TLEd 201 – INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL ARTS PART 1

MODULE 3 - ELECTRONICS
Lesson 2: Performing Mensuration and Calculation

Intended Learning Outcomes: At the end of the lesson, students should have:
a. Identified measuring instruments;
b. Carried out measurement and calculations; and
c. Maintained measuring instrument.

Keys to Remember/Vocabulary List

 Amperage (Amps) - a unit of measurement of electrical current flow.
 Ampere - a unit of measurement which describes the amount of electric current passing
a certain point at a particular time.
 Multi-tester - an electrical measuring instrument used to measure the voltage, the
resistance or the current of a circuit. It is connected either through parallel or series with
the circuit depending on what to measure.
 Ohm - the unit of measurement used to express resistance.
 Volt - a unit of measurement of electrical pressure or voltage.
 Voltmeter - an instrument specially designed for measuring voltage.

Instruction: Compute the following. SHOW YOUR SOLUTION.

1. Find the current (I) through a resistor of resistance R = 2 Ω if the voltage across the
resistor is 6 volts.

2. A motor with an operating resistance of 32 Ω is connected to a voltage source. The

current in the circuit is 1.5 A. What is the voltage of the source?

3. A toy car is connected to a 6 volts battery and draws 2 amperes of current. What is the
resistance of the toy car?

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Instruction: Answer the following questions.

1. How important are computation and mensuration in your field of specialization? Is it

necessary for you to learn it? Why or why not?
2. Computation is one of the most important thing that you should learn in your chosen field.
Why do you think it is?
3. Why is it important for an electronic technician to expertly use the electronic measuring
instruments?

TYPES OF BASIC MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

We can classify the basic measuring instruments into the following two types.
 Voltmeters
 Ammeters

VOLTMETERS
As the name suggests, voltmeter is a measuring instrument which measures the voltage
across any two points of an electric circuit. The units of voltage are volt and the measuring
instrument is meter. Hence, the word “voltmeter” is obtained by combining the two
words “volt” and “meter”.
We can classify the voltmeters into the following two types based on the type of voltage
that it can measure.
 DC Voltmeters
 AC Voltmeters

DC Voltmeter
As the name suggests, DC voltmeter measures the DC voltage across
any two points of an electric circuit. A practical DC voltmeter is shown in the
figure.
The DC voltmeter shown in the figure is a (0−10) V DC voltmeter.
Hence, it can be used to measure the DC voltages from zero volts to 10 volts.

AC Voltmeter
As the name suggests, AC voltmeter measures the AC
voltage across any two points of an electric circuit. A practical AC voltmeter
is shown in the figure.

The AC voltmeter shown in above figure is a (0−250) V AC

voltmeter. Hence, it can be used to measure the AC voltages from zero volts
to 250 volts

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AMMETERS
As the name suggests, ammeter is a measuring instrument which measures the current
flowing through any two points of an electric circuit. The unit of current is ampere and the
measuring instrument is meter. The word “ammeter” is obtained by combining “am” of ampere
with “meter”.
We can classify the ammeters into the following two types based on the type of current
that it can measure.
 DC Ammeters
 AC Ammeters

DC Ammeter
As the name suggests, DC ammeter measures the DC current that
flows through any two points of an electric circuit. A practical DC
ammeter is shown in the figure.
The DC ammeter shown in above figure is a (0−50) A DC
ammeter. Hence, it can be used to measure the DC currents from zero
Amperes to 50 Amperes

AC Ammeter
As the name suggests, AC ammeter measures the AC current that
flows through any two points of an electric circuit. A practical AC
ammeter is shown in the figure.
The AC ammeter shown in above figure is a (0−100) A AC
ammeter. Hence, it can be used to measure the AC currents from zero
Amperes to 100 Amperes.

THE MULTITESTER

Multitester or multimeter is
sometimes called the VOM (voltmeter,
ohmmeter, milliammeter). It is the best
instrument that can measure voltage,
resistance and current. It is generally
made of two types: the analog and the
digital.
Analog VOM Digital VOM

PARTS OF A MULTI-TESTER

1. RANGE SELECTOR KNOB (Selector switch) makes it possible to select different functions
and range of the meter.
2. POINTER - The needle-shaped rod that moves over the scale of a meter. It is mechanically
connected to the moving coil.
3. ADJUSTMENT SCREW - makes it possible to adjust the pointer to the zero position of the
scale.
4. SCALE - a series of marking used for reading the value of a quantity.
5. TEST PROBE POSITIVE (red), NEGATIVE (black) - used to connect the circuit to the
electrical components being tested.
6. ZERO-OHM ADJUSTING KNOB - used to zero-in the pointer before measuring resistance.

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 TLEd 201 – INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL ARTS PART 1

OHM’S LAW

The relationship between Voltage, Current and Resistance in any DC electrical circuit was
firstly discovered by the German physicist Georg Simon Ohm.
Georg Ohm found that, at a constant temperature, the electrical current flowing through
a fixed linear resistance is directly proportional to the voltage applied across it, and also inversely
proportional to the resistance. This relationship between the Voltage, Current and Resistance
forms the basis of Ohms Law and is shown below.

OHM’S LAW RELATIONSHIP

By knowing any two values of the Voltage, Current or Resistance quantities we can use Ohms
Law to find the third missing value. Ohms Law is used extensively in electronics formulas and
calculations so it is “very important to understand and accurately remember these formulas”.

To find the Voltage, (V)

V=IxR V (volts) = I (amps) x R (Ω)

To find the Current, (I)

I=V÷R I (amps) = V (volts) ÷ R (Ω)

To find the Resistance, (R)

R=V÷I R (Ω) = V (volts) ÷ I (amps)

Note: You can use E or V as units of voltage.
It is sometimes easier to remember this Ohms law relationship by using pictures. Here
the three quantities of V, I and R have been superimposed into a triangle (affectionately called
the Ohms Law Triangle) giving voltage at the top with current and resistance below. This
arrangement represents the actual position of each quantity within the Ohms law formulas.

OHM’S LAW TRIANGLE

Transposing the standard Ohms Law equation above will give us the following combinations of
the same equation:

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Then by using Ohms Law we can see that a voltage of 1V applied to a resistor of 1Ω will
cause a current of 1A to flow and the greater the resistance value, the less current that will flow
for a given applied voltage. Any Electrical device or component that obeys “Ohms Law” that is, the
current flowing through it is proportional to the voltage across it ( I α V ), such as resistors or
cables, are said to be “Ohmic” in nature, and devices that do not, such as transistors or diodes,
are said to be “Non-ohmic” devices.

Ohm’s Law Example

For the circuit shown below, find the Voltage (V), the Current (I), and the Resistance (R).

FORMULA SOLUTION
 Voltage V=IxR 2 A x 12 Ω = 24 V
 Current I=V÷R 24 V ÷ 12 Ω = 2 A
 Resistance R=V÷I 24 V ÷ 2 A = 12 Ω

LEARNING TASK NO. 1.

Instruction: Calculate the missing item from the figures below. SHOW YOUR SOLUTION.
=3A =3A

1. =9Ω =?
2.
=? = 48 V

=?

3. =9Ω
= 36 V

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 TLEd 201 – INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL ARTS PART 1

LEARNING TASK NO. 2

Instruction: Answer the following.
1. Identify all the electronic measuring instruments. Explain its usage based on your own
understanding.

2. How would you protect these instruments from damages? If you were to have all of it,
where would you like to keep it? How would you maintain it to be free from damages?

References

 Retrieved from https://gltnhs-tle.weebly.com/lesson-25.html

 Retrieved from https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/dccircuits/dcp_2.html
 Retrieved from
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/electronic_measuring_instruments/electronic_measuri
ng_instruments_dc_voltmeters.htm

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