PRACTICAL QUESTIONS in STRUCTURAL DESIGN

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169. Problem: 176. Problem: 182. Problem: 187. Problem:

The elongation per unit length, which The maximum stress that may be The work done on a unit volume of The ordinate to the stress-strain curve
is termed ___ and denoted by ∈, may developed during a simple tension test material, as a simple tensile force is such that the material has a
be found by dividing the total such that there is no permanent or gradually increased from zero to such predetermined permanent deformation
elongation ∆ by the length, L. residual deformation when the load is a value that the proportional limit of or “set” when the load is removed is
Ans. Normal strain entirely removed. the material is reached, is defined as called ____ of the material.
Ans. Elastic limit the ____ . Ans. Yield strength
170. Problem: Ans. Modulu of resilience

A material having a relatively large

177. Problem: 188. Problem:
tensile strain up to the point of rupture.

The region of the stress-strain curve

183. Problem:

The rate of change of stress with

Ans. Ductile material extending from the origin to the The work done on a unit volume of respect to strain is known as the ____
proportional limit is called: material as a simple tensile force is of the material.
171. Problem: Ans. Elastic range gradually increased from zero to the Ans. Tangent modulus

value causing rupture is defined as ___
A material having a relatively small Ans. Modulus of toughness
tensile strain up to the point of rupture.
178. Problem: 189. Problem:

Ans. Brittle material The region of the stress-strain curve This is defined as the change of length
extending from the proportional limit
184. Problem: per unit length of a straight bar subject

172. Problem: to the point of rupture is called: The decrease in cross-sectional area to a temperature change of one degree

Ans. Plastic range from the original area upon fructure and is usually denoted by α. The value
An arbitrary strain of ___ is frequently divided by the original area and of this coefficient is independent of the
taken as the dividing line between
ductile material and brittle material.
179. Problem: multiplied by 100 is termed ____ unit of length but does depend upon

Ans. Percentage reduction in area the temperature scale used.
Ans. 0.05 mm/mm There is an increase of strain with no Ans. Coefficient of linear expansion
increase in stress, is known as the ___
185. Problem:
173. Problem: of the materials.
190. Problem:

Ans. Yield point
This linear relation between elongation The increase in length of a bar after
and the axial force causing it is called: fracture divided by the initial length The ratio of the strain in the lateral
Ans. Hooke’s law
180. Problem: and multiplied by 100 is the direction to that in the axial direction is

The maximum ordinate to the curve, is percentage elongation. Both the defined as:
174. Problem: known either as the ___ of the percentage reduction in area and the Ans. Poisson’s ratio

material. percentage elongation measures the
The quantity E, i.e., the ratio of the unit Ans. Ultimate strength or the tensile ___ of a material.
stress to the unit strain, is the modulus
191. Problem:
strength Ans. Ductility
of elasticity of the material in tension,
If the values of all external forces
or as it is often called: 186. Problem:
Ans. Young’s modulus 181. Problem:
which act on a body can be

If a ductile material can be stress determined by the equation of static

The ordinate on the stress-strain
consideredably beyond the yield point equilibrium alone, then the force
175. Problem: diagram after the maximum ordinate to
system is ____

the curve is called ___ of the material. without failure, it is said to ____. This
The maximum stress that may be Ans. Statically determinate
Ans. Breaking strength is true of many structural metals.
developed during a simple tension test Ans. Strain-harden
such that the stress is a linear function
of strain.
Ans. Proportional limit
PRACTICAL QUESTIONS
192. Problem: STUDY THE FOLLOWING TOPICS:
In many cases the forces acting on a
body cannot be determined by the
equation of statics alone because there
are more unknown forces thatn there
are equations of equilibrium. In such a
case the force system is said to be ____
Ans. Statically indeterminate
193. Problem: b) eccentrically loaded a hinged at the center
One with the same elastic properties
(E, v) at all points in the body.
Ans. Homogeneous material
194. Problem: beams
If a material does not posses any kind
of elastic symmetry it is called ___
Ans. Anistropic or aelotropic
195. Problem: rectangular beams reinforced for tension 25. Welded connections for slot weld
If the material has three mutually
perpendicular planes of elastic
symmetry it is said to be ___
Ans. Orthotropic
196. Problem: 11. Cracking moments of beams
Modern filament-reinforced ____ are
excellent examples of anistropic
substances.
Ans. Composite materials
197. Problem:
For small plastic strains of low- and
medium-carbon structural steels the
stress-strain curve is usually idealized
by two straight lines, one with a slope
of E, representing the elastic range, the
other with zero slope representing the
plastic range. This plot represents a so
called ___
Ans. Elastic, perfectly plastic
material
in STRUCTURAL DESIGN
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1. Live load patterns 19. Analysis of beams carrying uniform load 36. Allowable bending stresses for laterally
a) 4-spans with fixed end support and also unsupported beams (do not memorize
b) 2-spans supported at the center the formula)
c) simply supported beam with a) Find maximum shear 37. Rectangular beams reinforced for
overhang b) Find maximum negative moment
compression
2. Steel columns (do not memorize c) Find maximum positive moment
38. Beam subjected to torsion (do not
formulas) 20. Analysis of beams carrying uniform load
memorize the formula)
a) axially loaded with fixed end support and supported by
39. Square footing supporting steel columns
3. Influence diagram a) Find maximum shear with base plate
b) Find maximum negative moment a) no. of 20 mm bars required for
4. Concrete mixture c) Find maximum positive moment critical load = 17
b) punching shear stress = 3.2
5. PERT CPM 21. Spacing of purlins (Roof slope: 1V:3H)
c) wide beam shear stress = 1.08
6. Moment-coefficient for continuous
22. Welded connections for lap joints
checking also for the block shear strength 40. Rectangular concrete footing
7. Pre-stressed beams capacity 41. Nominal load of tied column subjected to
axial and eccentric load
8. T-beams with reinforcement at the top 23. Welded connections for brackets
a) eccentricty e = 0: Pn = 2085 kN
and bottom (always neglect the effect of
24. Welded connections for angular sections
compression bars and analyze as b) at balanced condition Cb = 192 mm:
Pn = 861.4 kN
only) 26. Bolted connections using gross area, net c) eccentricity e = 225 mm: Pn = 720 kN
9. Deflection of beams area and block shear strength 42. Plastic centroid of columns
10. Retaining walls with fixed-end bottom 27. Bolted connections of brackets subjected 43. Nominal shear strength of concrete
and propped at the other end which to torsion and shearing stresses beams, Vc
carries a trapezoidal loading 28. Base plate
44. Nominal shear strength of web
29. Bearing plates
reinforcement, Vs
12. Deflection of concrete beams 30. Steel columns using Euler’s formula 45. Max. nominal shear force at critical
13. Square footing 31. Shearing stresses of beams distance d from support, Vn = Vu/Φ
14. Wall footing a) max. web shear stress 46. Spacing of stirrups, S = Avfyd/Vs
b) Max. horizontal shear stress
15. Square footing supported by piles with c) Average shearing stress in the 47. Max. spacing of stirrups for min. shear
axial load and moment web reinforcement, S = 3Avfy/bw
16. Spacing of web reinforcement for beams 48. Live load reduction
32. Spacing of rivets ans bolts
and columns using simplified analysis
⎡ 4.57 ⎤
33. Bending in both directions
17. Spacing of hoop reinforcement for L r = L ⎢ 0.25 + ⎥
seismic forces on columns 34. Purlins with sag rods at the middle thirds ⎢⎣ A 1 ⎥⎦
18. One-way slab using moment coefficient and also without sag rods
A 1 = 2 A t
Note: Span of slab is always equal to the 35. Spacing of lateral supports
spacing of beams in a floor plan. The A t = tributary areas of beams
a) when allowable bending stress is
uniform load in kPa is also equal to the 0.66 Fy
49. Square footing subjected to axial loads
uniform load in kN/m. b) when allowable bending stress is
and moments
0.6 Fy
50. Rectangular beams subjected to axials
loads and moments