11

Biology 1
Quarter 1
Module 8: Enzymes

Image from: https://tinyurl.com/yc3ggnrv Image from: https://tinyurl.com/y9wu3l5c

General Biology 1 - Grade 11
Quarter 1 – Module 8: Components of Enzymes, Oxidation/Reduction Reaction and Factors
Affecting Enzyme Activity
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Development Team of the Module

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General Biology 1 - Grade 11
Quarter 1 – Module 8: Components of Enzymes, Oxidation/Reduction Reaction and Factors
Affecting Enzyme Activity

I. Introduction
Enzymes catalyze all kinds of chemical reactions that are involved in growth, blood
coagulation, healing, diseases, breathing, digestion, reproduction, and many other biological activities.
On biological aspects, enzymes are instrumental substances to many functions in living organisms
(https://tinyurl.com/yd6bf5mo). In this module, you will learn the source and components of enzyme,
how enzymes are use and their importance.

II. Objectives
At the end of the lesson you are expected to:

 Describe the components of an enzyme. - STEM_BIO11/12-Ii-j-17

 Explain oxidation/reduction reactions. STEM_BIO11/12-Ii-j-18
 Determine how factors such as pH, temperature and substrate affect enzymes activity.
STEM_BIO11/12-Ii-j-19

III. Vocabulary List

Enzymes - are biological molecules (typically proteins) that significantly speed up the rate of
virtually all of the chemical reactions that take place within cells. They are vital for life and serve
a wide range of important functions in the body, such as aiding in digestion and metabolism
(https://tinyurl.com/y8hwwj5f).
Catalyst - a substance that enables a chemical reaction to proceed at a usually faster rate or under
different conditions (as at a lower temperature) than otherwise possible or an agent that provokes
or speeds significant change or action (https://tinyurl.com/y93vjvob).
Chemical reaction - a chemical change that occurs when two or more substances combine to form a
new substance (https://tinyurl.com/ycozdyxs).
Activation energy - the minimum amount of energy required to convert a normal stable molecule
into a reactive molecule (https://tinyurl.com/yam7nmpj).
Active sites - The active site of an enzyme is the region that binds substrate molecules. This is crucial
for the enzyme’s catalytic activity (https://tinyurl.com/y3o8zdfg).
Binding site - a region on a molecule or cell surface at which the combining of chemical
substances takes place (https://tinyurl.com/y65x53ac).
Substrate - A substrate is a molecule acted upon by an enzyme. A substrate is loaded into the active
site of the enzyme, or the place that allows weak bonds to be formed between the two molecules
(https://tinyurl.com/wuhp5x9).
Oxidation - Oxidation is the loss of electrons during a reaction by a molecule, atom or ion.
Oxidation occurs when the oxidation state of a molecule, atom or ion is increased. The opposite
process is called reduction, which occurs when there is a gain of electrons or the oxidation state of an
atom, molecule, or ion decrease (https://tinyurl.com/y3kegllz).
Denaturation – the process of destroying the characteristic properties of a protein or other biological
macromolecule by heat, acidity, or other effects that disrupt its molecular conformation
(https://tinyurl.com/ycrzab6c).
Gene - a specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is located usually on
a chromosome and that is the functional unit of inheritance controlling the transmission and
expression of one or more traits by specifying the structure of a particular  polypeptide and
especially a protein or controlling the function of other genetic material (Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Gene.
In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved July 17, 2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gene) .
Phenotype- the observable characteristics or traits of an organism that are produced by the
interaction of the genotype and the environment : the physical expression of one or more genes
(Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Phenotype. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved July 17, 2020, from https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/phenotype).
Metabolism- the chemical changes in living cells by which energy is provided for vital processes
and activities and new material is assimilated (Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Metabolism. In Merriam-Webster.com
dictionary. Retrieved July 17, 2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metabolism).
Auxotroph- requiring a specific growth substance beyond the minimum required for normal
metabolism and reproduction by the parental or wild-type strain. (Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Auxotroph.
In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved July 17, 2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/auxotroph).
Mutant - a new type of organism that is a result of the process of mutation
(Dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/ Retrieved July 17, 2020, from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/mutant).

IV. Pre-Test

Direction: Read the following questions. Write the word of your answer in your notebook.

1. Which of the following does not belong to a digestive enzyme?

A. Amylases B. Lipases C. Maltase D. Protease
2.
Enzymes can be found all around us. They exist in all forms of lives, including human,
plants, bacteria, and other organisms. Any living organism needs enzymes to function properly.
Chemically, enzymes are naturally occurred proteins, basic function of which is to speed up the
process and efficiency of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process. In another
word, an enzyme is a protein-based catalyst. Enzymes catalyze all kinds of chemical reactions that
are involved in growth, blood coagulation, healing, diseases, breathing, digestion, reproduction,
and many other biological activities. On biological aspects, enzymes are instrumental substances
to many functions in living organisms. Source: Creative Enzymes https://www.creative-enczymes.com/ info@creative-enzymes.com 2011

The statement in the box states the:

A. Importance of enzymes in life processes.
B. Chemical composition of an enzyme.
C. Nature of an enzyme
D. The location of enzyme
3. Enzyme belongs to biomolecule called _______?
A. Carbohydrate B. lipid C. Nucleic Acid D. protein
4. Which among the following is not a biological function of an enzyme?
A. Energy generation C. Defence & clearance
B. Cell transport D. Signal Transduction
 5. The statement: “every gene controls a particular enzyme and that the ultimate product of a
metabolic process was affected by a stepwise succession of enzyme, each produced by a
particular gene” is a statement of ________________.
A. effect of enzyme to gene C. one enzyme – gene one hypothesis
B. gene-enzyme relationship D. one gene-one enzyme hypothesis

V. Learning Activities

Elicit:
Activity 1. Let us try to remember the concepts learned from previous lessons.
Copy the diagram below and fill out the missing part.

________
1. In a Chemical reaction

Product

________

2. Enzyme as catalyst: Arrange the images in order to

complete the flow. Write the number of the image only.

1.

2.

3.

4.
Images from: https://tinyurl.com/ydeag7bp
Activity Engage 2. Physical and chemical properties
According to the chemical composition of enzymes, enzymes can be
divided into simple enzymes and binding enzymes. A peptide chain consisting
of only amino acid residues in a simple enzyme molecule. In addition to the protein
consisting of the polypeptide chain, the binding
enzyme molecule also has non-protein components,
such as metal ions, iron porphyrins, or small
molecular organic compounds containing B vitamins.
The protein part of the binding enzyme is called the
enzyme protein
Figure 3. The enzyme glucosidase converts the sugar maltose into
two glucose sugars.

(apoenzyme), and the non-protein parts are

collectively called cofactors. The two together form a holoenzyme; only the whole enzyme has
catalytic activity. If the two enzymes are separated, the enzyme activity disappears. Non-protein
parts such as iron porphyrin or compounds containing B vitamins are called prosthetic groups if they
are covalently linked to the enzyme protein. They cannot be separated from the enzyme protein by
dialysis or ultrafiltration. Coenzymes, which are linked by non-covalent bonds, can be separated by
the methods described above. There are two main types of cofactors. One is metal ions, which are
often auxiliary groups, and they are used to transfer electrons. The other are small molecule organic
compounds, which are mainly used to transfer hydrogen atoms, electrons, or certain chemical
groups.

Reference:
Porter KR.; et al. A study of tissue culture cells by electron microscopy: methods and preliminary observations. The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1945, 81
(3): 233-46. https://tinyurl.com/ydg4e9rd

Tasks 1: From the available recyclable materials at home, create your own model of an enzyme.

Criteria Points
Content Material resourcefulness 10
Originality 5
Teamwork Participation among members 5
Process Presentation output 10
Artistry 5
Total 35

What do enzymes do?

Explain
Read the following information, write insights in your notebook, then do the
activity that follows.

1. The digestive system – enzymes help the body break down larger complex molecules
into smaller molecules, such as glucose, so that the body can use them as fuel (Source: Newman,
Tim (January 11, 2018) reviewed by Lou, Elaine K Enzymes: How they work and What they do, Meical News Today).
There are three main types of digestive enzymes: Proteases: Break down protein into
small peptides and amino acids, Lipases: Break down fat into three fatty acids plus a glycerol
molecule, Amylases: Break down carbs like starch into simple sugars ( Raman, 2018)
2. DNA replication – each cell in your body contains DNA. Each time a cell divides, that DNA
needs to be copied. Enzymes help in this process by unwinding the DNA coils and copying
the information.
3. Liver enzymes – the liver breaks down toxins in the body. To do this, it uses a range of
enzymes.
There are thousands of enzymes in the human body, here are just a few examples:
a. Lipases – a group of enzymes that help digest fats in the gut.
 b. Amylase – helps change starches into sugars. Amylase is found in saliva.
c. Maltase – also found in saliva; breaks the sugar maltose into glucose. Maltose is found in
foods such as potatoes, pasta, and beer.
d. Trypsin – found in the small intestine, breaks proteins down into amino acids.
e. Lactase – also found in the small intestine, breaks lactose, the sugar in milk, into glucose and
galactose.
f. Acetylcholinesterase – breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in nerves and
muscles.
g. Helicase – unravels DNA.
h. DNA polymerase – synthesize DNA from deoxyribonucleotides.
Source: Newman, Tim (January 11, 2018) reviewed by Lou, Elaine K Enzymes: How they work and What they do, Meical News Today.

TASK 2: Make a PowerPoint presentation type/s of enzyme that can be found in the following
sources, highlight their importance.

1.Pineapple 7.Kefir (fermented milk)

2.Papaya 8.Sauerkraut (fermented cabbage that has distinct sour taste)
3.Mango 9.Kimchi (fermented vegetables)
4.Honey (raw) 10.Miso (fermented soybeans w/ salt &koji (fungus
5.Banana 11.Kiwifruit
6.Avocado 12.Ginger
Rubrics:
Criteria Points
Content Important facts/data are presented 10
Sources are properly cited 5
Process Actual Presentation 10
Total 25

Activity 3: ENZYMES in chemical reaction

In this part of the lesson, we will identify how enzymes are used in different biological
reactions. Read them and write insights in your notebook.

Enzymes can be found all around us. They exist in all forms of lives, including human, plants,
bacteria, and other organisms. Any living organism needs enzymes to function properly. Chemically,
enzymes are naturally occurred proteins, basic function of which is to speed up the process and
efficiency of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process. In another word, an enzyme
is a protein-based catalyst. Enzymes catalyze all kinds of chemical reactions that are involved in
growth, blood coagulation, healing, diseases, breathing, digestion, reproduction, and many other
biological activities. On biological aspects, enzymes are instrumental substances to many functions in
living organisms.
Signal Transduction
Enzymes are competent of participating in signal
transduction, where a chemical or physical signal is
transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular
events, and a cellular response ultimately appeared.
The most common enzymes in signal transduction are
protein kinases that catalyze protein phosphorylation.
Macromolecules Degradation
Large molecules can be broken down by enzymes into
small fragments which can then be absorbed by human
body easily. Many nutritional ingredients are in the
form of large molecules such as sugar, proteins, and
fat, which cannot be up taken easily by human body.
Hence, these ingredients are broken down by enzymes
into smaller pieces before absorption, and this process
is called catabolism. Following absorption, the small
molecules will be used as building blocks to refresh
the body through tissue repairing, regeneration, and
growth, and this process is called anabolism. Many
enzymes need to be employed in catabolism and
anabolism, such as amylases and proteases.

Energy Generation
Enzymes can generate energy for living organisms.
Adenosine triphosphate, also known as ATP, is the
main storage form of chemical energy. ATP is a
charged battery that can release energy that powers
biological activities. Enzymes are the transformer to
turn energy into proper chemical forms and store it in
ATP molecules. Most of these enzymes are called
ATP synthases.

Ion Pumps
Some enzymes in the cell membrane act as ion pumps
to move ions across a plasma membrane against their
concentration gradient involved in active transport
mechanisms. These primary ion transporters could
convert energy from various sources including ATP,
sunlight, and other redox reactions, to potential energy
stored in an electrochemical gradient.

Defense and Clearance

In organisms, there are always some nonnutritive
substances from external environment or produced by
the body itself, which can’t be either transformed into
cellular constituents or employed as energy source.
Herein, they need to be converted into products to be
excluded or utilized as physiological, pathological, or
toxicological components. Enzymes involving in this
procedure might be a single enzyme, a complex
encompassing various enzymes or an enzyme system,
which perform a series of biochemical reactions
though oxidization, reduction, hydrolysis and so on.
 Cell Regulation
Enzymes can move parts of a cell’s internal structure
and reorganize them to regulate cell activities. They
deliver packages from one part to another inside cells,
pull chromosomes apart when the cells undergo
mitosis, and also pull cilia to trigger cell movement or
to help cells move mucus up your airway as a routine
to keep the airway clear. Common enzymes involved
in these movement mentioned above are myosin
ATPase, kinesin ATPase, and dynein ATPase.

Other Functions
In addition, enzymes are also able to generate
movement, with myosin hydrolyzing ATP to generate
muscle contraction, and transport intracellular
substances around the cell as part of the cytoskeleton.
Enzymes are important players in many other
functions, including immune responses and aging
processes. Luciferase is the major reason for the
glowing of fireflies, and enzymes in virus are involved
in infecting cells or the release of virus particles from
host cells.
Source: Creative Enzymes https://www.creative-enczymes.com/ info@creative-enzymes.com 2011

Explore Tasks 3: Group activity - Try to connect 3 classmates, from the classification
of the function of enzymes above, create a video presentation (discussion)
on:
a. How enzymes are use in previous classifications
b. Other uses of enzymes.
Rubric:
Criteria Points
Content Important facts/data are presented in each 10
classification
Sources are properly cited 5
Teamwork Participation among members 5
Process Actual Presentation 10
Creativity 5
Total 35

Try to watch this link: https://tinyurl.com/hmy9c9l (This video will discuss the basics of chemical
reactions and the functions of enzymes as a catalyst).

Elaborate

Activity 3: Gene Functions: Proteins and Enzymes

Read the following text; write important concepts in your notebook.

1. Gene-enzyme relationship: inborn errors of metabolism

The function of a gene is to control/influence the phenotype. However, between the
gene and the eventual phenotype are many complex events that make it difficult to
determine exactly how gene control is exercised. It was Archibald Garrod, an English physician, who
first suggested the specific connection between genes and enzymes when he studied the disease
alcaptonuria in 1902.
Alcaptonuria, inherited as a Mendelian recessive, causes arthritis and the production of
urine that turns black upon exposure to air. Through his feeding experiments, Garrod was able to
establish the fact that alcaptonurics excreted homogentisic acid or alcapton, an intermediate product in
a metabolic pathway, and that its accumulation was caused by a biochemical block in this pathway. In
normal individuals the homogentisic acid is metabolized to its breakdown products by the catalytic
action of homogentisic acid oxidase. On the other hand, the alcaptonurics are unable to metabolize
homogentisic acid because they lack this enzyme. Thus, Garrod showed the relation between a gene
and an enzyme.
Furthermore, by feeding alcaptonurics with phenylalanine and tyrosine, it was established
that these two amino acids were precursor of alcapton.
Other inborn errors of metabolism were discovered with the studies of the metabolism of
phenylalanine. (Figure 6-1). The cause of the inborn error of metabolism of phenylalanine (Figure 6-
1). The cause of the inborn error of metabolism has been localized to an impaired function of the
enzyme that is usually active at that particular metabolic step (Table 6-1).

Ramirez, et al “Gene Functions: Proteins and Enzymes”, Lecture in Genetics, Tenth Edition, Genetics and Molecular Biology Division (GMBD) Institute of Biological Sciences College of
Arts and Sciences, UPLB 2013, p107-109.
2. One Gene-one enzyme hypothesis
The precise relationship between genes and enzymes became better understood when George
W. Beadle and Edward L. Tatum formulated the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis in 1941. They
stated that c
In their experiments, Beadle and Tatum studied the nutritional requirements of three
auxotroph mutants of Neurospora crassa, namely: pab, pdx, and thi. These mutants require
supplements of p-aminobenzoic acid, pyridoxine and thiamine, respectively, to the minimal medium
in order to grow. In each of the mutants, a metabolic step leading to the synthesis of a specific
compound is blocked. Beadle and Tatum
observed a one-to-one correspondence between
a genetic mutation and the lack of a specific
enzyme required in the metabolic pathway.
They suggested then that each gene specified
the synthesis of one enzyme (Figure 6-2).
Subsequent studies modified this hypothesis to
one gene-one polypeptide hypothesis
Figure 6-2. The one gene-one enzyme hypothesis of Beadle and Tatum.
Ramirez, et al “Gene Functions: Proteins and Enzymes”, Lecture in Genetics, Tenth Edition, Genetics and Molecular Biology Division (GMBD) Institute of Biological Sciences College of
Arts and Sciences, UPLB 2013, p110.
Task 4: Answer the following questions in your notebook.
1. What is the importance of enzyme activity in the gene metabolism?
2. State one gene-one polypeptide hypothesis.
3. What makes specific enzyme important in a specific chemical process?

VI. Practice Tasks

Extend
Practice Task #1

What are the characteristics of enzymes?

As explained previously, enzymes are very specific in
their action.

Enzymes and pH
Enzymes are very sensitive to the conditions at which they work. Many enzymes work best at a
particular pH and stop working if the pH becomes too acidic or
alkaline.
Graph of enzyme-catalysed
reaction rate against pH.
 

Enzymes and temperature

Enzymes are also sensitive to temperature. Many work best at temperatures close to body
temperatures and most lose their ability to catalyse if they are heated
above 60 or 70 degrees Celcius.

Graph of enzyme-catalysed
reaction rate against
temperature.
Why are they sensitive?
The reason why enzymes are so sensitive to changes in pH and
temperature is that such change can affect the interactions that hold the
parts of the protein chain in place. If the shape of the active site is
changed, the substrate molecule will no longer be able to form temporary attractions with the protein
chain, because the chemical groups needed to do this will no longer be in the right place. We say that
the enzyme has become denatured.
Source: Matthey Johnson, resources.schoolscience.co.uk, page36, https://tinyurl.com/ydeag7bp

Task 5. : (1 pt in each correct entry) In a short size bond paper: Create

Practice Task #2 a flow chart that will illustrate how pH, and temperature affects the rate of
enzymes’ activity.

Practice Task #3
Task 6. : Make a group of five (5), make a short film out of the
following theme;
 a. Enzyme in metabolic processes
b. Enzyme in industrial processes
c. Enzyme in cellular respiration/activities
Rubrics:
Criteria Points
(%)
Content At least 3 process are presented 50%
Creativity & resourcefulness Shooting has no direct contact 30%
Presentation Characterization 20%
Total 100%

VII. Post Test

Evaluation Read the following questions. Then,

write the word of your answer in a separate sheet.

1. According to Garrod (1902), an impaired function of the enzyme that is active

during particular metabolic step in metabolism of Phenylalanine and tyrosine will cause ______.
A. denaturation B. errors C. inborn errors D. gene error
2. Which among the following best describes an enzyme?

A. Enzyme protein (apoenzyme), and the non-protein parts are collectively called cofactors
B. Holoenzyme and non-protein parts are collectively called cofactors
C. Simple enzymes and binding enzymes
D. Auxillary groups and organic groups
3. Lipases : for fats in the gut: Amylase : _________
A. Maltose into glucose C. Starch in sugar
B. Neurotransmitter acetylcloline D. Unravel DNA
4. Protein kinases : Signal transduction: _______ : Energy generation
A. ATP synthasis C. kinesin ATPase
B. Dynein ATPase D. Myosin ATPase
5. Myosin ATPase, kinesin ATPase, and dynein ATPase are common enzymes for the metabolic
processes such as :
A. Cell regulation C. Macromolecules Degradation
B. Defense and Clearence D. Signal Transduction
6. Which among the following is not a biological function of an enzyme?
C. Energy generation C. Defence & clearance
D. Cell transport D. Signal Transduction

7. Describe the figure three (3)

sentences only.
8. State how pH and temperature in chemical reaction affects the enzymes activity.

9. The statement: “every gene controls a particular enzyme and that the ultimate product of a
metabolic process was affected by a
stepwise succession of enzyme, each produced by a particular gene” is a statement of
________________.
 A. effect of enzyme to gene C. one enzyme – gene one hypothesis
B. gene-enzyme relationship D. one gene-one enzyme hypothesis

10. Describe what happen to enzymatic activity when substance become too acidic or too alkaline.

VIII. Assignment/Additional Activities

More readings: Read the text on the link given below, then answer the questions in your notebook.
Blocking enzyme 'dramatically reverses' Alzheimer's in mice @ https://tinyurl.com/y9kfapuj.
1. What is the article about?
2. Who are the researchers?

3. State how enzymes are use in the study.

IX. Answer Key

IV. Pre- test:

1. Maltase
2. Importance of enzymes in life processes.
3. protein
4. Cell transport
5. one gene-one enzyme hypothesis

V. Learning Activities
Activity 1: Copy the diagram below and fill out the missing part
1. Reactant + Reaction
2. 2,1,4,3
Activity 2:
Task 1: From the available recyclable materials at home, create your own model of an
enzyme.

Criteria Points
Content Material resourcefulness 10
Originality 5
Teamwor Participation among members 5
k
Process Presentation output 10
Artistry 5
Total 35
Tasks 2: Make a PowerPoint presentation type/s of enzyme that can be found in the following
sources, highlight their importance.
 Rubrics:
Criteria Points
Content Important facts/data are presented 10
Sources are properly cited 5
Process Actual Presentation 10
Total 25

1. Pineapple –Bromelain

These enzymes are proteases, which break down protein into its building blocks, including
amino acids. This aids the digestion and absorption of proteins, A study on people with
pancreatic insufficiency, a condition in which the pancreas cannot make enough digestive
enzymes, found that taking bromelain combined with a pancreatic enzyme supplement
improved digestion more than the enzyme supplement alone.
2. Papaya – Proteases (papain)
Studies have shown that taking a papaya-based formula may help ease digestive symptoms
of IBS, such as constipation and bloating. If you want to eat papayas, just make sure to eat
them ripe and uncooked, as heat exposure can destroy their digestive enzymes
3. Mango – amylases
They contain the digestive enzymes amylases — a group of enzymes that break down
carbs from starch (a complex carb) into sugars like glucose and maltose. The amylase enzymes
in
 mangoes become more active as the fruit ripens. This is why mangoes become sweeter as they
start to ripen. Amylase enzymes are also made by the pancreas and salivary glands. They help
break down carbs so that they are easily absorbed by the body.

4. Honey (raw) – Diastases – breakdown starch into maltose

Amylases – sugar into glucose and maltose, Invertases – sucrose (a type of sugar) into glucose
and fructose, Proteases – Proteins into amino acids
5. Banana – amylases and glusosidases
They contain amylases and glucosidases, two groups of enzymes that break down complex
carbs like starch into smaller and more easily absorbed sugars. Like mangoes, these enzymes
break down starch into sugars as bananas start to ripen. That’s why ripe yellow bananas are
much sweeter than unripe green bananas. On top of their enzyme content, bananas are a great
source of dietary fiber, which may aid digestive health. A medium banana (118 grams)
provides 3.1 grams of fiber.
A two-month study in 34 women looked at the connection between eating bananas and the
growth of healthy gut bacteria.
6. Avocado – Lipase – helps digest fat molecule into smaller molecules (fatty acid & glycerol
Polyphenol oxidase (turning avocado brown in the presence of oxygen)
7. Kefir (fermented milk) – lipase, proteases, lactase (digestion of lactose)
It’s made by adding kefir “grains” to milk. These “grains” are actually cultures of yeast,
lactic acid bacteria and acetic acid bacteria that resemble a cauliflower. During fermentation,
bacteria digest the natural sugars in milk and convert them into organic acids and carbon
dioxide. This process creates conditions that help the bacteria grow but also adds nutrients,
enzymes and other beneficial compounds
8. Sauerkraut (fermented cabbage that has distinct sour taste)
In addition to containing digestive enzymes, sauerkraut is also considered a probiotic food,
as it contains healthy gut bacteria that boost your digestive health and immunity. Many studies
have shown that consuming probiotics can ease digestive symptoms, such as bloating, gas,
constipation, diarrhea and stomach pain, in both healthy adults and those with IBS, Crohn’s
disease and ulcerative colitis
9. Kimchi (fermented vegetables) –proteases, lipase and amylases (digest proteins, fats carbs)
Kimchi contains bacteria of the Bacillus species, which produce proteases, lipases and
amylases. These enzymes digest proteins, fats and carbs, respectively. Aside from aiding
digestion, kimchi has been linked to many other health benefits. It may be especially effective
at lowering cholesterol and other heart disease risk factors (42). In a study in 100 young,
healthy participants, scientists found that those who ate the most kimchi experienced the
greatest reduction in total blood cholesterol. Elevated total blood cholesterol is a risk factor for
heart disease
10. Koji adds a variety of digestive enzymes, including lactases, lipases, proteases and amylases.
In fact, studies have shown that the bacteria in miso can reduce symptoms linked to digestive
problems Miso (fermented soybeans w/ salt &koji (fungus) such as irritable bowel disease
(IBD) (49). Moreover, fermenting soybeans helps improve their nutritional quality by reducing
their antinutrient content. Antinutrients are compounds found naturally in foods that may
hinder the absorption of nutrients by binding to them.
11. Kiwifruit – protease called actinidain –for protein digestion
An animal study found that adding kiwifruit to the diet improved the digestion of beef, gluten
and soy protein isolates in the stomach. This was thought to be due to its actinidain content
(55). Another animal study analyzed the effects of actinidain on digestion. It fed some animals
kiwifruit with active actinidain and other animals kiwifruit without active actinidain. Results
showed that animals fed kiwifruit with active actinidain digested meat more efficiently. The
meat also moved faster through the stomach (56). Many human-based studies have also found
that kiwifruit aids digestion, reduces bloating and helps relieve constipation.
 12. Ginger – protease zingibain
Studies in healthy adults and those with indigestion show that ginger helped food move
faster through the stomach by promoting contractions (63Trusted Source, 64Trusted Source).
Animal studies have also shown that spices, including ginger, helped increase the body's own
production of digestive enzymes like amylases and lipases (65Trusted Source). What’s more,
ginger appears to be a promising treatment for nausea and vomiting (Raman, 2018).

Task3: Group activity - Try to connect 3 classmates, from the classification of the function of
enzymes above, create a video presentation (discussion) on:
c. How enzymes are use in previous classifications
d. Other uses of enzymes
Rubric:
Criteria Points
Content Important facts/data are presented in each 10
classification
Sources are properly cited 5
Teamwor Participation among members 5
k
Process Actual Presentation 10
Creativity 5
Total 35

Task 4: Answer the following questions in your notebook.

4. What is the importance of enzyme activity in the gene metabolism?

Every gene controls a particular enzyme and that the ultimate product of a metabolic
process was affected by a stepwise succession of enzyme, each produced by a particular
gene it means that when there is error during enzymatic activity during the gene
production, errors will occur in the phenotype.

5. State one gene-one polypeptide hypothesis.

Each gene specified the synthesis of one enzyme: each gene specified the synthesis of
one enzyme
6. What makes specific enzyme important in a specific chemical process?
Specific enzyme is required to specific chemical process because each enzyme has
specific function. This specific function speed up the reaction rate or the process. As a
catalyst of the reaction, enzymes increase the product without being consumed during
chemical reaction.
VI. Practice Tasks:
Task 5: Flow chart – answer may vary.
Task 6: answer may vary:
Rubrics:
Criteria Points
(%)
Content At least 3 process are presented 50%
Creativity & resourcefulness Shooting has no direct contact 30%
Presentation Characterization 20%
Total 100%
VII. Post test
1. inborn errors
2. Enzyme protein (apoenzyme), and the non-protein parts are collectively called cofactors
3. Starch in sugar
4. ATP synthasis
5. Cell regulation
6. Cell transport
7. The figure illustrate the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis where a specific gene controls
specific enzyme and that the ultimate product of a metabolic process was affected by stepwise
succession of enzyme, each produced by a particular gene.
8. Change in pH and temperature affects the interactions that hold the parts of the protein chain
in place. It the shape of the active site is changed, the substrate molecule will no longer be
able to form temporary attractions with the protein chain, because the chemical groups needed
to do this will no longer be in the right place.
9. one gene-one enzyme hypothesis
10. Too acidic or too alkaline will make the enzyme stop working because enzymes are very
sensitive to a particular pH level (optimum pH) where they can best work.
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