Homework 1 Linear Algebra

1. Solve the system of linear equations using Gauss-Jordan algorithm.

{ {
3x +2y = 0 6x +4y = −4
(a) (b)
x −y = 5 −x −2y = 0
{ {
x −2y = 0 3x +y = −1
(c) (d)
x −4y = 8 5x +2y = 3
2. Solve the system of linear equations using Gauss-Jordan algorithm.
 
 x +y +2z = 8  x +2y +5z = −1
(a) −x −2y +3z = 1 (b) 2x +4y −8z = 4
 
3x −7y +4z = 10 3x −9z = 5
 
 x +2y +2z = −1  2x +y +z = 7
(c) x +3y +z = 4 (d) 3x +2y +z = −3
 
x +3y +2z = 3 y +z = 5
3. Solve the system of linear equations using Gauss-Jordan algorithm.
 

 x +y +2z +w = −1 
 3x +y +7z +9w =4
 
y −3z +2w = 2 x +y +4z +4w =7
(a) (b)

 x +y −w = 3 
 −x −2z −3w =0
 
5x +3y +2z +2w = 4 −2x −y −4z −6w =6
 

 2x −y +z −4w = −32 
 x +3y +z +w =0
 
7x +2y +9z −w = 14 x −y −z −w =0
(c) (d)

 3x −y +z +w = 11 
 2x +4y +z +w =0
 
x +y −4z −2w = −4 x −5y −3z −w =0

Homework 2 Linear Algebra

1. Complete Gauss-Jordan algorithm on the given augmented matrix.
 
1 5 −4 0 −7 −5
 2 10 −7 2 −3 −5 
 
 −1 −5 4 −1 3 3 
1 5 −3 2 4 0

2. Solve the system given that Gauss-Jordan algorithm has been completed.
     
1 0 −4 2 1 0 4 0 10 1 0 2 0
(a)  0 1 1 −1  (b)  0 1 −3 0 −2  (c)  0 1 3 0 
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 1
   
1 −3 0 0 −7 5 1 1 0 0 0 0
 0 0 1 0 7 
3   
(d)  (e)  0 0 1 1 0 0 
 0 0 0 1 4 −2   0 0 0 0 1 1 
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 3. Solve the system of linear equations using Gauss-Jordan algorithm.
 
 A +4B −2C +3D −E = 5  3x +y +z +w =0
(a) B +C −2D −E = 3 (b) 5x −y +z −w =0
 
D +E = 1 −x +y +w =0
 

 a +b +3c +d +2e = 0 
 a +b +3c +d +2e =0
 
b +c +3e = 3 b +c +3e =0
(c) (d)

 −d +e = 1 
 a +2c +d −e =0
 
−2d +2e = 2 b +c +d +3e =0
4. Find the values of k that will give the system (a) no solution (b) unique solution
(c) many solutions.

 x +2y −3z =4
3x −y +5z =2

4x +y +(k 2 − 14)z = k + 2

Homework 3 Linear Algebra

1. Compute (a) AB (b) BA (c) A2 (d) B2A
   
3 −2 1 2 −2 4
A= 2 5 4  B= 0 1 3 
0 4 1 1 0 5
2. Compute (a) AB (b) D + E (c) D − E (d) DE (e) ED (f) CA + B
 
3 0 [ ] [ ]
4 −1 1 4 2
A =  −1 2  B = C=
0 2 3 1 5
1 1
   
1 5 2 6 1 3
D =  −1 0 1  E =  −1 1 2 
3 2 4 4 1 3
3. Continue Problem (2) and compute, when possible,
(a) 3C − D (b) 3ED (c) (AB)C (d) A(BC) (e) D + E 2 (f) 4BC + 2B

4. Continue Problem (2) and compute, when possible,

(a) 2AT + C (b) DT − E T (c) (D − E)T (d) B − B T (e) CC T (f) (DA)T
[ ] [ ]
a−b b+c 8 1
5. Find a, b, c, d such that =
3d + c 2a − 4d 7 6

Homework 4 Linear Algebra

1. Find A−1 using the 2x2 formula.
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
3 1 2 −3 2 0 6 4
(a) A = (b) A = (c) A = (d) A =
5 2 4 4 0 3 −2 −1

2
 2. Solve the system of linear equations using matrix inverse.
{ {
3x +y = −1 3x +y = 5
(a) (b)
5x +2y = 3 5x +2y = 7
{ {
−x +5y = 2 6x +4y = 0
(c) (d)
−x −3y = −2 −2x −y = −2

3. Find A−1 using Gauss-Jordan algorithm.

       
1 2 3 1 −3 7 1 0 1 3 −2 4
(a)  2 3 4  (b)  −1 4 −7  (c)  0 1 1  (d)  1 0 2 
4 2 1 −1 3 −6 1 1 0 0 1 0
4. Solve the system of linear equations using matrix inverse.
  
 x +2y +2z = −1  2x +y +z =7  2x +y +z = 2
(a) x +3y +z = 4 (b) 3x +2y +z = −3 (c) 3x +2y +z = 1
  
x +3y +2z = 3 y +z =5 y +z = 3

5. Find A−1 using Gauss-Jordan algorithm.

     
1 0 0 0 2 −4 0 0 1 1 1 1
 1 2 0 0   1 −2 5 0   1 2 1 2 
(a)  
 1 2 4 0  (b)  0
  (c)  
0 2 0   1 1 1 0 
1 2 4 8 0 −1 −4 −5 1 4 2 3
6. Express each matrix as the product of elementary matrices.
   
[ ] [ ] 1 0 −2 1 1 0
1 0 −3 1
(a) (b) (c)  0 4 3  (d)  1 1 1 
3 4 2 2
0 0 1 0 1 1

Homework 5 Linear Algebra

1. Compute the determinant using the 2x2 formula.
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ √ √ ]
1 2 6 4 −1 7 2 √6
(a) (b) (c) (d)
−1 3 3 2 −8 −3 4 3
2. Compute the determinant using the 3x3 formula.
       
1 −2 7 8 2 −1 1 0 3 3 0 0
(a)  3 5 1  (b)  −3 4 −6  (c)  4 0 −1  (d)  2 −1 5 
4 3 8 1 7 2 2 8 6 1 9 −4
3. Compute the determinant using cofactor expansion.
       
1 −2 7 8 2 −1 1 0 3 3 0 0

(a) 3 5 1  (b)  −3 4 −6  (c)  4 0 −1  (d)  2 −1 5 
4 3 8 1 7 2 2 8 6 1 9 −4

3
 4. Compute the determinant using cofactor expansion.  
    1 3 1 5 3
1 4 −3 1 3 3 0 5 
 2 −2 −7 0 −4 2 
0 6 3  
 (b)  2 2 0 −2   
(a) 
 4 −1
 (c) 
 0 0 1 0 1 

2 5   4 1 −3 0   0 0 2 1 1 
1 0 −2 4 2 10 3 2
0 0 0 1 1

Homework 6 Linear Algebra

1. Compute the determinant using row operations.
       
2 3 7 2 1 1 1 −2 0 2 −4 8
(a)  0 0 −3  (b)  4 2 3  (c)  −3 5 1  (d)  −2 7 −2 
1 −2 7 1 3 0 4 −3 2 0 1 5
2. Compute the determinant using row operations.
 
    1 3 1 5 3
2 1 3 1 3 6 9 3 
 1 0 −2 −7 0 −4 2 
1 1   −1 0 1 0   
(a) 
 0 2
 (b) 
 
 (c) 
  0 0 1 0 1 

1 0 1 3 2 −1  0 0 2 1 1 
0 1 2 3 −1 −2 −2 1
0 0 0 1 1
 
a b c
3. Compute the determinant given that det  d e f  = 5.
g h i
     
d e f −a −b −c g h i
(a) det  g h i  (b) det  2d 2e 2f  (c) det  d e f 
a b c −g −h −i a+d b+e c+f
     
a b c a g d 2d d + g d + a
(d) det  d − 3a e − 3b f − 3c  (e) det  b h e  (f) det  2e e + h e + b 
2g 2h 2i c i f 2f f + i f + c
4. Solve the system of linear equations using Cramer’s rule.
 
{  4x +5y = 22  x +y −2z = −2
3x −4y = −5
(a) (b) 11x +y +2z = 33 (c) 2x −y +z = 2
2x +y = 4  
x +5y +2z = 11 x −y −4z = −6

Homework 7 Linear Algebra

1. Determine invertible or not invertible using determinant.
       
1 0 0 −2 1 −4 7 2 1 0 7 5
(a)  3 6 7  (b)  1 1 2  (c)  7 2 1  (d)  0 1 −1 
0 8 −1 3 1 6 3 6 6 0 3 2

4
 2. Find all values of k to make the matrix invertible.
   
[ ] [ ] 1 2 4 1 2 0
k − 3 −2 k 2
(a) (b) (c)  3 1 6  (d)  k 1 k 
−2 k − 2 2 k
k 3 2 0 2 1
3. Compute the determinant given that det A = 3 and det B = 5, both 2x2 matrices.
(a) det(2AB T ) (b) det(2AB −1 ) (c) det(2(AB)−1 ) (d) det((2AB)−1 )

4. Find A−1 using the adjoint method.

       
2 5 5 2 0 3 2 −3 5 3 −2 4
(a)  −1 −1 0  (b)  0 3 2  (c)  0 1 −3  (d)  1 0 2 
2 4 3 −2 0 −4 0 0 2 0 1 0

Homework 8 Linear Algebra

1. Let u = (4, −1) and v = (0, 5) and w = (−3, −3). Evaluate
(a) u + w (b) v − 3u (c) 2(u − 5w) (d) 3v − 2(u + 2w)

2. Let u = (1, 2, 3) and v = (2, −3, 1) and w = (3, 2, −1). Evaluate

(a) u − w (b) −3v − 8w (c) 3(u − 7v) (d) 2v − (u + w)

3. Let u = (2, −2, 3) and v = (1 − 3, 4) and w = (3, 6, −4). Evaluate

(a) ∥u + v∥ (b) ∥u∥ + ∥v∥ (c) ∥3u − 5v + w∥ (d) ∥(∥u − v∥w)∥

4. Compute u · v and u · u and v · v.

(a) u = (1, 2), v = (6, −8)
(b) u = (7, 3, 5), v = (−8, 4, 2)
(c) u = (1, 1, 4, 6), v = (2, −2, 3, −2)
(d) u = (1, 1, −2, 3), v = (−1, 0, 5, 1)

5. Compute d(u, v) and the angle between the two vectors.

(a) u = (1, 2), v = (6, −8)
(b) u = (−3, 1, 2), v = (4, 2, 5)
(c) u = (0, −2, −1, 2), v = (−3, 2, 4, 4)
(d) u = (1, 2, −3, 0), v = (5, 1, 2, −2)

6. Let u = (1, 2, 3) and v = (2, −3, 1) and w = (3, 2, −1). Evaluate

(a) u · (7v + w) (b) ∥(u · w)w∥ (c) ∥u∥(v · w) (d) (∥u∥v) · w.

Homework 9 Linear Algebra

1. Determine orthogonal or not orthogonal for the two vectors.
(a) u = (3, −2, 1, 3), v = (−4, 1, −3, 8)
(b) u = (5, −4, 0, 3), v = (−4, 1, −3, 8)

5
 2. Find a point-normal form of the plane passing through P with normal n.
(a) P = (−1, 3, −2), n = (−2, 1, −1)
(b) P = (1, 1, 4), n = (1, 9, 8)
(c) P = (2, 0, 0), n = (0, 0, 2)
(d) P = (0, 0, 0), n = (1, 2, 3)

3. Determine parallel or not parallel for the two planes.

(a) 4x − y + 2z = 5 and 7x − 3y + 4z = 8
(b) x − 4y − 3z − 2 = 0 and 3x − 12y − 9z − 7 = 0
(c) 2y = 8x − 4z + 5 and x = 12 z + 14 y
(d) (−4, 1, 2) · (x, y, z) = 0 and (8, −2, −4) · (x, y, z) = 0

4. Determine perpendicular or not perpendicular for the two planes.

(a) 3x − y + z = 4 and x + 2z = −1
(b) x − 2y + 3z = 4 and −2x + 5y + 4z = −1

5. Compute ∥projx u∥.

(a) u = (1, −2), x = (−4, −3)
(b) u = (3, 0, 4), x = (2, 3, 3)
(c) u = (3, −2, 6), x = (1, 2, −7)
(d) u = (2, 1, 1, 2), x = (4, −4, 2, −2)

6. Compute the distance between the point and the line.

(a) (−3, 1), 4x + 3y + 4 = 0
(b) (−1, 4), x − 3y + 2 = 0
(c) (2, −5), y = −4x + 2
(d) (1, 8), 3x + y = 5

7. Compute the distance between the point and the plane.

(a) (3, 1, −2), x + 2y − 2z = 4
(b) (−1, −1, 2), 2x + 5y − 6z = 4

8. Compute the distance between the two parallel lines.

(a) 2x − y − z = 5 and −4x + 2y + 2z = 12
(b) 2x − y + z = 1 and 2x − y + z = −1

Homework 10 Linear Algebra

1. Let V = R2 and for all u = (u1 , u2 ) and v = (v2 , v2 ), let u + v = (u1 + v1 , u2 + v2 )
and ku = (0, ku2 ) for any scalar k.
(a) Prove that Axioms 7, 8, 9 are true.
(b) Prove that V is not a vector space because Axiom 10 is false.

6
 2. Let V = R2 and for all u = (u1 , u2 ) and v = (v2 , v2 ), let u+v = (u1 +v1 +1, u2 +v2 +1)
and ku = (ku1 , ku2 ) for any scalar k.
(a) Prove that Axioms 4 and 5 are true.
(b) Prove that V is not a vector space.

3. Let V = R2 and for all u = (u1 , u2 ) and v = (v2 , v2 ), let u + v = (u1 + v1 , u2 + v2 )

and ku = (k 2 u1 , k 2 u2 ) for any scalar k. Is V is a vector space? Prove true or false.

4. Prove the subset W is or is not a subspace of R3 .

(a) W = {(a, 0, 0) | a ∈ R}
(b) W = {(a, 1, 1) | a ∈ R}
(c) W = {(a, b, c) ∈ R3 | b = a + c}
(d) W = {(a, b, c) ∈ R3 | b = a + c + 1}

5. Prove the subset W is or is not a subspace of M2,2 .

{[ ] }
a b
(a) W = : a, b, c ∈ R
{[ c –a ] }
a b
(b) W = : a, b, d ∈ R
b d
(c) W = {A ∈ M2,2 | AT = −A}
(d) W = {A ∈ M2,2 | det A = 0}

6. Prove the subset W is or is not a subspace of P3 .

(a) W = {a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 | a1 , a2 , a3 ∈ R}
(b) W = {a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 | a0 + a1 + a2 + a3 = 0}
(c) W = {a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 | a0 , a1 , a2 , a3 ∈ Q}
(d) W = {a0 + a1 x | a0 , a1 ∈ R}

7. Prove the subset W is or is not a subspace of F (−∞, ∞).

(a) W = {f ∈ F (−∞, ∞) | f (0) = 0}
(b) W = {f ∈ F (−∞, ∞) | f (0) = 1}
(c) W = {f ∈ F (−∞, ∞) | f (−x) = f (x) for all x}
(d) W = {f ∈ F (−∞, ∞) | f (x) ≤ 0 for all x}

8. Prove the subset W is or is not a subspace of R∞ .

(a) W = {(v, 0, v, 0, v, 0, . . .) | v ∈ R}
(b) W = {(v, 1, v, 1, v, 1, . . .) | v ∈ R}
(c) W = {(v, 2v, 22 v, 23 , 24 v, . . .) | v ∈ R}
(d) W = {(0, v1 , v2 , v3 , . . .) | vi ∈ R}

9. Prove that if W1 and W2 are two subspaces of a vector spave V , then W1 ∩ W2 is

also a subspave of V .

10. Let A ∈ Mm,n and let W = {x ∈ Rn | Ax = 0}. Prove that W is a subspace of Rn .

Homework 11 Linear Algebra

7
 1. Let u = (0, −2, 2) and v = (1, 3, −1). Determine whether or not x is a linear
combination of u and v in R3 .
(a) x = (2, 2, 2) (b) x = (0, 4, 5) (c) x = (0, 0, 0)

2. Let u = (2, 1, 4) and v = (1, −1, 3) and w = (3, 2, 5). Write x as a linear combina-
tion of u, v, and w in R3 .
(a) x = (5, 9, 5) (b) x = (2, 0, 6) (c) x = (0, 0, 0) (d) x = (2, 2, 3)
[ ] [ ] [ ]
4 0 1 –1 0 2
3. Let A = and B = and C = . Determine whether
–2 –2 2 3 1 4
or not M is a linear combination of A, B, and C in M2,2 .
[ ] [ ] [ ]
6 –8 0 0 –1 5
(a) M = (b) M = (c) M =
–1 –8 0 0 7 1

4. Let p1 = 2 + x + 4x2 and p2 = 1 − x + 3x2 and p3 = 3 + 2x + 5x2 . Write f as a

linear combination of p1 , p2 , and p3 in P2 .
(a) f = 5 + 9x + 5x2 (b) f = 2 + 6x2 (c) f = 0 (d) f = 2 + 2x + 3x2

5. Determine whether or not {v1 , v2 , v3 } span R3 .

(a) v1 = (2, 2, 2), v2 = (0, 0, 3), v3 = (0, 1, 1)
(b) v1 = (2, −1, 3), v2 = (4, 1, 2), v3 = (8, −1, 8)

6. Let v1 = (2, 1, 0, 3) and v2 = (3, −1, 5, 2) and v3 = (−1, 0, 2, 1). Determine whether
or not x ∈ span{v1 , v2 , v3 } in R4 .
(a) x = (2, 3, −7, 3) (b) x = (0, 0, 0, 0) (c) x = (1, 1, 1, 1) (d) x = (−4, 6, −13, 4)

7. Let p1 = 1 − x + 2x2 and p2 = 3 + x and p3 = 5 − x + 4x2 and p4 = −2 − 2x + 2x2 .

Determine whether or not {p1 , p2 , p3 , p4 } span P2 .

Homework 12 Linear Algebra

1. Determine linearly dependent or independent in R3 .
(a) (−1, 2, 4), (5, −10, −20)
(b) (−3, 0, 4), (5, −1, 2), (1, 1, 3)
(c) (−2, 0, 1), (3, 2, 5), (6, −1, 1), (7, 0, −2)

2. Determine linearly dependent or independent in R4 .

(a) (3, 8, 7, −3), (1, 5, 3, −1), (2, −1, 2, 6), (4, 2, 6, 4)
(b) (3, 0, −3, 6), (0, 2, 3, 1), (0, −2, −2, 0), (−2, 1, 2, 1)

3. Determine linearly dependent or independent in P2 .

(a) 2 − x + 4x2 , 3 + 6x + 2x2 , 2 + 10x − 4x2
(b) 1 + 3x + 3x2 , x + 4x2 , 5 + 6x + 3x2 , 7 + 2x − x2

8
 4. Determine linearly dependent or independent in Mm,n .
[ ] [ ] [ ]
1 0 1 2 0 1
(a) , ,
[ 1 2 ] 2[ 1 2 ] 1[ ]
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
(b) , ,
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

5. Determine linearly dependent or independent in F (−∞, ∞) using Wronskian.

(a) x, cos x (b) 1, x, ex (c) ex , xex , x2 ex (d) sin x, cos x, x cos x

6. Let u = (k, − 12 , − 12 ) and v = (− 12 , k, − 12 ) and w = (− 12 , − 21 , k). Determine all

values of k such that {u, v, w} become linearly dependent in R3 .
[ ] [ ] [ ]
1 0 −1 0 2 0
7. Let A = and B = and C = . Determine all values of
1 k k 1 1 3
k such that {A, B, C} become linearly independent in M2,2 .

8. Show that {u, v, w} are linearly dependent in R4 by writing each vector as a linear
combination of the other two.
(a) u = (0, 3, 1, −1), v = (6, 0, 5, 1), w = (4, −7, 1, 3)
(b) u = (1, 2, 3, 4), v = (0, 1, 0, −1), w = (1, 3, 3, 3)

9. Determine whether or not the three vectors in R3 lie on the same line.
(a) (3, −6, 9), (2, −4, 6), (1, 1, 1)
(b) (2, −1, 4), (4, 2, 3), (2, 7, −6)
(c) (4, 6, 8), (2, 3, 4), (−2, −3, −4)

10. Determine whether or not the three vectors in R3 lie in a plane.

(a) (2, −2, 0), (6, 1, 4), (2, 0, −4)
(b) (−6, 7, 2), (3, 2, 4), (4, −1, 2)

Homework 13 Linear Algebra

1. Determine a basis or not a basis for R2 .
(a) {(2, 1), (3, 0)} (b) {(1, 2), (0, 3), (0, 5)}

2. Determine a basis or not a basis for R3 .

(a) {(−1, 3, 2), (6, 1, 1)}
(b) {(3, 1, −4), (2, 5, 6), (1, 4, 8)}
(c) {(2, −3, 1), (4, 1, 1), (0, −7, 1)}
(d) {(1, 6, 4), (2, 4, −1), (−1, 2, 5)}

3. Determine a basis or not a basis for P2 .

(a) {x, 1 + x + x2 }
(b) {x2 + 1, x2 − 1, 2x − 1}
(c) {1 − 3x + 2x2 , 1 + x + 4x2 , 1 − 7x}

9
 4. Determine a basis or not a basis for P3 .
(a) {x, 1 − x, 1 + x − x3 }
(b) {1 + x, 1 − x, 1 − x2 , 1 − x3 }
(c) {1, 2x, −2 + 4x2 , −12x + 8x3 }
5. Determine a basis or not a basis for M2,2 .
{[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]}
0 −1 1 0 2 −2 1 −1
(a) , , ,
{[ 1 1] [ 1 1 ] [ 3 2 ] [1 0]}
1 1 1 −1 0 −1 1 0
(b) , , ,
{[ 1 1 ] [ 0 0 1
] [ 0 0 ] 0[ ]}
3 6 0 −1 0 −8 1 0
(c) , , ,
3 −6 −1 0 −12 −4 −1 2

6. Find the coordinate vector of w relative to the basis {u1 , u2 } for R2 .

(a) u1 = (2, −4), u2 = (3, 8), w = (1, 1)
(b) u1 = (1, 1), u2 = (0, 2), w = (a, b)
(c) u1 = (1, −1), u2 = (1, 1), w = (1, 0)
(d) u1 = (1, −1), u2 = (1, 1), w = (0, 1)
7. Find the coordinate vector of w relative to the basis {u1 , u2 u3 } for R3 .
(a) u1 = (1, 0, 0), u2 = (2, 2, 0), u3 = (3, 3, 3), w = (2, −1, 3)
(b) u1 = (1, 2, 3), u2 = (−4, 5, 6), u3 = (7, −8, 9), w = (5, −12, 3)
8. Find the coordinate vector of p relative to the basis {p1 , p2 p3 } for P2 .
(a) p1 = 1, p2 = x, p3 = x2 , p = 4 − 3x + x2
(b) p1 = 1 + x, p2 = 1 + x2 , p3 = x + x2 , p = 2 − x + x2
(c) p1 = 1 + x + x2 , p2 = x + x2 , p3 = x2 , p = 7 − x + 2x2
(d) p1 = 1 + 2x + x2 , p2 = 2 + 9x, p3 = 3 + 3x + 4x2 , p = 2 + 17x − 3x2
9. Find the coordinate vector of M relative to the basis {A, B, C, D} for M2,2 .
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
(a) A = ,B = ,C = ,D = ,M =
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 6 2
(b) A = ,B = ,C = ,D = ,M =
1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 5 3

Homework 14 Linear Algebra

1. Find the dimension and a basis for the solution space of Ax = 0 in R3 .
   
1 1 −1 2 1 3
(a) A =  −2 −1 2  (b) A =  1 0 5 
−1 0 1 0 1 1
 
  1 1 1
1 −3 1  3 2 −2 
(c) A = 2 −6 2  (d) A = 

 4 3 −1 

3 −9 3
6 5 1

10
 2. Find the dimension and a basis for the solution space of Ax = 0 in R4 .
[ ] [ ]
3 1 1 1 1 −4 3 −1
(a) A = (b) A =
5 −1 1 −1 2 −8 6 −2

3. Find the dimension and a basis for the given subspace of R3 .

(a) The plane 3x − 2y + 5z = 0.
(b) The plane x − y = 0.
(c) The line x = 2t, y = −t, z = 4t.
(d) All vectors (a, b, c) with b = a + c.

4. Find the dimension and a basis for the given subspace of R4 .

(a) All vectors of the form (a, b, c, 0).
(b) All vectors (a, b, c, d) with d = a + b and c = a − b.
(c) All vectors of the form (a, a, a, a).

5. Find the dimension and a basis for the given subspace of M3,3 .
(a) All diagonal 3 × 3 matrices.
(b) All symmetric 3 × 3 matrices.
(c) All upper triangular 3 × 3 matrices.

6. Find a standard basis vector to be added to {v1 , v2 } to make a basis for R3 .

(a) v1 = (−1, 2, 3), v2 = (1, −2, −2)
(b) v1 = (1, −1, 0), v2 = (3, 1, −2)
(c) v1 = (1, −2, 3), v2 = (0, 5, −3)

7. Find two standard basis vectors to be added to {v1 , v2 } to make a basis for R4 .
(a) v1 = (1, −4, 2, −3), v2 = (−3, 8, −4, 6)
(b) v1 = (1, 0, 0, 0), v2 = (1, 1, 0, 0)

8. Find a basis for the subspace W = span{(1, 0, 0), (1, 0, 1), (2, 0, 1), (0, 0, −1)} in R3 .

9. Find a basis for the subspace spanned by {(1, 1, 1, 1), (2, 2, 2, 0), (0, 0, 0, 3), (3, 3, 3, 4)}
in R4 .

10. Let {v1 , v2 , v3 } be a basis for a vector space V , and let u1 = v1 and u2 = v1 + v2
and u3 = v1 + v2 + v3 . Prove that {u1 , u2 , u3 } is also a basis for V .

Homework 15 Linear Algebra

1. Given two bases B = {u1 , u2 } and B ′ = {u′1 , u′2 } for R2 , find (1) the transition
matrix from B ′ to B (2) the transition matrix from B to B ′ (3) the coordinate
vector of w relative to B (4) the coordinate vector of w relative to B ′ .
(a) u1 = (2, 2), u2 = (4, −1), u′1 = (1, 3), u′2 = (−1, −1), w = (3, −5)
(b) u1 = (1, 0), u2 = (0, 1), u′1 = (2, 1), u′2 = (−3, 4), w = (3, −5)
(c) u1 = (1, 2), u2 = (2, 3), u′1 = (1, 3), u′2 = (1, 4), w = (0, 1)
(d) u1 = (2, 1), u2 = (−3, 4), u′1 = (1, 0), u′2 = (0, 1), w = (5, −3)

11
 2. Given two bases B = {u1 , u2 u3 } and B ′ = {u′1 , u′2 , u′3 } for R3 , find (1) the transition
matrix PB→B ′ (2) the coordinate vector [w]B (3) the coordinate vector [w]B ′ .
(a) u1 = (2, 1, 1), u2 = (2, −1, 1), u3 = (1, 2, 1), u′1 = (3, 1, −5), u′2 = (1, 1, −3), u′3 =
(−1, 0, 2), w = (−5, 8, −5)
(b) u1 = (−3, 0, −3), u2 = (−3, 2, −1), u3 = (1, 6, −1), u′1 = (−6, −6, 0), u′2 =
(−2, −6, 4), u′3 = (−2, −3, 7), w = (−5, 8, −5)
(c) u1 = (1, 0, 0), u2 = (0, 1, 0), u3 = (0, 0, 1), u′1 = (1, 2, 1), u′2 = (2, 5, 0), u′3 =
(3, 3, 8), w = (5, −3, 1)
3. Fix two bases B = {6 + 3x, 10 + 2x} and B ′ = {2, 3 + 2x} for P1 . Let p = −4 + x.
(a) Find the transition matrix from B ′ to B.
(b) Find the transition matrix from B to B ′ .
(c) Find the coordinate vector of p relative to B.
(d) Find the coordinate vector of p relative to B ′ .
4. Let W = span{sin x, cos x}, a subspace of F (−∞, ∞), and let B = {sin x, cos x} be
a basis for W . Let g1 = 2 sin x + cos x and g2 = 3 cos x.
(a) Prove that B ′ = {g1 , g2 } is a basis for W .
(b) Find the transition matrix PB ′ →B .
(c) Find the transition matrix PB→B ′ .
(d) Find the coordinate vectors [f ]B and [f ]B ′ , where f = 2 sin x − 5 cos x.
[ ] [ ]
3 1 7 2
5. Fix three bases B1 , B2 , B3 for R with PB1 →B2 =
2
and PB2 →B3 = .
5 2 4 −1
(a) Find the transition matrix PB1 →B3 .
(b) Find the transition matrix PB3 →B1 .
 
1 1 0
6. Let P =  1 0 2 .
0 2 1
(a) Find the basis B for R3 such that PB→S = P .
(b) Find the basis B for R3 such that PS→B = P .
′
7. Let B = {(1, 1,1), (1, 1, 0),
 (1, 0, 0)} be a basis for R . Find another basis B such
3

1 0 0

that PB ′ →B = 0 3 2 .
0 1 1

Homework 16 Linear Algebra

1. Write b as alinear combination of the column vectors of A, when possible.
       
1 1 2 −1 1 −1 1 5

(a) A = 1 0 1  b =  0  (b) A =  9 3 1 b =  1 
2 1 3 2 1 1 1 −1
   
    1 2 0 1 4
1 −1 1 2  0 1 2 1   3 
(c) A =  −1 1 −1  b =  0  (d) A =  
 1 2 1 3 b =  5 
 
−1 −1 1 0
0 1 2 2 7

12
 2. Solve the system of linear equations using vector form.

{  x +y +2z = 5
x −3y = 1
(a) (b) x +z = −2
2x −6y = 2 
2x +y +3z = 3
 

 x −2y +z +2w = −1 
 x +2y −3z +w =4
 
2x −4y +2z +4w = −2 −2x +y +2z +w = −1
(c) (d)

 −x +2y −z −2w = 1 
 −x +3y −z +2w =3
 
3x −6y +3z +6w = −3 4x −7y −5w = −5
3. Find a basis
for the null space and row space of A.
   
1−1 3 2 0 −1

(a) A = 5 −4 −4  (b) A =  4 0 −2 
7−6 2 0 0 0
 
  1 4 5 6 9
1 4 5 2  3 −2 1 4 −1 
(c) A =  2 1 3 0  (d) A =   −1

0 −1 −2 −1 
−1 3 2 2
2 3 5 7 8
 
1 −2 5 0 3
 −2 5 −7 0 −6 
4. Let A = 
 −1
.
3 −2 1 −3 
−3 8 −9 1 −9
(a) Find a basis for the row space of A.
(b) Find a basis for the column space of A.
(c) Find a basis for the row space of A from its row vectors.

5. Find a basis for the row space of A from its row vectors.
(a) The matrix A in Problem 3(c).
(b) The matrix A in Problem 3(d).

6. Find a basis for the subspace of R4 spanned by the given vectors.

(a) {(1, 1, −4, −3), (2, 0, 2, −2), (2, −1, 3, 2), (0, −1, 1, 4)}
(b) }(1, 1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1, 1), (−2, 0, 2, 2), (0, −3, 0, 3)}

7. Let v1 = (1, −1, 5, 2), v2 = (−2, 3, 1, 0), v3 = (4, −5, 9, 4).v4 = (0, 4, 2, −3), v5 =
(−7, 18, 2, −8). Find a basis for the subspace span{v1 , v2 , v3 , v4 , v5 } using the same
vectors, and write the remaining vectors as a linear combination of the basis vectors.

Homework 17 Linear Algebra

1. Determine the rank and nullity of the matrix given by its reduced row echelon form.
 
      1 0 −1 0
1 0 0 1 0 −3 1 −2 −2
1 3
 0 1 1 0 
(a)  0 1 0  (b)  0 1 −3  (c)  0 0 0  (d)   0 0

0 1 
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0

13
 2. Use row echelon form to determine the rank and nullity of the matrix A.
 
1 2 −1 1  
 2 4 −2 2  1 −2 2 3 1
(a) A = 
 3 6 −3 3 
 (b) A =  −3 6 −1 1 −7 
2 −4 5 8 −4
4 8 −4 4
 
  1 3 1 3
1 0 −2 1 0  0 1
 0 −1 −3 1 0 
1 3   
(c) A = 
 −2 −1
 (d) A =  −3 0
 6 −1 

1 −1 3   3 4 −2 1 
0 1 3 0 −4
2 0 −4 −2
3. Suppose that the matrix A is 5 × 9 and the column space has dimension 3.
(a) Determine the rank of A.
(b) Determine the nullity of A.
(c) Determine the rank of AT .
(d) Determine the nullity of AT .

4. Suppose that the matrix A is 10 × 6 and the row space has dimension 6.
(a) Determine the rank of A.
(b) Determine the nullity of A.
(c) Determine the rank of AT .
(d) Determine the nullity of AT .

5. Suppose that the matrix A is 4 × 6.

(a) Determine the possible values for the rank of A.
(b) Determine the possible values for the nullity of A.
(c) Determine the possible values for the rank of AT .
(d) Determine the possible values for the nullity of AT .

Homework 18 Linear Algebra

1. Use matrix multiplication to find the result of the transformation on the given
vector.
(a) Reflection of (−1, 2) about the line y = x.
(b) Reflection of (2, −5, 3) about the xy-plane.
(c) Orthogonal projection of (2, −5) onto the x-axis.
(d) Orthogonal projection of (−2, 1, 3) onto the yz-plane.
(e) Rotation of (3, −4), 45o about the origin.
(f) Contraction of (−1, 2) with factor k = 12 .
(g) Dilation of (2, −1, 3) with factor k = 2.
(h) Compression of (−1, 2) in the x-direction with factor k = 12 .

2. Find the standard matrix for the composition of transformations in R2 .

(a) Rotation of 90o followed by reflection about the line y = x.
(b) Orthogonal projection onto the y-axis followed by contraction with factor k = 12 .

14
 (c) Reflection about the x-axis followed by dilation with factor k = 3, then followed
by rotation of 60o about the origin.
(d) Rotation of 60o about the origin followed by orthogonal projection onto the
x-axis, then followed by reflection about the line y = x.

3. Let T1 (x, y) = (x + y, x − y) and T2 (x, y) = (3x, 2x + 4y). Find the formulas for
T1 (T2 (x, y)) and T2 (T1 (x, y)) using matrix multiplication.

4. Let T1 (x, y, z) = (4x, −2x + y, −x − 3y) and T2 (x, y, z) = (x + 2y, −z, 4x − z). Find
the formulas for T1 (T2 (x, y, z)) and T2 (T1 (x, y, z)) using matrix multiplication.

5. Determine whether or not T (x, y) = (w1 , w2 ) is one-to-one, and if so, find T −1 (w1 , w2 ).
{ {
w1 = 8x +4y w1 = 2x −3y
(a) (b)
w2 = 2x +y w2 = 5x +y
{ {
w1 = x +2y w1 = 4x −6y
(c) (d)
w2 = −x +y w2 = −2x +3y

6. Determine if T (x, y, z) = (w1 , w2 , w3 ) is one-to-one, and if so, find T −1 (w1 , w2 , w3 ).

 
 w1 = −x +3y +2z  w1 = x +2y +3z
(a) w2 = 2x +4z (b) w2 = 2x +5y +3z
 
w3 = x +3y +6z w3 = x +8z
 
 w1 = x −2y +2z  w1 = x −3y +4z
(c) w2 = 2x +y +z (d) w2 = −x +y +z
 
w3 = x +y w3 = −2y +5z

7. Use kernel to determine whether or not the transformation T (x) = Ax is one-to-one.

 
  1 2 1
1 −1 [ ] [ ]
1 2 3 4 3  0 1 1 
(a) A =  2 0  (b) A = (c) A = (d) A = 


−1 0 −4 1 1 1 1 0 
3 −4
1 0 −1

Homework 19 Linear Algebra

1. Given the eigenvector x for the matrix A, find the corresponding eigenvalue.
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
1 2 1 5 −1 1
(a) A = , x= (b) A = , x=
3 2  −1  1 3 1  
4 0 1 1 2 −1 −1 1
(c) A =  2 3 2  , x =  2  (d) A =  −1 2 −1  , x =  1 
1 0 4 1 −1 −1 2 1
2. Find each eigenvalue and a basis for the eigenspace of A.
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
1 4 −2 −7 1 0 1 −2
(a) A = (b) A = (c) A = (d) A =
[ 2 3] [ 1 ]2 [ 0 ]1 [ 0 1]
2 1 2 −3 2 0 1 2
(e) A = (f) A = (g) A = (h) A =
1 2 0 2 0 2 −2 −1

15
 3. Find each eigenvalue and a basis for the eigenspace of A.
     
4 0 1 1 0 −2 6 3 −8
(a) A =  −2 1 0  (b) A =  0 0 0  (c) A =  0 −2 0 
 −2 0 1  −2 0  4  1 0 −3
0 1 1 4 0 −1 1 −3 3
(d) A =  1 0 1  (e) A =  0 3 0  (f) A =  3 −5 3 
1 1 0 1 0 2 6 −6 4
4. Find a basis for the eigenspace of A corresponding to the given eigenvalue λ.
   
9 −8 6 3 16 0 16 0
 0 −1 0 0   20 8 4 0 
(a) A = 
 0
 (λ = 3) (b) A =   (λ = 2)
0 3 0   6 0 6 20 
0 2 0 3 10 0 10 12
5. Find the eigenvalues and a basis for the eigenspace of the linear operator.
(a) T (x, y) = (x + 4y, 2x + 3y)
(b) T (x, y, z) = (2x − y − z, x − z, −x + y + 2z)

6. Define D : C ∞ (−∞, ∞) → C ∞ (−∞, ∞) by D(f ) = f ′′ .

(a) Show that D is a linear operator.
(b) For every ω > 0, show that sin ωx and cos ωx are eigenvectors of D, and find
the corresponding eigenvalues.

7. Find a 3× 3 matrix

 A that  1, −1, and 0, with corresponding eigen-
 has eigenvalues

1 1 1
vectors  −1  and  1  and  −1 .
1 0 0

Homework 20 Linear Algebra

1. Find a matrix P that diagonalizes A, and verify that P −1 AP is diagonal.
[ ] [ ]
1 0 −14 12
(a) A = (b) A =
 6 −1  −20
 17 
2 0 −2 1 0 0
(c) A =  0 3 0  (d) A =  0 1 1 
0 0 3 0 1 1

2. Use diagonalization to compute the matrix A10 .

 
[ ] [ ] 1 0 0
0 3 1 0
(a) A = (b) A= (c) A =  0 1 1 
2 −1 −1 2
0 1 1
   
1 1 1 −1 7 −1

3. Given that P = 0 0 1  diagonalizes A =  0 1 0 , compute A11 .
1 0 5 0 15 −2

16
    
1 −4 1 1 −2 8
4. Given that P =  1 0 0  diagonalizes A =  0 −1 0 , compute Ak for
0 1 0 0 0 −1
(a) k = 1000 (b) k = −1000 (c) k = 2301 (d) k = −2301.
 
3 −1 0
5. Given A =  −1 2 −1 , compute An for an arbitrary n ∈ N.
0 −1 3
6. Prove that if A is similar to B and B is similar to C, then A is similar to C.

7. Prove that if A is similar to B, then det A = det B.

8. Use contradiction to show that the two matrices A and B are not similar.
[ ] [ ]
1 1 1 0
(a) A = , B=
[3 2 ] [ 3 −2]
1 0 0 1
(b) A = , B=
[ 0 0] [ 0 0]
1 1 1 0
(c) A = , B=
0 1 0 1
   
1 1 1 3 0 0
9. Show that A =  1 1 1  and B =  0 0 0  are similar.
1 1 1 0 0 0

Homework 21 Linear Algebra

1. Let R2 have the weighted Euclidean inner product ⟨u, v⟩ = 2u1 v1 + 3u2 v2 . Let
u = (1, 1) and v = (3, 2) and w = (0, −1), then compute
(a) ⟨u, v⟩ (b) ⟨3v, w⟩ (c) ⟨u + v, w⟩ (d) ∥v∥ (e) d(u, v) (f) ∥u − 3v∥.

2. Repeat Problem (1) using ⟨u, v⟩ = 21 u1 v1 + 5u2 v2 .

3. Let ⟨u, v⟩ = 2, ⟨v, w⟩ = −6, ⟨u, w⟩ = −3 and ∥u∥ = 1, ∥v∥ = 2, ∥w∥ = 7. Find
(a) ⟨2v − w, 3u + 2w⟩ (b) ⟨u − v − 2w, 4u + v⟩ (c) ∥u + v∥ (d) ∥2w − v∥

4. Compute ⟨(0, −3), (6, 2)⟩ using the inner product on R2 generated by the matrix A.
[ ] [ ]
4 1 2 1
(a) A = (b) A =
2 −3 −1 3

5. Let u = (−1, 2) and v = (2, 5). Compute ∥u∥ and d(u, v) using the inner product
on R2 generated by the matrix A.
[ ] [ ]
4 0 1 2
(a) A = (b) A =
3 5 −1 3

17
 6. Compute ⟨A, B⟩ using the standard inner product on M2,2 .
[ ] [ ]
3 −2 −1 3
(a) A = , B=
[4 8 ] [ 1 1]
1 2 4 6
(b) A = , B=
−3 5 0 8
7. Continue Problem (6) and compute ∥A∥ and d(A, B).

8. Compute ⟨p, q⟩ using the standard inner product on P2 .

(a) p = −2 + x + 3x2 , q = 4 − 7x2
(b) p = −5 + 2x + x2 , q = 3 + 2x − 4x2

9. Continue Problem (8) and compute ∥p∥ and d(p, q).

Homework 22 Linear Algebra

1. Use the Euclidean inner product to find the cosine of the angle between two vectors.
(a) u = (1, −3), v = (2, 4)
(b) u = (−1, 5, 2), v = (2, 4, −9)
(c) u = (1, 0.1.0), v = (−3, −3, −3, −3)

2. Use the standard inner product to find the cosine of the angle between p, q ∈ P2 .
(a) p = −1 + 5x + 2x2 , q = 2 + 4x − 9x2
(b) p = x − x2 , q = 7 + 3 + 3x2

3. Use the standard inner product to find the cosine of the angle between A, B ∈ M2,2 .
[ ] [ ]
2 6 3 2
(a) A = , B=
[ 1 −3 ] [1 0 ]
2 4 −3 1
(b) A = , B=
−1 3 4 2
4. Find a value of k such that the vectors u and v are orthogonal with respect to the
weighted Euclidean inner product ⟨u, v⟩ = 2u1 v1 + ku2 v2 .
(a) u = (1, 3), v = (2, −1) (b) u = (2, −4), v = (0, 3)

5. Verify the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality for the given pair of vectors.

[ 0, 3), v ]= (2, 1, −1)

[ ∈ R] with inner product ⟨u, v⟩ = 2u1 v1 +3u2 v2 +u3 v3 .
3
(a) u = (1,
−1 2 1 0
(b) A = , B= ∈ M2,2 with the standard inner product.
6 1 3 3
(c) p = −1 + 2x + x2 , q = 2 − 4x2 ∈ P2 with the standard inner product.
∫1
6. Let p = x and q = x2 ∈ C[0, 1] with the integral inner product ⟨p, q⟩ = 0 p(x)q(x)dx.
(a) Compute ⟨p, q⟩.
(b) Compute ∥p∥ and ∥q∥.
(c) Compute the cosine of the angle between p and q.
(d) Compute d(p, q).

18
 ∫1
7. Repeat Problem (6) with p = x2 −x, q = x+1 ∈ C[−1, 1] and ⟨p, q⟩ = −1
p(x)q(x)dx.

√ product space. Prove that if u, v ∈ V are orthogonal unit vector,

8. Let V be an inner
then ∥u − v∥ = 2.

9. Let V be an inner product space. Prove that if u ∈ V is orthogonal to v1 ∈ V and

to v2 ∈ V , then u is orthogonal to all w ∈ span{v1 , v2 }.

Homework 23 Linear Algebra

1. Verify that v1 = (− 35 , 45 , 0), v2 = ( 54 , 35 , 0), v3 = (0, 0, 1) form an orthonormal basis
for R3 with respect to the Euclidean inner product, then write the vector u as their
linear combination.
(a) u = (1, −2, 2) (b) u = (3, −7, 4)

2. Verify that v1 = (2, −2, 1), v2 = (2, 1, −2), v3 = (1, 2, 2) form an orthogonal basis for
R3 with respect to the Euclidean inner product, then write the vector u = (−1, 0, 2)
as their linear combination.

3. Verify that v1 = (1, −1, 2, −1), v2 = (−2, 2, 3, 2), v3 = (1, 2, 0, −1), v4 = (1, 0, 0, 1)
form an orthogonal basis for R4 with respect to the Euclidean inner product, then
write the vector u = (1, 1, 1, 1) as their linear combination.

4. Verify that p1 = 1, p2 = x, p3 = 23 x2 − 12 form an orthogonal basis for P2 with respect

∫1
to the inner product ⟨p, q⟩ = −1 p(x)q(x)dx, then write the polynomial p as their
linear combination.
(a) p = 1 + x + 4x2 (b) p = 2 − 7x2 (c) p = 4 + 3x

5. Use the Gram-Schmidt process to transform the basis {u1 , u2 } for R2 into an or-
thonormal basis with respect to the Euclidean inner product.
(a) u1 = (1, −3), u2 = (2, 2)
(b) u1 = (1, 0), u2 = (3, −5)

6. Use the Gram-Schmidt process to transform the basis {u1 , u2 , u3 } for R3 into an
orthonormal basis with respect to the Euclidean inner product.
(a) u1 = (1, 1, 1), u2 = (−1, 1, 0), u3 = (1, 2, 1)
(b) u1 = (1, 0, 0), u2 = (3, 7, −2), u3 = (0, 4, 1)

7. Transform the basis {(0, 2, 1, 0), (1, −1, 0, 0), (1, 2, 0, −1), (1, 0, 0, 1)} for R4 into an
orthonormal basis with respect to the Euclidean inner product.

8. Transform the basis {(1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0)} for R3 into an orthonormal basis
with respect to the inner product ⟨u, v⟩ = u1 v1 + 2u2 v2 + 3u3 v3 .

9. Transform the standard basis ∫{1, x, x2 } for P2 into an orthonormal basis with respect
1
to the inner product ⟨p, q⟩ = 0 p(x)q(x)dx.

19
    
Homework 1 3 45 9 48 15 31
(d)  11 −11 17  (e)  0 2 6 
1. (a) (2, −3) (b) (−1, 12 ) 7 17 13 38 10 27
(c) (−8, −4) (d) (−5, 14) (f) error
 
2. (a) (3, 1, 2) (b) ( 23 , 0, − 31 ) [ ] −5 0 −1
7 2 4
(c) (−7, 4, −1) (d) (1, −11, 16) 4. (a) (b)  4 −1 1 
3 5 7
−1 −1 1
3. (a) (1, 1, −1, −1) (b) (1, −6, 10, −7)  
−5 0 −1 [ ]
(c) (3, 5, −1, 8) (d) (1, −1, 2, 0) 0 −1
(c)  4 −1 1  (d)
1 0
Homework 2 −1 −1 1
[ ] [ ]
  21 17 0 −2 11
1 5 0 0 5 −1 (e) (f)
 0 0 17 35 12 1 8
1 0 3 1 
1. 
 0 0

0 1 4 2  5. (5, −3, 4, 1)
0 0 0 0 0 0
Homework 4
2. (a) (4t + 2, −t − 1, t) [ ] [ 1 3 ]
2 −1
(b) (10 − 4t, 3t − 2, t, 2) 1. (a) (b) 5 20
−5 3 −1 1
(c) no solution [ 1 ] [ 1 5 10 ]
(d) (3s + 7t + 5, s, 3 − 7t, −2 − 4t, t) 0 − −2
(c) 2 1 (d) 2
(e) (−s, s, −t, t, 1) 0 3 1 3

3. (a) (−18 + 8t + 6s, 5 − t − s, s, 1 − t, t) 2. (a) (−5, 14) (b) (3, −4)

(b) (− 4s , − 4s − t, s, t) (c) ( 21 , 12 ) (d) (4, −6)
(c) (−2 − 2s, 3 − s − 3t, s, −1 + t, t)    
5 −4 1 −3 3 −7
(d) (t − 2s, −3t − s, s, 0, t) 3. (a)  −14 11 −2  (b)  1 1 0 
4. (a) k = −4 (b) k ̸= ±4 (c) k = 4 8 −6 1 1 0 1
   
1 −1 1 1 −2 2
1  
Homework 3 (c) 2 −1 1 1 (d) 0 0 1 
    1 −1 − 12 2 −1
3
7 −8 11 2 2 −2 1
1. (a) 8 1 43 (b) 2 17 7  4. (a) (−7, 4, −1) (b) (1, −11, 16) (c) (− 12 , − 12 , 72 )
1 4 17 3 18 6
     
5 −12 −4 12 42 6 8 0 0 0
(c) 16 37 26  (d) 11 71 25  −4 4 0 0 
5. (a) 18 
 0 −2

8 24 17 17 92 28 2 0 
    0 0 −1 1
12 −3 7 6 5 (b) 
no inverse
2. (a)  −4 5  (b)  −2 1 3  
−1 2 1 −1

4 1
 
7 3 7
  −2 1 1 0 
(c) 
 3 −3 −1

−5 4 −1 9 8 19 1 
(c)  0 −1 −1  (d)  −2 0 0  1 0 −1 0
−1 1 1 32 9 25 [ ][ ]
 
14 36 25 [ ] 1 0 1 0
5 9 6. (a)
(e)  4 −1 7  (f) [
3 1
][
0 4
][ ][ ]
13 9
12 26 21 1 −2 1 0 1 0 1 5
(b)
0 1 2 1 0 −8 0 1
3. (a) 
error    
   1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 −2
42 108 75 3 45 9 (c)  0 4 0   0 1 43   0 1 0 
(b)  12 −3 21  (c)  11 −11 17  0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
36 78 63 7 17 13

20
    √ −1 √
1 0 0 1 0 0 5. (a) 5 5; √ (b) 59; 0
(d)  1 1 0  0 1 0 × √ 8
5 √
(c) 54; 9√ 5
(d) 46; 2√1119
0 0 1 0 1 1
   √
1 0 1 1 0 0 6. (a) −3
 0 1 0   0 0 1  √ (b) 4 14√
(c) − 14 (d) − 14
0 0 1 0 1 0
Homework 9
Homework 5
√ 1. (a) No (b) Yes
1. (a) 5 (b) 0 (c) 59 (d) −3 6
2. (a) −2(x + 1) + (y − 3) − (z + 2) = 0
2. (a) 0 (b) 425 (c) 104 (d) −123 (b) (x − 1) + 9(y − 1) + 8(z − 4) = 0
(c) 2z = 0 (d) x + 2y + 3z = 0
3. (a) 0 (b) 425 (c) 104 (d) −123
3. (a) No (b) Yes (c) Yes (d) Yes
4. (a) 275 (b) −240 (c) −2
4. (a) No (b) Yes
Homework 6
2 √18 √43 √1
5. (a) (b) (c) (d)
1. (a) −21 (b) −5 (c) −7 (d) 18 5 22 54 10

6. (a) 1 (b) √11 (c) √1 (d) √6

2. (a) 6 (b) −21 (c) −2 10 17 10
5 √23
3. (a) 5 (b) 10 (c) −5 7. (a) 3 (b) 65
(d)10 (e) −5 (f) 10
11
√ √2
8. (a) 6
(b) 6
4. (a) (1, 2) (b) (3, 2, −1) (c) ( 12 , 12 , 23 )
Homework 10
Homework 7
1. Proof
1. (a) Yes (b) No (c) No (d) No
√ 2. Axioms 7 and 8 are false.
2. (a) k ̸= 5± 17
2 (b) k ̸= ±2
3. Axioms 7 and 8 are false.
(c) k ̸= −1 (d) k ̸= 14
4. (a) Yes (b) No (c) Yes (d) No
3. (a) 60 (b) 12 4 1
5 (c) 15 (d) 60
    5. (a) Yes (b) Yes (c) Yes (d) No
3 −5 −5 2 0 3
2
4. (a)  −3 4 5  (b)  23 13 2 
3 6. (a) Yes (b) Yes (c) No (d) Yes
2 −2 −3 −1 0 −1
 1 3    7. (a) Yes (b) No (c) Yes (d) No
2 2 1 1 −2 2
(c)  0 1 32  (d)  0 0 1  8. (a) Yes (b) No (c) Yes (d) Yes
0 0 2 1
−2 1
2 −1
3

Homework 11
Homework 8
1. (a) Yes (b) No (c) Yes
1. (a) (1, −4) (b) (9, 14)
(c) (38, 28) (d) (4, 29) 2. (a) 3u − 4v + w (b) 4u − 2w
(c) 0u + 0v + 0w (d) 12 u − 21 v + 12 w
2. (a) (−2, 0, 4) (b) (−30, −7, 5)
(c) (−39, 69, −12) (d) (0, −10, 0) 3. (a) Yes (b) Yes (c) No
√ √ √
3. (a) √ 83 (b) √17 + 26 4. (a) 3p1 − 4p2 + p3
(c) 454 (d) 183 (b) 4p1 − 2p3
(c) 0p1 + 0p2 + 0p3
4. (a) −10, 5, 100 (b) −34, 73, 84 (d) 12 p1 − 12 p2 + 12 p3
(c) 0, 54, 21 (d) −8, 15, 27
5. (a) Yes (b) No

21
 6. (a) Yes (b) Yes (c) No (d) Yes 4. (a) {(1, 0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1, 0)}
(b) {(1, 0, 1, 1), (0, 1, −1, 1)}
7. No (c) {(1, 1, 1, 1)}
Homework 12 5. (a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 6
1. (a) LD (b) LI (c) LD 6. (a) (0, 1, 0) (b) (0, 0, 1) (c) (1, 0, 0)
2. (a) LD (b) LI 7. (a) (0, 1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1, 0)
3. (a) LI (b) LD (b) (0, 0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 0, 1)

4. (a) LI (b) LI 8. (1, 0, 0), (1, 0, 1)

5. (a) LI (b) LI (c) LI (d) LI 9. (1, 1, 1, 1), (2, 2, 2, 0), (0, 0, 0, 3)

6. k ∈ {− 12 , 1} Homework 15
[ 13 −1 ] [ ] [ −17 ] [ ]
0 −5 −4
7. k ̸∈ {−1, 2} 1. (a) −2 10 2 , 2 , 10 ,
0 −2 −13 8
−7
[ 5 ] [ 4 2] [ ]
5 [
−3
]
8. (a) w = − 73 u + 32 v (b) w = u + v 2 −3 3
3
(b) 11
, −1 2 , 11 , −13 11
1 4 −5
9. (a) No (b) No (c) Yes [ ] [11 11 ] [ ] [11 ]
3 5 2 5 2 −1
(c) , , ,
10. (a) No (b) Yes −1 −2 −1 −3 −1 1
[ 4 ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
3
2 −3 29
5
(d) −1 11 11 , , 11 ,
Homework 13 11
2
11 1 4 1
11 −3
     
1. (a) Yes (b) No 3 2 5
9 −7
2
2. (a)  −2 −3 − 12  ,  −9  , 12  23 
2. (a) No (b) Yes (c) No (d) No
5 1 6 −5 12
     
3. (a) No (b) Yes (c) No 9 9 1 1 19
1 
(b) 12 −9 −17 −17  ,  1  , 12 1 
−43 
4. (a) No (b) Yes (c) Yes 0 8 8 1 16
     
5. (a) No (b) Yes (c) Yes −40 16 9 5 −239
(c)  13 −5 −3  ,  −3  ,  77 
5 3
6. (a) ( 28 , 14 ) (b) (a, b−a 2 ) 5 −2 −1 1 30
(c) ( 2 , 2 ) (d) (− 12 , 21 )
1 1
[ 2 ] [ 3 7 ]
−9 7

7. (a) (3, −2, 1) (b) (−2, 0, 1) 3. (a) 9 (b) 43 2

3 −6
1 1
2 1
(c) (1, −1) (d) (− 4 , 2 )
11 1
8. (a) (4, −3, 1) (b) (0, 2, −1)
(c) (7, −8, 3) (d) (1, 2, −1) [ ]
2 0
4. (b)
1 3
9. (a) (1, −1, 1, −1) (b) (1, 2, 3, 4) [ 1 ]
0
(c) 2
Homework 14 −1 1
[ 6 ]3 [ ]
2 1
1. (a) {(1, 0, 1)} (b) ∅ (d) ,
−5 −2
(c) {(3, 1, 0), (−1, 0, 1)} (d) {(4, −5, 1)}
[ ] [ ]
31 11 2 −11
2. (a) {(− 14 , − 14 , 1, 0), (0, −1, 0, 1)} 5. (a) (b) 5 1
7 2 −7 2
(b) {(4, 1, 0, 0), (−3, 0, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0, 1)}
6. (a) {(1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 2), (0, 2, 1)}
3. (a) {( 32 , 1, 0), (− 53 , 0, 1)}
(b) 15 {(4, 1, −2), (1, −1, 2), (−2, 2, 1)}
(b) {(1, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)}
(c) {(2, −1, 4)} 7. {(1, 0, 0), (4, 4, 3), (3, 3, 2)}
(d) {(1, 1, 0), (0, 1, 1)}

22
Homework 16 3. (5x + 4y, x − 4y); (3x + 3y, 6x − 2y)
1. (a) No (b) (1, −3, 1) 4. (4x + 8y, −2x − 4y − z, −x − 2y + 3z);
(c) No (d) (−26, 13, −7, 4) (2y, x + 3y, 17x + 3y)
2. (a) (1, 0) + t(3, 1) 5. (a) No
(b) (−2, 7, 0) + t(−1, −1, 1) 1
(b) ( 17 3
w1 + 17 w2 , − 17
5
w1 + 172
w2 )
(c) (−1, 0, 0, 0)+r(2, 1, 0, 0)+s(−1, 0, 1, 0)+ (c) ( 3 w1 − 3 w2 , 3 w1 + 3 w2 )
1 2 1 1

t(−2, 0, 0, 1)
(d) ( 56 , 75 , 0, 0)+s( 57 , 45 , 1, 0)+t( 15 , − 35 , 0, 1)
3. (a) {(16, 19, 1)}; {(1, 0, −16), (0, 1, −19)}
(b) {(0, 1, 0), ( 21 , 0, 1)}; {(1, 0, − 12 )}
(c) {(−1, −1, 1, 0), ( 27 , − 74 , 0, 1)};
{(1, 0, 1, − 72 ), (0, 1, 1, 47 )}
(d) {(−1, −1, 1, 0, 0), (−2, −1, 0, 1, 0),
(−1, −2, 0, 0, 1)}; {(1, 0, 1, 2, 1), (0, 1, 1, 1, 2)}
4. (a) {1, 0, 11, 0, 3), (0, 1, 3, 0, 0), (0, 0, 0, 1, 0)}
(b) {(1, −2, −1, −3), (−2, 5, 3, 8), (0, 0, 1, 1)}
(c) {(1, −2, 5, 0, 3), (−2, 5, −7, 0, −6),
(−1, 3, −2, 1, −3)}
5. (a) {(1, 4, 5, 2), (2, 1, 3, 0)}
(b) {(1, 4, 5, 6, 9), (3, −2, 1, 4, −1)}
6. (a) {(1, 1, −4, −3), (2, 0, 2, −2), (2, −1, 3, 2)}
(b) {(1, 1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1, 1), (−2, 0, 2, 2),
(0, −3, 0, 3)}
7. {v1 , v2 , v4 }
v3 = 2v1 − v2
v5 = −v1 + 3v2 + 2v4
Homework 17
1. (a) 3, 0 (b) 2, 1 (c) 1, 2 (d) 3, 1
2. (a) 1, 3 (b) 3, 2 (c) 3, 2 (d) 3, 1
3. (a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 3 (d) 2
(d) No
6. (a) No
(b) (−40w1 + 16w2 + 9w3 ,
13w1 − 5w2 − 3w3 , 5w1 − 2w2 − w3 )
(c) (w1 − 2w2 + 4w3 , −w1 + 2w2 − 3w3 ,
− w1 + 3w2 − 5w3 )
(d) No
7. (a) Yes (b) No (c) Yes (d) No
Homework 19
1. (a) −1 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 0
2. (a) {(1, 1)}; {(−2, 1)} (b) ∅
(c) {(1, 0), (0, 1)} (d) {(1, 0)}
(e) {(1, 1)}; {(1, −1)} (f) {(1, 0)}
(g) {(1, 0), (0, 1)} (h) ∅
3. (a) {(0, 1, 0)}; {(−1, 2, 2)}; {(−1, 1, 1)}
(b) {(2, 0, 1), (0, 1, 0)}; {(1, 0, −2)}
(c) {(1, 0, 1)}; {(8, 0, 1)}
(d) {(1, −1, 0), (1, 0, −1)}; {(1, 1, 1)}
(e) {(0, 1, 0), (1, 0, 1)}
(f) {(1, 1, 2)}; {(1, 1, 0), (1, 0, −1)}
4. (a) {(1, 0, −1, 0), (1, 0, 0, −2)}
(b) {(−8, 22, 7, 1)}
5. (a) λ = 5, {(1, 1)}; λ = −1, {(−2, 1)}
(b) λ = 1, {(1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 1)}; λ = 2, {(1, 1, −1)}

4. (a) 6 (b) 0 (c) 6 (d) 4 6. (b) λ = −ω 2

 1 
5. (a) 0 to 4 (b) 2 to 6 (c) 0 to 4 (d) 0 to 4 − 2 − 12 1
7.  − 12 − 12 −1 
Homework 18 0 0 1
1. (a) (2, −1) (b) (2, −5, −3) Homework 20
(c) (2, 0)
√ (d) √
(0, 1, 3) [ ] [ 4 3 ]
1 0
(e) 2 (7 2, − 2) (f) (− 12 , 1)
1
1. (a) (b) 5 4
3 1 1 1
(g) (4, −2, 6) (h) (− 12 , 2)    
1 0 −2 0 1 0
[ ] [ ]
1 0 0 0 
(c) 0 1 0  (d)  1 0 1 
2. (a) (b)
0 −1 0 12 0 0 1 −1 0 1
[ √ ] [ ]
1 3 3 3 1 0 0
√
(c) √ (d)
2 3 3 −3 2 1 − 3

23
 [ ] √
24234 −34815 5. (a) 1 ≤ √ 132
2. (a)
−23210 35839 (b) 20 ≤ √ 798
[ ]
(b)
1 0 (c) 6 ≤ 2 30
−1023 1024 √
  1 √1 ; √1 15 √1
1 0 0 6. (a) 4 (b) 3 5
(c) 4 (d) 30
(c)  0 512 512  √
√4 ; √4 2√ 14
0 512 512 7. (a) 0 (b) 15 6
(c) 0 (d) 15
 
−1 10237 −2047 Homework 23
3.  0 1 0 
1. (a) − 11
5 v1 − 5 v2 + 2v3
2
0 10245 −2048
(b) − 5 v1 − 95 v2 + 4v3
37
   
1 0 0 1 0 0
2. 0v1 − 23 v2 + 13 v3
4. (a)  0 1 0  (b)  0 1 0 
0 0 1 0 0 1 3. 1 5
+ 13 v3 + v4
    7 v1 + 21 v2
1 −2 8 1 −2 8
(c)  0 −1 0  (d)  0 −1 0  4. (a) 73 p1 + p2 + 83 p3
0 0 −1 0 0 −1 (b) − 31 p1 + 0p2 − 14 3 p3
  (c) 4p1 + 3p2 + 0p3
1+a+b 2−b 1−a+b
1
5.  2 − b 4+b 2−b  5. (a) {( √110 , √−3
10
), ( √310 , √110 )}
6 (b) {(1, 0), (0, −1)}
1−a+b 2−b 1+a+b
where a = 3n+1 and b = 22n+1 −1 √1 −2
6. (a) {( √13 , √13 , √13 ), ( √ 2
, 2 , 0), ( √16 , √16 , √ 6
)}
Homework 21 (b) {(1, 0, 0), (0, √753 , √−2
53
30
), (0, √11925 105
, √11925 )}

√ (b) −18
1. (a) 12 √ (c) −9
√ 7. {(0, √25 , √15 , 0), ( √530 , √−1
30
, √230 , 0),
(d) 30 (e) 11 (f) 203
( √110 , √110 , √−2
10
, √−2
10
), ( √115 , √115 , √−2
15
, √315 )}
2 (b) −30 (c) −15
23
2. (a)
√ √ −1
8. {( √16 , √16 , √16 ), ( √16 , √16 , √ −1
), ( √26 , √ , 0)}
(d) √7 (e) 7 (f) 157 6 6
2
√ √ √ √ √ √
3. (a) −101 (b) 30 (c) 3 (d) 4 14 9. {1, − 3 + 2x 3, 5 − 6x 5 + 6x2 5}

4. (a) −24 (b) −42

√ √ √ √
5. (a) 65; 12 5 (b) 58; 3 13

6. (a) 3 (b) 56
√ √ √ √
7. (a) 93; 3 11 (b) 39; 43

8. (a) −29 (b) −15

√ √ √ √
9. (a) 14; 137 (b) 30; 89

Homework 22

1. (a) − √12 (b) 0 (c) − √12

2. (a) 0 (b) 0
√
19 7
3. (a) 70 (b) 0
4
4. (a) 3 (b) 0
AW200616

24