READING

Questions 1-13, which are based on

20 minutes on
You should spend about
Reading Passage 1 below.

of screen printing
T&jevolution
screen printing, has
known as serigraphy or silk
Screen printing,also evolved from the
years ago. The technique
its origins in China I ,000 as paint is applied
to the rest of
block out a shape
use of stencils to of the stencil. Imagine
placing
the surface. This leaves a silhouette and
of paper and then painting your hand
your hand on a sheet a clear
remove the hand, you have
the paper together.When you
outline of it.
painting that you can imagine
This is just the kind of experimentwith
we have been doing it for
a child doing. It is littlesurprise, then, that
cave paintings known
thousands of years. In fact, one of the oldest
by artist or artists
has a series of hand silhouettes,done this way
unknown.These paintingsin a cave in northernSpain are believed to
be over 40,000 years old.

The technique evolved from using found objects to cutting out the
shape freehand.This workswell withgeometric shapes and was used
in a lot of the designs from the ancient world. One obvious benefit of
using stencils is that,once made, they can be used again and again,
ensuring uniformityof design.

Morecomplex designs involvecuttingout parts of the inside of the

stencil so thatgreaterdetailis reproducedwhen paint is applied,
ratherthan just a plain outline.This works well as long as whole pieces
of the interiorare not removed completely.Traditionally a small strip of
the stencil materialis left in place to keep the stencil in one
piece. This
naturallyappears in the final image, providing a clue as
to how it
was made.

J. l. Biegeleisen describes the Japanese

practice of using human hair
glued across the gaps insteadof larger
strips of stencil material. The
designer would hold the whole
stencil together by carefully gluing
to parts of it. Biegeleisen claims hairs
that this was the forerunner of
printingas designers noted that screen
the paint would flood
ensuring that the painted around the hair
surface was unbroken.
Whetheror notthis was the
mesh, originallymade of case, designers began using a framed
silk
stainless steel. The stencil and latterlyof polyester, nylon and even
frame is suspended is attachedto this
a short distance mesh and the whole
above the surface to
be painted.
 READING

In a two-partprocess, paint or ink is then added to the mesh and

spread carefully over the whole area so that it fills the holes in the
mesh. A blade is then passed over the mesh, pressing it into contact
with the surface briefly, before the mesh springs away. The transfer of
the design is then complete, although repeated sweeps may add
further colours.

In a variation of this method, often used with printing onto fabric, the
Japanese art of Katazome uses the stencil to add not the final colour,
but to force a barrier paste through —typically a mixture of rice flour
and water. When the fabric is covered in colour, the design is the part
that has not absorbed the colour due to it being protected by the paste.
A period of up to several months is allowed for the colours to set in the
fabric, after which the material can be washed to remove the paste.

In 1907 Samuel Simon was granted a patentfor his screen-printing

technique. At this time, it was used to print wallpaper or to put
designs on silk or linen. There followed a flurry of developments, and
experiments were carried out with photo-reactive chemicals. Much of
-this work was focussed on finding ways to make the ink or paint dry
fast on the material so that it would not smudge or fade. The work also
included finding less toxic replacements for the chemicals in use.

The technique led to a profitable industry which was also always used,
to a greater or lesser extent, by artists. Its current popularityin the art
world is largely due to the resurgence in its use following work done
by Andy Warhol in the 1960s. The method allows for the individual
creativity of artists —so that it can be justifiably referred to as a work of
art. It also combines the uniqueness of a single piece with the ability
to produce a limited number of reproductions, calling to mind the
woodcuts of famous artists from earlier centuries.

Commercially, of course, the larger the print run the better. In 1969,
this was helped enormously by the rotary multicolourscreen printing
machine being patented. A brainchild of the artist Michael Vasilantone,
it was subsequently licensed by many manufacturers, helping to
popularise the printed T-shirt. Screen printing is widespread today
due to the large variety of surfaces that can be printed upon using the
method. This often makes it the first choice for printing posters, and
onto hats and DVDs, for example. Wider uses are also possible when
printwork is called for on ceramics, glass, plastics, metals or wood.
 READING
given in Reading Passage 1
with the information
Dothe followingstatements agree
write
In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet,

the information.
TRUE if the statement agrees with
the information.
FALSE if the statement contradicts
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this.

1 Using your hand as a stencil is an uncomplicated process.

2 The hands in the Spanish cave paintings are those of children.
3 A stencil is designed to be used many times.
4 An intricate stencil can only be made by cutting out the majority of the material.
5 Biegeleisendescribes how human hair was used to apply paint or ink.
6 In Katazome,a hole cut in a stencil always becomes the coloured part.
7 Rotary printing was not used before 1969.
 READING
Questions 8-13
A, B, C or D. sheet.
Choose the correct letter, on your answer
boxes 8-13
write the correct letter in
in that
later kinds of stencil work
from some
8 The cave paintingsdiffer were done.
they
A we do not know how became popular.
immediately
B the technique
outline of the object is represented.
C only the prepared.
planned and
D the stencil was carefully
stencilling?
writer mention as an advantage of
9 What does the
freehand
A not having to draw anything
geometric shapes
B the ability to produceprecise
works
C being able to reproduce identical
D cutting down on waste materials
in paragraph four?
10 Whatfeature of traditional stencilling is mentioned
done using a stencil.
A You can see fromthe finishedworkthat it is
design.
B Fewpeople had the skill needed in order to prepare the
C The paint is applied in morethan one layer.
D You need to assemble the stencil piece by piece.

11 What does the writer appear to doubt about J. l. Biegeleisen's theory?

A that the use of glue was an improvementin the technique
B that the Japanese used human hair
C that flooding the area with paint was a useful development
D that the silk screen evolvedfrom the use of human hair

12 Which of the following does the writer NOT mention?

A In screen printing, the mesh is only in contact with the
surface for a
short time.
B The use of rice flour and water can help the
colours remain for longer.
C Some of the materialsused could be
dangerous to the health.
D It is legitimate to talk about screen
prints as art.
13 According to the writer,who has played
the greatest role in mass
using screen printing? production
A J. l. Biegeleisen
B Samuel Simon
C Andy Warhol
D Michael Vasilantone
READING
on
Questions 14-26, which are based
on
about 20 minutes
You should spend
below.
Reading Passage 2

ways in wnicn
Tne different
Eartn is moving
tne
we would have no
on its axis, or its rotation,
Without the Earth spinning at a different time
night and day. Since the Sun rises
separation between the reason why we
far east or west you are, it is also reason
according to how world. It is indirectly the
around the
created 24 different time zones the spinning of the Earth
falling tides because
why we have rising and times of
to the gravitational pull of the Sun at different
exposes the oceans water so it is the
night. The Moon's gravity also has an effect on
the day and
causes tides.
combination of these two forces that

as the Coriolis force

Rotation also affects weather patterns on Earth,
movement around the
influences thedirection of winds, as well as the
—the Earth's path
Earth of areas of high or low pressure. But it is revolution
V, around the Sun at around 30 kilometres a second (km/s) —that creates
the Seasons.This is not to do with the Earth's orbit around the Sun being
elliptical (which it is), but with the tilting of the Earth on its axis.

In other words, during summer in the northern hemisphere, the Earth

is actually further awayfrom the Sun than it is during winter. The higher
temperatures are not the result of proximity to the Sun as many people
believe (our distance from the Sun is about five million kilometres greater
in summer) but, rather, the result of the Earth's axis tilting the northern
hZmsphere towards the Sun, so it receives the heat at a more direct angle.

Our galaxy,the Milky Way, is a spiral disc-shaped group of

hundreds of
billions of stars locked, more or less, in the same
formation. This is also
rotating, with the length of time it takes for a full
rotation being known as
a galactic year. For a whole rotation of the
Milky Way, 220 million years
have to elapse,with the Sun and its planets
revolving around the galaxy's
centre at around 230 km/s.

Meanwhile the whole galaxy is

travelling through space
calculated to be around 600 km/s. at a speed
This galactic movement
constant research - the numbers is the subject Of
and even the facts
to regular revision. Because themselves are subject
we are theorising
cannot actually investigate about a universe that we
up close, there are
gaps in our knowledge
and
 READING

negate
the most we can hope for is that future discoveries will confirm or
what we presently believe.

One reason that makes such calculations so complex is the theory of

the expanding universe. This is very often illustrated with the image of a
balloon representing the universe, covered in dots which are the galaxies;
as the balloon is inflated, the galaxies move further apart in relation to
each other. So the Earth, together with the Milky Way galaxy, is moving in
relation to this expansion. However, it might be easier to think of the space
between the galaxies getting larger, rather than the individual galaxies
having some power of their own. In another analogy, the Milky Way is not
a train travelling between stations; it is a station that is moving away from
other stations as the track (the space between galaxies) grows.

That is the bigger picture. There are more localised theories that have
been noted. One, in particular, holds that the Milky Way, and several
million nearby galaxies, are being drawn to 'something known as the Great
Attractor. Here, scientists believe, liessomething with a huge gravitational
pull, so our path in the expanding universe is not in a straight line. Just
what the Great Attractor is has become one of the more pressing questions
facing us today.

Our attempts to find out are hampered by the fact that we need to look
through our own galaxy to study it. lhis makes it extremely diffcult to
get any kind of picture of what is there. If gravity is the force drawing
us towards it, then it has to have mass. Calculations show that the Great
Attractor is about one million times heavier than the Milky Way galaxy.
It is relatively easy to relate to gravity in terms of solid bodies, like the
i
Earth's gravitational hold on the Moon. We can see something similar with
the Sun's hold on the planets —even though the Sun is made up of gas.
However, we know that there is no gigantic solid or gaseous body doing
the same to the Milky Way.

Our best guess is that it is something known as dark matter, so called

because it does not react with light, despite the huge force it exerts.
Explanations include the presence of MACHOs (Massive Compact Halo
Objects), or WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles). truth is
we really don't have the answers yet. In fact, it is estimated that 95% of
what we call the observable universe is invisible to us. We know it is there
because of the forces we detect, but we cannot see it.
READING
or explains it.
causes
that
term
scientific your answer sheet.
item with
the 14-22 on
boxes
Matcheach E, in
C, D or
A, B,
once.
letter more than
use any
falls.
rises and west.
The tide from the
blows in New
storm differentto sun.
around the
15 A is
London path
16 time in elliptical
an summer.
The Earth follows when it is point
17 you live a central
hotter where around sun travels around the
18 It is galaxy is
turning sun, the
The Milkyway around the
19 traveliing krn/s.
as the Earth at about 600 universe.
20 As well
the expansion Of the
galaxy by
21 The the path dictated
following
galaxy is not
22 Our

Scientific terms
A Rotation
B Revolution
C Galactic movement
pull
D Gravitational
axis
of the Earth's
E The tilting
READING
Questions 23-26
answer
passage for each
the
TWO WORDSfrom
WriteNO MORETHAN on your answer
sheet.
boxes 23-26
write your answers in
from
is
23 to
hemisphere summer.
the Sun during a northern (220
to spin around its centre
Milky way galaxy
24 The time it takes the whole
growing but the
universe, the galaxies are not
25 In the theory of an expanding
them is.

have for the Great Attractor is what we call

26 The best explanation we
MACHOs and WIMPS.
, possibly made up of
READING
27-40, which are based
Questions
on
minutes
spend about 20
Youshould below.
3
Reading passage

the path of
Obstacles in
energy
renewable
it is
sources of energy,
alternative are favoured.
viable
In the quest to find better-knowntechnologies panels and
A of solar
understandablethat relative prevalence of methods
for the comparative scarcity
This accounts comparedto the cost and scale
wind turbines, the tides, for example.
from takes a huge political
harnessingenergy does politics, since it
as and investment
play a big parttoo,governmentto back research
commitmentfor a benefits long after that
energy that may only reap with long-term
into a source of simple terms, it takes people
governmentis gone. In generations to make these
decisions.
for coming
vision and concern power.
in positions of
They also have to be
between renewable and
important to draw a distinction the Dublin
B It is
energies. According to Dr Michael Rudd, of
alternative 'There are many alternatives, one of
Institute of Energy Alternatives, coal. That does not mean we solve
of
which is burningwood instead however.For us to find a viable
the problemsfacingthe planet,
Dr Rudd points out that there
alternative,it has to be renewable'.
matters because of the desire
is a temptationto overcomplicate
solution. 'Yes, of course we could
to use advancedtechnologyfor a
water into its component
invest trillions in using electrolysis to split
parts and use the hydrogenfor fuel in our vehicles and factories.
And yes, there would be benefits. But the answer is staring us in the
face. Why not use that water as it is? We have been using flowing
water as an energysource for thousands of years,' he says.
C Watermills are indeed the first example of harnessing natural forces
in orderto performa rangeof mechanical tasks. The ancient Greeks
and Romans had them, and they existed in ancient China and
India. They were used for grinding wheat to make flour, hammering,
and sawing timber or stone. Nowadays, we would rarely think of
constructinga dam withoutmaking provision for water to pass
through and generateelectricity - it seems
too good an opportunity
to miss. 'But howmanydams do you
know of?' asks Dr Rudd, 'There
are just not that many of them,
even though proposals exist to build
thousands.Buildingdams creates
the same problems that water
mills create;once you block
the flow of water, you are potentially
blocking navigation routes
too, and we still need
our rivers would have them, otherwise all
hydroelectric dams on them.
Recent research
 READING

suggests that creating reservoirs has its problems too, since the
stagnant water tends to accumulate methane - a greenhouse gas,
and just the kind of thing we are trying to avoid'.
D Wind energy has been used for even longer than water if we
consider the thousands of years that have elapsed since we first
attached a sail to a boat. The ugliness, noise and damage to wildlife
associated with wind farms have all been well documented. Of
course, the supply of power is at the mercy of wind strength —
considerably less dependable than the flow of a river or the fall
of gravity from a hydroelectric dam. It also presents us with an
infrastructure issue. In recent years, there have been several cases
where a particularly windy night generated more electricity than
could be used because there were no systems in place to exploit the
excess. This is certainly one obstacle that needs to be overcome.
E Solar energy is perhaps the biggest success story in some countries.
However, ignorance is one of the barriers which has prevented its
implementation in others. Consistently perceived to be a method for
countries with a guaranteed minimum number of sunshine hours,
solar power suffers in certain Countriessimply because people
are not convinced that it will work there. Those people include
financial organisations which could, if they had a more realistic
overview, provide financial incentives for people wishing to invest
in green energy. According to Dr Rudd, 'Solar energy for domestic
use presents us with a similar picture to that of geothermal energy
and heat insulation - all of them are considerably cheaper if they
are incorporated in the planning stage than if they are added
retrospectively. Once all new homes take this into account, we will
see a massive difference. However,there is a further barrier - that
of split incentives - whereby the builder or owner of the property
is reluctant to invest in technology, the benefits of which will be
passed on to the tenant in the form of reduced energy bills'.
F Wave and tide power have significantly greater potential than
damming rivers, and they harness more predictable forces than wind
or solar energy. Many of the above obstacles apply here too, with the
threat to marine life and the altering of ecosystems being perhaps
more convincing arguments against. However,the huge cost has
proved the greatest impediment so far. Despite figures that guarantee
a return, this method has not yet started generating a significant
amount of energy worldwide. A one-billion-pound project in Wales
was given the green light in 2015;but hit delays almost immediately.
Problems specific to this technology include the difficulty of working
underwater and the effect of corrosion on metal parts.
1 READING
Questions 27-31
Reading Passage 3 has six paragraphs, A—F.
Whichparagraph contains the following information?
Writethe correct letter, A-F, in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.

27 an exampleof an unexpectedlyplentiful supply of energy

going to waste
28 the negative effect on a means of transport

29 a term which means a group

of people are less motivated to
energy savings make

30 a complicatedand
a
simple way to use the same natural
resource
31 a reference to
people who consider the future
 READING
Questions 32-35
claims of the writer in Reading
Dothe followingstatements agree with the
Passage 3?
In boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet, write

writer.
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the
writer.
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this.

32 Governmentsdo not care about energy sources they will not directly
benefit from.

33 Most dams have some form of energy-generating technology built in.

34 The wind is a more reliable source of energy than rivers.

35 Environmental problems are greater with wind, wave and tide technology.
READING
Questions 36—40
Completethe summary below. answer.
THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each
ChooseNO MORE
your answer sheet
Writeyour answers in boxes 36—40on

wind turbines because

The writerarguesthat we see more solar panels and
also explains the
we havea betterunderstandingof these technologies. This
36 of other alternatives.

Dr Rudd says that alternative energy is not the same as 37

He says that, although we can get some benefit if we 38 in
complexsolutions,this is not necessary. He warns against creating too many
39 however,since it is now known that this releases harmful
gas intothe atmosphere.Dr Rudd goes on to say that energy efficiency in homes
needs to be consideredat the 40 as it is less cost effective
to do it later.