
450 520 3 185 190 66
79
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
550 630 3 230 230
650 750 3 275 275 92
750 865 3 325 315 114
900 1035 3 395 385 135

1050 1210 3 460 445 170
1300 1500 3 575 555tt 205

1800 2070 3 800 750tt 318
2050 2360 3 920 850 442
~~
*There is no BIL requirement on the neutral terminal of grounded-neutral or insulated-neutral terminal type
voltage transformers.
tThe selection of the lower BIL for a given nominal system voltage in Table 7, or for a marked ratio in Tables
12-16, also reduces other requirements as tabulated above. The acceptability of these reduced requirements
should be evaluated for the specific instrument transformer design and application.
**Wet tests are type tests and may be made separately from the transformer. However, when a current
transformer is a part of the breaker structure the wet tests on the breaker shall include the current transformer.
For test procedures see ANSI/IEEE Std 21-1976, General Requirements and Test Procedures for Outdoor
Apparatus Bushings. For “B” BILs see also ANSI/IEEE C37.078-1972,Requirements for External Insulation
for Outdoor AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis.
$These values are requirements for distribution transformer bushings in ANSIIIEEE C57.12.00-1973,Gen-
eral Requirements for Distribution, Power, and Regulating Transformers.
ttTentative values.
14

ANSI/IEEE
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS (257.1 3-19 7 8
signed a basic impulse insulation level to indicate (2) For insulated-neutral-terminal type volt-
the factory dielectric tests that the transformer is age transformers, the applied potential test for
capable of withstanding. primary windings shall be 19 kV on outdoor types
With the following exception, basic impulse in- and 10 kV on indoor types.
sulation voltages, applied potential test voltages
(3) The applied potential test for secondary
for primary windings, and creepage distances and
windings and between multiple-secondary wind-
wet tests for outdoor instrument transformers are
ings shall be 2.5 kV.
listed in Tables 2 and 3:
(1) Applied potential tests for primary wind- (4) The applied potential test for auxiliary or
ings are not required on grounded-neutral-termi- autotransformers for use in the secondary circuits
nal type voltage transformers. of instrument transformers shall be 2.5 kV.
Table 3
Basic Impulse Insulation Levels and Dielectric Tests for Current Transformers with the
Same Dielectric Test Requirements as Power Circuit Breakers
(See ANSI C37.09-1964 (R1969), for impulse and applied potential test methods.)
Supplementary
Chopped Wave Chopped Wave
BIL and Minimum Minimum Applied Wet 60 Hz Minimum

Full Wave Crest Time to Crest Time to Potential 10 8 Creepage
- Crest*(kV) (kV) Flashover (kV) Flashover Test (kV rms) Withstand Distance
(II 5 ) ( U 8) (kV rms)t (in)
550B 632 3 710 2 260 230 70
650B 748 3 838 2 310 275 84
750B 862 3 968 2 365 315 98
900B 1040 3 1160 2 425 350 140
Wet
Switching
Surge Crest$
(kV)
1300B 1500 3 1680 2 555 825 209

l8OOB 2070 3 2320 2 860 1175 318
2050B 2360 3 2640 2 960 1425 442
tWet tests are type tests and may be made separately from the transformer. However, when a current transformer is a part of
the breaker structure the wet tests on the breaker shall include the current transformer. For test procedures see ANSIiIEEE Std
21-1976, and for “B’BILs see also ANSI/IEEE C37.078-1972.
$For wet switching surge test methods, see ANSI/ IEEE C37.074-1972.
*The letter “B” values have been established by ANSI C37 Committee for current transformers that have the same dielectric test
requirements as power circuit breakers.
15
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ANSI/IEEE
Table 4
Limits of Temperature Rise+
30'C Ambient 66°C Ambient

Average Average
Winding Winding
Temperature Temperature
Rise Hottest-Spot Rise Hottest-Spot
Type of Determined by Winding Determined by Winding
Instrument Resistance Temperature Resistance Temperature
Transformer Method ('C) Riee ('C)t Method ("C) Rise ("C)t
55°C Rise 66 t 66 30 40
80°C Rise Dry-Type 80 110 65 85
*Temperature rise of current transformers that are a part of high-voltage power circuit breakers or power
transformers shall be in accord with ANSI C37.04-1964 (R1969), Rating Structure for AC High-VoltageCircuit
Breakers, or ANSIiIEEE C57.12.00-1973, respectively.
tTemperature rise of other metallic parte shall not exceed these values.
f Temperature rise at the top of the oil in sealed transformers shall not exceed these values.
4.6 Temperature Rise. The limits of ob- 4.8 Construction

servable temperature rise in instrument trans- 4.8.1 Polarity and Terminal Marking. The
formers when tested in accordance with their rat- relative instantaneous polarity of terminals or
ings shall be as given in Table 4, and the trans- leads shall be clearly indicated by permanent
formers shall be designed so that the hottest-spot markings that cannot easily be obliterated.
winding temperature rise above ambient will not When the polarity is indicated by letters, the let-
exceed the values given in Table 4. ter H shall be used to distinguish the leads or ter-
minals connected to the primary winding and the
4.7 Tests letter X (also Y and Z, etc, if multiple secondary
4.7.1 Instrument Transformer Tests. These windings are provided) shall be used to distin-
are the design and routine tests that are necessary guish the leads or terminals connected to the sec-
to assure that the design and construction of the ondary winding. In addition, each lead shall be
transformer are adequate to meet the specified re- numbered, for example, H1, H2, X1, X2. If more
quirements. The method of making tests shall be than three secondary windings are provided they
a5 described in Section 8, except as otherwise re- shall be identified as X,Y, Z, and W for four wind-
quired in Table 3, or by equivalent alternate ings; X,Y,Z, W, and V for five windings, X, Y, Z,
methods. In case of questions the method shall be U, W, and V for six windings, etc. H1 and X1 (also
as described in Section 8, except as otherwise re- Y1 and Z1, etc, if provided) shall be of the same
quired in Table 3. polarity.
When multiple primary windings are provided,
4.7.2 Minimum Routine Tests. Each instrument the leads or terminals shall be designated by the
transformer shall receive the following routine letter H together with consecutive pairs of num-
tests at the factory. These tests shall be made on bers (Hl, H2, H3, H4, etc). The odd-numbered
the instrument transformer after complete as- leads or terminals shall be of the same polarity.
sembly, where feasible. When taps or leads are provided on the secon-
dary winding or windings, the leads or terminals
(1) Applied potential dielectric tests between shall be lettered as required above and numbered
windings and between windings and ground (ex- X1, X2, X3, etc, or Y1, Y2,Y3, etc, the lowest and
cept no primary insulation test for bushing type, highest numbers indicating the full winding and
split-core, or any current transformer designed intermediate numbers indicating the taps in their
with incomplete insulation for the primary con- relative order. When X1 is not in use, the lower
ductor) number of the two leads in use shall be the polari-
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(2) Induced potential tests ty lead.

(3) Accuracy tests 4.8.2 S.ym bok. Instrument transformer sym-
(4) Polarity check bols are given in Table 5.
16

ANSI/IEEE
Table 5
Instrument Transformer Symbols
Symbols Voltage Transformers Current Transformers
Ratio expression only, to show ratio to 1 between Ratio between primary and secondary amperes
(colon) primary and secondary voltages or between prima-
Example: Current transformer with single prima-
ry and tertiary voltages
ry winding and secondary winding
Example: Voltage transformers with primary and Current ratio
secondary winding 100:5 A
14 400 V
Ratio: 120:l
X Voltage ratings or ratios of transformer with a Current ratings of transformer with a winding in
(lower case) winding in two or more coils for series or multiple two or more coils for series or multiple connection
connection
Example: Current transformer with primary
Example: Voltage transformer with primary in winding in two coils for series or multiple connec-
two coils for series or multiple connection for two tion for two ratios
ratings Current ratio
2400 x 4800 V 100 x 200:5 A
Ratio: 20 x 40:l
I/ (Not used) Ampere ratings of separate secondary windings
(double each having an independent core
slant line
Example: Current transformer with two separate
or double
secondary windings and two cores
virgule) Current ratio
100:5//5 A
& Voltage ratings or ratios of separate windings on Ampere ratings of separate primary windings on
(ampersand) one core one core.
Example: Voltage transformer for connection line- (a) Transformer with two or more primary wind-
to-ground, with three windings, primary, and two ings used individually
secondaries
Example: Current transformer with two primary
14 400 (25 000 GrdY) V
windings
Ratio: 120 & 200:l
Current ratio
100 & 600:5 A
(b) Totalizing transformer with two or more pri-

mary windings all used simultaneously and con-
nected in different circuits
Example: Totalizing current transformer with
three primary windings
Current ratio
5&5&5:5 A
(c) Transformer for 3- wire single-phase circuit
with two separate primary windings
Example: Current transformer for 3-wire single-
phase circuit
Current ratio
-_ 160&100:5 A
(Continued on poge 18)
17
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ANSI/IEEE
?-
Table 6
Instrument Transformer Symbols
(Continued)
Symbols Voltage Transformers Current Transformers
Two or more primary or secondary voltage ratings Different primary current ratings obtained by
(single obtained by taps in the secondary winding taps in the secondary winding
slant line
Example: Voltage transformer with taps in the Example: Current transformer with taps in secon-
or virgule)
secondary winding for additional ratios dary winding for additional ratios
8400/12 000/14 000 V Current Ratio
Ratio: 70/100/120:1 300/400/600:5 A
Example: Voltage transformer with a tap in the

secondary for additional secondary voltage ratings
69 000 for 115 000 GrdY
Ratio: 600/ 1'OOO:l
(. . . CrdY) Circuit voltage (line-to-line)to which a grounded- (not used directly)
neutral or insulated-neutral terminal type voltage
transformer can be connected from line to ground
Example: Voltage transformer for connection line-
to-ground, with three windings, primary, and two
secondaries
14 000 (25 000 GrdY) V
Ratio: 120&200:1
6. Accuracy Classes for any voltage from 90 to 110 percent of the rated
Metering Service voltage. The accuracy at a lower standard burden
of different power factor is not necessarily equal
5.1 Basis For Accuracy Classes. Accuracy to that at the specified standard burden.
classes for metering are based on the requirement 5.2 Expression for Transformer Correc-
that the transformer correction factor (TCF) shall tion Factor at 0.6 and 1.0 Power Factor of
be within specified limits when the power factor Metered Load. From the definition in Section 2,
(lagging) of the metered load has any value from it can be shown* that TCF at 0.6 power factor
0.6 to 1.0, over specified ranges as follows: (lagging) of the metered load is:
(1) For current transformers, at the specified
standard burden (see 6.2 for standard burdens) (1)For voltage transformers,
and at 100 percent of rated primary current (also TCF = RCF + 7/2600
at the current corresponding to the RF if it is (2) For current transformers,
greater than 1.0). At 10 percent rated current the TCF = RCF - 0/2600
permissible error is twice as great as at 100 per- where
cent rated current. The accuracy at a lower stan- RCF = ratio correction factor
dard burden is not necessarily equal to that at the r,fl =phase angle in minutes, for voltage
specified standard burden. transformers and current transform-
(2) For voltage transformers, from any burden ers respectively.
in volt-amperes from zero to the specified stan-
dard burden, at the specified standard burden * This is true for errors within the range of the standard
power factor (see 7.2 for standard burdens) and at metering accuracy classes.
18
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ANSI/IEEE
Table 6
Standard Accuracy Class for
Metering Service and Corresponding Limits of
Transformer Correction Factor
(0.6 to 1.0 Percent Power Factor of Metered Load, Lagging)
Voltage Transformers Current Transformere

(At 90 to 110 Percent
Metering Rated Voltage) At 100 Percent Rated Current* At 10 Percent Rated Current
Accuracy
Class Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
0.3 0.997 1.003 0.997 1.003 0.994 1.006
0.6 0.994 1.ON 0.994 1.006 0.988 1.012
1.2 0.988 1.012 0.988 1.012 0.976 1.024
*For current transformers the 100 percent rated current limit also applies a t the current corresponding to the continuous-thermal-
current rating factor.
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
6.3 Standard Accuracy Classes. Standard (3) Frequency (60 Hz)
accuracy classes limits of transformer correction (4) Rated primary and secondary currents
factor in standard accuracy classes shall be as (Tables 9 and 10)
shown in Table 6. (5) Accuracy classes a t standard burdens
6.4 Limiting Values of Ratio Correction (Tables 6 and 11, under 6.3 and 6.4)
Factor and Phase Angle for Standard Ac- (6) Continuous-thermal-current rating factor
curacy Clarsee. The limiting values of RCF based on 30°C ambient air temperature (see 6.5)
- must be the same as those for TCF (see 5.2). For (7) Short-time mechanical current rating and
any known value of RCF for a given transformer short-time thermal current rating (see 6.6)
the limiting values3 of angle derived from the ex-
pression in 5.2) are given by: 6.2 Standard Burdens. Standard burdens for
current transformers with 5 A rated secondary
(1) For voltage transformers, current shall have resistance and inductance ac-
= 2600 (TCF-RCF) cording to Table 11.
( 2 ) For current transformers, 6.3 Assignment of Accuracy Ratings for
P = 2600 ( R C F - T C F ) Metering Service
in which TCF is taken as the maximum and min- 6.3.1 A current transformer for metering ser-
imum values given in Table 6 for the specified ac- vice shall be given an accuracy rating for each
curacy class. standard burden for which it is designed. For ex-
These relations are conveniently shown graph- ample, the accuracy classes assigned to a current
ically in Fig 2 for current and in Fig 3 for voltage transformer might be 0.3 B-0.1 and B-0.2, 0.6
transformers. B-0.5.
6.3.2 Tapped Secondary or Multiple-Ratio
Current Transformer Accuracy Rating. The
6. Current Transformers metering accuracy rating applies to the full secon-
dary winding, unless otherwise specified.
6.1 Terms in Which Ratings Shall be Ex- 6.4 Accuracy Classes for Relaying. A cur-
pressed. The rating of a current transformer rent transformer for relaying service shall be giv-
shall include: en an accuracy rating according to 6.4.1.
(1) Basic impulse insulation level in terms of 6.4.1 Busis for Relaying Accuracy Classes. A
full wave test voltage (see Tables 7 and 8) relaying accuracy class shall be designated by two
(2) Nominal system voltage, or maximum sys- symbols that effectively describe the steady state
- tem voltage (see Tables 7 and 8) performance as follows:
)This is true of errors within the range of the standard (1) "("' or "T" Classification. C classification
metering accuracy classes. covers current transformers in which the leakage
19

ANSI/IEEE
Fig 2
Limits of Accuracy Classes for Current
Transformers for Metering Service
-5'4-30
-60
-20
-40
-10
-20
0
0
+IO
t20
+20
+40
+3O
+60
NOTE: The accuracy requirements for 100 percent rated current also apply at the continuous-thermal-current
rating of the transformer.
Table 7
Basic Impulse Insulation
Levels for Current Transformers
(See Table 8 for current transformers with the same dielectric test requirements as power circuit breakers.)
Nominal System Maximum Line-to- BIL and Full

Voltage (kV) Ground Voltage (kV) Wave Crest kV
0.6 0.38 10
2.4 1.53 45
4.8 3.06 60
8.32 5.29 75
13.8 8.9 110 or 95
25.0 16.0 150 or 125
34.5 22.0 200 or 150
46.0 29.0 250
69.0 44.0 350
115.0 73.0 550 or 450
138.0 88.0 650 or 550
161.0 102.0 750 or 650
230.0 146.0 1050 or 900
20
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ANSI/IEEE
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS (367.13-1978
Fig 3
Limits of Accuracy Classes for Voltage
Transformers for Metering Service
1.012 1.006
LO06 1.003
b
2
z
P
I-
$ 1.000
a
8
0
2 0.994 0997
0.988 0.994
IT &-’ -15 - 10
- 20
-5
-10
0
0
t5
+IO
+IO
t20
t15
t30
\‘p.”___, -60 -40 - 20 0 t eo t40 t60

c- LAGGING PHASE ANGLE-MINUTES LEADING ---o
NOTE: The transformer characteristics shall lie within the limits of the parallelogram for all voltages between
90 percent and 110 percent of rated voltage.
Table 8
Basic Impulse Insulation Levels for
Current Transformers with the
Same Dielectric Test Requirements as
Power Circuit Breakers
Maximum
Maximum System Line-to-Ground BIL and Full
Voltage (kV) Voltage (kV) Wave Crest (kV)
121 70 550B
145 84 650B
169 98 750B
242 140 900B
362 209 1300B
550 318 1800B
800 462 2050B
NOTE: The letter “B” BILs and corresponding system volt-

ages have been established by the ANSI C37 Committee.
21
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ANSI/IEEE
(367.13-1978 IEEE STANDARD REQUIREMENTS FOR
Table 8
Ratingr for Current
Tranrformerr with One or Two Ratior
Current Ratings (A)
Double Ratio With Double Ratio with
Series-Parallel Taps in
Single Ratio Primary Winding Secondary Winding
10:5 800:s 25 X 60:6 25/50:5

15:5 12005 60 X 100:s 50/ 100:5
25:s 1500:5 100 x 200:s 100/200:5
40:6 20005 200 X 400:6 200/400:5
505 30005 400 x 800:6 300/600:5
75:s 40005 600 X 1200:s 400/ 800:5
100:s 5000:5 lo00 X 20005 600/1200:5
2005 6000:5 ZOO0 X 4000:6 1000/2000:5
3005 80005 1500/3000:5
4005 12 000:6 2000/4000:5
600:s
Table 10
Current Transformer Ratings,
Multi-Ratio Type
Current Ratings Secondary Current Ratings Secondary

(A) Taps (A) Taps
600:5 3000:5 ,
50:5 x2 - x 3 300:5 x3 - x4
100:5 x 1 - x2 500:5 x4 - x5
150:5 x1- x3 800:5 x3 - x5
200:5 x4 -x5 1000:5 x1 - x2
2505 x 3 - x4 1200:5 x2 - x3
300:5 x2 - x 4 1500:5 x2 - x4
400:5 x 1 - x4 2000: 5 x2 ~ x5
450:5 x3 - x5 2200:5 x1 - x3
500:5 x2 - x 5 2500:5 x1 ~ x4
600:5 x1- x5 3000:5 x1 - x5
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
1200:5 4000:5
100:5 x2 - x 3 500:5 x 1 - x2
200:5 x 1 - x2 1000:5 x3 ~x4
300:5 x1- x3 1500:5 x2 - x 3
400:5 x4 -x5 2000:5 X 1 x 3~
500:5 x3 - x4 2500:5 x2 - x4
600:5 x2 - x 4 3000:5 x 1 - x4
R00:5 x 1 - x4 3500:5 x2 - x 5
900:5 x3 - x5 4000:5 x1 ~x5
1000:5 x2 - x 5
1200:5 x1- x5
2000:5 5000:5
300:5 x3 -x4 500:5 x2 - x3

400:5 x 1 - x2 1000:5 x4 -- x5
500:5 x4 - x5 1500:5 XI - x2
800:5 x2 - x 3 2000:5 x3 - x4
1100:5 x2 - x4 2500:5 x2 ~ x4
1200:5 x1 - x3 3000:5 x3 ~ x5
1500:5 x 1 - x4 3500:5 x2 ~ x5
1600:5 x2 - x 5 4000:5 x1 ~ x4
2000:5 x1- x5 5000:5 x1 x5
22

ANSI/IEEE
flux in the core of the transformer does not have on a rated secondary current of five A (100 A at 20
an appreciable effect on the ratio or ratios within times rated) and standard burdens. The voltage
the limits of current and burden outlined in 6.4.1 ratings and their associated burdens are as fol-
(2), so that the ratio can be calculated in ac- lows:
cordance with 8.1.10.
T classification covers current transformers in
Secondary Standard
which the leakage flux in the core of the trans- Terminal Burden
former has an appreciable effect on the ratio Voltage (Table 11)
within the limits specified in 6.4.1 (2).
10 B-0.1
An appreciable effect is defined as a 1 percent 20 B-0.2
difference between the actual ratio correction and 50 B-0.5
the ratio correction calculated in accordance with 100 B-1
200 B-2
8.1.10. 400 B-4
800 B-8
(2) Secondary Terminal Voltage Rating. This
is the voltage the transformer will deliver to a If a current transformer is rated at other than
standard burden a t 20 times rated secondary cur- 5 A, appropriate voltage rating values may be de-
rent without exceeding 10 percent ratio correc- rived by multiplying the standard voltage rating
tion. Furthermore, the ratio correction must be values by 5/ (amperes rating). For such trans-
limited to 10 percent at any current from 1 to 20 formers, the burden will be derived as in Table 11
times rated secondary current a t the standard and the secondary terminal voltage rating will be
burden or any lower standard burden used for the resulting value at 20 times rated secondary
secondary terminal voltage ratings in the follow- current. For example, if the rated secondary cur-
ing table. For example, relay accuracy class ClOO rent is l A, the burden correspondingto €3-2.0will
means that the ratio can be calculated and that be 2.0 times 25, or 50 i2 (at 0.5 power factor); and
the ratio correction will not exceed 10 percent at the corresponding secondary terminal voltage rat-
any current from 1 to 20 times rated secondary ing will be 50 times 20 times 1 = 1000 V.
current with a standard 1.0.Q burden(l.O s1times 6.4.2 Tapped Secondary or Multi-Ratio Cur-
5 A times 20 times rated secondary current equals rent Transformer. The relay accuracy class ap-
100 V). plies only to the full winding, unless otherwise
Secondary terminal voltage ratings are based specified. If transformers have C classification on
Table 11
Standard Burdens for Current
Transformere with 6 A Secondaries*
Volt-
Burden Resistance Inductance Impedance Amperes Power
Designationt ( n> (mH) (n) (at 5 A) Factor
Metering Burdens
B-0.1 0.09 0.116 0.1 2.5 0.9

B-0.2 0.18 0.232 0.2 5.0 0.9
B-0.5 0.45 0.580 0.5 12.5 0.9
B-0.9 0.81 1.04 0.9 22.5 0.9
B-1.8 1.62 2.08 1.8 45.0 0.9
Relaying Burdens
B-1 0.5 2.3 1.o 25 0.5

B-2 1.0 4.6 2.0 50 0.5
B-4 2.0 9.2 4.0 100 0.5
B-8 4.0 18.4 8.0 200 0.5
~~
*If a current transformer is rated a t other than 5 A, ohmic burdens for specification i n d rating may be
derived by multiplying the resistance and inductance of the table by [5/(ampere rating)] , the VA at rated
current and the power fador remaining the same.
fTheee standard burden designations have no significance at frequencies other than 60 Hz.
23
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

ANSI/IEEE
‘257.13-1978 IEEE STANDARD REQUIREMENTS FOR
the full winding, all tapped sections shall be so 6.7 Secondary Winding Induced Voltages
arranged that the ratio can be calculated in ac- 6.7.1 Operation with Secondary Circuit
cordance with 8.1.10 [see 6.4.1 (1)1. Open. Current transformers should never be oper-
6.6 Continuoue-Thermal-Current Rating ated with the secondary circuit open because haz-
Factore Based on 30°C Ambient Air Tem- ardous crest voltages, may result. Transformers
perature. The rating factors shall be 1.0, 1.33, conforming to this standard shall be capable of
1.5, 2.0, 3.0, or 4.0. operating under emergency conditions for 1 min
6.6 Short-Time Current Ratinge with rated primary current times the rating factor
6.6.1 Mechanical Current Rating. The short- with the secondary circuit open provided the
time mechanical current rating shall be the rms open-circuit voltage does not exceed 3500 V crest.
value of the ac component of a completely dis- 6.7.2 Induced Potential Test. (Not required
placed (asymmetrical) primary current wave that for 0.6 kV currrent transformers rated 600 A and
the transformer is capable of withstanding with below). The 1 min test voltage applied to the sec-
the secondary short-circuited. “Capable of ondary terminals with the primary open shall be
withstanding” shall be interpreted to mean that if twice the relay rated voltage given in 6.4.1 (2).
subjected to this duty, the current transformer Transformers with no relay voltage classification
shall show no damage and shall be capable of shall be tested at 200 V. If a frequency higher
than 60 Hz is necessary to avoid excessive exciting
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
meeting the other applicable requirements of this

standard. current, see 8.8.4 for reduced time of application.
6.6.2 Short-Time Thermal Current Rating. If the voltage cannot be induced by rated current
The 1 s thermal current rating of a current trans- even a t 400 Hz, complete the test by circulating
former is the rms symmetrical primary current rated current at 400 Hz in the secondary winding.
that can be carried for 1 s with the secondary
winding short-circuited without exceeding in any 6.8 Nameplatee. Nameplates shall include, as
winding the limiting temperature. The tem- a minimum, the following:
perature of a conductor in the windings of a cur- (1) Manufacturer’s name or trademark
rent transformer shall be determined from calcu- (2) Manufacturer’s type
lation using methods specified in 8.6.2. (3) Manufacturer’s serial number (SER)
For 55°C rise transformers, the limiting tem- (4) Rated primary and secondary current
perature shall be 250°C (5) Nominal system voltage (NSV) or max-
For 80°C rise transformers, the limiting tem- imum system voltage (MSV). (None for bushing
perature shall be 350°C. CTs)
The short-time thermal current rating for any (6) Basic impulse insulation level (BIL -kV.)
time up to 5 s may be determined from the 1 s (None for bushing CTs)
rating by dividing the current for 1s by the square (7) Rated frequency (Hz)
root of the specified number of seconds. For ex- (8) Continuous-thermal-current rating factor
ample, the 3 s thermal current rating is equal to (RF)
the 1 s thermal current rating divided by fl or to (9) Accuracy rating
58 percent of the 1 s rating. (a) Metering accuracy class a t specified
6.6.3 Short-Time and Continuous Current standard burdens: as a minimum, the burdens at
Ratings of Window- or Bushing-Type Current which the transformer is rated 0.3 accuracy class
Transformers. Such current transformers, in (b) Relaying accuracy class on transformers
which the primary conductor is not an integral intended primarily for relaying applications
part of the current transformer, shall be rated in NOTE: Items 7, 8, and 9 are not required on nameplates of
terms of primary current, even though the short- bushing-type current transformers intended for use inside oth-
time mechanical and thermal limitations and the er apparatus in an ambient other than air.
continuous thermal limitations are those of the
secondary winding only. Such ratings specified 6.9 Terminals. Primary terminals of wound-
for current transformers of this construction and bar-type current transformers, secondary ter-
should not be considered to be applicable to the minals, and voltage terminals (where supplied)
conductor used for the primary of these trans- shall be suitable for use with aluminum as well as
formers, as such conductor may be a component copper conductors.
part of other apparatus or bus work having dif-
ferent limitations. 6.10 Application Data. The following charac-
24

ANSI/IEEE
teristic data suitable for portraying or calculating ( 2 ) Short-time mechanical and short-time
performance shall be made available. thermal current ratings, as defined in 6.6.1 and
6.10.1 Application Data for Metering Service. 6.6.2, respectively.
This shall consist of the following: (3) Resistance of the secondary winding be-
(1) Typical ratio correction factor and phase tween the secondary terminals at a specified tem-
angle curves, for the standard burdens for which perature given in such a way that the value for
metering accuracy ratings are assigned, plotted each published ratio may be determined
over the range of current from 0.1 times rated cur- (4) For C class transformers, typical excitation
rent to the maximum continuous-thermal-current curves on log-log coordination paper, with square
rating. These curves shall be plotted on rec- decades, plotted between excitation current and
tangular coordinate paper and need not be drawn voltages applied to the secondary terminals, for
where the errors exceed the limits of the 1.2 ac- each published ratio, extending from one percent
curacy class. of the accuracy class secondary terminal voltage
( 2 ) Short-time mechanical and short-time to a voltage that will cause an excitation current of
thermal current ratings as defined in 6.6.1 and five times rated secondary current.
6.6.2 respectively. Curves shall also show the knee of the curve,
6.10.2 Application Data for Relaying Service. defined as the point where the tangent is at 45" to
This shall consist of the following: the abscissa. The maximum tolerance of excita-
( 1 ) Relaying accuracy classification, as de- tion values above and below the knee shall be as
fined in 6.4 shown. (See Fig 4.)
Fig 4
Typical Excitation Curves for Multi-Ratio C Class Current Transformers
WILL NOT BE LESS THAN

CURVE VALUE
BELOW THIS LINE THE

EXCITING CURRENT FOR
GIVEN VOLTAGE FOR AN
UNIT WILL NOT EXCEED
0.001 0.01 0.1 I.o IO 100

SECONDARY RMS EXCITING AMPS -le
25
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

ANSI/IEEE
*-
(5) For T class transformers, typical overpur- 22
rent ratio curves on rectangular coordinate paper
20
plotted between primary and secondary current
over the range from 1 to 22 times rated primary 18
current for all the standard burdens4 up to the W
standard burden which causes a ratio correction e

0
3
16
of 50 percent. (See Fig 5.) 14
6.11 Routine Accuracy Tests. Tests for cur- P 12
rent transformers with metering accuracy ratings !

v)
-1 IO
shall be made on each transformer, and shall con- a
sist of measurement of ratio and phase angle at f e
z
0
100 percent and at 10 percent of rated current, $ 6
when energized at rated frequency. The burden z
I-
shall be the maximum standard burden for which
the transformer is rated at its best accuracy class. 2
Routine accuracy tests for current transformers
with only a relaying accuracy class shall be made 0
0 2 4 6 8 IO 12 14 I6 18 20 22
on each transformer and shall consist of a turns TIMES NORMAL PRIMARY CURRENT
ratio check and a measurement of exciting cur- Fig 5
rent at the voltage at which the typical excitation Typical Overcurrent
curve (Fig 4) has a 45" slope. The exciting current Ratio Curve
shall not exceed 125 percent of the typical curve
value.
voltage transformers irrespective of the exact sec-
ondary voltage ratings resulting from the primary
voltages and ratios. For example, for those trans-
7. Voltage Transformers formers having ratios that result in secondary
voltage ratings of 115 V or 66.4 V, the actual volt-
7.1 Terms in Which Ratings Shall be Ex- amperes at rated voltage for a designated stan-
pressed dard burden are reduced to 91.8 percent of the
(1) Basic impulse insulation level in terms of values listed in Table 17.
full wave test voltage. Refer to Tables 12 through
16 and Fig 6. 7.3 Assignment of Accuracy Ratings
(2) Rated primary voltage and ratio. Refer to 7.3.1 A voltage transformer shall be assigned
Tables 12 through 16 and Fig 6 an accuracy rating for each of the standard
(3) Frequency (60 Hz) burdens for which it is designed. For example, an
(4) Accuracy ratings according to 5.3 accuracy rating might be 0.3W and X, 0.6Y, 1.22.
(5) Thermal burden rating according to 7.4 7.3.2 Accuracy Classification for Voltage
Transformers with Two Secondaries. The burden
7.2 Standard Burdens on one secondary affects the voltage on the other.
7.2.1 Standard Burdens for Rating Purposes. The error limits apply to both secondaries and the
Standard burdens for voltage transformers for burden in volt-amperes for a given accuracy clas-
rating purposes shall be expressed in volt-am- sification may be divided between the secondaries
peres at a specified power factor as listed in Table in any desired manner.
17 at one of the voltages given in 7.2.2.
7.2.2 Voltages on Which Standard Burdens 7.4 Thermal Burden Ratings. The thermal
Are Based. Standard burdens are based on two burden rating of a voltage transformer shall be
secondary voltages: 120 V and 69.3 V. specified in terms of the maximum burden in
The burden designation and the same physical volt-amperes that the transformer can carry at
burdens are used in applying accuracy ratings to rated secondary voltage without exceeding the
temperature rise given in Table 4.
If no thermal burden in volt-amperes rating is
Except B = 0.9 and B = 1.8. given, the thermal burden rating in volt-amperes
26
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

ANSI/IEEE
NOMINAL 3-PHASE SYSTEMS VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS

-
GROUP I 2 4 0 0 / 4 l 6 O Y
GROUNDED OR
UNGROUNDED
I
2400 V
It
I
I
cE THE ABOVE
E%'I'IE%D
L I N E TO L I N E ON
A 2400 V SYSTEM
c-
t,
4160 V SYSTEM - 4
+
4
l60V
4160V
+
4
4160 V
4L 2c
OR
NEUTRAL
GROUNDEDOR
4 WIRE +
4160 V 2400V
f
2400V
ic L I N E TO NEUTRAL
ON A 4160 V
SYSTEM
t ?I
t
I 2400 V IL
+
G R O U P 2 - 2 400/2400 Y
THE ABOVE
p p $
2400 V 2400 V
TRANSFORMERS
MAY BE CONNECTED
c 2400 V L I N E TO LINE ON
A 2400 V SYSTEM
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
2 4 0 0 V SYSTEM- (C)
NEUTRAL 1
\ c-
-
BUT
BY INSULATION
ARE LIMITED
GROUNDED OR
L-3 t-
UNGROUNDED
4 + L
TO
T
2400 V
L I N E TO NEUTRAL
-L
CONNECTION ON
2400 V THE SAME VOLTAGE
( 2400)
GROUP 3- 40 2 5 0 FOR 69 000 GRDY
69000 V
SYSTEM - E ONE PRIMARY
TERMINAL OF EACH
NEUTRAL
GROUNDED OR
UNGROUNDED
E TRANS FORMER
IS NOT FULLY
s
INSULATED AND
MUST BE CONNECTED
I
TO GROUND
(E)
Fig 6
Typical Primary Connections for Voltage Transformers
27

ANSI/IEEE
C57.13-1978 IEEE STANDARD REQUIREMENTS F O R
Table 12
Ratings and Characteristics of
Group 1 Voltage Transformers
Group 1 voltage transformers are for application with 100 percent of

rated primary voltage acroaa the primary winding when connected line-to-
line or line-to-ground. (For typical connections, see Figs 6A and 6B.)
Group 1 transformers shall be capable of operation a t 126 percent of
rated voltage on an emergency basis, provided the burden, in volt-amperes
a t rated voltage, does not exceed 64 percent of the thermal burden rating,
without exceeding 75/"/C temperature riee. (This will result in a reduction of
normal life expectancy a t the rate of 0.2 percent per day.) The manufacturer
may be consulted for information about a possible higher rating. Group 1
transformers shall be capable of continuous operation a t 110 percent of
rated voltage provided the burden, in volt-amperes a t this voltage, does not
exceed the thermal burden rating.
Rated Primary Voltage for Basic Impulse

Rated Voltage Line-to-Line Marked Insulation Level
(VI Ratio (kV Crest)
120 for 208Y 1:l 10

240 for 416Y 2:l 10
300 for 520Y 2.5:l 10
120 for 208Y 1:l 30
240 for 416Y 2:l 30
300 for 520T 2.5:l 30
480 for 832Y 4:1 30
600 for 1040Y 5:1 30
2400 for 4160Y 20:l 60
4200 for 7280Y 35:1 75
4800 for 8320Y 40:1 75
7200 for 12 470Y 60:l 110 or 95
8400 for 14 560Y 70:l 110 or 95
NOTE: Voltage transformers connected line-to-ground on an ungrounded

system cannot be considered to be ground& trandormers and must not be
operated with the secondaries in cloeed delta because excessive currenta
.may flow in the delta.
shall be the same as the maximum standard (4) Rated primary voltage (PRI)
burden for which an accuracy rating is given. (5) Ratio or ratios
Each winding, including the primary winding, ( 6 ) Basic impulse insulation level (BIL - kV)
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
of a multiple-secondary transformer shall be giv- (7) Rated frequency (Hz)

en a thermal burden rating. If only one thermal (8) Thermal burden rating or ratings at am-
burden rating is specified, it must be applicable to bient temperature or temperatures, in VA at "C
any distribution of secondary volt-amperes, in- (9) Accuracy rating: maximum standard
cluding the use of taps. burden at which the accuracy rating is 0.3 class,
as a minimum
7*5 "Itage transformers be 7.6 TerminalB, Terminals shall be electrically
provided with nameplates that shall include, as a
and mechanically suitable for use with
minimum, the following information:
as well as copper conductors.
(1) Manufacturer's name or trademark
(2) Manufacturer's type 7.7 Short-circuit Capability. Voltage trans-
(3) Manufacturer's serial number (SER) formers shall be capable of withstanding for 1 s
28

ANSI/IEEE
Table 13
Group 2 voltage transformers are primarily for line-to-line service, and may be
applied line-to-ground or line-to-neutral at a winding voltage equal to the primary
voltage rating divided by fl.(For typical connections, see F i g 6C and 6D.)
Group 2 transformers shall be capable of continuous operation at 110 percent
rated voltage, provided the burden, in volt-amperes at this voltage, does not exceed
the thermal burden rating.

120 for 120Y 1:l 10
240 for 240Y 2:l 10
300 for 300Y 2.5:l 10
480 for 480Y 4:1 10
600 for 600Y 5:1 10
2400 for 2400Y 20:1 45
4800 for 4800Y 40:1 60
7200 for 7200Y 60:l 75
12 000 for 12 OOOY 100:l 110 or 95

14 400 for 14 400Y 120:l 110 or 95
24 000 for 24 OOOY 200:l 150 or 125
34 500 for 34 500Y 300:1 200 or 150
46 000 for 46 OOOY 400:l 250
69 000 for 69 OOOY 600:l 350
NOTE: Voltage transformers connected line-to-ground on an ungrounded system
cannot be conaidered to be grounding transformers and must not be operated with
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
the secondaries in closed delta because excessive currents may flow in the delta.
the mechanical and thermal stresses resulting (1) Typical ratio correction factor and phase
from a short circuit on the secondary terminals angle curves for rated primary voltage, plotted for
with full voltage maintained on the primary ter- the standard burdens from zero volt-amperes to
minals. “Capable of withstanding’’ shall be in- the volt-amperes of the burden, and also plotted
terpreted to mean that, if subjected to this duty, for unity power factor burden from zero volt-am-
the voltage transformer shall show no damage and peres to the volt-amperes of the largest standard
shall be capable of meeting the other applicable burden plotted. Ratio correction factor and phase
requirements of this standard. The temperature angle data for other burdens may be calculated by
of the conductors in the windings of voltage trans- methods outlined in Section 8.
formers under short-circuit conditions shall be (2) Accuracy ratings for all standard burdens
determined from calculations using the methods up to and including the maximum standard
specified in 8.6.4. The maximum permissible burden rating of the transformer
temperature for 55°C rise transformers shall be
250’C. The maximum permissible temperature 7.9 Induced Potential Test. The test voltage
for 80°C rise transformers shall be 350°C. shall be as follows:
(1) For transformers with two fully insulated
7.8 Application Data. Characteristic data primary terminals, the test voltage shall be twice
shall be made available by the manufacturer as the rated voltage of the windings.
follows: (2) For insulated-neutral or grounded-neutral-
29

ANSI/IEEE
(267.13-1978 IEEE STANDARD REQUIREMENTS FOR
Table 14
Group 3 voltage transformers are for line-to-ground connection only and have two secondaries. They may
be insulated-neutral- or grounded-neutral-terminaltype.
Ratings through 92 OOO for 161 OOO Gnd Y shall be capable of times rated voltage for 1 min without
exceeding 175°Ctemperature rise. Ratings 138 OOO for 230 OOO Gnd Y and above shall be capable of operation
at 140 percent of rated voltage with the same limitation of time and temperature. (For typical connections, see
Fig 6E.) Group 3 transformers shall be capable of continuous operation at 110 percent of rated voltage,
provided the burden, in volt-amperes at this voltage, does not exceed the thermal burden rating.

(V) Ratio (kV Crest)
14 400 for 25 OOO Gnd Y 120/200 and 120/200:1 150 or 125
20 125 for 34 500 Gnd Y 175/300and 175/300:1 200
27 600 for 46 OOO Gnd Y 2401400 and 240/400:1 250
40 250 for 69 000 Gnd Y 360/800and 360/600:1 350
69 000 for 115 000 Gnd Y 600/1000and 600/1000:1 550 or 450
80 500 for 138 OOO Gnd Y 700/1200and 700/1200:1 650 or 550
92 OOO for 161 OOO Gnd Y 800/1400and 800/1400:1 760 or 650
138 000 for 230 OOO Gnd Y 1200/2000and 1200/2000:1 1050 or 900
207 OOO for 362 OOO Gnd Y * 1800/3000and 1800/3000:1 1300 or 1175
287 500 for 550 OOO Gnd Y* 2500/4500and 2500/4500:1 1800 or 1675
431 250 for 800 000 Gnd Y* 3750/6250and 3750/6250:1 2050
* The higher figures 362 OOO, 560 OOO, and 800 OOO are the maximum rated primary voltage values as
designated for use with extra-high-voltage systems by the ANSI C92 Committee.
NOTES:
(1)The double voltage ratio is usually achieved by a tap in the secondary; in such cases the nonpolarity
terminal of the winding shall be the common terminal.
(2)Voltage transformers connected line-to-ground on an ungrounded system cannot be considered to be
grounding transformers and mast not be operated with the secondaries in c l o d delta because excessive
currents may flow in the delta.
terminal type transformers, the test voltage shall The test methods covered herein are as follows:
be equal to the applied potential test kV specified
1. Measurement and calculation of ratio and
in Table 2 for the BIL. (If the routine factory ap-
phase angle (see 8.1)
plied potential test on insulated-neutral-terminal
2. Demagnetization (see 8.2)
type transformers is made at the applied potential
3. Impedance and excitation measurements
test kV specified in Table 2 for the BIL, then the
(see 8.3)
induced potential test shall be a t twice the rated
4. Polarity (see 8.4)
voltage of the windings.)
5. Resistance measurements (see 8.5)
7.10 Routine Accuracy Test. These tests shall 6. Short-time characteristics (see 8.6).
be made on each transformer and shall consist of 7. Temperature rise tests (see 8.7).
ratio and phase angle tests at 100 percent of rated 8. Dielectric tests (see 8.8)
primary voltage at rated frequency with zero 9. Measurement of open-circuit voltage of cur-
burden, and with the maximum standard burden rent transformers (see 8.9)
for which the transformer is rated at its best ac-
curacy class. Many of the tests called for in this section in-
volve high voltage and, therefore, should be per-
8. Test Code formed only by experienced personnel familiar
with any peculiarities or dangers that may exist in
This section describes methods for performing the test setups and test procedures. While some
tests specified in the other sections of this stan- dangers are specifically pointed out herein, it is
dard. impractical to list all necessary precautions.
30
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ANSI/IEEE
Table 15
Group 4 Indoor Voltage Transformers
(Figs 6B and 6D)
Group 4 voltage transformers are for line-to-ground connection only. They may be insulated-neutral- or grounded-neutral-termi-
nal type. (For typical connections of Group 4A, me Fig 6B.For typical connections of Group 4B, see Fig 6D.)
Group 4 voltage transformers shall be capable of continuous operation a t 110 percent of rated voltage, provided the burden, in
volt-amperes a t this voltage, does not exceed the thermal burden rating. Group 4A voltage transformers shall be capable of operation
a t 125 percent of rated voltage on an emergency basis, provided the burden, in Volt-amperes a t rated voltage, does not exceed 64
percent of the thermal burden rating, without exceeding 76-C temperature rise. (Thiswill result in a reduction of normal life
expectancy a t the rate of 0.2 percent per day.) The manufacturer may be consulted for information about a possible higher rating.
~~ ~

(V) Ratio (kV Crest)
Group 4A: For Operation a t Approximately

100 percent of Rated Voltage (Fig 6B)
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
2400 for 4160 Gnd Y 20:1 60
4200 for 7200 Gnd Y 35:1 75
4800 for 8320 Gnd Y 4 01 75
7200 for 12 470 Gnd Y 60:1 110 or 95
8400 for 14 560 Gnd Y 70:1 110 or 95
Group 4B: For Operation a t Approximately

68 percent or Rated Voltage (Fig 6D)
4200 for 4160 Gnd Y 35:l 60

4800 for 4800 Gnd Y 40: 1 60
7200 for 7200 Gnd Y 60:1 75
12 OOO for 12 000 Gnd Y 100:1 110 or 95
14 400 for 14 400 Gnd Y 120:1 110 or 95
NOTE: Voltage transformers connected line-to-ground on an ungrounded system cannot be considered to be grounding transformers
and must not be operated with the secondaries in closed delta because excessive currents may flow in the delta.
Table 16
Group 5 Outdoor Voltage Transformers
Group 5 voltage transformers are for line-to-ground connection only, and are for
use outdoors on grounded systems. They may be insulated-neutral- or grounded-
neutral-terminal type. They shall be capable of operation a t 140 percent of r & d
voltage for 1 min without exceeding 175°C temperature rise. (For typical connec-
tions see Fig 6E.)
Group 5 voltage transformers shall be capable of continuous operation a t 110
percent of rated voltage, provided the burden, in volt-amperes a t this voltage, does
not exceed the thermal burden rating.

7200 for 12 470 Gnd Y 60:l 110
8400 for 14 560 Gnd Y 70:l 110
12 OOO for 20 800 Gnd Y 100:l 150 or 125
14 400 for 25 000 Gnd Y 120:1 150 or 125
20 125 for 34 500 Gnd Y 175:l 200 or 150
31

ANSI/IEEE
Table 17
Standard Burdens for
Voltage Transformers
Characteristics on Characteristics on Characteristics on

Standard Burdens* 120 V Basis 69.3 v Basis
Volt- Power Resistance Inductance Impedance Resistance Inductance Impedance

Designation Amperes Factor cn, (HI (a) (a, (HI (In)
W 12.5 0.10 115.2 3.04 1152 38.4 1.01 384
X 25 0.70 403.2 1.09 576 134.4 0.364 192
Y 75 0.85 163.2 0.268 192 54.4 0.0894 64
Z 200 0.85 61.2 0.101 72 20.4 0.0335 24
zz 400 0.85 30.6 0.0503 36 10.2 0.0168 12
M 35 0.20 82.3 1.07 411 27.4 0.356 137
*These burden designations have no significance except at 60 Hz.
NOTE: Standard metering accuracy claaees for voltage transformers establish limits from 90percent to 110percent of rated voltage,
which often corresponds to 120 or 115 secondary volts. When a voltage transformer is operated a t 58 percent of rated voltage, the
accuracy will be different than a t 100 percent. The standard burdens in Table 17 have different impedances a t 120 and 69.3
secondary volts. Therefore a transformer will have much different errors at 69.3 V than a t 120 V using the standard burdens
established in Table 17. If the burden impedance a t 58 percent excitation is the same as a t 100 percent excitation, a condition that
may occur in practice but is not covered by standard burdens, accuracy changes are much less.
8.1 Measurement and Calculation of Ratio tio. The small quantity a is the correction to the
and Phase Angle nominal ratio of the phasors and b is the phase
8.1.1 Classification of Methods with Respect angle (in radians) between them, being positive
to Precision. The various test and calculation when the secondary phasor leads the primary.
methods may be classified as listed below on the The expression in Cartesian form is closely enough
basis of the precision required in the metering and
nonmetering applications. In selecting the method Q1
to use from those listed below, consideration -
Q~ =N(l+a--jb)
should be given to the precision required by the
application. In many applications requiring in-
where (1 + a ) is identified as the ratio correction
dicating instruments for relaying, load control, or
similar applications, sufficient accuracy is ob- factor. If the transformer is to be used for meter-
tainable with nonprecise methods. ing it must be calibrated and the method of
(1) The test methods for revenue metering ap- calibration must permit the determination of both
plications shall give results correct to within 0.1 the ratio and phase angle to the accuracy pre-
percent in ratio and 3' in phase angle. scribed by the application. If the transformer is
(2) The test methods for applications other used in relaying, only the ratio need be de-
than revenue metering applications shall give re- termined, and this may be achieved either ex-
perimentally or by computation.
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
sults correct to within 1.0 percent in ratio and 1"

in phase angle. 8.1.3 Special Considerations. In calibration
for metering_ _purposes certain precautions must
~
8.1.2 General. Instrument transformers con- be taken, commensurate with the accuracy re-
sidered herein are designed either for metering or quired in the measurement.
for relaying applications. The ratio of a trans- The circuit should be so arranged as to avoid or
former can be described by the expression minimize spurious magnetic coupling and the
consequent introduction of unknown voltages.
Q = N (1+ a )
1 e-jb
Thus the measuring network should be as far re-
Q2 moved as is practical from conductors carrying
large currents and a twisted bifilar or coaxial ar-
where Q1 and Q z are the primary and secondary rangement of leads should be used to minimize ef-
phasors, respectively, and N is their nominal ra- fects from loops.
32

ANSI/IEEE
Proper location of grounds and the proper use formers. Where relatively high magnitudes of pri-
of electrostatic shielding and guarding networks mary or secondary current, or both, are involved,
are governed by the type of circuit and cannot be the test equipment should have sufficient thermal
uniquely prescribed. The criterion, however, is capacity to permit making the necessary mea-
that they be arranged so that spurious capaci- surements. In making overcurrent accuracy tests,
tance currents cannot indiscriminately enter or such as for relaying service, care should be ex-
leave the measuring circuit. The arrangement ercised to insure that the short-time thermal cur-
must eliminate these leakage paths or otherwise rent rating of the transformer under test is not ex-
control them so that the capacitance effects are ceeded, and that the heating resulting from the
adequately calculable. time required to make the measurements does not
The error of an instrument transformer is a materially alter the characteristics being mea-
function of current (or voltage), burden, and fre- sured.
quency. Thus for the maximum useful accuracy 8.1.4 Classification o f Methods and Their
the calibration must be made under the same con- Recommended Use. Calibration methods for
ditions the transformer will encounter in service. metering purposes divide into two groups: direct
This requirement, however, is appreciably more methods and comparative methods. Each group
stringent for current transformers since the ex- may be further divided into the subgroups null
citation of the core varies over wide limits. In the and deflection.
normal operation of voltage transformers, how- Null methods make use of networks in which
ever, the line voltage is nearly constant, so that appropriate phasor quantities are balanced
the transformer excitation varies over a limited against each other or in which their small dif-
range. Also, the error of a voltage transformer at a ferences are compensated by the injection of an
given voltage can be readily computed for any appropriate and measurable voltage or current.
burden at any power factor if the errors are The phasor quantities may be either the currents
known for no-load and for another load at known (or voltages) of the transformer (or transformers)
power factor. involved, or parameters that are known functions
The effect of waveform on the ratio and phase of these. The condition of balance or compensa-
angle of instrument transformers has received lit- tion is indicated by a detector null.
tle experimental attention and essentially none in Deflection methods make use of the deflections
recent years. It is probable that uncertainties of suitable instruments to measure quantities re-
from waveform distortion are negligible under test lated to the phasors under consideration or to
conditions. their difference. Most deflection methods are
The errors of a current transformer may be quite simple and straightforward but lack the
further influenced by the location and orientation high accuracy capability of the null methods and
relative to the transformer of high-current con- often impose serious restrictions on the test condi-
ductors. To achieve reproducible results the ar- tions. For these reasons deflection methods are
rangement of conductors during calibration not recommended; however, they may be useful,
should be such as to minimize this effect. provided the method chosen yields the desired ac-
T o further ensure meaningful results, the cur- curacy.
rent transformer must be demagnetized prior to Either the direct-null or the comparative-null
calibration. Even after demagnetization, stray method is recommended. Numerous methods of
direct currents present in the test circuit, result- calibration are available for each and a partial
ing from accidents such as the rectifying action of but adequate list is given in the references. Sever-
oxidized contacts, may remagnetize the trans- al methods, arranged essentially in the order of
former and introduce errors that will not permit maximum available accuracy, are set forth in
reproducible results. 8.1.5 for current transformers and in 8.1.6 for
The error of a voltage transformer that is not voltage transformers. Although the choice of
completely enclosed within a shielded structure, method depends primarily on the measurement
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
such as a metal tank, can be influenced by the and accuracy required, it is recommended that a
proximity of nearby objects. Except in high pre- laboratory select a method that will lead to an im-
cision laboratory measurements this effect is usu- provement in its measurement capability.
- ally negligible.
Heating effects are also of particular im-
In the direct-null method the ratio and phase
relation of the primary and secondary phasors
portance in accuracy testing of current trans- (current or voltage) are determined primarily

ANSI/IEEE
from the impedances of the measuring network, der ordinary conditions. A comparable limitation
whose associated voltages (or currents) are precise exists in a comparative-null method where the
functions of the primary and secondary quantities outputs of the ratio standard and test transformer
being considered. are compared through impedances inserted in
In the comparative-null method, the trans- their respective secondary circuits. These meth-
former under test is compared with a ratio stan- ods and those of commercial test sets of com-
dard through an impedance network. A reference parable or lesser capability are useful when the
transformer serves as the ratio standard in the measurement need justifies the lower accuracy.
test of a voltage transformer while either a trans- 8.1.5.1 Current Comparator Method (Dif-
former or current comparator may play a com- ference Network). This method, or its equivalent,
parable role in the test of a current transformer. can easily yield a measurement accuracy of 1 to
In any case, the ratio and phase angle of the refer- 20 ppm in ratio and phase angle, depending on the
ence standard must be known, in addition to the magnitude of the errors being measured. The cur-
values of the critical impedance parameters. rent comparator serves as the standard whose out-
8.1.5 Methods for Current Transformers. A put looks into that of the transformer under test
comparative-null method that measures (either while a parallel branch carries the difference cur-
directly or indirectly through its magnetic effect) rent between the two outputs.
the small difference current between the output of The current comparator, unlike the current
a ratio standard and that of a test transformer of- transformer, operates under the condition of
fers the highest accuracy in the measurement of ampere-turn balance and hence with zero average
ratio and phase angle. This must be qualified, flux in its magnetic core. Hence the principal
however, if the ratio standard lacks sufficient sta- source of error inherent in the current trans-
bility or has had its parameters measured by a former is essentially eliminated in the current
method of lesser accuracy. A current comparator comparator. Two types of current comparators
(ampere-turn balance), when properly designed, with simple measuring networks are indicated in
is the most stable and accurately known ratio the circuits of Figs 7 and 8.
standard with its errors reducible to less than one The comparator in Fig 7 is identified as a com-
part per million (1 ppm)5 (see [7]-[11]6). Hence, pensated current comparator [8]. A toroidal core
the “difference” method with a current com- of high permeability carries a uniformly dis-
parator as the standard provides the highest tributed detection winding d that adequately
measurement accuracy. If current transformers samples the flux condition of the core and in-
of comparable stability and accuracy were avail- dicates its zero state through a detector connected
able, they would serve equally well and the dif- across the winding terminals. Omitting the elec-
ference method would yield the equivalent high trostatic shielding, the detection winding is fol-
accuracy. lowed by a compensation winding c uniformly dis-
The initial design of a current comparator tributed on the core; and the composite array is
measuring system is generally in the province of nested within a magnetic shield of suitable
the national laboratory, but this does not preclude dimensions. Secondary and primary windings are
its duplication in other laboratories if maximum placed over the shield, thereby enclosing both
advantage of the method is desired. However, test core and shield. The shield may be regarded as a
sets are commercially available that duplicate second magnetic core that together with the pri-
very nearly the prototypes of the national labora- mary and secondary windings forms a current
tories with little degradation in measurement ac- transformer that becomes the first stage of a two-
curacy. These are recommended on the basis of stage electromagnetic network with power-
accuracy, ease of operation, and flexibility. transfer capability. The compensation winding,
Direct-null methods, wherein the ratio and located inside the shield, carries the same number
phase angle are determined from impedances, are of turns as the secondary and when connected
limited to a maximum accuracy of 100 ppm under across the secondary branch (with its burden)
the most favorable conditions, and 200 ppm un- provides a path for the error current of the first
stage. Thus when the comparator is properly de-
signed, the summation of ampere turns applied to
In this text, designation of ppm is identical to micro-
radians when referring to phase angle.
the core is zero and the detector indicates null. In
6Numbersin brackets correspond to those of the references addition, the two-stage combination appears es-
listed in the Bibliography,Section 9 of this standard. sentially as a short circuit to the secondary of the
34
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

ANSI/IEEE
1 1
P 4
CURRENT
TEST CT
I
S--b
SHIELD 6
C N
d 6
Fig 7
Current Tranrformer Accuracy Tert with
Cornpenrated Current Comparator
I AUXILIARY
TRANSFORMER
CURRENT
COMPARATOR
0
i
,
TEST CT
i -
0
0 -o
COMPOS~TE~
CURRENT :
C0M PA RATOR
I
‘ a
L- -0
I
Fig 8
Current Transformer Accuracy Tert with
Comporite Current Comparator
35
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

ANSI/IEEE
current transformer connected across its termi- detector, originally located at the detection wind-
nals and thus imposes no burden on the trans- ing of the standard, occupies a comparable posi-
former under test. With the secondary of the tion in the measuring comparator.
transformer thus connected and with its primary 8.1.5.2 Standard Current Transformer
in series with that of the comparator, ampere-turn (Difference Network).The accuracy of this meth-
balance is maintained if the transformer under od is governed by the current transformer that
test has zero error; otherwise, its error current en- serves as the ratio standard. The method may,
ters the comparator and upsets the balance. The however, yield an accuracy comparable to that
resistor capacitor (RC) network, arranged to described in 8.1.5.1, provided the standard is suf-
carry the difference or “error” current (injected ficiently stable and has been calibrated to the re-
by way of a small voltage available from either or quired accuracy.
both resistors), is adjusted to restore balance. Un- The difference circuit indicated in Fig 10 is
der these conditions, the error7 of the current cited as an example of the method because of its
transformer under test is given by versatility and the ease with which high accuracy
is obtained in the difference measurement [lo].
(An equivalent circuit might, for example, employ
electrical coupling between the transformer sec-
ondaries and provide a path for the error current
where the real term, is the error in ratio and the
and circuitry for making the difference meas-
imaginary term that of phase angle. If the com-
urement.)
parator exhibits an error es, this must be in-
The circuit of Fig 10 incorporates a simple and
cluded; however, as stated earlier, one that is
properly designed will generally have errors less easily constructed current comparator that mag-
than 1 ppm. Connection of the RC network to netically links the two secondary circuits and
points a or b permit measurement of both positive forms part of the measuring network. With the
and negative errors. primary windings of the transformers in series,
the secondary of the standard is connected in
The current comparator in Fig 8 is relatively
series with a comparator winding of n, turns
simple to construct and offers greater flexibility in
through a resistor 2r tapped at its midpoint, while
its application [lo]. The comparator in combina-
the secondary of the test transformer is connected
tion with an auxiliary transformer of the same
nominal ratio operates on the same principle as in series with a second comparator winding of n,
turns. The comparator windings are oriented so
that of the compensated current comparator. The
auxiliary transformer replaces, in effect, the first that their ampere-turns act in opposition on the
comparator core and their respective turns satisfy
stage of the compensated comparator (the trans-
the relation
former section) and provides for the transfer of
power. Its ratio and phase angle need not be I , ns = Isx nx
known to better than one percent. The three where Issand Isx are the nominal secondary cur-
current-carrying windings lie outside a shield rents of the standard and test transformers, re-
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
whose sole function is to shield the core and sens- spectively. An error winding of ne turns dis-
ing elements from extraneous magnetic fields.
tributed on the comparator core is connected
The balancing procedure and equations are the
across either or both of the r segments (depending
same as those indicated for the circuit of Fig 7.
on the relative errors of the two transformers)
Fig 9 emphasizes a second mode of operation through an RC network, and null balance is ob-
for the current comparator of Fig 8 in conjunction tained on the comparator’s detection winding by
with another type of measuring network. The adjusting R and C. The error of the transformer
comparator is made self-balancing by using an under test is given by
operational amplifier to supply the current in its
error winding. The measuring network includes,
in addition to the familiar RC branch, a simple
current comparator of adjustable ratio for sensing
the error current I , of the test transformer. The
where E , is the error of the standard current trans-
former. The self-balancing feature and measuring
7 The error of a transformer, rather than the correction, ap-
pears in much of the literature. It is the negative of the correc- network of Fig 9 are equally applicable. The com-
tion and is ascribed to the ratio I z / f l . parator required for this method is a simple,
36

ANSI/IEEE
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS C57.13-197 8
AUXILIARY CURRENT
TRANSFORMER COMPARATOR CT
*=
0
-
- MEASU'RING
CIRCUIT
Fig 8
Current Transformer Accuracy Test with
Composite Current Comparator and Operational Amplifier
STAPJJARD TEST CT
I bl
CURRENT *eI
COMPARATOR *=
n,
"s
Is, I
0-
"e
Fig 10
Current Transformer Accuracy Test with
Current Comparator and Standard Current Transformer
37
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

ANSIlIEEE
single-stage arrangement with the detection wind- designed so that its resistance as seen by the sec-
ing enclosed in a thin magnetic shield. Unlike ondary remains constant while its four-terminal
many equivalent methods, the standard and test resistance as seen by the detector is adjustable.
transformers need not have the same nominal ra- Balance is obtained by adjusting R 2 and M for a
tio. Furthermore, the comparator can be designed null on the detector. The equations of balance for
so that a transformer can be calibrated up to four ratio and phase angle are to a first approximation
times rated current against a standard operating
at rated current.
8.1.6.3 Two-Impedance Method (Direct-
Null Network) [ 121-[14]. The method as in- and
dicated in Fig 11 serves solely as a n example of
the various direct-null networks available [ 12).Al- p = - CdM + 0 - 0 (in radians)
ternative methods may employ, for example, two R2
resistors and an adjustable capacitor or, again, where R and R are the ac values of the resistors,
two mutual inductors with a small resistance for and and &are their phase angles. (The above
quadrature balance. In all these, however, the equation for can be stated in minutes by using
maximum available accuracy is about 100 ppm. the conversion: 1'= 291 pradians).
This limit is set primarily by the difficulty en- To achieve maximum accuracy, special designs
countered in designing stable impedance elements are required for the resistors and inductor. For ex-
and in measuring their characteristics to suffi- ample, the construction of the resistors must as-
cient accuracy. sure a stable resistance, a negligible or small but
Referring to Fig 11, the primary of the trans- known phase angle, negligible skin effect, and
former is connected in series with a four-terminal freedom from external magnetic fields; and the
noninductive resistor R 1, which must carry the inductor, being small in value, must be astatic.
large primary current without incurring excessive (Suitable designs are described in papers listed in
changes from self-heating. (With published de- the Bibliography, Section 9.) It is to be noted that
signs the current limit is about 2500 A.) The sec- K 2and the primary of M impose a minimum limit
ondary winding is connected in series with anoth- to the burden on the secondary of the trans-
er four-terminal resistor R 2 and the primary former.
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
winding of a mutual inductor M. The potential 8.1.6.4 Standard Current Transformer

terminals of the resistors are connected in voltage Method (Direct Comparison Network) (See [ 121
opposition through a suitable detector in series and 1151). A typical circuit for this method, in-
with the secondary of the mutual inductor. The dicated in Fig 12, closely resembles the one de-
adjustable parameters in the secondary circuit scribed in 8.1.5.3, the difference being that re-
must have sufficient resolution and R 2 must be sistor R I of Fig 11 is replaced by the standard
Fig 11
Accuracy Test with Direct-Null Network
38

ANSI/IEEE
_-
Fig 12
Accuracy Test with Standard Current Transformer
(Direct-Comparison Network)
transformer and its four-terminal resistor R3 potential is brought to null by adjusting or inject-
(see (12)).If the standard has been calibrated by ing suitable and measurable parameters. In group
one of the more accurate methods, the maximum two each capacitor is connected in series with a
accuracy available from this method is very near- winding of a current comparator and energized
ly the same as that given in 8.1.5.3. The balancing separately from the respective grounded trans-
procedure is identical to that described in 8.1.5.3. former windings. Ratio balance is made by ad-
The ratio and phase angle equations are to a first justing turns on one or both of the comparator
approximation windings while an injection network operating
into a third winding provides the adjustment for
R2 phase angle. The maximum accuracy for these
N=N,- methods is about 2 to 20 ppm for ratio and phase
R3
and angle, depending on the ratio and voltage of the
UM test transformer.
fl=p,+-+03-e2 (inradians) Direct-null methods that use resistive dividers
R2
rather than the capacitive type are limited to an
where N , and p, are the ratio and phase angle upper accuracy of about 100 ppm in both ratio
of the standard and O 2 is the phase angle of R 2 and phase angle and to a maximum voltage of
and 0 is the phase angle of R 3 . about 30 kV. A fourth group that may be accept-
It is important to note that the ratio of the stan- able utilizes a pseudo-bridge circuit. This network
dard need not match that of the transformer un- is similar in form to that of group two except that
der test. Also, as stated in 8.1.5.3, other ap- the current comparator is omitted and its two
propriate impedances can be used in place of main windings replaced, in most instances, by ad-
those shown in Fig 12. justable RC networks. The null detector occupies
8.1.6 Methods f o r Voltage Transformers. its usual position between corresponding points of
Direct-null methods in which precision capacitors nearly equal potential. In general, the accuracy of
are the principal elements have greater inherent this method is about 100 ppm in ratio and phase
accuracy and accommodate a wider range of volt- angle; however, with refinements and careful
ages. These methods may be divided into two measurements the accuracy has been extended to
groups. In group one the two capacitors are con- about 30 ppm.
nected in series as a voltage divider to accom- The two types of comparative networks (the
- modate the voltages of the primary and secondary
windings, which may be connected in either the
difference and direct comparison circuits) may
yield accuracies that range from 100 ppm to 1
additive or subtractive mode. A detector properly ppm, excluding the uncertainties in the parame-
located between the two points of nearly equal ters of the standard.
39
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

ANSVIEEE
C5 7.1 3-197 8 IEEE STANDARD REQUIREMENTS FOR
In all cases, complete and proper shielding is arm bridge. It should be determined at the time of
required to realize the maximum measurement the transformer calibration unless it has been
accuracy. demonstrated previously to have sufficient stabil-
8.1.6.1 Capacitance Divider Method ity for the calibration at hand. Particular atten-
(Direct-Null Network) (See [5] and I l S ] ) . A sug- tion must be given capacitor C1 when calibrating
gested circuit that can yield an accuracy of about transformers of large ratio. It must be able to ac-
20 ppm in ratio and phase angle is indicated in cept the high voltage of the primary winding
Fig 13 (see 1161). The transformer windings are without exhibiting instability or an unduly large
connected in the additive mode with capacitors voltage coefficient. These factors and others that
C1 and C2 accommodating, respectively, the pri- govern the accuracy of a transformer calibration
mary and secondary voltages. Adjustments for ra- are treated in the literature listed in the Biblio-
tio and phase angle balance are provided by two graphy, Section 9.
inductive voltage dividers. Divider B is used for 8.1.6.2 Current Comparator-Capacitance
the ratio balance while the quadrature balance is Ratio Method (See [5],1171, and [18]). This meth-
obtained from divider A by injecting a small cur- has been used to an assured accuracy of 20 ppm
rent through the high resistance R. Measurement up to 325 kV and more recent developments and
of both positive and negative errors is made pos- r e f i n e m e n t s have extended i t s a c c u r a c y
sible by extending the adjustment above unity on capabilities to about 2 ppm. The method offers a
B and below zero on A. The ratio is given by further advantage since the circuit can be used to
measure the ratio of the two principal capacitors
N=-nb
c2 (at low voltage) at the time of the transformer
C1 calibration. The basic circuit for the calibration of
a transformer is indicated in Fig 14. Capacitors
and the phase angle by
C1 and C2 accommodate the respective voltages of
the primary and secondary windings, which are
' Y = n a R j j 2 (in radians)
connected in the subtractive mode. The current P
comparator is shown as a single magnetic core

where n a and nb are the ratios of the respec- with four windings. The winding of n2 turns is ad-
tive dividers. justable in coarse steps while that of n1 turns pro-
The accuracy of measurement depends prima- vides the fine adjustment for ratio balance. An
rily on the adequacy of the shielding and on the operational amplifier supplies a small current
accuracy to which the capacitance ratio is known. that enters a third winding of the comparator,
The capacitance ratio can be determined to the which is mechanically linked with the adjustable
highest accuracy by using a transformer-ratio- winding nl so that the two always have the same
Fig 13
Accuracy Teet with Capacitance Divider Method
(Direct-Null Network)
CI
I I
I I
c2
40
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

ANSI/IEEE
'
Fig 14
Accuracy Test with Current Comparator-
Capacitance Ratio Method
number of turns. Adjustment of this injected cur- transformer ratio and the other by providing the
rent provides the quadrature balance. Balance of resistance elements with shields maintained at
the ampere-turns threading the magnetic core is proper potentials by a parallel guard chain. An
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
indicated by the null detector connected across example of this type of network, without the
the sensing winding. The balance equations for guard chain, is shown in Fig 15 (see 111).The re-
ratio and phase angle are to a first approximation sistance chain in series with the primary winding
of the mutual inductor M is connected across the
v1 - c2 -
n2
high voltage winding. A voltage equal and op-
v, c1 n1 posite to that across the secondary winding of the
transformer is provided by adjusting M and the
and
resistance r for a null on the detector. The equa-
(in radians) tions for ratio and phase angle are to a first ap-
y = RwCi proximation
Full advantage of this method may be better re- v, = E
alized in a national laboratory, but this does not vs r
preclude its use in other measurements labora-
tories, since details are available from the liter- and
ature.
= d-
r
&'
R
(in radians)
8.1.6.3 Resistance Divider Method (Direct-
Null Network) (See 111, 1191, and [20]).A resistive
divider network is limited to an upper accuracy of where L' takes account of the phase angle of R
about, 100 ppm and at this level of accuracy can- and the self-inductance of the primary of the
not be used much above 30 kV. These limits arise m u t u a l i n d u c t o r . Shielding and guarding
principally from the effects of self-heating within networks and means of measuring the divider ra-
- the elements and from capacitance currents that

bypass portions of the resistance chain. The one
can be minimized by measuring the resistance ra-
tio are described in the literature.
8.1.6.4 Pseudo-Bridge Method (Direct-
Null Network) (See 1191, 1211, and [ Z Z ] ) .Although
tio immediately following measurement of the an accuracy of 30 ppm at a primary voltage of
41

ANSI/IEEE
I
I
I
L
BURDEN
Fig 16
Accuracy Test with Resistance Divider Method
Fig 16
Voltage Transformer Accuracy Test with Pseudo-Bridge Method
4001 ,f3 kV has been reported for this method, it Since all parameters enter the equations and are
is more appropriate to assign the practical limit a t of first order, the accuracy is expected to be rela-
100 ppm. An example of the method is indicated tively poor. However, the situation can be
by the simplified circuit of Fig 16 (seel211).With markedly improved if the relation among the pa-
the bridge as shown, balance is obtained by ad- rameters (as they appear in Fig 16) is first de-
justing capacitances C3 and C2, and the equations termined in a Schering bridge, then followed by
for ratio and phase angle are the transformer measurement with the two RC
V P - 5 R4
--
networks interchanged. In the first instance, the
ratio R4/R3 is set equal to where N is the ratio
vs c1 R3 of'the transformer to be calibrated, and balance is
and obtained by adjusting C2 and C3.With C1 and R3
y =w [R3 (C1 + C3 ) - R4 (C2 + C4 ) J in radians. constant and the settings on Cz and C3 unchanged,
42
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

ANSI/IEEE
the network is switched to that of Fig 16 except high-impedance inductive voltage divider with a
that the C4R4and C3R3 branches are inter- 6-dial resolution is connected across the secon-
changed. Balance is obtained by adjusting C4and dary of the transformer under test. The in-phase
R4.The more important advantage from this voltage balance is obtained by adjusting the out-
technique ia that the ratio dealt with ia m r a t h e r put of the divider and the quadrature balance is
than N.Again, proper shielding and maintenance realized by adjusting either R or C . If the secon-
of correct shield potentials are required for max- dary voltage of the test transformer leads that of
imum accuracy. the reference transformer, resistor R has the posi-
8.1.6.6 Compamtiue-Null Methods. These tion shown. For lagging angles the positions of R
methods determine the ratio and phase angle of a and the detector are interchanged. The equations
transformer by comparing ita performance with of balance for the circuit shown are
that of a standard or reference transformer whose
parameters are known. The primary windings of 1
N , = N s-
the two transformers are connected in parallel to Nd
a common source and the measurements are
made at the secondary voltage level. The common yx = O s + OCR,in radians
terminals of all four windings are maintained at
ground potential. The circuitry of most of the where N , and N , are the ratios of the unknown
methods heretofore considered could be adapted and standard transformers, reepedively, and Nd is
to this measurement and the measurement, ex- the ratio of the inductive voltage divider.
cluding the uncertainties in the ratio and phase 8.1.7 Accuracy Calculations for Current
angle of the standard, would carry essentially the Transformers. The true ratio and the phase angle
same accuracy. However, if comparative methods may be calculated, but precise results are not ob-
are to be used, it is recommended that either a tainable by calculation from the open-circuit
difference method (counterpart of the one for cur- characteristics of a current transformer. However,
rent transformers) be chosen or one in which the for certain types of current transformers adequate
components of the measuring circuit are extreme- calculating methods are available for the de-
ly stable and easily measured to the required ac- termination of errors for nonmetering applica-
curacy. tions, such as relaying performance and relaying
The circuit indicated in Fig 17 typifies the lat- accuracy ratings, if suitable constants for their
ter [23].The accuracy of measurement is within 2 equivalent circuits can be estimated or de-
ppm for ratio and within 10 ppm for phase angle termined.
at 60 and 400 Hz and ratios ranging from % to i4 For C types of current transformers with negli-
times that of the standard can be measured. A gible leakage fluxes, it is possible to arrive at a
Fig 17
Voltage Transformer Accuracy Teet with
Comparative-Null Method
STANDARD
VOLTAGE
- VOLTAGE
DIVIDER
43
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

ANSI/IEEE
suitable equivalent circuit for calculations (see

Figs 18 and 19). The bushing type current trans-
former with secondary winding appropriately dis-
tributed around the core, and with throughough”
primary conductor symmetrically located in the
opening, is one type of current transformer in
which the leakage fluxes of its secondary and zt
through primary conductors can be neglected in
computations. An equivalent circuit can be used
to represent these and similar types of current
transformers for accuracy calculations, provided
the stray fluxes from return conductor or other
external sources entering the core remain negli- Fig 18
gible. Simplified Equivalent
For a T type current transformer that has ap- Circuit of Current Transformer on
preciable leakage or stray fluxes from its own Secondary N Turns Base
windings entering the core, it is not practical to
represent the transformer by an equivalent
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
circuit. These types of current transformers do €se

not lend themselves to simple calculations for
demonstrating their accuracy; instead, typical
design test data are used for this purpose.
8.1.8 Calculation of Current Transformer
Performance from Excitation Data and Equiu-
alent Circuits. Several methods are available for
calculating current transformer performance
from excitation characteristics, secondary wind-
ing constants, and burden data with sufficient ac-
Fig 19
curacy for relaying service, if the construction of
the transformer is such that leakage fluxes can be Phasor Diagram of Fig 18
neglected. These calculating methods, whether al-
gebraic, current phasor, graphical, or admittance showing the excitation voltage and currents on the
phasor, are based, fundamentally, on the addition secondary turns base for each ratio. These curves
of the secondary burden currents and the trans- are usually determined from test data taken on a
former excitation currents. The determination of typical unit of a given design by the method cov-
phase angle is unnecessary for most relay applica- ered in 8.3.2.
tions. 8.1.10 Calculation of Current Transformer
The algebraic addition of these currents is ade- Ratio by the Algebraic Method. The current
quate for most relay applications because for the transformer standards covering relaying accuracy
lower power factor burdens, such as 0.5 lag, the and application data for relaying service have
burden and excitation currents are approximately been written on the basis of utilizing the advan-
in phase over a considerable range of burdens and tages and simplicity of excitation data and calcu-
currents. When the burden and excitation cur- lating methods where applicable. The following
rents are not in phase, the calculated ratio error is method should be used for calculating the relay-
greater than that which would have been obtained ing performance and accuracy ratings of type C
by the phasor addition of currents. relaying accuracy rated current transformers.
8.1.9 Application of Calculating Methods to This method is based on the assumption that
T y p e C Relaying Accuracy Current Trans- the burden and excitation currents are in phase.
formers. As the calculating methods are primarily I t also assumes a single-turn primary such as in
applicable to bushing-type current transformers bushing, window, or bar-type transformers, so
for relaying service, which are generally multi- constructed that the effect of leakage fluxes on its
ratio, the most useful form in which the open- performance is negligible. The equivalent circuit
circuit transformer excitation characteristics may and -phasor diagram for such transformers are
be given is a family of curves similar to Fig 4 shown in Figs 18 and 19. Tht ratio correction fac-
44

ANSI/IEEE
tor values obtained by test will not exceed the val- Marked ratio = rated primary currentlrated
ues calculated by this method within the stated secondary current
limitations.
Ratio correction factor = RCF =
The following definitions and equations ap-
true ratiolmarked ratio
ply t o Figs 18 and 19:
Percent ratio = RCF X 100
N = secondary turns on transformer for Percent ratio = percent ratio - 100
ratio on which transformer error is t o Correction = 100 (RCF - 1)
be calculated - from data sheet or ex-
citation curve sheet (see Fig 4 and
typical curves) If marked ratio and secondary turns, N , are
equal :
R, = resistance of transformer secondary
winding - from data sheet or excita- RCF = Ist /I, (Eq 8 )
tation curve sheet (see Fig 4) Percent ratio = ( I s t / I s )X 100 (Eq 9)
Rb = resistance of secondary burden includ- Percent ratio error 2 ( I , /I,) X 100 (Eq 10)
ing secondary leads
xb = reactance of secondary burden 8.1.11 Accuracy Calculations for Voltage Trans-
formers. Both the true ratio and the phase angle of
zt = d ( R ,+ R b ) 2+ X b 2 = a voltage transformer give practically straight
= secondary circuit impedance (Eq 1) lines when plotted against secondary current at a
given voltage, burden power factor, and frequen-
CY.
Several methods for calculating the accuracy of
= p o w e r factor angle of secondary cir- potential transformers at different burdens are
cuit (Eq 2) available. Those methods utilizing winding im-
pedances and core excitation characteristics are
I S = assumed value of secondary current a t subject to some limitations and give results hav-
which transformer ratio is to be cal- ing less precision than those methods that employ
culated a combination of test and calculation. The latter
E,e = I,Zt methods, using measured values of true ratio and
phase angle at zero burden and one other burden
= excitation voltage required t o obtain within the maximum standard burden rating of
IS (Eq 3) the transformer, yield results having a high degree
of precision.
z e = Ese lIe The more precise method for determining true
= excitation impedance of transformer ratio and phase angle from known accuracy data
on secondary N turns base for any is covered in 8.1.12.
specific value of le obtained from ex- 8.1.12 Calculation of Voltage Transformer
citation curve. The value of Z e is not Ratio and Phase Angle from Known Zero and
required in the calculation, but is Hated Burden Data. In this method the true ratio
shown in the equivalent circuit, Fig and phase angle of a voltage transformer are
18 (Eq 4) known at both zero burden and one other burden,
usually a rated standard burden, for a given volt-
I, = excitation current required t o obtain age and frequency. A t the same voltage and fre-
a specific value of E,,, obtained from quency, the accuracy for any other burden and
excitation curve power factor may be calculated from the following
Ist =I, +Ie equations:
= primary current on secondary N turns Bo, Bt and B, = (1)zero burden for which
base (Eq 5) RCF and y are known, (2)
a burden for which RCF
I, =NI&
and y are known, and ( 3 )
=primary current required to obtain I ,
the burden for which RCF
I in secondary (Eq 6) and y are t o be calculated,
True ratio = Ip/I, = NI,t/I, (Eq 7) respectively
45

--``,,,,,,,,,`
ANSIlIEEE
et and e, = power factor angles of bur-

dens Bt and B,, respective-
ly (degrees)
- 0.000291 y d sin e,]
NOTE: e t and 8, are positive angles for lagging power
factors. (Eq 15)
R C F o , R C F t , and R C F , = transformer ratio
correction factors
for burdens B o ,
Bt, and B,, respec-
tively
yo, 7, and y, = transformer phase angles in
minutes for burdens B o , where
B,, and B, , respectively Bt = a unity power factor burden
NOTE: y is considered positive when t h e secondary
voltage leads the primary voltage. For burdens up to maximum standard burden
RCFd = RCFt - RCFo for metering accuracy, the foregoing calculating
= difference between the transformer methods will fall into the same precision classi-
ratio correction factors for burdens fication as the test methods used for obtaining the
known values of ratio and phase angle.
B, and Bo (Eq 11)
Where these calculating methods are used for
Yd = Y t -70 determining performance at burdens in excess of
= difference between the transformer the maximum standard burden for metering ac-
phase angles burdens Bt and Bo (Eq 1 2 ) curacy, such as for the thermal burden rating, a
lower degree of precision will be obtained. Con-
sideration should be given to the effects of the in- _--
creased heating due to the heavier burdens.
8.2 Demagnetization. The following methods

are recommended for demagnetizing current
transformers.
Connect the current transformer in the test
circuit as shown in Fig 20. Apply enough current
NOTE: These equations provide a n analytical determi- to the high-turn winding (usually Xl-X2) to
nation of voltage transformer accuracy. Also, it has
been shown t h a t graphical solutions of these equations saturate the core of the transformer as de-
by means of special scaled polar coordinate paper and a termined by the ammeter and voltmeter readings,
protractor are as accurate, and are faster and less tedi- then slowly reduce the current to zero. Rated cur-
ous than t h e analytical solutions [ 161.
rent of the transformer must not be exceedec’
- 3438 RCFd sin ( e t - 8 ) ] Fig 20

Method 1: Circuit for
(Eq 14) Demagnetizing Current Transformers
where HIGH TURN
3438 = minutes of angle in one radian, and WINDING
1
0.000291 =-
3438
WINDING
Equations 13 and 1 4 reduce t o the following
simpler form in the case where the burden for TRANSFORMER TO
which the R C F and y are known is a unity BE DEMAGNETIZED
power factor burden.
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

~
ANSI/IEEE
LOW TURN rent in the short circuited winding will be the cor-
WINDING
rect value (except for a negligible excitation cur-
rent) when the current in the excited winding is
:608 H:z a F 6 : T \ # r q R
correct. To introduce current measuring equip-
ment in series with the short-circuited winding
TURN may introduce large errors in the impedance
WINDING measurements.
CURRENT
TRANSFORMER TO For two-winding transformers, one of the wind-
BE DEMAGNETIZED ings (either the high-turn or the low-turn) is short-
circuited, and voltage at rated frequency is ap-
Fig 21
plied t o the other winding and adjusted to
Method 2: Circuit for
circulate rated current in the winding.
Demagnetizing Current Transformers
For transformers having more than two wind-
ings, the impedance voltage is a function of the
test connections used. When making tests on
multiple-winding transformers, the windings
Connect the current transformer in the test should be connected in such a manner as to pro-
circuit as shown in Fig 21. Pass rated current vide the correct impedance data for the purpose
through the low-turn winding, (usually Hl-H2). intended.
Increase the resistance R in the high-turn wind- Resistive and reactive components of the im-
ing, (usually Xl-X2), circuit until the transformer pedance voltage are determined by the use of the
core is saturated; then slowly reduce resistance to following equations:
zero and disconnect the current source. Satura-
tion of the core is indicated by a reduction of cur-
rent in the high-turn winding circuit. E = -pz
, I
WARNING A continuously variable resist-
ance must be used to avoid opening the high-
turn-winding circuit when resistance values ore
changed. where
As the resistance is increased, the voltage E, = voltage, in-phase component
across the resistance will approach open circuit E , = voltage, quadrature component
value. E , = impedance voltage
P, = power in watts
8.3 Impedance and Excitation Measure- I = current in amperes in excited winding
ments
8.3.1 Impedance Measurements8 The I2 R losses of the two windings shall be cal-
8.3.1.1 Impedance Voltage. The voltage re- culated from the ohmic resistance measurements
quired to circulate the rated current of the trans- (corrected to the temperature at which the im-
former under short-circuit conditions is the impedance test was made) and the currents that
pedance voltage of the transformer as viewed were used in the impedance measurement. These
from the terminals of the excited winding. 1 2 R losses subtracted from the impedance loss
The impedance voltage is comprised of an give the stray losses of the transformer.
equivalent resistance component and a reactive The temperature of the windings shall be taken
component. It is not practical to measure these immediately before and after the impedance
components separately, but after the loss and the measurements in a manner similar to that de-
impedance voltage are measured, the components scribed in 8.5. The average shall be taken as the
may be separated by calculation. true temperature.
It is sufficient to measure and adjust the cur- 8.3.1.2 Current Transformer Short-Circuit
rent in the excited winding only, because the cur- Impedance Measurements. The measured short-
circuit impedance of a current transformer is the
--.
sum of the primary and secondary impedance.
8 8.3.1.1uses terminology typically used for power and dis-
tribution transformers. 8.3.1.2 and 8.3.1.3 use terrninology
Since the secondary impedance cannot be de-
typically used for instrument transformers. termined from this information alone. the data
47
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

ANSI/IEEE
obtained is of little value in the calculation of ra-

tio and phase angle characteristics. However, it is
of value in determining the burden imposed on
main transformers by auxiliary transformers.
The quantities measured, other than current, in
making impedance measurements on current
I RSH
SUPPLY
60Hz L RMS
AMMETER
transformers, are extremely small and great care SHUNT
must be exercised in order to obtain accurate re-
sults.
For the purpose of impedance measurements,
current transformers can be divided into the three
following types according to their physical details.
Type 1: Bushing, window, or bar-type, with
turns well distributed about the core. In current NOTE: VI and V, voltmeter impedance must be high com-
transformers of this type, the leakage reactance is pared to shunt and transformer.
extremely small and the impedance may be con-
sidered to be the resistance of the whole winding Fig 22
or that part to be used if it is well distributed. The Circuit for
manufacturer should be consulted if the winding Measuring Impedance:
distribution is not known. Three-Voltmeter Method
Type 2: Wound type in which the high-current
(primary) terminals are a t opposite ends of the
transformer. Transformers of this type should be
excited from the high-current winding with the by the three-voltmeter method or the wattmeter,
low-current winding short circuited because a voltmeter, ammeter method.
short circuit on the high-current winding will in- The circuit shown in Fig 22 illustrates the r-
troduce appreciable error in the measurement three-voltmeter methods. From the data ob-
due to the added impedance of the short-circuit- tained, the equivalent resistance and reactance
ing connections. can be calculated from:
It is recommended that the three-voltmeter
method, as described in 8.3.1.3, be used for im-
pedance measurement on this type of trans-
former.
Type 3: Wound type in which the high-current
(primary) leads are brought out parallel to each
other through a single bushing. Current trans-
formers of this type may be excited from either
the high-current or the low-current winding with where
the other winding short circuited. RE, = equivalent resistance
Either the three-voltmeter method or the watt- XEQ= equivalent resistance
meter, voltmeter, ammeter method can be used
for impedance measurements on transformers of The circuit shown in Fig 23 illustrates the watt-
this type depending on which winding is excited. meter, voltmeter, ammeter method. The meas-
8.3.1.3 Voltage Transformer Short-Circuit ured values must be corrected for instrument
Impedance Measurements. Voltage transformers tare.
operate at high magnetic flux densities in normal 8.3.2 Exciting Current Measurements. The
service. Although short-circuit impedance meas- circuit connection for the measurement of excit-
urements are necessarily made a t low magnetic ing current shall be as shown in Fig 24. The same
flux densities the components of impedance thus precautions must be taken for exciting current
obtained are of value for the computation of
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
measurements that are taken for excitation loss

transformer ratio and phase angle. measurements.
The short-circuit characteristics are also of val- Current transformer cores should be demag-
ue in selection of fuses. netized, prior to exciting current measurements,
The short-circuit impedance can be measured by one of the methods outlined under 8.2.
48

ANSI/IEEE
- curves indicate departure from a sine-wave volt-

age. When the supply voltage wave shape departs
appreciably from a sine wave, the rms current will
be higher using the average-voltage voltmeter
readings as a base, and lower when using the rms
voltmeter reading as a base. If the two curves are
within two percent of each other, no correction is
necessary. If the voltages read from the two
RMS curves differ by more than two percent and less
AMMETER than 10 percent, the average of the curves shall be
taken as the excitation current on a sine-wave
NO‘TE: It is recommended that the low-voltage winding be ex- basis. If the voltages read from the two curves
cited and the high-voltage winding be short circuited.
vary by more than 10 percent, very serious volt-
age waveform distortion is indicated and ap-
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Fig 23 propriate circuit changes must be made.
Circuit for Measuring 8.3.3 Excitation Loss. The excitation loss of a
Impedance: Wattmeter, transformer includes the dielectric loss and core
Voltmeter, Ammeter Method loss.
The excitation loss determination shall be
c
based on a sine-wave voltage applied to the termi-
nals of the transformer.
Peaked voltage waves (form factor greater than
l.ll),resulting generally from the distorted char-
acter of the excitation load of the transformer on
the test source, give smaller excitation losses than
a sine-wave voltage. Flat-topped voltage waves,
rarely encountered in such tests, give larger ex-
citation losses.
V = rms voltmeter
NOTE: Current transformer cores should be demagnetized
AVG = average reading voltmeter just prior to excitation loss measurements and all meas-
urements should be made on the low-current winding with all
Fig 24 other windings open-circuited.
Circuit for Measuring 8.3.4 Measurements for High Magnetic
Excitation Current and Loss Flux Densities. Measurements on voltage trans-
formers and curent transformers under overcur-
rent conditions shall be made using the average-
Simultaneous readings are taken on the am- voltage voltmeter. The average value of the test
meter, rms voltmeter, and average-voltage9 volt- voltage applied shall be the same as the average
meter calibrated in rms. The voltage meas- value of the desired sine wave of voltage at the
urement shall, when necessary, be corrected to a proper frequency. Under this condition, the hys-
sine-wave basis. teresis component of the loss will be correct.
T w o exciting current curves can be drawn from It is recommended that the test be made on the
the data obtained: average-voltage voltmeter ver- low-voltage winding with all other windings open-
sus rms ammeter readings and rms voltmeter ver- circuited.
sus rms ammeter readings. Differences in these When the low-voltage winding is excited, full
voltage will appear across the high-voltage wind-
‘’ ‘The average-voltage method utilizes an average-voltage ing and safety precautions must be taken.
voltmeter consisting of a d’Arsonval instrument in series with Low-voltage windings must be grounded at a
a lull-wave rectifier. These instruments are generally marked single point. ~
and calibrated to give the same numerical indication as an rms

voltmeter on sine-wave voltage. The instrument and circuit arrangement is
‘The temperature error of an average-reading voltmeter util- shown in Fig 24.
- izing a rectifier (especially instruments for less than 75 V) is Adjust the voltage to the desired value as in-
likely to be greater than that of rms voltmeters; therefore, the
temperature characteristic of such an instrument should be dicated by the average-voltage Record
ascertained for dependable results. the simultaneous values of rms voltage, power,
49

ANSI/IEEE
and current. Then disconnect the transformer un-

der test and read the tare on the wattmeter, which
represents the losses of the connected instruments
-P
and which is to be subtracted from the earlier
wattmeter reading to obtain the excitation loss of
the transformer under test.
I HIGH TURN
1
Exciting current measurements will be ob-
tained at the same time that loss measurements
.
are made. In order to obtain the correct exciting
current measurement, the tare on the ammeter,
which represents the current taken by the voltage
elements of the wattmeter and voltmeters, must I Q+ I
be measured and subtracted vectorially from the
previous current measurements. If the readings of Fig 25
voltage as indicated on the rms voltmeter and the Polarity by Inductive Kick
average-voltage voltmeter differ by more than two
percent, the measurements must also be corrected
for waveform. (See 8.3.2.)
the high-turn winding and connect it to terminal 2
of the low-turn winding.
WARNING This circuit m a y result in ab- (5) Break the battery circuit and observe the
normally high voltages at the high-voltage ter- direction of kick on the voltmeter. If the voltmeter
minals and abnormally low currents in the ex- kicks down scale, terminal 1 of the high-turn
citation circuit of high-ratio potential trans- winding and terminal 1 of the low-turn winding
are of the same polarity.
(6) The results may be checked by remaking
8.4 Polarity. (Aleo See Section 2.) The and breaking the battery circuit. If terminals 1
lead polarity of a transformer is a designation of are of the same polarity, the voltmeter will kick
the relative instantaneous directions of currents up scale on make and down scale on break.
in its leads. Primary and secondary leads are said
to have the same polarity when a t a given instant WARNING I t is preferable to apply the bat-
the current enters the primary lead in question tery voltage to the high-turn winding in order to
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
and leaves the secondary lead in question in the minimize high inductive kicks that might in-
same direction as though the two leads formed a -iure -personnel or equipment.
- - I
continuous circuit.
There are three methods in common use for de- All current transformers should be demagne-
termining the polarity of instrument trans- tized to eliminate residual magnetism in the core,
formers. These are: inductive kick with direct and must be demagnetized after the application of
direct current. This is necessary because the level
current; comparison with a transformer of known of magnetism may remain high enough to affect
polarity and same ratio; and the comparison of ratio and phase angle, and at the severe overloads
winding voltages. of fault conditions the ratio may be enough in er-
8.4.1 Inductive Kick with Direct Current, ror to affect relay schemes. See 8.2.
Current, and Voltage Transformers. (See Fig 25.) 0.4.2 Comparison with Transformer of Same
(1)Connect terminal 1of the high-turn winding Ratio and Known Polarity
to terminal 1 of the low-turn winding. In most 8.4.2.1 Current Transformers. (See Fig 26.)
cases, the high-turn winding of a current trans- (1) Connect the transformers as shown in Fig
former is the X1-X2 winding, and the high-turn 26.
winding of a voltage transformer is the H1-H2 (2) Energize the circuit from a controlled cur-
rent source so that the test current flows in the
winding. H1-H2 windings as shown in Fig 26.
(2) Connect a dc voltmeter across the high-turn (3) If the ammeter reads the sum of the cur-
winding. rents in the high-turn windings, the polarity of the
(3) Connect a battery across the high-turn unknown transformer is reversed. If the ammeter
winding so that the voltmeter will read up scale. reads zero, the polarity of the unknown trans-
(4)Disconnect the voltmeter from terminal 2 of former is as marked.
50

ANSI/IEEE
-.
8.4.3 Comparison of Winding Voltages. (See Fig
28.)
vx*
HI H2 HI H2 (1) Connect the high-turn and low-turn wind-
ings as shown in Fig 28. In most cases, the
F
high-turn winding of a current transformer is

XI p x l q x 2 X1-X2 and that of a voltage transformer is H1-
H2.
(2) Energize the circuit from a controlled volt-
age source at the terminals of the high-turn wind-
b ing AB.
Fig 20 (3) Read the value of the voltage
- across AB and
the voltage across BD.
Polarity by Comparieon with (4)If the voltage across BD is less than the volt-
Traneformer of Same age across AB, the polarity is as marked. If the
Ratio and Known Polarity voltage across BD is greater than the voltage
across AB, the polarity is reversed.
WARNING The source voltage should always

be impressed across the high-turn winding;
I 60 H z
SOURCE I otherwise, dangerously high voltages might be
encountered.
, , I KNOWN I This method is applicable only to instrument
transformers of low ratio. On high-ratio trans-
formers, the difference in voltages cannot be
determined with certainty.
8.6 Resistance Meaeuremente. These meas-

urements are made on instrument transformers
for the following reasons:
Fig 27
(1) For the calculation of the dc 12Rlosses used
Polarity by Comparison with
Voltage Traneformer of Same in determining the short-time thermal rating
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Ratio and Known Polarity (2) To establish the winding resistance at a
known temperature for use in temperature rise
tests
(3) For the calculation of winding tem-
8.4.2.2 Voltage Transformers. (See Fig 27.) peratures and temperature rises at the completion
(1) Connect the high-turn windings of the two of temperature rise tests
transformers in parallel as shown by connecting
H1 of the known transformer to H1 of the un-
known transformer and H2 of the known trans-
former to H2 of the unknown transformer. Fig 28
(2) Connect the low-turn windings through a Polarity by Comparieon of
voltmeter as shown by connecting X1 of the Winding Voltages
known transformer to X1 of the unknown trans-
former and X2 of the known transformer to one
voltmeter terminal and X2 of the unknown trans-
former to the other voltmeter terminal.
(3) Energize the circuit a t terminals H1-
H2 from a controlled 60 Hz voltage source.
--
(4) If the voltmeter reads zero, the polarity of
the unknown transformer is as marked. If the
SOURCE I I
,POLAR1ITY
voltmeter reads the sum of the voltages of the low- MARKS
turn windings, the polarity of the unknown trans-
-. former is reversed.
CAUTION: High voltages will be present on the high-voltage
terminals of both transformers.

ANSI/IEEE
(4) In the case of voltage transformers, to per- The methods recommended herein for making
mit calculation of ratios under load conditions either two- terminal or four-terminal resistance
A transformer winding other than the one measurements are (1) potentiometric methods
whose resistance is being measured should be and (2) bridge methods.
short circuited. This is important both as a safety 8.6.1 Potentiometric methods. The poten-
measure to prevent the induction of high voltages tiometric method to be employed is described in
and to reduce the time required for the direct cur- 2.2 of ANSI/IEEE (257.12.90-1973.
rent to stabilize. 8.6.2 Bridge Methods. Two types of bridge
A resistance can be measured either as a two- networks are recommended: (1) the Wheatstone
terminal network or as a four-terminal network. bridge when a two-terminal measurement is
In a two-terminal measurement, the resistance adequate; and (2) the double-ratio arm (Kelvin)
network is connected to the measuring circuit bridge when four-terminal measurements are re-
through one pair of leads. Thus both contact required. Both types are commercially available
sistance at the points of connection and lead re- and require minimum external equipment. The
sistance become part of the resistance being meas- Wheatstone bridge is a four-arm bridge, which
ured and to the extent they are unknown, the two- consists of a pair of ratio arms and an adjustable
terminal resistance is indefinite. resistance arm for achieving balance. The re-
If, however, a resistance network is made four- sistance to be measured completes the bridge. In
terminal, its resistance can be defined precisely the commercial version, the ratio arms are
and measured by four-terminal techniques. One equipped so that any one of several ratios can be
pair of terminals (current terminals) is located readily selected. Thus, resistances can be meas-
outside a second pair (potential terminals) as ured over a wide range with maximum resolution
shown in Fig 29. available from the adjustable arm.
The resistance is defined as the open-circuit The double-ratio arm bridge is more complex in
voltage across the potential terminals divided by both its design and its operation. Textbooks in
the current entering and leaving the current ter- electrical measurements contain excellent dis-
minals. Thus, for example, if the resistance of a cussions of the bridge and should be consulted.
winding between two points a and b is needed, the Generally speaking, the bridge measures a four-
potential leads would be connected to the winding terminal resistance in such a way that its points of
at these points, while terminals corresponding to attachment to the measuring circuit and its lead
C1 and C2 of the figure would be located to the resistances do not enter the measurement.
outside. The highest measurement accuracy available
There is no precise rule that governs the selec- from either type of bridge can be obtained if a
tion of a four-terminal measurement over a two- substitution technique is employed. The techni-
terminal one. The choice depends primarily on que, however, requires a known standard whose
the magnitude of the resistance and on the ac- nominal value is the same as the resistance being
curacy to which it is to be measured. However, measured. The bridge is first balanced with the
either contact resistance or uncertainties in lead standard in the “unknown” arm and is then re-
resistance may be as much as 0.01 a.If these are balanced with the standard replaced by the un-
an appreciable part of the resistance to be mea- known resistor. In this way, only the small dif-
sured, a four-terminal measurement is dictated. ference between the two is measured and since the
other arms of the bridge remain unchanged, their
values need not be known.
Fig 29
Four-Terminal Network for 8.5.3 Reference Tempemture Measurements.
Resistance Measurement The reference temperature of the winding shall be
cw
determined accurately when measuring the wind-
ing resistance for use in temperature rise tests.
The temperature of the winding shall not be as-
sumed to be the same as the surrounding air.
For dry-type transformers, the winding re-
PI P2
sistance measurements shall be made at a time
when the transformer and surrounding air are a t
Current Terminals Cl-C2 constant and substantially equal temperatures,
Potential Terminals P1- P2 and only after the transformer has been unexcited
52
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

ANSI/IEEE
and has had no current in its windings for a period winding during the short circuit shall not exceed
of from 3 to 8 h, depending on the size of the trans- the limits specified in 6.6.2 for a current trans-
former. They shall not be made when the transformer or in 7.7 for a voltage transformer.
former is located in drafts or in an area in which The general equation of winding temperature
the temperature is fluctuating rapidly. under short-circuit conditions is most convenient-
For dry-type, self-cooled transformers, the ly expressed and used as the current density that
temperature of the windings shall be recorded as will produce the maximum permissible tem-
the average of the readings of several thermo- perature in the winding under the conditions spec-
couples or thermometers placed in contact with ified above. Thus,
the external surface of the transformer as close as
possible to the windings.
For liquid-immersed, self-cooled transformers,
the temperature of the windings and liquid shall
be assumed to be the same. The temperature shall
be recorded as the average of the readings of sev- A/in2
eral thermometers immersed in the liquid as close (Eq 19)
where
to the coils as practical or as the average of the
I = short-circuit current, in amperes
readings of several thermocouples or thermom-
A = conductor cross-section, in in2
eters placed in contact with the external surface of
C = average thermal capacitance per unit
the transformer as close as possible to the wind-
volume, in wattseconds/(degree C X
ings.
in3 )
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
8.8 Short-Time Characteristics p 2 0 = specific resistance at 20°C in ohm-

8.8.1 Short-Time Mechanical Rating Tests. inches
The test to demonstrate the short-time mechani- t = duration of short circuit, in seconds
cal current rating of a current transformer shall T = 234.5"C for copper
be made by subjecting the current transformer, 225°C for aluminum
with the secondary winding short circuited, to two 8 = starting temperature, in degrees C
cycles (four crests) of a symmetrical primary-cur- 8 , = maximum temperature, in degrees C
rent wave having a crest value equal to 2.83 times K = r a t i o of all stray conductor loss t o
the short-time mechanical current rating. the dc P R loss of the winding a t the
The test to demonstrate the mechanical short- starting temperature, 8
circuit capability of a voltage transformer shall be e = b a s e of natural logarithms, 2.718
made with rated voltage maintained on the pri- This general equation may be simplified for
mary for 1 s with the secondary terminals short most practical applications since short-time
circuited. thermal ratings are based on a short-circuit
8.8.2 Thermal Short-Time Rating Calcu- duration of 1 s and, except for large current
lations. The calculation of temperature rise of a transformer primary bars, K is usually negli-
winding under short-time conditions is based on gible.
the assumption that all of the energy developed in For copper (100 percent IACS) :
the winding during the period of the short circuit
(5 s or less) is stored as heat in the winding. p20 = 0.679 X 10-6 ohm-inch
It is further assumed that the starting tem- C = 58.6 Ws/("C X in3)
perature of the winding when the short circuit oc- T = 234.5"C
curs is the maximum hottest-spot temperature of and, for the above conditions,
the winding at 30°C ambient temperature under
continuous loading a t (1) the continuous-thermal-
current rating for a current transformer or (2) the
maximum rated standard burden and 110 percent
of rated voltage for a voltage transformer. Where
this hottest-spot winding temperature is not es- or I
- tablished by test, the limits of hottest-spot tem-

perature rise (specified in Table 4) for 30 "Cam-
bient shall be used.
The maximum temperature attained by the

ANSI/IEEE
For aluminum (EC, 62 percent IACS) : The value of K at the prescribed starting
temperature may be determined from the stray
p z O = 1095 X 1 0 - 6 ohm-inch
loss ratio, K,, at some other temperature 8 a by
C = 43.1 Ws/("CX in3) the following equations:
T = 225°C For copper:
and, for the above conditions,
2
234.5 + e a
-
Z = 69 500
A
J 225
log, (,25 + ")
es A/in2 = Ka (234.5 + 13,)
For aluminum:
or
-=IO770
AZ J 2 2 5++ e ,
log, (225 ") A/cm2
For the calculation of permissible current den-
sity in the secondary winding, K may be con-
(Eq 21)
sidered negligible and the simplified Equations 22
If Om is taken as 250 'C for 55 "Crise types and through 25 used.
as 350 'C for 80 'C rise types (see 6.6.2),and if Os In a current transformer, under the conditions
is taken as 95 'C for 55 'C rise types and 140 'C for prescribed for the calculation of temperature rise,
S O T rise types (see Table 4),then: due to saturation of the core the actual secondary
current will normally be less than that indicated
For copper: by the marked ratio of the transformer. Where ac-
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
I/A = 92 000 A/in2 (or 14 260 A/cm2) for tual secondary current under the overload condi-
55°C rise transformers (Eq 22) tion has been established by test or calculation,
Z/A = 98 900 A/in2 (or 15 330 A/cm2) for the actual secondary current density may be used
rather than that indicated by the marked ratio.
80°C rise transformers (Eq 23)
8.6.4 Short-circuit Thermal Capability of
For aluminum: Voltage Transformers. To demonstrate the ability
Z/A = 61 600 A/in2 (9550 A/cm2) for of a voltage transformer to meet the temperature
55°C rise transformers (Eq 24) limitations of 7.7, the short-circuit current in each
I / A = 66 300 A/in2 (or 10 270 A/cm2) for winding is calculated for the condition of rated
80°C rise transformers (Eq 25) voltage applied to the primary terminals and the
secondary winding short circuited at its terminals.
8.6.3 Short-Time Thermal Rating of Current The current density, Z/A, is then calculated by
Transformers. The short-time thermal rating as- dividing the short-circuit current by the cross sec-
signed to a current transformer shall be such that tion of the conductor. The value of current density
the permissible current density, as determined by so obtained for each winding must not exceed the
the applicable equation of 8.6.2, will not be ex- applicable value of Equations 22 through 25, the
ceeded in any winding. stray conductor loss ratio K being considered neg-
For current transformers, the major portion of ligible for voltage transformers.
the stray conductor loss, if any, is normally in the For the purpose of calculating the short-
primary winding and K should be applied to the circuit current of the above, the reactance
calculations of the temperature rise in the prima- X, and the resistance R, may be determined by
ry winding only. The ratio of stray conductor loss any of the methods described in 8.3, but the re-
to I2R loss, K , may be determined from the equa- sistance must be corrected to a temperature that
tion: is the average of the initial and maximum tem-
peratures. For any winding:
K = (Pz - 1 2 R ) / ( Z p 2 R p ) (Eq 26)
(Eq 29)
where
PR = total dc loss for both windings
I," R, = dc loss for primary winding only where
pz = watts measured in impedance test Z = short-circuit current
(see 8.3.1.1) E = rated voltage of the winding
54

ANSI/IEEE
X = reactance, referred to that winding The ambient temperature shall be not less than
R = resistance, referred to that winding a t 10°C nor more than 40°C during a temperature
the average temperature rise test.
The preferred method of measuring the am-
The value of R may be determined from the
bient temperature is by using an idle identical
resistance, R,, at a temperature ea by one of
transformer, or one having similar thermal-time
the following relations.
characteristics, and measuring the temperature
For copper :
by the resistance method. The idle transformer
234.5 + ( e , + e m 112 shall be located so as to respond to ambient tem-
R = R,
234.5 + e a perature changes in the same manner as the
transformer under test. (See 8.5.3.)
For aluminum: When an identical transformer is not available,
the temperature of the cooling air shall be de-
225 + (e, + e, )/2 termined from the average of the readings of sev-
R=Ra
225 + e a eral thermometers or thermocouples (one may be
used for small transformers) placed around and
In a voltage transformer under short-circuit approximately at the same level as the center of
conditions, the current, and therefore the current the maximum vertical heat-dissipating surface of
density, will decrease during the short circuit due the transformer, at a horizontal distance adequate
to the change of resistance with the temperature to prevent the transformer under test from in-
of the winding; and the value of short-circuit cur- fluencing the readings (3 ft to 6 ft is usually suffi-
rent as determined by the above paragraph there- cient).
fore represents an average value during the short- To reduce to a minimum the errors due to time
circuit period. However, this approximation intro- lag between the temperature of the transformers
and the variations in the ambient temperature,
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
duces negligible error in the calculation of tem-

perature rise within the prescribed limits. the thermocouples, or thermometers, shall be
placed in suitable containers and shall have such
proportions as will require not less than two hours
8.7 Temperature Rise Tests for the indicated temperature within the con-
8.7.1 General. All temperature rise tests shall tainer to change 6.3 “C if suddenly placed in air
be made under the normal conditions of the that has a temperature 10°C higher, or lower,
means, or method, of cooling. than the previous steady-state indicated tem-
All temperature rise tests shall be made with perature within the container.
the transformer under test in the attitude and un- When the ambient temperature, based on the
der the conditions for which it is designed to oper- average readings of the thermometers or thermo-
ate. If the transformer is designed for use in any couples during one observation period, is not
one of several attitudes, or under several possible 30”C, the winding losses will not be the same as
conditions, the test shall be made in the attitude the values that would have been obtained at 30 “C
and condition that is considered to result in the ambient conditions, If the temperature rise values
greatest temperature rise. The transformer shall obtained are close to the limiting values for the
be mounted in a normal manner. “Mounted in a insulation used in the transformer, a correction
normal manner” shall be interpreted to mean that shall be applied to that part of the temperature
the heat dissipation due to conduction and radi- rise due to the winding losses.
ation shall not be substantially influenced by ab- The corrected temperature rise for current
normal heat transfer to, or from, surrounding ob- transformers shall be obtained by multiplying the
jects. Transformers shall be completely as- total measured temperature rise by the applicable
sembled with normal finish, and if liquid-im- factor.
mersed, they shall be filled to the recommended -
- 234.5
level. Factor for copper windings 234.5 + 0,
Temperature rise tests shall be made in an area
as free from drafts as practicable. -
- 255
Factor for aluminum windings
8.7.2 Ambient or Cooling Air Temperature. 225 + 0,
--.
The ambient temperature shall be the tem- where
perature of the air surrounding the transformer ea = ambient temperature a t the termination
under test. of the temperature rise test
55

ANSI/IEEE
The temperature rise of voltage transformers more than 2 min in any 2 h to establish that a
depends on both the winding losses and the core constant temperature has been reached.
losses. Only that part of the temperature rise due 8.7.4 Determination of Winding Temperature
to the winding losses is affected by the ambient at Time of Shutdown. A correction shall be made
temperature, a s the core losses are not ap- for the cooling that occurs from the time that the
preciably changed over the temperature range in power is shut off to the time that the hot re-
which instrument transformers normally operate. sistance is measured.
The part of the temperature rise due to the The recommended method of determining the
winding losses shall be corrected by using the ap- temperature of the winding at the time of shut-
plicable factor covered above. To obtain the part down shall be by measuring the resistance of the
of the temperature rise due to winding losses, a windings, as the transformer cools, immediately
temperature rise test shall be made with the volt- after shutdown and extrapolating to the time of
age transformer secondary open-circuited and the shutdown. At least four measurements shall be
values so obtained subtracted from the tem- made a t intervals of not more than 3 min but not
perature rise values that were obtained under the less than the time required for the measuring cur-
corresponding condition specified by 8.7.9. rent to stabilize. If the current does not exceed 15
8.7.3 Temperature Rise Measurements. Pro- percent of the rated current of the winding, it may
vision shall be made to measure the surface tem- be maintained during the entire period.
perature of all metal parts surrounding, or adja- 8.7.6 Determination of Average Temperature
cent to, the outlet leads or terminals carrying by the Resistance Method. The average tem-
large currents. perature of a winding shall be determined by
When possible the top liquid temperature of either of the following equations:
liquid-immersed transformers shall be measured
by a thermocouple or spirit thermometer im-
mersed to approximately 2 in below the top liquid
surface.
The bulbs of the spirit thermometer or other
temperature-reading means used for taking tem- (Eq 33)
peratures of the transformer surfaces in air shall
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
be covered by small felt pads, or the equivalent, where

cemented to the transformer. If thermocouples T for copper = 234.5
are used, the leads shall be so arranged that ex- T for aluminum = 225
cessive heat is not conducted to or from the junc-
tion. 0 "C corresponding t o the
= temperature in
The ultimate average temperature rise of the resistance of the winding at time of
windings shall be determined by the resistance shutdown
method whenever practical. f3o = temperature in "C corresponding t o the
To avoid errors due to the time required for the reference resistance of the winding
bridge current to become constant, the time re- Rt =resistance of the winding a t time of
quired shall be determined during the meas- shutdown
urement of the winding resistance reference tem- Ro = reference resistance of the winding
perature and an equal or slightly longer time shall
be allowed when making ultimate and cooling rate 8.7.6 Determination of Temperature Rise
temperature measurements. f r o m Temperature Measurements. The tem-
Measurements of temperature rise by the re- perature rise is the corrected total temperature
sistance method shall not include contact re- minus the ambient temperature at the time the
sistances. This may be accomplished by using the observations were made.
double bridge method. 8.7.7 Correction of Observed Temperature
The temperature rise shall be considered con- Rise for Variation in Altitude. When tests are
stant when all temperatures that can be measured made a t an altitude not exceeding 3300 ft (1000
without shutdown a t intervals of not less than 30 m) above sea level, no altitude correction shall be
min show three consecutive readings within 1 "C. applied to the temperature rise.
Temperature rise tests shall not be made by any When tests are made at an altitude that is more
method that requires shutting off the power for than 3300 ft (1000 m) above sea level, the tem-

ANSIlIEEE
-- perature rise shall be corrected to 30°C conditions rise transformers the continuous-current capacity
by the following method: of primary bus shall be based on a temperature
rise of 50°Cor less, and the continuous-current ca-
pacity of primary cable shall be based on a max-
( A - 3300) imum conductor temperature of 75 "C.
(330) 8.7.9 Voltage Transformer Temperature Rise
where. Tests. Temperature rise tests shall be made at
er = temperature rise with standard condi- rated frequency. The power factor of the burden
tions used during temperature rise tests is not impor-
0 = measured temperature rise corrected to tant.
30°C conditions Temperature rise tests at thermal burden rat-
A = altitude in feet above sea level ing shall be made at rated primary voltage.
or Transformers with two low-voltage windings
er = em [ 1 - 0.005 ( h - 1 2 0 j
shall be tested with the rated thermal burden on
each secondary winding applied simultaneously.
Temperature rise tests, for normal operating
conditions, shall be made at 110 percent rated pri-
where
h = altitude in meters above sea level mary voltage and with the maximum standard
burden for which an accuracy class is published.
8.7.8 Current Transformer Temperature Rise 8.8 Dielectric Tests. These should be made
Tests. Tests on current transformers shall be preferably with the transformer at room tem-
made at maximum rated continuous current and perature and unless otherwise specified the volt-
at rated frequency. age should be measured in accordance with IEEE
All terminals and joints shall be clean and tight Std 4-1978, with the following exception: for
and shall provide good electrical contact. transformers to be tested at 50 kV or less, it is
Current transformers that are rated for meter- permissible to depend on the ratio of the supply
ing use may only be tested with the secondary transformer to indicate the proper test voltage
short circuited. provided it has been suitably calibrated for the
Current transformers with a relay accuracy rat- load conditions involved.
ing shiill be tested with the maximum burden When tests are required on bushings or in-
Cl for which the transformer relay rating is pub- sulators separately from the transformers, the
lished. The power factor of the burden is not im- tests shall be m a d e in accordance with
portant for this test. ANSI/IEEE Std 21-1976.
Current transformers that have been magnet- Current transformers listed in Table 3 are to be
ized by measuring the resistance of the winding tested in accordance with the applicable sections
shall be demagnetized after the completion of of ANSI C37.09a-1970, Supplement to ANSI
temperature rise tests. (The method of de- C37.09-1964 (R1969).
magnetizing is covered by 8.2.) 8.8.1 F a c t o r y D i e l e c t r i c Tests. The
In order that the bus bar or cable connected to purpose of dielectric tests in the factory is to
the current transformer will not represent an un- check the insulation and workmanship and, when
duly large heat sink or source, the bar or cable required, to demonstrate that the transformer has
shall have a current-carrying capacity equivalent been designed to withstand the specified insula-
to the maximum continuous-current rating of the tion tests.
current transformer and shall extend a minimum Impulse tests, when required, shall precede the
of 4 ft beyond the ends of each primary terminal. low-frequency tests.
In making temperature tests on window-type 8.8.2 Dielectric Tests in the Field. It is recog-
current transformers the primary conductor used nized that dielectric tests impose a severe stress
in the test shall have a continous-current capacity on the insulation, and if applied frequently will
in the configuration used and according to recog- hasten breakdown or may cause breakdown. The
nized authority, not less than the test current. If stress imposed, of course, is the more severe the
more than one primary turn is used, the clearance higher the value of the applied voltage. Hence, the
between the turns and the transformer body advisability of periodic testing may be question-
around the outside shall be at least 12 in. For 55°C able.
57
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

ANSIIIEEE
It is recommended that field tests of insulation not more than 15 s to one-third of the maximum
should not be in excess of 75 percent of the factory value or less and the circuit opened.
test voltage; that for old apparatus rebuilt in the Note that the applied potential test require-
field, tests should not be in excess of 75 percent of ments for insulated-neutral-terminaltypes of
the factory test voltage; and that periodic insula- potential transformers are specified in 4.5.
tion tests in the field should not he in excess of 65 A normal power frequency such as 60 Hz shall
percent of the factory test voltage. Tests made by be used.
the user for design approval may be made a t 100 8.8.4 Induced Potential Tests. These are
percent. These recommendations relate to dielec- made by applying voltage to one winding with all
tric tests applied between windings and ground the other windings open. One end of each winding
and to induced voltage tests. shall be grounded during this test. Usually the
Under some conditions transformers may be voltage is applied to the low-voltage winding.
subjected to periodic insulation test using direct When the voltage across any winding will exceed
voltage from kenotron sets. In such cases, the test 50 kV during this test, some means, such as a gap,
direct voltage should not exceed the original fac- should be provided to verify the voltage.
tory test rms alternating voltage; for example, if As this test, if made a t rated frequency, overex-
the factory test was 26 kV rms, then the routine cites the transformer under test, the frequency of
test direct voltage should not exceed 26 kV. the applied potential should be such as to prevent
Periodic kenotron tests should not be applied to saturation of the core. Ordinarily this require-
transformers of higher than 34.5 kV voltage rat- ment necessitates the use of a frequency of 120 Hz
ing. or more when exciting 60 Hz units. For those
8.8.3 Applied Potential Tests. The terminal types that have large distributed capacitance, the
ends and taps brought out of the case from the excitation current increases with the frequency of
winding under test shall all be joined together and the applied voltage, making it necessary to guard
to the line terminal of the testing transformer. All against an exciting current that will exceed 200
other terminals and parts (including tank and percent normal load current based on the thermal
core, if accessible) should be connected to ground rating. When frequencies higher than 120 Hz are
and to the other terminal of the testing trans- used, the severity of the test is abnormally in-
former. The ground connection between the ap- creased and for this reason the duration of the test
paratus being tested and the testing transformer should be reduced in accordance with Table 18.
must be a substantial metallic circuit. The voltage should be started at one-third or
Wire of sufficient size and suitable arrange- less of the full value and be increased gradually to
ment to prevent excessive corona a t the test volt- full value in not more than 15 s. After being held
age should be used in connecting the respective for the duration of time specified in Table 18, it
taps, line terminals, and the test transformer to- should be reduced gradually in not more than
gether. Care must be taken to keep the wire on the 15 s to one-third the maximum value, or less, and
high-voltage side well away from the ground. No the circuit opened.
appreciable impedance should be placed between Voltage transformers in polyphase metering
the testing transformer and the one under test. equipment may be tested with single-phase volt-
It is recommended that a suitable current-sen- age. Usually the specified test voltage is applied to
sitive failure detection device be provided. The
reason for this is that the voltage change across
the test transformer a t failure may not easily be
detected by observation of the input voltmeter. Table 18
As a safety precaution, a relief gap set at a volt- Full Voltage Duration for
age 10 to 20 percent in excess of the specified test Induced Potential Tests
voltage should be connected during the applied
Frequency Duration
potential test. For instrument transformers to be
(Hzl (d
tested at 50 kV or less, it is permissible to omit the
relief' gap. (See 8.8) 120 and less 60
The applied test voltage should be started at 180 40
240 30
one-third or less of full value and increased gradu- 360 20
ally to full value in not more than 15 s. After being 400 18
held for 1 min, it should be reduced gradually in
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
58

ANSI/IEEE
- one of the windings on each core with the neutral 8.8.5.5 Current Transformer Connections
ends of the open windings grounded. for Impulse Test. The impulse voltage shall be ap-
8.8.5 Impulse Tests. These tests consist of applied to all primary leads simultaneously with the
plying in the following order one reduced full secondaries short circuited and grounded.
wave, two chopped waves, and one full wave. Im- 8.8.5.6 Voltage Transformer Connections
pulse tests are to be made without excitation. for Impulse Test. The specified test voltage shall
8.8.5.1 T h e Wave to Be Used. The wave to be applied to each primary terminal. In testing
be used shall consist of a nominal 1.2 X 5 0 ~ s transformers equipped with fuses, the fuses
wave. Either, but not both, positive or negative should be short circuited. Test voltages shall be
waves may be used. Waves of negative polarity for applied to the polarity terminal of the high-volt-
liquid-immersed apparatus, and of positive age winding with the opposite lead grounded and
polarity for dry-type or compound-filled ap- to the nonpolarity terminal with the polarity lead
paratus, are recommended and shall be used ungrounded.
less otherwise specified. If in testing liquid-im- One terminal of the winding under test shall be
mersed apparatus the atmospheric conditions at grounded directly or through a small resistance if
the time of test are such that bushings will not current measurements are to be made. The termi-
withstand the specified polarity wave, then a nals of each of the other windings may be
wave of the opposite polarity may be used. grounded directly or through a resistor. It is de-
The voltage shall be measured and the oscillo- sirable that the voltage on ungrounded terminals
gram scaled as specified in Section 2 of IEEE Std of a winding not under test should not exceed 80
4-1978. percent of the full-wave voltage for their insula-
8.8.5.2 Reduced Full- Wave Test. For this tion class.
test, the voltage wave shall have a crest value of In some cases the inductance of the winding is
between 50 and 70 percent of the full-wave crest so low that the desired voltage magnitude and
given in Table 2. duration of the 50 percent point on the tail of the
8.8.5.3 Chopped- Wave Test. For this test,
wave cannot be obtained with available equip-
the applied voltage wave shall be chopped by a
ment. Low-inductance windings may be tested by
suitable air gap. It shall have a crest value and inserting a resistor of not more than 500 in the
time to flashover in accordance with Table 2. grounded end of the winding. In all such cases
To avoid recovery of insulation strength if fail- shorter waves may be used.
ure has occurred during a previous impulse, the
time interval between application of the last 8.8.5.7 Detection of Failure During I m -
chopped wave and the final full wave should be pulse Test. Any unexplained differences between
minimized and preferably should not exceed 5 the reduced full wave and the final full wave de-
min. tected by superimposing the two voltage oscillo-
8.8.5.4 Full-Wave Test. For this test, the grams, or any such differences observed by com-
voltage wave shall have a crest value in ac- paring the chopped waves to each other and to the
cordance with Table 2 and no flashover of the full wave up to the time of flashover, are indica-
bushing or test gap shall occur. tions of failure. Deviations may be caus d by con-
T o avoid flashover of the bushing during ad- h
ditions in the test circuit external to t e trans-
verse conditions of humidity and air density, the former or by protective devices and should be
bushing flashover may be increased by ap- fully investigated.
propriate means. The time interval between ap- Smoke bubbles rising through the liquid in the
plication of the last chopped wave and the final transformer are definite evidence of failure. Clear
full wave shall be minimized to avoid recovery of bubbles may or may not be evidence of trouble;
insulation strength if a failure has occurred prior they may be due to entrapped air. They should be
to the final full wave. investigated by repeating the test, or by reprocess-
All impulses applied to a transformer shall be ing the transformer and repeating the test to de-
recorded if their crest values exceed 40 percent of termine whether a failure has occurred.
the crest of the full-wave value given in Table 2. In making the chopped-wave test, failure of the
When reports require oscillograms, those of the chopping gap, or any external part, to flashover,
- first reduced full wave, the last two chopped although the voltage oscillograms show a chopped
waves, and the last full wave of voltage shall rep- wave, is a definite indication of a flashover either
resent a record of the successful applications of within the transformer or in the test circuit.
the impulse test to the transformer. Unusual noise within the transformer a t the in-
59
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

ANSI/IEEE
stant of applying the impulse is an indication of AIR CORE

MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
trouble.
When the ground current oscillogram method
of detection is used, impulse current in the
grounded end of the winding tested is measured
by means of a cathode-ray oscillograph connected
across a suitable shunt inserted between the nor-
mally grounded end of the winding and ground.
Any unexplained differences between the current H2 X2 OSCILLOSCOW
wave shapes obtained on reduced full waves and A
full-wavetests detected by superimposing the two Switch no 1 Open
current oscillograms may be an indication of fail-
ure. Deviations in the current wave shapes may
also be caused by conditions in the test circuit ex-
ternal to the transformers, or by built-in protec-
tive devices, and should be investigated fully. I t is
difficult to shield the measuring circuit complete-
ly from the influence of the high voltage of the B
surge generator and some stray potentials are fre- Oscilloscope Indication
quently picked up that may produce an erratic
record for the first 1 or 2 P S . Such influences, if
they occur at the start of the current wave, should
be disregarded. The ground current method of de-
tection is not applicable for use with chopped-
wave tests.
When the induced-voltage oscillogram method C
of detection is used, the voltage induced in the
Oscilloscope Indication Switch no 1 Closed
secondary (low-voltage winding) is measured by
means of a cathode-ray oscillograph connected
across the secondary winding of the transformer Fig 30
under test. Any unexplained difference between Mearurement 02 Open-circuit
the voltage wave shapes obtained on reduced full Voltage of Current Tranrformerr-
waves, and full-wave tests detected by super-
imposing the two voltage oscillograms, may be an
in Fig 30A such that the ratio e3/e2 (see Fig 30B)
indication of failure. Deviations in the voltage
does not exceed 2.
wave shapes may also be caused by conditions in
(1) Measure the crest open-circuit secondary
the test circuit external to the transformer or
built-in protective devices and should be in- voltage, el (Fig 30A), using a high-impedance
vestigated fully. The induced-voltage method of crest reading voltmeter, oscilloscope, or calibrated
detection is not applicable for use with chopped- gap. Increase the primary current gradually from
wave tests. zero to the maximum continuous-current rating or
until the crest voltage reaches 3500 V, whichever
occurs first. If 3500 V crest is not exceeded by this
8.9 Measurement of Open-circuit Volt-
test, (2) should be followed.
age of Current Transformers. These are de-
(2) When the crest voltage in (1)does not ex-
sign tests to determine the open-circuit voltage.
ceed 3500 V, the observed open-circuit crest volt-
The open-circuit voltage as measured will be
considerably reduced from the true value if the age must be corrected for deviation of the primary
impedance of the measuring circuit connected to current from sinusoidal wave shape.
the secondary terminals is not extremely high or if NOTE: The values ofe 2 ande 3 need not be calibrated in V but
there is even minor variation from a pure si- the sensitivity of the oscilloscope used to measure their value
nusoidal wave of current. The measurement to de- must be the same for both measurements. In many instances
e3 may be obtained simultaneously with e2 by approximating
tect and correct for these possible conditions the crest of the fundamental under conditions of Fig 30B.Ip
should be made with a primary circuit as shown must be the same rms value when measuring e2 and e3
60
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

ANSI/IEEE
e)
The correction using Fig 30A is: strumentation and Measurement, vol IM-13,
- 0.5 Dec 1964, pp 197-209.
e3 (81 KUSTERS, N. L., and MOORE, W. J. M.
e, = e l when - 22 (Eq 35) The Compensated Current Comparator; A
e2
where New Reference Standard for Current-Trans-
e, = true open-circuit crest voltage former Calibrations in Industry. I E E E
el = measured secondary crest voltage using Transactions on Instrumentation and Meas-
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and Testing of Voltage Transformers. Jour- CUTKOSKY, R. D., HARRIS, F. K., and
nal o f the IEE, vol 78, Mar 1936, pp 292- KOTTER, F. R. New Apparatus a t the Na-
316. tional Bureau of Standards for Absolute Ca-
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Electrotechnik, vol 44, 1958-60, pp 147-156. urement, vol IM-14, Dec 1965, pp 190-204.
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C, Engineering and Instrumentation, vol Transactions on Instrumentation and Meas-
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62
--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

--``,,,,,,,,,`,`,,```,,,```,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Title
ANSI C2 National Electrical Safety Code, 1984 Edition
ANSI
C57.95-1955 Guide for Loading Oil-Immersed Step-Voltage and Induction-Voltage Regulators
(Appendix to ANSI C57.15-1968)
ANSI/IEEE
430-1976 Procedures for the Measurement of Radio Noise from Overhead Power Lines
454-1973 Recommended Practice for the Detection and Measurement of Partial Discharges
(Corona) During Dielectric Tests (Reaff 1979)
C37.91-1985 Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Power Transformers (Reaff 1980)
C37.95-1973 Guide for Protective Relaying of Utility-Consumer Interconnections (Reaff
1980)
C57.12.00-1980 Standard General Requirements for Liquid Immersed Distribution, Power, and
Regulating Transformers (Revision of ANSI/IEEE C57.12.00-1973)
C57.12.01-1979 Standard General Requirements for Dry-Type Distribution and Power Trans-
formers
C57.12.11-1980 Guide for Installation of Oil-Immersed Transformers (10 MVA and Larger,
69-287 kV Rating)
C57.12.12-1980 Guide for Installation of Oil-Immersed EHV Transformers 345 kV and Above
C57.12.80-1978 Terminology for Power and Distribution Transformers
C57.12.90-1980 Standard Test Code for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power, and Regulating
Transformers and Guide for Short-circuit Testing of Distribution and Power
Transformers
C57.12.91-1979 Test Code for Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers
C57.13-1978 Standard Requirements for Instrument Transformers (Revision of ANSI
C57.13-1968)
C57.13.1-1981 Guide for Field Testing of Relaying Current Transformers
C57.21-1981 Standard Requirements, Terminology, and Test Code for Shunt Reactors Over
500 kVA .-
C57.91-1981 Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil-Immersed Overhead and Pad-Mounted Distribu-
tion Transformers Rated 500 kVA and Less with 65 "C or 55 "C Average Wind-
ing Rise
C57.92-1981 Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil-Immersed Power Transformers Up t o and Includ-
ing 100 MVA with 55 "C or 65 "C Winding Rise
C57.94-1982 Recommended Practice for Installation, Application, Operation, and Maintenance
of Dry-Type General Purpose Distribution and Power Transformers
C57.98-1968 Guide for Transformer Impulse Tests (Appendix to ANSI/IEEE C57.12.90-1980)
C57.100-1974 Test Procedure for Thermal Evaluation of Oil-Immersed Distribution Trans-
formers
C57.104-1978 Guide for the Detection and Determination of Generated Gases in Oil-Immersed
Transformers and their Relation t o the Serviceability of the Equipment
C57.105-1978 Guide for Application of Transformer Connections in Three-phase Distribution
Systems
C57.106-1977 Guide for Acceptance and Maintenance of Insulating Oil in Equipment (Revision
of IEEE Std 64-1969)
IEEE Std
85-1973 Test Procedure for Airborne Sound Measurements on Rotating Electric Ma-
chinery (Reaff 1980)
259-1974 Test Procedure for Evaluation of Systems of Insulation for Specialty Trans-
formers (Reaff 1980)
266-1969 Test Procedure for Evaluation of Insulation Systems for Electronics Power Trans-
formers (Reaff 1975)
346-1973 Definitions in Power Operations Terminology Including Terms for Reporting
and Analyzing Outages of Electrical Transmission and Distribution Facilities
and Interruptions to Customer Service
For a free catalog of IEEE Standards write

345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017, USA
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ANSI/I E E E C57.

Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

Title of Document: IEEE Standard Requirements for

Date of Specific Issue Adopted: March 30, 1978

Releasing Industry Group: Institute of Electrical and

Custodians: Military Coordinating Activity:

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENTA. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

A n American National Standard

IEEE Standard Requirements for

Approved September 9, 1976

Approved March 30,1978

Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

An American National Standard implies a consensus of those sub-

National Standards Institute require that action be taken to reaffirm.

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc

N o part of this publication may be reproduced in any form,

Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

U.S. Bureau of Reclamation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

Joseph L. Koepfinger Voss A. Moore

Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

8.4 Polarity ..................................................................................................................................... 50

Fig 14 Accuracy Test with Current Comparator-Capacitance Ratio Method .............................. 41

Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

1. Scope a primary winding. This type of current trans-

Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

three-wire type current transformer, One 3. References

Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

AVERAGE COOLING AIR TEMPERATURE FOR 2 4 h PERIOD, DEGREES C

Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

125 145 2.25 40 36 4 15

250 290 3 95 120 35

900 1035 3 395 385 135

1300 1500 3 575 555tt 205

Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

BIL and Minimum Minimum Applied Wet 60 Hz Minimum

1300B 1500 3 1680 2 555 825 209

Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

30'C Ambient 66°C Ambient

4.6 Temperature Rise. The limits of ob- 4.8 Construction

(2) Induced potential tests ty lead.

Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

Symbols Voltage Transformers Current Transformers

(b) Totalizing transformer with two or more pri-

Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

Symbols Voltage Transformers Current Transformers

Example: Voltage transformer with a tap in the

Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

Voltage Transformers Current Transformere

Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

Nominal System Maximum Line-to- BIL and Full

Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.