Name: Zafar Ullah Khan

Reg No. FA20-BCS-113

Instructor: Ali Iqbal
Date: 10 May 2021

COMSATS INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

ABBOTTABAD CAMPUS
Department of Computer Science

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 (CHAPTER 4)
Case Study 1: Is Your Passport Secure?
Summary of case:
In August 2007, the United States started giving electronic identifications to
its residents. These e-identifications were indistinguishable from customary
U.S. travel papers put something aside for the expansion of a radio
recurrence distinguishing proof chip installed in the back cover. A Radio
Frequency Identification (RFID) chip tunes in for a radio inquiry and reacts
by communicating its own exceptional ID code. The central government
pushed for the selection of e-visas to computerize personality check,
accelerate migration examinations, and increment line insurance. However,
the data innovation security industry has persistently raised worries about
e-identifications, recommending that they may really build security dangers
and data fraud. Following the psychological militant assaults of September
11, 2001, the organization of George W. Hedge pushed through various
measures intended to expand the security of U.S. residents at home also,
abroad. As the organization and the recently settled Department of
Homeland Security (DHS) started thinking about how to more likely secure
all U.S. ports of passage, many started to advocate for a change to
electronic IDs both for U.S. residents and for residents of the 27 nations
with which the United States shares a visa waiver arrangement. The central
government felt that e-visas would eliminate the quantity of phony travel
papers with which worldwide hoodlums furthermore, fear mongers could
access the United States and different nations. In 2002, Congress passed the
Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act, which ordered that an
e-passport program be set up by 2004.

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 Questions

1. What type of security breaches could occur with e-passports?

ANSWER: A biometric identification, otherwise called an e-visa, visa, or a computerized
visa, is a joined paper and electronic visa that contains biometric data that can be
utilized to confirm the personality of explorers. It utilizes contactless savvy card
innovation, including a microchip chip (central processor) and radio wire (for both
capacity to the chip and correspondence) inserted toward the front or back cover, or
focus page, of the identification.

2. Why are passport cards less secure than e-passports? What types of breaches
could occur with passport and EDL cards?
ANSWER: The identification card is less gotten contrasted with the e-passport since e-
passport offers numerous chances to implant security highlights, for example,
biometric that Increase security and so on While the wallet-sized Passport Card does
not offer as numerous chances to install security highlights as an identification book it
utilizes laser etching and that are potentially inclined of falsifying and fabrication. By
one way or another, Passport Card is just about as secure as current innovation grants.

3. What measures do you think federal and state governments should take to protect
the privacy of individuals when issuing these electronic identity cards?
ANSWER:
Sec. 403(c) of the USA-PATRIOT Act explicitly requires the central government to
"create and confirm an innovation standard that can be utilized to check the
character of people" applying for or looking for passage into the United States on a
U.S. visa "for the motivations behind leading individual verifications, affirming
character, and guaranteeing that an individual has not gotten a visa under an
alternate name."
The as of late ordered Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act of 2002,
Sec. 303(b)(1), requires that lone "machine-lucid, alter safe visas and other travel and

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section records that utilization biometric identifiers" will be given to outsiders by
October 26, 2004.

The Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) and the State Department right now
are assessing biometrics for use in U.S. line control compliant with EBSVERA.

Both the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1995 (PRWOA), a
government assistance change law, and the Immigration Control and Financial
Responsibility Act of 1996 (ICFRA), a movement change law, required the utilization of
"innovation" for ID purposes.

The Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRAIRA)
requires the INS to remember for outsider boundary crossing cards "a biometric
identifier (like the finger impression or hand shaped impression of the outsider) that
is machine intelligible." The State Department gathers fingerprints and photos of
outsiders for these cards.