CH 7 Noise - GATE - Course

Noise
1 Types of noises in communication systems

i) External Noise
ii) Internal Noise
i) External Noise
External noise can be classify further into three different categories.
(a) Atmospheric Noise
(b) Extra-terrestrial Noise
(c) Industrial Noise
(a) Atmospheric Noise :-
This noise is added by natural electrical disturbances occuring in atmospher such as thunder storm,
lightning etc. This noise interferes more with radio than T.V. broadcasting. It is effective upto 30 MHz.
This noise is more severe at nigth time.
(b) Extraterrestrial Noise :- This noise is due to solar radiation and cosmic rays.
The solar noise is caused by solar radiation. It can be due to corona flairs and sun spots (circle of 11
years).
Cosmic noise are caused by radiation coming from stars. This noise is observeable in the frequency
range of 3 MHz to to 1.43 GHz. But it is more dominant in the frequency of 20 MHz to 120 MHz.
(c) Industrial noise :- The industrial noise is caused by the sparking switching discharges, flourecent tubes,
corona ( high transmission line) etc. This noise is more dominant in frequency range 1 to 600 MHz.
Example :
Indicate the wise whose source is in a category different from that of others three.
(a) Solar noise
(b) Cosmic noise
(c) Atmospheric noise
(d) Galatic noise
Answer : (c)
ii) Internal Noise

The internal noise is mostely generated at receiver end. It can be of following types-
(a) Shot Noise
(b) Transit Time Noise
(c) Thermal Agitation Noise
(d) Flicker Noise
(a) Shot Noise :- This noise is caused by the random variation in arrival of electrons at the output of an
amplifying device. Diode is one of the source of shot noise. The shot noise found in Triode and
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Noise COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 2
Pentode is called partition noise. This noise manily occurs in active devices.
1
Short noise 
Transconductance
 Output current
The current due to shot noise in p-n junction diode is given by,
in = 2eI DC B
where, in = RMS shot noise current
e = charge of electron
I DC = D.C. forward biasing current in diode average current
B = Bandwidth.
RMS shot noise voltage in diode is given by,
V n = in Rd
R d dynamic resistance of diode
 Vn = 2eI DC BR d2
(b) Transit Time Noise :- Transit time is the time taken by electron to reach the collector junction from
emitter junction of BJT. If the time period of wave is comparable to the transmit time then the transit time
effect is observable. This effect results into a noise called transit time noise. This noise is obseved at
upper end of VHF or above.
Note :- This noise increase with increasing frequency.
(c) Thermal Agitation Noise :- Thermal noise is also called Johnson noise. This noise is caused by the
random flow of electrons due to thermal agitation in a resistive device. Therefore, resistance is the
biggest source of thermal Johnson noise. It is also called the resistance noise. The thermal agitation noise
is proportional to the temperature and bandwidth of the device.
 Pn  T × B
P n = KTB
T temperature of device in Kelvin
B Bandwidth of device
Pn Thermal noise
K Boltzmann constant
= 1.38 × 10–23 Jouls/Kelvin
Vn2
 = KTB
4R
Vn = 4KTBR n
Vn  R.M.S voltage
R n equivalent noise resistance.
+ Vn
–
R´  Rn R´ = Rn = same value.
(d) Flicker Noise :- This is also called modulation noise. This noise is observed at low audio frequency
below 500 Hz. The flicker noise is inversely proportional to the frequency therefore, its spectral density
is higher at lower frequencies. The flicker noise is proportional to the emitter current and junction
temperature of transistor amplifier.
1
Flicker noise 
f
Example :
Calculate the noise voltage for an amplifier operating over the frequency range from 18 MHz to 20 MHz.
The input resistance of amplifier is 10 k. The ambient temperature is 27°C.
Solution :
Given T = 27°C = 273 + 27 = 300°K
Bandwidth (B) = (20–18)MHz = 2MHz
R = 10×103 
Vn = 4KTB.R
= 4  1.38  10 23  300  2  106  10  103
= 4  1.38  300  10  2  1024

= 4  1.38  6  103  10 24
= 18.19 V
Example :
The RMS noise voltage of an amplifier due to an input resistor is 20 µV in a bandwidth of 2 MHz. If the
operating band width is doubled what will be the noise voltage.
Solution :
V n  B
Vn1 B1 B
  =
Vn 2 B2 2B
2
 20µV  B
   =
 Vn  2B
 2 
 Vn2 = 28.3 µV
8.2 Thermal Noise Voltage in Series and Parallel Connected Resistances
Series Connected Resistances
R1 Vn1 R2 Vn2 R3 Vn3 Rx Vnx
–+ –+ –+

–+
Ve q Vneq
V neq = Vn21  Vn22  .....Vn2x
2 2
=  4KTBR1 2   4KTBR 2   ....  4KTBR x 
= KTB  R1  R 2  ....R x 
Vn = 4KTBR neq  Vneq

Parallel Connected Resistances
In
A A
I1 I2 Ix
R1 R2 Rx  Req
Vn1 + + Vn2 + Vnx + Vn

– – – –
B B
Vn = 4KTBR eq
In = I12  I22  ....I 2x
1 1 1 1
where =   .....
R eq R1 R 2 Rx
Example :
RMS thermal noise current of 3 resistors are i1, i2 & i3 respectively. If these resistance are connect ed in
parallel. What is total equivalent current.
Solution :
I eq = I12  I 22  I32
3 Noise Figure and Signal to Noise Ratio of Amplifier
Signal to Noise Ratio :- Signal to Noise ratio is the ratio of signal power to the noise power. Let Vs be the
rms voltage across a resistance R, then the signal to noise ratio for that resistance will be
S Vs2 / R
= 2
N Vn / R
Vs2 / R  Signal power
Vn2 / R  Noise power
Vs2
= 2
Vn
S VS2
=
N 4KTBR
Similarly for an amplifier
where V s = Source voltage
Req  equivalent input resistance of amplifier
4 Equivalent noise resistance of amplifier
Consider an amplifier as shown in the figure
Vn
+ –
Rs Rs
Amplifier Amplifier
Ri with  Ri without
+ noise + noise
Vs Vs
– –
To find out overall equivalent noise resistance the amplifier can be replaced by its noise resistance.
To find out overall equivalent resistance, the input source is short circuited and amplifier is replaced by its
noise resistances.
Req
Rs Ri
Rn
R s ·R i
Req = Rn +
Rs  Ri
If Ri is not present,
Req = Rn + Rs
R s ·R i
Rp =
Rs  Ri
Equivalent resistance
Req = Rn + Rp
Then, Vn = 4KTBR eq
Vn  4KTB (R n  R p )
R s ·R i
Rp =
Rs  Ri
Rn = noise resistance of amplifier
Noise figure of amplifier is defined as the S/N ratio at the input devided by S/N ratio at the output of the
amplifier.
Si / Ni SNR i
F = 
So / N o SNR o
Note :- The noise power at the output is always more than the noise power at input, due to additional noise
added by the system. Therefore, S/N ratio at the output of an amplifier or receiver is always less than the S/
N ratio at the input. Hence the noise figure of an amplifier or receiver is always greater than unity.
5 Equivalent Noise Temperature of Amplifier
Noise figure of an amplifier can be given by
Psi / Pni
F =
Pso / Pno
Psi  signal power at input
Pso  signal power at output
Pni  noise power at input
Pno  noise power at output
Psi Pno
F = P ·P
so ni
 P ni = KTB
Here P ni = KTB
Pso
= G = Gain of amplifier (Power gain)
Psi
1 Pno
 F = ·
G KTB
P no = GF Pni
P no = GFKTB
Under the ideal condition the output power of an amplifier is equal to the gain multiply by the input power so
when the noise added by the amplifier is neglected the input noise power of the amplifier can be given by.
Pno
Pni =
G
GFKTB
=
G
Pni  total noise power at input (external power at input and noise power generated by amplifer)
Pni = FKTB
= Total power at input of ideal amplifer without noise
Then noise power added by amplifier
P no = Pni – Pni
P no = FKTB – KTB
P no = (F – 1)KTB = KTeqB
where Teq = (F – 1)T
= equivalent noise temperature of amplifer
Teq
 F = 1
T
Nose :- Above equivalent noise temperature is equally applicable for antenna. Therefore equivalent noise
temperature of antenna is given by.
Teq = (F – 1)T
F = Noise figure of the antenna
Noise power added by antenna will be,
P n = KTeq ·B = (F – 1)TB
Noise figure in terms of equivalent noise resistance:-

Req = (F – 1) R
.
Req
 F = 1
Ri
where,
Req  equivalent noise resistance referred to the input side of amplifier/receiver
Rin  input resistance
6 Noise Figure, Equivalent Noise Resistance and Temperature of Multistage Amplifier
Equivalent Noise Figure:-
F1 F2 FN
G1 G2 Gn
Stage-I Stage-II Stage-N

F1, F2 .......FN  Noise figures
G1 , G2 ..... GN  Gain
F2  1 F3  1 F 1
Feq = F1    4 .......
G1 G1G 2 G1G 2 G 3
Equivalent Noise Temperatue :-
T2 T
Teq = T1   3  ......
G1 G1G 2
Teq1  equivalent temperatue of stage-I.
Teq2  equivalent temperatue of stage-II.
G1, G2 , G3 .....power gain
Pso
G =
Psi
Equivalent Noise Resistance for Two-stage amplifier :
R2 R
Req = R1  2
 23
A1 A1 A 2
where,
R1 resistance of stage-I
R2  resistance between stage-I & stage-II
R3  resistance between stage-II & stage-III
A1 & A2 are voltage gains.
Example :
Noise figure of a receiver is 1.6 find out its equivalent noise temperature at 300°k
Solution :
Teq = (F – 1) T
= (1.6 – 1) × 300
= 0.6 × 300
= 180.0 Kelvin
Note:- Noise figure in decible
Fdb = 10log10 F
Example :
Noise figure of amplifier is 3dB find out its noise temperature at 300ºk.
Solution :
3 = 10 log10 F
log10 F = 0.3
F = 10·3
Teq = (F – 1) T
Example :
If each stage of 2-stage of amplifier has gain of 10 dB and noise figure of 10 dB. Then find out overall noise
figure of the amplifier.
Solution :
F2  1
F = F1 +
G1
Here G1 = 10 dB
F1 = F2 = 10 dB
10  1
 F = 10 + = 10.9
10
Example :
Noise figure of an amplifier is 6 dB. If input Signal to Noise ratio is 38 dB. Then find out Signal to Noise ratio
at the output.
Solution :
Si / Ni
F = ; in dB,
So / N o
FdB = (Si/Ni)dB – (So/No)dB
= 32 dB
Exmaple :
A receiver is connected to an antenna whose resistance is 75 . The equivalent noise resistance of antenna
is 40  calculate the noise figure of the reciever in dB and its equivalent noise temperature at 17°C.
Solution :
Req = (F – 1) Rin
40 = (F – 1) 75
40
 = F–1
75
40 75  40 115 23
 F = 1+ =  
75 75 75 15
23
FdB = 10 log
15
 23 
Teq = (F – 1) T =   1  270
 15 
7 Performance of AM systems in presence of noise
7.1 Performance of SSB/SC
cosct
LPF original message

A cos (c+m)t x1(t) signalA
xm(t)=2 cosmt
(Si,Ni)
(So,No)
Receiver system
At output of multiplier,
x´(t) = A cos(c + m) t cos ct
A
= [cos(2c + m) + cos mt]
2
A A
= cos (2c + m) + cos mt
2 2
After passing through LPF,
A
x´(t) = xm(t) = cos mt
2
Signal power at input
2
 A  A2
Si =   
 2 2
Noise power at input,

N i = ·fm
The noise power at the input of AM and FM system is due to the noise added by the transmission channel.
The noise added by the channel is white noise having Gaussian distribution.
The white noise has constant spectral density over the whole frequency range as shown in the figure.
Gn(f)

f
  constant Gn (f)  noise spectral density for two sided amplitude = /2
For band-limited message signal the range of frequency is from –fm to +fm. Then the white noise spectral
density for this range of frequency will be
Gn(f)

f
–fm +fm
Above noise spectral density is the spectral density at the input of the receiver. Then the noise power at the
input of the receiver will be
By parsevl’s theorem
 f
Ni = 

G n (f )df   ( / 2)df
f
N i = fm
The Signal to Noise ratio at the input of receiving system will be
Si A2
Ni =
2 f m
Signal power at the output of receiver
2
 A  A 2 Si
So =    =
2 2 8 4
So A2 / 8 1
 = 
Si A2 / 2 4
Assuming receiving system to be ideal (No noise added by the receiver) the ratio of noise power at the output
and noise power at input will be same as the signal power at the output devided by signal power at the input.
In other words
No So 1
= 
Ni Si 4
1
 No = ·Ni
4
f m
 No =
4
Noise power at output (for SSB/SC)
Figure of merit :-
So / N o 1
 = 
Si / Ni Noise figure
So Ni
= 
Si N o
1
 = 4
4
 = 1
So Si / 4
=
No f m / 4
Si
=
f m
7.2 Performance of DSB/SC

Let the input signal to the receiving system is
A A
xi = cos (c + m) t + cos (c – m) t
2 2
power at input
2 2
 A   S  A2
Si =  
   
 2 2  2 2 2
The signal at output of multiplier
cosct
LPF Message signal

1
PSB/SC x (t)
(Si,Ni)
A A
x´(t) = cos c t  cos(c + m) t + cos(c – m) t]
 2 2
A
= [cos(2c + m) t + cos mt]
2 2
A
+ [cos(2c – m) t + cos mt]
2 2
At the output of LPF,
A
x´(t) = xm(t) = cos mt
2
Power at output
2
 A  A2
So =    4
 2 2
So A2 / 4 1
 = 2 
Si A /2 2
So 1
=
Si 2
If the receiving system is ideal that is no noise is added by the receiver then the ratio of noise power should
be same as the signal power.
No 1
Ni = 2
f m
No =
2
Figure of merit
So N i 1
 =   2
Si N o 2
 = 1
So Si Si
 = =
No N i f m
7.3 Performance of DSB/FC

Noise power at input is Ni = fm
Ac ma
x(t) = Ac cos ct + cos (c + m) t
2
Ac ma
+ cos (c – m) t
2
Signal power at input
 ma2  A c2  ma2 
Si = 1    1   Pc ............(i)
 2  2  2 
 ma2 
Si = 1   Pc
 2 
 Figure of merit of DSB/FC is given by
So / N o m a2
 = 
Si / N i 2  m a2
So m a2 S
  i
No = 2  m a2 N i
So m a2 S
 i
No = 2  m a2 f m
So m a2 m a2  2 Pc
  
No = 2  m 2a 2 f m
So m a2 Pc

N o = 2 f m
8 Performance of FM systems in presence of noise
A c2
Si =
2
N i =  fm
Si A c2
Ni =
2 f m
 Signal to noise ratio of output in FM system is
So 3 2  Si 
= m f · 
No 2  Ni 
mf =  = modulation index
So 3 2 A c2
 m ·
N o = 2 f 2 f m
 figure of merit
3 2
FM = mf
2
9 Comparison of performance of AM & FM system in presence of noise.
3 2
 FM mf
2
 AM =
ma2
m 2a  2
When ma = 1 (means 100% modulation)

 FM 9 2
mf
=
 AM 2
Bandwidth of FM wave :- for wideband FM
BW FM = 2(mf + 1) fm  2 mf fm
= mf · BWAM
BWFM
 mf =
BWAM
2
 FM 9  BWFM 
  AM = · 
2  BWAM 
Example :
Minimum value of mf for an FM system required to produce a noticable improvement in S/N ratio over a
comparable AM system with m = 1 is.
Solution :
For comparable performance of FM and AM waves. There figure of merit should be equal.
 FM 9 2
= mf  1
 AM 2
2
 m 2f =
9
2 2
 mf = 
9 3
2
 mf =
3
Example :
If transmision bandwidth of FM system is double what is the effect on S/N ratio at the output.
Solution :
SNR o 3 2
= mf
SNR i 2
3 2
SNRo = m f  SNR i
2
2
3  BWFM 
=   SNR i
3  2f m 
SNRo  (BWFM)2
SNR o = 4SNR o
2 1
If bandwidth is double the SNRo is 4 times
10. Noise calculation for various AM systems :-

x(t) cos c t
Modulated BPF Si S, N
signal  s Ni Sd
LPF
Channel
Syn. detector
Noise performance of DSB-SC system :-

Incoming modulated signal :-
Ss = Ac m(t) cos ct
A c2 2
P si = m (t)
2
Sd = Ac m(t) cos2 ct
Ac m(t)  cos 2c t 
= 1
2  2 
after passing through LPF
A c m(t)
Sd =
2
A c2 m 2 (t)
P so =
4
Pso 1
=
Psi 2
1
P so = P
2 si
If the receiver is consider to be ideal.
Noise power at output will be 1/2 of input noise power.
11. Noise power calculation :-

As white noise is band low to fm to fm input noise = nfm power.
Sx(t)
/2
–(fc+fm) –fc –(fc–fm) fc–fm fc fc+fm
at receiver after multiplication with cos ct and passing through L.P.F
Ist fc Right shifting :
/8
f
–fm fm
2nd left shifting :
/8
–fm fm
Sx(t)
/4
fx
–fm fm
fm
P no =   / 4  df
 fm
= /4 × 2fm
P no = fm/2
Figure of merit for DSB-SC
SNR o Pso / Pno
= =
SNR i Psi / Pni
1 2
=  =1 F =1
2 1
For SSB-SC :-
ˆ
Si(t) = m(t) cos c t  m(t)sin c t
1 2 1
P si = m (t)  m 2 (t)
2 2
2
= m (t)
Sd(t) = m(t) cos2 ct ± m̂(t) cos c t sin c t
afte passing through L.P.F.
1
So(t) = m(t)
2
1 2
P so = m (t)
4
1
P so = Psi
4
Considering receiver is ideal.
Noise power cosenlation :-
Sni(t)
/2
–(fc+f m) –fc fc fc+fm
After multification with cos ct. Shifting the spectrum

Left a right :-
Sxo(f)
/2 × 14
–fm +fm
fm
 f
P no =   / 8df
 fm
=
8
 2f m = m
4
1
P no = Pni
4
Figure of merit = 1
Noise performance of full am signal :
Noise ower calculation same as DSB-SC
P ni = fm
1
P no = f m
2
Si(t) = [Ac + m(t)] cos ct
m(t)
= Ac[1 + x(t)] cos ct x(t) = A
c
= Ac cosct + Ac x(t) cos ct
A c2 A c2 x 2 (t)
P si = 
2 2
At detector :-
Sd(t) = Ac[1 + x(t)] cos ct
Ac
= [1  x(t)][1  cos 2 c t]
2
after passing through L.P.F
Ac Ac
=  x(t)
2 2
after passing through capacitor filter
A c2 2
P so = x (t)
4
A c2 2
Pso x (t)
4
=
Psi A 2c
[1  x 2 (t)]
2
Pso 1 x 2 (t)
=
Psi 2 [1  x 2 (t)]
x 2 (t) Psi
FOM = ·
1  x (t) f m
2
m case of to be modulation
x(t) = m cos m(t)
x 2 (t) = m2/2
m2 / 2 m2
FOM|AM = =
1  m2 / 2 2  m2
FOM|AM – max = 1/3 when m = 1

GATE Practice Questions
1. A real valued random variable lying between 0 and 100 has a uniform probability density function. The probability
that the value of the variable is greater than 20 is,
(a) 1/5 (b) 1/2
(c) 4/5 (d) 1
GATE(IN/2000/1M)
1. Ans.(c)
The probability density function of given variable can be drawan as under,
p(x)
1/100
x
0 100
The total area under pdf is unity. So, the pdf of of random variable ‘x’ can be given as,
p(x) = 1/100 ; 0 < x < 100 = 0 ; elsewhere
The probability that the value of the variable is greater than 20 is area under pdf covered for the range 20 < x
< 100.
1 4
So, the probability that the value of the variable is greater than 20 is 100  20   
100 5
2. A sinusoidal signal of amplitude 2 mV and frequency 5 kHz is buried in Gaussian noise with zero mean value.
The noise has a uniform power spectral density of 100 pW/Hz upto a cut-off frequency of 1 MHz. For this
system, the signal to noise ratio in dB is
(a) 20 (b) 100
(c) –20 (d) – 40
GATE(IN/2000/2M)
2. Ans.(b)
Power carried by sinusoidal signal,
A2
S= ; A = Amplitude of signal
2
2
 S =
 2  103   106
2
Power carried by noise,
N = Gn(f) × fc
where, Gn(f) = spectral density of noise
fc = cutoff frequency of noise
 N = 100  1012  1  106  104
The signal to noise ratio in dB is given by,
S S
= 20log10  
N dB N
S  106 
 = 20log10  4 
 40
N dB  10 
7. A square wave (amplitude ± 10 mV, frequency

5 kHz, duty cycle 50%) is passed through an ideal low-pass filter with pass-band gain and
cut-off frequency of 0 dB and 10 kHz respecitvely. The filtered signal is subsequently “buried” additively into
a zero-mean noise process of one-sided power-spectral density (PSD) of 25 pW
Hz–1 up to a frequency of 2 MHz. The PSD of the noise is assumed to be zero beyond 2 MHz. The signal-to-
noise ratio of the output is
(a) 0 dB (b) 0.1 dB
(c) 1.0 dB (d) 3 dB
GATE(IN/2011/2M)
7. Ans.(*)
Let the given square wave is as shown below.
v(t)
Vm = ± 10 mV
–T/2 +T/2
–T/4 T/4 t
The wave has even well as half wave symmetring so it harmonics only. So, frequency components of the wave
are 5 kHz, 15 kHz, 25 kHz ...........
The amplitude of nth harmonic of wave is given as,
4Vm
Vn =
n
When given wave is passed through an ideal low pass filter with 0dB or unit gain and 10 kHz cutoff frequency
the output of filter has only fundamental component of 5kHz. Therefore, amplitude of signal at output of filter,
4Vm 4  10 40
V1 =   mV
  
Power of signal at output of filter,
2 2
 V1   40  103  800 6
S=      2  10 W

 2  2 
Noise Power, N = PSD × BW of noise = 25 × 10–12 × 2 × 106
= 50 × 10–6 W
S 800 / 2 16
Signal to noise ratio, =  2
N 50 
S S 16
In dB, = 10log10  10log10 2  2dB
N dB N 
So, none of the options is correct.
3. An amplifier A has 6 dB gain and 50  input and output impedances. The noise figure of this amplifier as shown
in fig. (a) is 3 dB. A cascade of two such amplifiers as in Fig.(b) will have a noise figure of
A A A
50 50 50 50
Fig.(a) Fig.(b)
(a) 6 dB (b) 8 dB
(c) 12 dB (d) None of the above
GATE(EC/1997/2M)
3. Ans.(d)
Over all noise figure of a two stage amplifier is given by,
F2 – 1
F = F1 + G1
where, G1 is gain of first stage.
Given, F 1,dB = 3 dB and G1,dB = 6 dB
F1, dB
 F 1 = 10 10
G1, dB
= 100.3 and G1 = 10 10 = 100.6
Since both the amplifiers are identical, therefore,
F 2 = F1 = 100.3
The overall noise figure ,
F2 – 1
F = F1 + G1
100.3  1
= 100.3 + = 2.245
100.6
In dB, F dB = 10 log102.245 = 3.51 dB
So, none of the given options is correct.
Note : Noise figure of a multistage amplifier is given by,
2F 1 3 F 1 4 F 1
F = F1  G  G  G + ................
1 2 3
Where G1, G2 and G3  power gains and gain in above formula are ratios and not in decibels.
Taub & Schilling 2nd edition pg . 624(14.11)
10. The noise at the input to an ideal frequency detector is white. The detector is operating above threshold. The
power spectral density of the noise at the output is
(a) raised-cosine (b) flat
(c) parabolic (d) Gaussian
GATE(EC/2003/1M)
10. Ans.(c)
The power spectral denstiy of the noise at the output of ideal frequency detector (FM demodulator) is parabolic,
when the detector is operating above the threshold.

(Refer Principle of Communication Systems Taub & Schilling second edition pg. 376)
14. A 1 mW video signal having a bandwidth of 100 MHz is transmitted to a receiver through a cable that has 40 dB
loss. If the effective one-sided noise spectral density at the receiver is 10–20 Watt/Hz, then the signal-to-noise
ratio at the receiver is
(a) 50 dB (b) 30 dB
(c) 40 dB (d) 60 dB
GATE(EC/2004/2M)
14. Ans.(a)
The transmission loss of the cable,
Pin
L = P
out
In dB, LdB = Pin,dB    Pout,dB

 40 = 10 log10 10–3 Pout,dB
 P out,dB = 30 40 = 70 dB
Pout , dB
 P out, = 10 10 = 10–7 W
Noise power at the receiver,
P noise = (noise spectral density)  (bandwidth)
P noise = 10–20  100  106 = 10–12 W
The signal to noise ratio is given by,
Signal power
SNR = Noise power
10– 7
 SNR = = 105
10–12
In dB , SNRdB = 10 log 10 105 = 50 dB
(Refer Communication Systems by A.B. Carlson 4th edition pg. 101 for transmission losses)
16. Noise with uniform power spectral density of No W/Hz is passed through a filter H() = exp (–jtd) followed
by an ideal low pass filter of bandwidth B Hz. The output noise power in Watts is
(a) 2 NoB (b) 4 NoB
(c) 8 NoB (d) 16 NoB
GATE(EC/2005/2M)
16. Ans.(a)
Given,
Input noise power spectral density of filter,
Gi(f) = No W/Hz
Transfer function ,
H ( ) = e  jt d
 H ( f ) = e  j 2 ftd
Tranfer function of ideal low pass filter,
HLF(f) = 1 ; – B < f < + B
= 0 ; elsewhere
The resultant transfer function of two filters,

H´(f = f LF(f
 H´(f = e  j 2 ft ; – B < f < + B
d
= 0 ; elsewhere
The noise power spectral density at the output of a filter is given by ,
Go(f) = |H´(f)|2 Gi(f)
 Go(f) = | e  j 2 ft |2 No ; – B < f < + B
d
= 0 ; elsewhere
The power spectral density and auto correlation functions are Fourier transform pairs.
Ry() = F–1[Go(f)]

j2f
=  G (f )e

o df
Also as per property of auto-correlation function the power carried by a signal is given by its
auto-correlation function as under,

j2f (0)
y2 = Ry(0) =  G (f)e

o df

=  G (f )df

o
Therefore, output noise power ,

B
 j 2 ft
 y2 = No  | e |2 dfd
B
B
 y2 = N o  1 df  2 N o B
B
(Refer Communication Systems by A.B. Carlson fourth edition pg. 130 & 400)
25. Noise with double-sided power spectral density of K over all frequencies is passed through a RC low pass filter
with 3 dB cut-off frequency of fc. The noise power at the filter output is
(a) K (b) Kfc
(c) Kfc` (d) 
GATE(EC/2008/2M)
25. Ans.(c)
R
+ +
Vi(f) C Vo(f)
 
Transfer function of RC low pass filter,

Vo (f ) 1/ j2 fC
H(f) = 
Vi (f ) R  1/ j2 fC
1 1
 H(f) = 
1  j2 f RC 1  j f
fc
1
where, fc = = cutoff frequency of filter
2 RC
Relation between spectral densities of input and output signal of a filter is given by,
Sy (f) = |H (f)|2 Sx (f) ........(ii)
where Sy(f) spectral density of output and Sx(f) spectral density of intput.
Input to the filter is a white noise. The double sided spectral desnity of white noise is given by,
No
Sx(f) =
2
Sx(f)
No/2
f
No
Given, Sx(f) = = K ........(iii)
2
From (i), (ii) and (iii), we have,
2
 1 
Sy(f) =  2
 K

 1  (f / f c ) 
K
 Sy(f) =
1  (f / fc )2
Power of signal in terms of its power spectral density is given by,

P =  S(f )df

So, the noise powr at the filter output can be given as,

Po = S

y (f )df
 K 
 Po =   df
 1   f / f 2 
  c 

2  1 
 P o = Kf c   f
 c
2  df
f2 

1
2 1 f 
 Po = Kf c  tan 
 fc f c  
  1 1
P o = Kf c tan   tan ( ) 
    
 P o = Kf c      
 2  2 
 P o =  fc K
 1  1 x
Note :   2 2 
dx = tan 1
a x  a a
[Refer Communication Systems by Simon Haykin,3rd Edition,pg.274(Ex.17)& Analogand
Digital Communications by Schaum Series 2nd edition pg. 196(Ex. 7.32)]
28. A white noise process X(t) with two-sided power spectral density 1×1010 W/Hz is input to a filter whose
magnitude squared response is shown below.
2
|H(f)|
1 Y(t)
X(t)
f
–10k Hz 10k Hz
The power of the output process Y(t) is given by

(a) 5  107 W (b) 1  106 W
(c) 2  106 W (d) 1  105 W
GATE(EC/2009/1M)
28. Ans.(b)
2
|H(f)|
1 Y(t)
X(t)
f
–10k Hz 10k Hz
Power spectral density of output of system is given by,

 SY(f) = |Y(f)|2 = |H(f)|2SX(f)
where, SX(f) = power spectral density of input of process.
Power of signal in terms of its power spectral density is given by,

P =  S(f )df

So, the power of output signal can be given as,


Po = S

y (f )df
Power of y(t), P o = S

Y (f ) df

2
 Po =  | H(f ) | S

X (f ) df
Given ,Power spectral density of input noise of process,

SXf) = 10–10 W/Hz

2
 Po =  | H(f ) | 10 10 df


10 2
 Po = 10  | H(f ) | df

 Po = 10  Area under the curve of | H(f ) | 

10 2
10 1 1 
 Po = 10    10  103  1   10  103  1
2 2 
6
 Po = 10 W
[Refer Communication Systems by Simon Haykin,4th Edition,pg.45(1.7)]
52. An antenna pointing in a certain direction has a noise temperature of 50 K. The ambient temperature is 290 K.
The antenna is connected to a pre-amplifier that has a noise figure of 2 dB and an available gain of 40 dB over
an effective bandwidth of 12 MHz. The effective input noise temperature Te for the amplifier and the noise
power Pao at the output of the preamplifier, respectively, are
(a) Te = 169.36 K and Pao = 3.73 × 10–10 W (b) Te = 170.8 K and Pao = 4.56 × 10–10 W
(c) Te = 182.5 K and Pao = 3.85 × 10–10 W (d) Te = 160.62 K and Pao = 4.6 × 10–10 W
GATE(EC-I/2016/2M)
Ans. (a)

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Noise

1 Types of noises in communication systems

ii) Internal Noise

= 4  1.38  300  10  2  1024

V neq = Vn21  Vn22  .....Vn2x

Vn = 4KTBR neq  Vneq

Vn1 + + Vn2 + Vnx + Vn

In = I12  I22  ....I 2x

Vs2 / R  Signal power

Vn2 / R  Noise power

Noise figure in terms of equivalent noise resistance:-

Stage-I Stage-II Stage-N

LPF original message

Noise power at input,

7.2 Performance of DSB/SC

LPF Message signal

7.3 Performance of DSB/FC

When ma = 1 (means 100% modulation)

If bandwidth is double the SNRo is 4 times

10. Noise calculation for various AM systems :-

Noise performance of DSB-SC system :-

11. Noise power calculation :-

–(fc+fm) –fc –(fc–fm) fc–fm fc fc+fm

2nd left shifting :

–(fc+f m) –fc fc fc+fm

After multification with cos ct. Shifting the spectrum

= Ac cosct + Ac x(t) cos ct

GATE Practice Questions

7. A square wave (amplitude ± 10 mV, frequency

50 50 50 50

when the detector is operating above the threshold.

In dB, LdB = Pin,dB    Pout,dB

The resultant transfer function of two filters,

Therefore, output noise power ,

Transfer function of RC low pass filter,

The power of the output process Y(t) is given by

Power spectral density of output of system is given by,

So, the power of output signal can be given as,

Given ,Power spectral density of input noise of process,

 Po = 10  Area under the curve of | H(f ) | 

[Refer Communication Systems by Simon Haykin,4th Edition,pg.45(1.7)]

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