Cowman’ win. Syduin Betic Commutation bude > Bene cee he fot, See ty at + Abemlal be commented iol eliial iad DI Se bes he baat te lou List. wea Aaheniocpuat be die fir Serer coltet Minding TT esate | pe] pay Cooanien tense C Metutetiony Cobley, Wane, Nest fer Motabttinn i) SRR D™ (0 low fun. estes clo at hace Heys) Be ie eter Lae Mad Qnbennsa 4K Orde nnor beg emer 5 thats lenin, & So Tre ny meti he ° = 150 tom ont > A nttle ty be Meal Ae fda $ be dnentont Seg by, NLP (5 los fay: ia] hose KH to Smo Mea’ a, Newisabtr. 4 bird, ots OFF (Hatha) 2 3 tts fe 35 ming = Rowdis b ns W935 10H. Aree tee NAF (nes kg py SORE Nee BM TV wt Obe (Wire. tists fy): See min 4 3 Grity > Rhone & Meo imu Comm. i SHE (Suton tigi bey BoW2 42 BeQue —- olor & Rerlio- tramt Corny, Rodan 6 Scanned with CamScannertransmitter, medium/channel and receiver. The block diagram shown in Fig. 15.1 depicts the general form of a communication system. Communication System Information| Source Message User of Signal Transmitted Received Transmitter > Channel >} Signal Signal "| Sees Message | Information. FIGURE 15.1 Block diagram of age ralised communication system. Scanned with CamScannervariations in the electrical signal at its output. (W) Signal: Information converted in electrical form and suitable for transny6f inal. Sugnas care ether(gvala log // gurrent. They a ‘umctons-o me ‘analog STE signals can be fully {testo interns of ther sinewave component Sound pnd picture spats in TV are analog Se only distvete siepusise fale Binary systenptfal iene tat cepa nie Just vo lpi ofa signal pmesponds to fw level and ghrresponds toa high level of voltage7 fSurent More are several colingachemes seta for digital eommunication, They employ suitable Combinations of number systems such as the ary coded decimal BCD)” American Stadt Cone Yor Information interchange (SCI i a Universally popular digital code to represent shumbers,lelersand certain characters Wit Noise: Noise refers to the unwanted that eto disturb ie wansmission nd processing tf message signals in communication sytem ‘The source generating the olse may be located nsiger outside the system. iy Bensmitier: transmitter processes the incoming ‘message signal so as to make it suitable for transmission through a channel and subsequent jon J RGcelver: A receiver extracts the desired| message signals from (he received signals at the channel atienuation. BCD, dig s usually represented by four binary (0 oF 1) bits. For example numbers 0, 1,2, 4in the decimal system ate writen as 000, 0001, 0010, (0011 ane 0100. 1000 would represent eight. “Teds a character encoding i terms of numbers based on English alphabet since the computer can only understand numbers Communication System It iste process nereasing the amplaapetand nsecpun the strenath) ofa nalts Talled the amplifier (reference Chapter 13). Amplification is necessary to compensate for the attention of the signal 7 Communication systems. The energy needed for additional signal 1 Strength fs obtained from a DC power souree. Amplification is | dlone ata place between the sour andthe destination wherever signal strength becomes weaker than the required strength. - o 1) Ramge'tisthelangest distance between asourceanda destnaion = U——\-————| Iiptowhich the ga ts recetved wth sient trent ; 9 < Aandwiddh: Bandwidth refers tothe frequency range over which Dowel Grcquipment operates ore portion clOsespecate occupied ws by the signal. _ 1 Mdalation: "The orignal low frequency message/Information Sacamiot be teansmited to long distances beensse of Teasons given in Section TS-7—Therefore, at the (TST ier cries en itera meas Ye Adin (WA U Sd aa a Sem prestess sereficval of information trom the : iulation, This s the reverse process of modulation. Scanned with CamScannerFor transmitting a signal, we need an antenna dyfan Aerial. This antenna should have a size comparable to the wavele} ‘Of the signal (at least 4/4 in dimension) so that the antenna properly senses the time variation of the signal. For an electromagnetic wave of frequency 20 kHz, the wavelength A is 15 km. Obviously, such a long antenna is not possible to construct and operate. Hence direct transmission of such baseband signals is not practical. We can obtain transmission with reasonable antenna lengths if transmission frequency is high (for example, if vis 1 MHz, then A is 300 m). Therefore, there is a need of translating the information contained in our original low frequency baseband signal into high or radio frequencies before transmission. Ll Effective power radiated by an antenna A theoretical study of radiation from a linear antenna (length 1) shows that the power radiated is proportional to (I//)* . This implies that for the me antenna length, the power radiated increases with decreasing A, i.e., increasing frequency. Hence, the effective power radiated by a long wavelength baseband signal would be small. For a good transmission, we need high powers and hence this also points out to the need of using high frequency transmission. X up of sij from ers: ‘Another important argument against transmitting baseband signals directly is more practical in nature. Suppose many people are talking at the same time or many transmitters are transmitting baseband information signals simultaneously. All these signals will get mixed up and there is no simple way to distinguish between them. This points out towards a possible _ + Time so by using communication atChigh) Amplitudef “— am und allotting a band of frequencies to cach message signal for its ransmission. / The above arguments suggest that there is a need for translating the original low frequency baseband message or information signal into high Pulse Jrequency wave before transmission such that the duration translated signal continues to possess the information contained in the original signal. In doing so, we take the help of a high frequency signal, known as the carrier wave, and a process known as modulation which att es information to it. The carrier wave may be continuous (sinusoidal) or in tb) the form of pulses as shown in Fig. 15.7. FIGURE 15.7 A sinusoidal carrier wave can he represented as (b) pulse shap: fait) Asin Oy + 0) | ake (15.2) here di)is the signal strength (voltage or current), A,is the amplitude, the angular frequency and ¢ is the initial phase of the carrier ig the process of modulation, any of the three parameters, viz A,. @, and ¢, of the carrier wave can be controlled by the message or fa) Scanned with CamScanneree Cums A Sin (ont + 4)

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