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SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS Vol, 15, No. 4, Dee, 1975

Japanese society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering

METHODS TO ESTIMATE LATERAL FORCE

ACTING ON STABILIZING PILES

ToMie ITo* and TAMoTsu MATsui**

ABSTRACT

The growth mechanism lateralforce acting

of on stabilizing piles in a row due to the
surrounding ground undergoing plastic deformationis discussed, and its theoretical analysis

is carried out considering the interval between the pile$. In this analysis, it is assumed
that two types ef plasticstates occur in the ground justaround piles, ene of which is a
plasticstate satisfying Mohr-Coulomb's yield criterion and the other a plastic state where

the soil is considered as a visco-plastic solid. The former is called the theory of plastic
deformationand the latterthe theory of plastic fiow. Then, the chatacteristics of both
theoretical equations are clarified by examining the effects of various parameters on the
Iateralforce. Comparing between the theoretical and the ebserved lateralforceswhi ¢ h are
obtained in the stabilizing piles against landslides, the order of magnitude of the theoreti-

cal values due to both theories agrees wlth that of the observed values. Whereas, the
theoretical values due to the Hennes' equation underestimate and the equation of the Public

Works ResearchInstituteoverestimate the observed lateralforce. Especially, it is clarified

that under the condition of restrained pile top, the Iateral forceacting on stabilizing piles
may be estimated by the theory of p!astic deformation.

Key words: deformation,earth load,landslide,

pressure, horizontal pile,rheelogy, slope

stability

IGC: E4fE5fE6

INTRODUCTION
When piles are placed through such plastically deforming ground as in landslides, slope
failures or lateral flow,it is considered that piles have a preventive effect against the plas-
tic deformation in the grottnd. Especially, it may be sure that this effect is significant in
the case where piles stand in a row. One of such examp!es will be the stabilizing pile
against landslide, which is often used as a landslidecontrol werk (Yamada,Watari and
Kobashi, 1971; Fukumoto, 1.972,1973;Ito and Matsui, 1974). On the other hand, piles
in a row rnay often pass through a in the problem of slope stability,
sliding surface such

as pile foundation of landingpiers in a harbor (Kitazima and Kishi, 1967; Leussink and
Wenz, 1969; De Beer and Wallays,1972), bridge abutments (Nicu,Antes and Kessler,
1971;･Marche and Lacroix,1972),buildings (Heymanand Boersma,1961; Heyman, 1965)
and so on. In'these cases, the' effect'of piles preventing the plastic deformation in the

* Professor,Department of CivilEngineering, Osaka University,Yamaclakami, Suita, Osaka.

** AssistantProfessor, Department of Civil Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadakami, Suita,
Osaka.
Written discussionson this paper should be submitted before October 1, 1976.

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44 ITO AND MATSUI

ground will be expected.

also Mereover, ferthe purpose of controlling lateralflow induced
in a soft soil layer due to a surface Ioad, it is considered that piles in a row are driven
on both sides of it. These piles also have the same effect as mentioned above.
All phenomena describedabove ar6 cemmon in respect that the piles are. subjected to
lateralforcedue to plastically deforming'ground. While, the problems of lateralresist-
ance in piles have been solved merely for the case of known lateral forceto date. There-
fore, it is very importantto estimate the lateralforce acting on piles due to plastically
deforming ground. But, the growth mechanism of the lateral force,which occurs by the
interactionbetween piles and plasticallydeforming ground, may be very complicated, and it
may not be clarified at all at the present time. ･
The past methods of estimating the lateralforcemay be summarized as follows(Yama-
da, Watari and Kobashi, 1971). Lamb and White have experimentally obtained thelateral
forceacting on a single pile and piles in a row, respectively, assuming that the ground
around piles is a viscous fluid. Because of this assumption, these methods can not be
applied except to a landslide
as a rnud flow. Hennes have obtained the lateral
force,assuming
that the ground isa plasticsolid wi{h cohesion only and that pilesare infinitelythin plates
put parallel to the direction of landslide. Because of the latterassumption, thi's method
neglects the compressive and the shear deformationsof the soil between the piles. Then,
it is supposed that this method will underestimate the Iateralforce. The Public Works
ResearchInstitute (P.W. R. I), the Ministry of Construction,has derived a theoretical
equation for the lateral force,assuming that the passive Rankine failureoccurs in the
ground situated in front of piles. Because of this assurription, this method may estimate
the lateralforce in the limitingstate of landslide rnovement. However, the required value
is not such a limiting value, but a value in the initialstate of landslide movement. There-
fore, itis supposed that this method will overestimate the lateralforce. Recently, an
analysis piles in soils undergoing
of lateralmovement has been describedby Poulos(1973).
'
i".`,hg?,M.e,t,hgg;.gh,e,.e,"ie,C.t,Oi･.i",t.eihVall,8,eh`,Wdeed",,gll･ebS,jS.ggt.,fOnl
ihd,et'eids]
the intervaibetween
piles is not accurately considered, and the soil condition and the plastic state of the sur-
'
rounding ground are not reasonably assumed.
Herein, a theoretical analysis of the lateralforceacting on piles in a row through plas-
tically deforming ground isdescribedconsidering
the intervalbetween piles. In this analy-
sis, it is assumed that two types of plastic states occur in the surrounding ground just
around piies, one of which is a plasticstate satisfying Mohr-Coulomb's yield criterion and
the other a plasticstate considering the ground as a visco--plastic solid. The former is
the theory of plastic deformationand the latterthe theory of
plastic flow in the
called
following. A quantitativeexamination is made varying some of the parameters. Several
comparisons are then carried out between the observed lateralforceacting on stabilizing
'
piles against landslides and that given by the theories.

THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF LATERAL FeRCE ACTING ON STABILIZING PILES

General Remarks
As shown in Fig. 1, pilesof diameterd are placed in a row with a spacing Di through
plasticallydeforming ground. When a lateral deformation occurs in a soil layer of thiek-
ness H in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the row of piles, a lateral force
acts on the piles as an interaction between the the soil layer. In the analysis,
piles and

i,tis suMcient to dealwith the behaviorof a soiHayer between two piles, as shown by
the shadowed portion in Fig. 1. Two types of analyses are carried out, which are based
on the theories of plastig deformation and plastic Eow. It is supposed that the hnalyses

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LATERAL FORCE ONPILES 45

based on former and the lattertheories may be

the
applied to the plasticdeformatlonin a comparatively
hard soil layer and the creep deformationin a soft r,z
soil layer,respectively,
='
accerding to the assumptions
in the two theories.
adirectionof
deformatien
T;heqrbtof PlasticDeformation
Following assgmptions are set up in order to ana- rilizingpile'
lyzethe lateral forceby the theory of plasticdeform-
sectionpt
ation. The soils between two piles ACDFFtD'C'At
are considered, as shown in Fig. 2, - J-
vn"s-a
ASsumptions:
a) When the soil layer deforms,two sliding sur-
facesoccur along the linesAEB and A'E'B', in vt- Zz IZiE7
(rz14+
6
which the linesEB and E'B' make an angle a n"

op!2)'with the x-axis. vr

b) The soil Iayerbecomes plasticonly in the soil R!gn
AEBB'E'A' justaround piles, in which the Mohr- Fig. 1. Stabilizingpiles in a row
Ceulomb's yieldcriterion is applied. Then, the soil' through plastically deforming･
layeris represented'as ground
plastic s61ids with an angle
bf internal frictionop and a cphesion c.

c) The soil layerisin a plane-straincondition

in tbe directionof depth. c + eqtan e

Ti
tsLitiililli
d) Even if frictional forces'acton the sur-
facesAEB and A'E'B', the stress distribution yXxt NNxx

1t,tix+e

d x; l"qkI; av+,za.

dlx
pile t
l
t
ies-8
F
DB x 11//'it

(Ig/
+estx N.
xX-(I+e}x
vN c +(utanO

a Fig. 3. Srnall element,of plastically

deforming ground (EBB'E')
A Ex
NsJX lN X nrl

a"
rt,
I

/ 1
]diO'rectionF℃
of I
c- +obLtane

lxeEt 1 deformationL

ajoax- qt+ dax

1
f1!1 -

D'
B' F' dx

iiets

IIi/ric +qLtano

Fig. 2. State of plastic deformation in Fig. 4. Small element of plastically

the ground iustaround piles deforming ground (AEE'A')

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46 , ITO AND MATSUI

in the soil AEBB'E'A' isalmost the same as that in the case of no frictional
forces on
tho$e surfaces. .
e)Pilesare rigid. .
First,in the zone EBB'E', the equilibrium of forcesacting on a small soil element will

be considered in the x direction,

as shown in Fig. 3.

As a normal
-Dd a.-a.dD+2dx

stress a. en the surface

(a. tan({iL+-l;)+a. tan op+c] =O

EB (E'B')may be approximately a principalstress

(1)

correspending to a principal stress a. from the assumption d), the followingequation is

given as the yield criterion of soil layer from the assumption b).
a.=a.M+2cVM (2)
where, M=tan2(rr14+op12).
From the geometrical conditions,

d(:)
dx= (3)
tan(f+g)
. '
Substituting Eqs. (2)and (3)into Eq. (1), the following equation holds.
Dd a.=dDx {(IVe'f2
tan g+M-1) a.+c(2 tan q+2M!!2 ÷ M"ii2)} (4)
As Eq. (4)is a differential
equation with separated variables, it can readily be integrated,
Then,
(CID)(Np'1'tanV+Np'1)-c(2tanq+2Mlf2+M"112)
Ox;
IVfoi12
tan op+M-1
(5)
where, Ci is an integration constant. .
Next, in the zone AEE'A', the equilibrium pf forcesacting on a small soil element will

be considered in the x direction, as shown in Fig.4.

D2da.=2(a.tang+c)dx (6)
SubstitutingEq. (2)intoEq. (6),and integrating
it,
2MS;n q
c, exp( x)-c(2Mu2 tan op+i)
ax=
Np tan e (7)
where, C2 is an integration constant.
On the other hand, assuming that the active earth pressure acts on the plane AA' in
Fig.2, the normal stress on the plane AA', i.e., the x=;O plane, is represented by the
followingequation:
la.1..,--rzM-i-2clVfo-ii2 (s)
where, z is an arbitrarydepth from the ground surface and r the unit welght of soil.
The constant C2 in Eq. (7)may be obtained considering Eq. (8)as the boundary condition.
' '
Then,
C, rx tan q+c
==
(9)
Using Eqs. (7) and (9), the normal stress acting on the plane EE' in Fig. 2 isobtained by
the following equation:

Iaxlx
±
t{(Di-Dt)n}tan{xis+pf4)
lvfotlanq
:=

((rg tan q+c) .exp( DiEIID2

X NI,tan qtan(-l}+-I}))-c (21Vl,'X2

tan ep+1)] (10)
'
In regard to the zone EBB'E', considering
'
Eq. (10)as the boundary condition on the plane

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LATERAL FORCE eN PILES 47

EE' (whereD=P,), in Eq. (5)the constant C, may be obtained follows:

as

(c, Dh) (Ngei'2tane

･ ÷ Npmo= (MiX2
Iet
ln topa
n+opM
-1)
((r2 tan q+e) exp(
l]tSID2 tan

"'ii2)
M g

Xtan(g+S))-c(2 AJbiiatan g+1))+c(2 tan q+2M'12+Nb (11)

Using Eqs. (5)and (11), the lateralforcepBB, acting on the plane BB' per unit thickness
of layerin the direction
of x-axis is obtained as follews:

((rz
tanP+NP-!)[futan

pBBt=Di {a.}
D.D, == EL(&)(NPi12
g7
tan ep+c)

. xexp(-IY' IL4
Mtanqtan(g+S))-c(2Mv2 tan op+1)1

(i2)
+c2tX"t,q,,l,2.iVqb'i2i3iZgl;iifZ]-c･q2tsc't,q,,+,,2.I>IS:/2iliil\I;i"a

The lateral forceacting on a pile p per unit thickness of layerin the directionof x-axis
is the differencebetween lateralforces acting on the plane BB' and the plane AAt. Then,
it isobtained from Eqs. (8)and (!2)as follows:
p =pBB,-4 {a.} .=o

=cDi(

S/; (exp(
)(NVii2tanP+N"ri)[
;an DiE;4
Ne op
IVL,
tan ep

x tan(g+S))-2M'fa tan g- 1]+

] 2 tit'
,qi,+t.2.igi+f2it4iii2

(pl(
\lriiX2 kt:
Z;
)(N"i't
{ilts
ta"p+Np-i)
-c(Di 2 tgiitiqi2{a2nlbil;lii2i3
-2aivL,-if2] +

D iD,-4
xexp( IVetanptan(X+{))-al (13)

Therefore, the total lateral

force,induced on a stabilizing piledue to the plastically deform-
ing soil layef,will be obtained by the integration of Eq. (13)along the depth of the soil
layer.
Cohesionlesssoil: The cohesion will be considered as zero in cohesionless soils. Replacing
the cohesion c by zero in Eq. (13), the lateralforcep is obtained as follows:

)(NP"2
"`i)

(D,(
{II: I]l]
tE"'"N'
.exp(W' lvbtan g tan(-l}+f))- Llil (14)
p.. ]iit
Cohesivesoil: The angle of internal frictiong will be negligible in cohesive soils.

Repracing the angle of internal frictionq by zero, equations are derivedas describedbe-
fore. In Eq. (4),letthe angle of internal friction
be zero.
dDD=d3a.x
(is)
Integrating Eq. (15),
a.=3c logD+q (16)
where, C3 is an integration constant. Substituting Eq. (2)into Eq. (6),and lettingthe
angle of internarfriction
to vanish,
'
d,"m=&dx
(17)
Integrating Eg. (17),

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48 ･' ITO AND MATSUI

'' '
'
2c
, ax==
D,
x+q as)
' '
where, qis an integration constant.

On the other hand,assuming that the active earth pressure acts en the pl'ane AAt in
Fig.2, the normal stress on the plane AA' isrepresented as follows, referring to Eq. (8);
' ･ '
iam]m.e=rz-2c (19)
The constant (7iin Eq. (18)
may･ be obtained considering Eq. (19)
as the boundarycondi-
tion. Then, the normal the plane EE' in Fig. 2 is obtained follows:
stress acting on

'
gs
''
, laxlx-{(D,-D,y2}t,.{.is)=c(qE4
tan-l}-2)+rz
, (2o)
In regard to the zone EBB'Et, considering Eq. (20)as the boundary condition, the con-
stant Ck in Eq. (16)is obtained as follews:

q.. ,( afiDhtang -3 iog4-2)+r2 (2i)

,. . '
,Using Eqs. (16)and (21), the lateral forcepBB, acting on the plane BB' per unit thickness
of layerin the directionof x-axis is obtained as follows: ･

PBB,=Dl {a.}
D.D,

Then, as for the cohesive'

:=
Di(c (3Si'
PtE4log + tan{}-2)+r2i (22)
soils, the lateral
forcep acting on a pile per unit thickness of
layerin the directionof x-axis is,obtained.as'follows:
'
P=PBri,-T4{a.}.=o

.
=c(a(3iogiill;-DiitQztan-liL)-2(p,-p,)i+rz(q-n2) ･ (23)
71heory of ReasticFlow
Following assumptions are set up in order to analyze the lateral
forceby the theory 6f
plasticflow, The soil between two piles ACDFF'D'C'A', which fiowsin at a velocity vi,
is cqnsidered as shown in Fig. 5. '
'
Assumptions: ' '
a) A visco-plastic fiowoccurs in the zone AEBB'E'A' just around piles, and the direc-
tion of the fiow is always centripetal towards th,e center O in the z6ne EBB'E', where the
lines E-t and E'B' ma'ke an angle of za!4 wi,th the x-axis. '
' b) The soil layeris in
a' steady state, and,it isrepresented as visco--plastic solids, i,e.,
Bingham solids with a yield stress rv and a plastic viscosity opp. '
c) The soil layerflowsunif'ormly in'the directionef' depth. ･ ･
d) Forces exerted on small portions GH and G'H' by a small clay element GHH'G' at
a certain radius r can be obtained as the sum of a forcedue to earth pressure and a vis-
cous forceobtainesl!titly assuming the flow of this element to be a visco-plastic flow in a
ch'annel of width GG' with smooth base.
'. ' ･
e) Pilesare rigid..
'
Firstof all, a channel of width B, lengthL and unit depth isconsidered as shown in
Fig.6. No friction acts on itsbase, becattse it is assumed to be smooth. The steady
visco-plastic fiow ef Bingham solids is dealtwith in such a channel. When a pressure
dp' is applied, the total shearing forcepoacting on side walls may be obtained by the
same manner as in the analysis of pipe fiow (Nakagawa and Kanbe, 1959), as follows:

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LATERILL FeRCE ON PILES 49

pile I`
F
DB

l,#Ilil, xHN
L

r
Nx
G
xcg x AP'
1
A 1/ x1I<I::1 v
t,r r
LOI xU14
vo
n"
xv,"i
X.Tl
IX
tdirection
n
F ･anAf o--a

t ofi

,
k
t' r2 flow
f
C' G' x
ft/
H! Fig. 6. Plasticflow in a channel

1 with smooth base

D'
B' Ft

i]e

f
Fig. 5. State ef plasticflew in the ground
justaround piles

2L
Po :
B {2oppvo+Brv+V(2op,ve+BT,)2-B2T,2} (24)
where, vo denotesa velocity plug in a channel.
of
In regard te the zone EBB'E' in Fig.5, using Eq. (24)under the assurnption d), a vis-

cous force exerted on small portion$ GLH and G'H' by a small clay elernent GHH'G' may
be derived. In this small clay element, of plug isdescribed
the velocity by vp and the x-
axis component of shearing forceacting on small portions (irHand G'H' by dpi.Carrying
out such replacernents of notation V-li-dpt,
as po:=: B=zar12, L= dr and vo= vp in Eq. (24),
the following equation ls obtained:

dPi" tll-r2
dr(4 Vpvp+rrrT,+ sl (4op,v,+rrr7,)2M (rrrT,)21 (25)
'
It is considered that the soil fiowsuniformly at average velocities vi, vr and v2 through
tA- A "-hs

surfaces BB', GG' and EE' in Fig, 5, respectively. From continuity,

2D, '
Vr=
xr
Vl (26)
D, Vi
V2=
D, (27)
Assuming that a velocity of plug
vp approximately equals v,, when a distance between the
surface EB (E'B')
and is small, the x-axis component
the plug of viscous fercePi acting
on surfaces EB and E'B' is obtained by substituting Eq. (26) intoEq. (25)and integrating
'
it, as follows:

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50 ITO AND MATSVI

Pi==JljZ)!/7
vi-2 (m ria
+2Tv+2vmT,Z{Elll,[ii}II4rv
)dr
=T,(D, - D,) -m(D,-i- D2-')+ J2mTcr
(/i+ 2TllDl
,2
m1/i+
2rlleD,2

ft:i}
" r'
+!og:;[i (2s)
.flli
.i
where, m=16oppviDilz2･

On the other hand, the x component of total forcep2 due to earth pressure acting on
surfaces EB and EtB' is obtained, considering the earth pressure to be the active one,

That is,
P2= (rz-2c)
(D,-D2) (2g)
where, z is an arbitrary depth from the ground surface, T the unit weight of soil c and

the cohesion of soil. It is supposed that in this case the cohesion of soil c approximately
equals the yield of soils rv. stress Next, the x component of the forcep5 acting on sur-

faces AE and A'Et is enly the viscous force,becausesurfaces AE A'E' are parallel
and

to the x-axis. Therefore,carrying out such replacements of notation Po=Ps, B=D2,

as

L=[(Di-D2)/2] tan (nj8)and vom v, in Eq. (24),and using Eq. (27).,

the following equa-

/
tion iS Obtaine :

,=(J-l}-m1) (D,-D,){scrD2I
+r,+I/( sTD2y
)a+ za42Dm,Ev]

layerin
(30)
direction
Then, lateralforceacting
the on a pilep per unit thickness of the of

x-axis is obtained by summing up pi, p2 and Ps. That is,

P=lb,+P,+Ps

=
v2m'er(/i"2T:IDI nd/"
z2 2T:eDi2
"iog
Sl[lllllll.
)]
:.,,
+ (D,mD,) (Vis-Dl3
T2m
( + (v'2-1) /( )2+ srrD2111,
za42DMiv
+ DllDl
,

+VL2'Tv-2c+rz] (31)
Finally,the total lateralforce,induced on a stabilizing pile due to the plasticflow of soil
layer,will be obtained by the integrationof Eq. (31)along the depth of the soil layer.

CHA.RACTERISTICS OF THEORIES '

Thetheoretical equations of the lateralforceinduced on a stabilizing pile include matiy
parameters in both the theories of plastic deformation and plastic fiow, hs described be-
fore. Therefore,it rnay be necessaiy that the characteristics of theoretical equations are
･clarified
by examining the effects of various parameters on the laterai force. The common
.parameters in beth theoretical equations are the unit weight r, the depth from the ground
,surface a, the interval between piles Di and
center-to-center the clear interval between
piles D2. Moreover, there are sorne other parameters representing mechanical properties of
soils. That is, in the theory of plastic deformation, the angle of internalfriction
opand the

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LATERAL FORCE ON PILES 51

¢ ohesion c, and fiow,the yield stress Tv (-'c),the plastic vis-

in the theory of plastic
cosity oppand the fiow velocity
layervi. of soil .
In regard r and z, the Iateralforce p increaseslinearlyas r or 2
to the parameters
increases, becauseboth･theoretical equations of lateralforceare linearexpressions ef r or
x. On the other hand, the effects of parameters Di, D2 and mechanical propertiesof soils
･are complicated, and very importantat that. Therefore, the characteristics of theoretical
equations are examined taking notice of these parameters in the following. In order to
examine the effects of D, and D,, the ratio D21Di and the diameter of pile (Di-P2) are
chosen as parameters. And for the effects of mechanical properties of soils, in the theory
of plasticdeformation q and c are chosen as pararnetgrs,and in the theory of plastic flow
Tb and (vt･opp). The reason why (vi･opp) is chosen as a parameter is due to the fact that
vt and vp are necessarily includedas the product in the theoretical equation of plastic flow.
The characteristics of theoretical equation for the theory of plastic deformation are
shown in Figs.7(a) and (b),8(a) and (b),and 9. All these figuresshow the relation

'}
'f2t/m3'
Y2tlmS
zl5m1tttDl-D,30[mttt. z5/n
30
3e?)"g'a
Dl-D2iOc'm-
cOkglcm!
.l･
;･).ltvrv ' 't''35o!
45o
cO,lkgtcm
40
I.E1
20'Egy-;:
'30' 2ogT･-.:8
'3so'i30"11e=zs"1'l
I' 1/
'
/1di=Z/-iC i
''

11Zo.
'
11･
:
ill
/
/'[
15,2eI/
108ts- ' 10is- .t
''
11,so.''

:'looI//
s
5"IO･i1-[
'L
tt5

OeiL
1
'J 't-' f nv-tt :
o o,s' o O.5 1.0
1.0
D, X D, D2 1 Ol

(a) c=Okglcm2 (b) c=O. lkgfcm2

Fig. 7. The effect of angle of internal£ rietion dion the theory of plasticdeformation

v2tlmS Li v2t/m3
si'
'i'''Dl-D2l30cm
fim
3e?:t,t.pfi.t'a !oE)fl'E
z5m e'
i D:-D:'30cm
lil e'o
teioei
t---･/../,
'
tt....ttt
-elo'tttttttttt
ttttt 1"'-r'11-'t th10o

1 ,11
2osP'3:8' 'oe tt 20I9･--:g
1 ete'e
"2o'o.oEs-
'jil'
1ll'
!i'ei1's
'1 C4??'l/
i o･i

icts"
itt-ttt･-o･･go'
lo.ff'e..t･o19fe-'
IOts" 'tt0?i{
0'eo'e.'f1

'
/

ot-/l'1.
. ''
/:

1
o o.s 1.0 o O.5
Di V Di D, 1 D, .dnt"1.0

(a) di==oe (b) ip=loe

Fig. 8. The effect of coh esion c on the theory of plasticdeforrnation

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52 ITO AND MATSUI

c
./'l
--eZr5m
Y2tlth.i Y2tlm3

30 30 ,z5rn '
'E
di10ei DrD2'3Dcm
2so
cO.1kglcm2Er TO.5kg/cm!
A 't' e ?a'osoJeeo

s- 1?e
F
)' tj1/
e S
'a
=. 20 e',Po 20
a lio
L
r

e
. ""eo / g
P
.r itt1
l
o eitl
.r =
P iol
s
e
di
'

; in'' g ･
v
o

'' X10 £
pt/l'2.-i'oo'ikglcip

t
.lo
u. /'
/
L
L o
e l v
g , :1!Ii,il

[o'
'
O O.5 1.0 O O.5 1,U,
D21]1 D21Dl
'
Fig. 9. The effect of pile diameter Fig. le. The of product of
effect flow
(Di-D2)on the theory ef plastic yelecity plastie viscosity (vt+
and
deformation nyp) on the theory of plastic flow
'
'
11/
1'
Y2txms T2timi

..t.ttttttt-IITt-z5m 30 L/'z5tn
30
DluD23ecm 11l11/ vT.npSkgfcm

II ･-
nE' v].5kfcm
.E ' Te.5ltglcrf
g.
t/iT'tttttt....t.t
,-
x

-v'
lI v 1 i' '''

l
1
l/I
- U
=. 20 /i･

l
7p..'2e
T.OJk1osr l
[
e･
'
"'xit/ tttt.ttttO.5k/crf c
o
iil
2L-1.0kgltim2 iso)?o90-
'r
a

'e'
o
c =
lt1.L....11/ 1:
:･l '1/K-: 1mt.t...t
l･i 2 le .t.t60i
..-.t.･D'ittttttttt.Oe"
.o.,lo
o
/ !
v
o
i
v
'l 30cm'i'1
/
1･ /
'
''''H..--s--

i l11 '
'
e o.s 1.o o o.s 1.e,
'
･ DzfDl D21D]

Fig. 11. The effect of yield stress Ter on Fig. 12. The effect of pile diameter (Di-
. the theory of plastic flow D2) on the theory of plastic fiow

between the lateralforceper unit depth p and the ratio D2fDi. Generallyspeaking of these-
figures,when the diameterof pile is constant, the lateral force p increasesas the ratioy
Q2!Didecreases,and it increasesrapidly as DhfDi decreasesstill more. In other vvrords,
lt increases as the interval between pilesbecomes narrow relatively. Fig.7(a)and (b)show'
the effectof op for coristant c, and Fig. 8(a) and (b)the effect of c for constant q From
these figures,itis seen that the lateral forcep increases as q or c increases.These ten-
denciesare reasonable, becattse,when q or c in soils is larger,the soils justaround piles-
are harder to pass through between two piles, and then the lateralforcep becomeslarger
in a plastie state satisfying Mohr-Coulomb's yield criterion. When the diameter and the･
interval of piles are constant, the lateral
forcep increasesnonlinearly as v increasesand linear--
ly as c increases. Fig. 9 shows the effect of the diameterof pile (Di-D2).The lateral.
force p increases as (D,-D,) increases. This relation is linear when D21Di is constant.
Next, the characteristics of theoreticaleqttation for the theory of plasticflow are shown
in Figs. 10, 11 and 12. All these figuresalso show the relation between the lateralforce,

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LATERAL FORCE ON PILES 53

p' ratio D2/Di.

and the Generallyspeaking of these figures, when the diameterof pile is
constant, the lateral forcep increases as the ratio P21Di decreases, in the same manner as the
theory of plasticdeformation. Fig. 10 shows the effect of (vi･opp) for constant Tg, and
Fig. 11 the effect ef Tv for constant (viivp). From these figures, it is seen that the lateral
/force p increases as (vt･rpp) increases, and that it does not change very much as Tv changes.
In other words, the lateralforcep ishardly influenced by Tv, but significantly by (vi,opp).
Fig. 12 shows the effect of the pile diameter (Dt-D2). The lateral force p increasesas
<Di-D2) increases. This relation is linearwhen D2/Di is constant

COMPARISONS WITH FIELD MEASUREMENTS

The lateral
obseryed forces acting on stabilizing pilesin landslide areas are compared with
the theoretical The observations
ones. are made in the typical･Tertiary landslideareas of
Niigatain Japan,which are Katamachi, Higashitonoand Kamiyama landslideareas (Fu-
kumoto, 1972, 1973). In these Iandslides, the clay layersof several meters thick, mixed
with pieces of mudstone, slide slowly. The stabilizing piles used are hollow reinforced
concrete piles (diameter 300mm, wall thickness 60mm) in Katamachi randslidearea, and
steel pipe piles (diameter 318.5rnm, wall thickness 6.9mm) in the other landslideareas.
These pilesare set up zigzag in two rows at 4 m intervals, and the intervalbetween the
rows is 2rn. Electric strain gages are installedin piles, and the lateral forceis analyzed
from the measured strains inducedin piles. Pileswhich become the object of comparison
between the observed'2 and the theoretical lateralferce, are the Katamachi B pile, the Hi-
gashitono No. and No. 3 pi!es, and the Kamiyama No. 1 and No. 2 piles. The condi-
tions of surrounding ground and the observed lateralforces(dotted lines)acting on' these
fiV8.PilXSe (aer)E
a.rteheSrhOhWanndlnsoFilg5,io3pe(rat)igrs
,hown in Tabie i, which are requirea for obtain'
ing the theoretical values of lateral force. For the theory of plastic deformation,soil
aconstants c and opare obtained by the shear test or the standard penetration test For
the theory of plastic flow,soil constants Ty and oppare estimated by the Komamura's equa-
tion (1967) and the measured values by the vane shear test (Nakano,1963). Because
these values of Ty and opp are not estimated with accuracy and the theoretical values due
to the theory. of plastie fiow is significantly influenced by the value of (vi･opp), it is sup-
posed that the theoretical values due to the theory of plasticflow do not have high relia-
bility.Therefore,the comparison between the obsgrved and the theoreticalvalues due to
the theory of plasticflow isrestricted to qualitativeor rough discussiQns. ･
The theoretical Iateralforces,obtained by using the soil constants in Table 1, are shown

Table 1. Soil properties of deforming ground

plastically

t;iillLII
Kata.m Kamiyama Higashitono

-x.. Nb.1L9 Nb.2L9 Nb.2X9 Nb.31.

unit weight r t!mS L92e, 9oO.
angle of internal friction
q degree oO. o o
cohesionckg!cm2 25e. 41O. O.41O. O.44O. 51O.
yield stress rerkgfcm2 17--O.29 17-vO.41 17-O, 41 17tvO.44 17NO. 51
product of flow velocity 3.8 × 10r'7tv 3,8 × 10L7-.
and plastic viscosity 3.8× 10-7-v 3.8× 10-7-v 3.8 × zo-7.v
(Vi･Vp) kg!itm2 6, 1 × lo-i 2.6× lot 2.6 × lot 6.0 × 10t 5. 5 × 101

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54 ITO AND MATSVI

in Fig. 13 (a)-v(e).
The
linesand the shadowed portions correspond
solid to the theories
of plasticdeformationand plastic flow, respectively. And for the purpose of comparison,
the theoreticalvalues due to the Hennes' equation and the equation of P.W.R,L are also

shown by chain lines ･with one dot and two dots,respectively.

o 1
Etsrpa
force acting on pile Ctlm)
n -6 -4 -2 o 2 4 6 8 loo 200 300
sE.gT
i)-

2 t
vdd.-L-
at ''11''rNNN
4-.za
siv8:Lk,ffzv.

4 A-

AEv xNNx'"<Ilfil''"
----IF..,.'rK
¢ t
2ec=
T
6`4-,xv8 ,Nxt,,/x ss
.E a 2.5 tlm2
wsu

rdti8'tss:fRtout
v11- × .s

,slidingsurface--
i-'
-p--ir'' e'TT=7"
L
-- l
SSL.-.
1
10 NN
Ms-hh
i
-1'x
observed value Theo.PlasticDeform'
J
1
tl Theo.PlasticFlow
--
Hennes
- P.L･r,R,L

(a) Katamachi B pile

force acting on pile (m)

o EH
-8-6-4-2O24'681020406osoleo12

nv-ttt. A
hS.P.T,=,5-8
o ''
r '

4U 't,/r/ tt'k//'''....L'xXx' ss

h5s2v
xNs
slidingsurfacevg･,,･(''
so] --fi111'
E rrJ-.- / 1
epth8goE'.'v=e.-,mitS.P.T,=le-20.t-I[

.---ny--.HL-.-..M
observedvelueH-!x,
'coil
p '
i1 11x

11 J
/
1 iTheo

10
1i
/
/
'Ii
: ' t. tlttttttttt
J･PlasticDeform.

:l/S.P.T.l40 ' 'Theo,PlasticF]ow

o ' '
1Hennp.s
pv s

slt ll '[P,W.Il,L '

J'
EF

(b) Kamiyama No.1 pile

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LATERAL FORCE ONPILES 55

forceactingon pile{t!m)
-
o
E'l"- -6 -C
.s1･--r -2 O 2 F[ 68
nviT"-l20
40 6e 8D leO 12D

't--t-
x

2 --RF
L

hrfii

4nEW=6vnorv
U
S.P.T.= 5-8 x sN

× Ns

egv8-e.gP2p
sliding surface

S.P,T.=10--20
8 op.:n
s
7--'uJ

ebserved va]ue rr- i-

l --'/

ostig

10
/LlI
s,F',:)4e
E tt11/1t

(c) Kamiyama No. 2 pile

force acting on pile (t/m)

o mSg. Et'"
fiee.E 12-8-4b48l220 40 60 80 100 120
c"-----nvttt
x==1.//Li//

2 !tsgeg
.s
=vfi

4 2scu.Ots
8:e
/
/''vLrf',
1

'/vn × s
s'

-Ev=Paorv

dingsurface
6 i---t"-t' tr-r '
x
' --
×

----..---...-.
xo

8.Ie"awthl:
8 ervedvalue
)it.'if

10 Thee. P]astie Deform.

o IO 2o 3p 4a .--.....t-.
smgE .:-1 "----/1=-- Theo.i P1.
a.sticFlow
S.T,P.
--tttt.....--.......---
Hennes
P.W,R.I.

(d) Higashitono No. 2 pile

' '
In Fig,13 (a)-v(e), there are two types of distrlbutionsof observed lateralforces. The
one is a case where reaction acts at the top of pile, and the other is a case where the
lateralforceconcentrates between 1 and 2m above the sliding surface and where the dis-
tribution of them seems to be a triangle. It is considered that such triangular distribu-
tions of lateral forcehave been obtained as a result of influences of pile deformation and

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56 ITO AND MATSUI

force acting on pile Ctfm)

o's E
saE r-6-4･-202468]O204060SO100120

.eQ11L2)trv-[[･r-Ov>1utov'
t l

ReK
e]uE
sN

4 x
-'rnt-uteU
AE,vspaUv

g
£

sliding
/)-
.t s ss

6-ors surface '-

ny -t--m--J :

geohzOoo -----nt---
observed-t-L.---u-.shl
'
8vcuv[ value tt]-''tf
LO x
=-vut /
ftvs x
=LE
'
10 i Theo.PlasticDeform.
'
' Theo.PlasticFlow
vgo".g
--- Henmes
'
JV-trano10203040
----P.W.R.I.
･S.P,L '
. (e) Higashitono No.3pile
Fig. 13. Cendition of surrounding ground and compatisen between the theoretical and
the obseryed yalues of lateral
force acting on stabilizing piles against landslides
'
non-uniform movements of sliding Iayerwith depth. Whereas, the theoretical distribu-
tions of lateral
force are trapezoidal, because it is assumed that the piles are perfectly
rigid. ･
The observed and the theoreticallateral forcesare compared quantitatively. The theo-
･reticalvalues due to the Hennes' equation are lessthan the observed ones, and those due to
the equation Of P.W.R.I. greater than the observed ones. The theoretical values due to
the theories of plasticdeformation and plastic flow fall between the values due to the
Hennes' equation and the equation of P.W.R.I., and they are in approximatelythe same
order of magnitude as the observed values. These facts seem to be a rnatter of course,
because in the Hennes' equation the compressive and the shear deformationsof soii be-
tween pilesisn'ot considered and in the equation of P.W. R.L the limiting value of lateral
force is obtained. As the soil constants used in the theory of plastic flow are compara-
tively rough, it does not seem fruitfulto make more quantitativediscussionson the theo-
retical values due to the theory ef plasticflow. However, when soil constants are obtained
with a certain degree the reliability
of aqcuracy, of the theory of plastic flow will be
discussedin more detailand
the possibilityof its availability may remain, because the
observed values are included in the regions of the theoretical ones. ･
Next, each pile will be,discussed.Fig. 14 shows the comparison between the observed and

the theoretical total lateral

forces. The theory of plasticdeformation,the Hennes' equation
and the equation of P.W.R.I. are chosen as the theoretical values. Generaily speaking,
the theoreticalvalues due to the equation･of P.W.R.I. overestimate the observed ones.
In the Katamachi B pile, the observed total lateralforce is the closest to the theoretical
one due to the
Hennes' equation. But･the largestobserved value of lateralforce is con-
siderably largerthan that of Hennes' equation as seen from Fig. 13 (a).And the theoretical
value is obtained under the' assumption that piles do not deform, but the observed valtie

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is affected by pile deformation;esPeciallY seo

it becomes very small near both the sur-

face of sliding and the top of pile. More- 6oe
over, as this pile is a reinforced con-

crete pile and itsbending strength is com-

:ts
paratively small (about112.5 of that of vr-ste
400

steel pipe pile used), it isconsidered that

the bending failureoccurs in the pile be- 2oo
fore the surrounding ground becomes plas- t
30
tic and the lateral forcebecomes smaller. glo)re'a
From the reasons describedabove, it is
supposed that the observed total lateral g..t. 20
force acting on the Katamachi B pile ot"ts5or

////-tttt
apparently resembles the theoretical value 44 4
i/
p=e
10
due to theHennes' equation. Therefore, " as
//
lt
/t /1
/

Hennes' i//////// //
it is considered that the
/t
equation 11 /t
il 1l
the lat-
:
may fundamentallyttnderestimate o IO 20 3D 40
･eral force.In the Higashitono No.2 pile observed va]ue of tetal for.ce
and the Kamiyama No.2 pile, the theo-
(t)
acting en ptile
'the Fig. 14. Compaxison between the theoretical
retical values due to theory of plastic
and the observed values of total lateral
deformation approximate the observed
force acting on stabilizing piles against
ones in both the total lateralforce and landslides
its distribution,and the theoretical ones
due to the Hennes' equatien are underestimated, as seen from Figs. 13 (c), (d)and 14. In
the piles of Higashitono No.3 and Kamiyama No.1, the observed total lateralforcesare
.approximately plotted between the theoretical values due to the theory of plastic defor-
mation and the Hennes' equation, as seen from Fig. 14. But the distributions of observed

and the theoretical Iateral forcesare considerably as seen from Fig. 13 (b)and
different,
(e).It issupposed that this difference rnay be caused by the piledeformationbecauseof no
/reaction near the pile top.
The above discussions
may be summarized as follows:The
theory of plasticdeformation
'isbased on the assumptions that pilesthe rigid are the ground above the sliding
and that

surface reaches a plasticstate only justaround piles. In such a case that these assumptions
･do not hold, that is, the effect of pile deformation is largeand the bending failureoccurs
in piles before the assumed plastic state occurs, the observed value of lateral forcebecomes
smaller than the theoretical one due te the theory of plastic deformation,and it happened
'to approximate the Hennes' equation apparently the Katamachi B pile).(as In the case
where no reaction the pile top behind a pile, the distribution
occurs at of observed !ateral
'force differs
from the theoretical one, becauseof largedeformationof pile (asthe piles of
Higashitono No. 3 and Kamiyama No. 1). But, in the case where the assumption regard-

ing pile deformationis approximately held by the reaction at the pile top behind a pile,
the observed total lateralforceand its distribution may approximate the theoretical enes
due to the theory plasticdeformation(asthe piles of HigashitenoNo.2 and Kamiyarna
of
No, 2). It may be concluded that the lateralforceacting on piles due to the plastically
･deforming ground may be estimated by the theory of plastic deformation,under the con-
･ditionof restrained pile top.
CONCLUSIONS
this paper have been investigated the groWth mechanism
Inthe and method of estimating

lateralforce acting on stabilizing piles due to the surroundingthe soil undergoing defoma-

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58 ITO AND MATSUI
'
tion. The followingconclusions '
may be made:
(1) The theoretical solutions ef the laterarforceare obtained considering the intervar
between piles in a row and two types of plasticstates in the theories of plasticdeforma-
tion and plasticflow.
(2) In boththeories, the lateralforceaeting on a pilep per unit thickness of layer
l.:CIfiaeSecSasaeS apnilg.it increases repidly
rcaotniOstaDi2tlDdiiadmtgigraSg?
otfhea
as D21Di decreases still more,

(3) In the theory of plasticdeformation,the lateralforcep increases as the angre of

internalfrigtion g or the cohesion c increases.It increasesnonlinearly for q or linearly
for e, in the case where the diameter and the interval of piles are constant And, it
increaseslinearly as (Di-Dz) increases when D21Di is constant. .
(4) In the theory of plasticfiow, the lateral force p increasesas (vi･opp) iricreases,
but it doesnot ehange very much as Tv changes. And, itincreases linearlyas (Di-D2>
increaseswhen D2/Di is constant. ･
(5) The theoretical lateralforcesdue to both the theories of plastic deformation andi
plasticflowagree, in terms of the order of magnitude, with the observed ones which are
obtained in the stabilizing piles against landslides.Whereas, the theoretical values due to
the Hennes' equation underestimate and the equation of P.W.R,I.･ everestimate the ob-
'
served values. .
6cgnd:･tloenlaotferraeistfrOaf.;eedPpEieaYtobp9
eStiMated by the theory of plastic deformation under
the<

. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors liketo express their appreciation
would to Mr. Y. Fukumoto forthe kind offer
of his experimental
data in the fieldmeasurement. And they also wish to express their
gratitudeto Messrs,T. Fujihara and K. Kamono for their calcurations and helpful
discussions.
'
･ NOTATION
B=width of a channel

c =
cohesion of sQils
C,,q, q, q=integration
constants

d=::diameter '
of pile
D =distance
in a row '
to the direction
of piles
Di:::center-to-centerintervalbetween piles in a row
D2=clear interval between piles
H= thickness of soil layer
L=length of a channel
m=16 npv,DYrr2
AIL,==flowvalue (tan2(T14+q12)) ･
p =lateral
force acting ,on a pile per unit thickness of layerin the direction
of x-
,
axls .
forceacting
pBB,=lateral on the plane BB' per unit thickness of layerin the direc-
tion of X-axis -
Pi forceacting on surfaces
=viscous EB and E'B' per unit thickness of layer in
the direction of x-axis ･
P2=:totalforcedue to earth pressure acting on surfaces EB and E'Bt per unit
thickness of Iayerin the directionof x--axis
ps=force acting eri surfaces AE and A'E' per unit thickness of layerin the direc-
'
tion of x-axis'
zip'==applied pressure in a channel

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LATERAL FORCE ON ?ILES , 59
'
'
po= total shearing forceacting on side walls of a channel
.r--..

r =radius of GG'
.-mx

ri==radius of EE'
A
r2=::radius of BB' A

viu-velocity through the surface BB'

Xnys

v2--velocity through the surface EE'

t"-s

v,=velocity through the surface GG'

vo=velocity of plug in a channel
vp=velocity of plug in a flow between piles
x =direction of deformation
in a soil layer
g = depth
' '
a= rrf4-q12

r ==unit weight of soil

opp=plastic viscosity
a.==normal stress on the surface making a right angle with x-axis

a.==normal stress on the surface making an angle of ev with x-axis

Tv=yield stress .
op==angle of internal friction
of soils
'

' REFERENCES
1) De Beer, E.E. Wallays, M. (1972):
and induced in piles by unsymmetrieal
"Forces
surcharges

on the soil around the pile," Proc.,5th ECSMFE, Madrid, VoL 1, pp. 325-332.
2) Fukumoto, Y. (1972): "Study
on the behaviour of stabilization piles for landslides," Jour. of
JSSMFE, Vol 12, No.2, pp.61-73 (injapanese).
3) Fukumoto, Y. (1973):
"Failure
conditicn and reaction distributionof stabilization piles for
landslides," Proc,,8th Annual Meeting of JSSM, pp.459-462 (inJapanese).
4) Heyrnan, L, and Boersma, L. (1961);
"Bending
mornent in piles due to lateral earth pressure,"
Proc.,5th ICSMFE, Paris, VoL 2, pp. 425-･429. .
5) Heyman, L. (1965): "Measurement
of the infiuence ef lateral earth pressure on pile foundations,"

Proc,,6th ICSMFE, Montreal, Vol. 2, pp. 257-260. .

6) Ito, T. and Matsui, T. (1974): of piles preventing a slide on the stability of slope,"
"The
effect

Prec,, 9th Annual Meeting of JSSM, pp. 613-6!6 (inJapanese).

7) Kitazima, S. and Kishi, S. (1967): effect of embedded
"An
pipes to increaseresistance against
circular slides in soft clay founctation," Technical Note of Port and Harbour Research Institute,

8) ::'m2a9dlti?g; 6F3J9(4iggi7n)

3, Nb. 2, pp, 1-2 (inJapanese).

:JaR,aTnfige)c'oethcient of piqstic viscosity of iandsiide ciays," Landsiide,VoL

9) Leussink, H. and Wenz, K.P. (1969):

"Storage
yard foundations on soft cohesive soils," Proc..
7th ICSMFE, Mexico, Vol, 2, pp. 149-155.
10) Marche, R. and Lacroix,Y. (1972):
"Stabilit6
des cu16es de ponts etabliessur des pieux tra-
versant une couche molle," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol.9, pp. Z-14.
11)12)Nakagawa, K. and Kanbe, ,H. (1959): Rheology, Tokyo, Misuzu, pp. 340-354 (inJapanese).
Nakano, R. (1963): "Rheological
properties ef landslide clays in the Tertiarylandslide," Tsuchi-

bfi,SMA.FtE,',,VBI'Ri.i'..)tfoki 9filg. (l}g;l)Pa,"e`StX'Eid

tNOi'",l:ISON'
13) .
measurements on instrumentedpiies

under an overpass abutment," Highway Research Record, Nb. 354, pp. 90-102.
14) Poulos, H.G. (1973):"Analysis of piles in soil undergeing lateralmovement," Jour.SMFD,
ASCE, Vol,99, Nb. SM 5, pp. 391-406. .
15) Yamada, G.,Watari, M, and Kobashi,S. (1971): Real Conditionof Landslideand SlopeFailure,
and lts Countermeasure, Tokyo, Sankaido, pp, 167-183 (inJapanese). ･
(Received
May 20, 1975)

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