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Association of the Chemical Engineers of Serbia AChE
Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly
RUIFANG ZHAO
YULONG WANG
YONGHUI BAI
YONGFEI ZUO
LUNJING YAN
FAN LI
State Key Laboratory Breeding
Base of Coal Science and
Technology Co-founded by Shanxi
Province and the Ministry of
Science and Technology, Taiyuan
University of Technology, Taiyuan,
China
SCIENTIFIC PAPER
UDC 662.764:66
DOI 10.2298/CICEQ140614035Z
The gasification technology is now developing
towards high temperatures and pressures with slag-
tapping and coal with high ash fusion temperature
(AFT) account for a significant portion of the world
coal reserves, especially in China where about 50%
of the coal reserves are not suitable for slag-tap gasi-
fication [1]. So, it is important to decrease the AFT to
about 50-100 K lower than the gasification tempe-
rature to meet the requirement of the slag-tapping
technology for specific coal.
Currently, adding fluxing agents is one of the
most effective ways that can decrease the AFT of a
Correspondence: F. Li, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of
Coal Science and Technology Co-founded by Shanxi Province
and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiyuan University
of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
E-mail: lifan66@hotmail.com
Paper received: 14 June, 2014
Paper revised: 3 September, 2014
Paper accepted: 23 September, 2014
www.ache.org.rs/CICEQ
Chem. Ind. Chem. Eng. Q. 21 (2) 343−350 (2015) CI&CEQ
EFFECTS OF FLUXING AGENTS ON
GASIFICATION REACTIVITY AND GAS
COMPOSITION OF HIGH ASH FUSION
TEMPERATURE COAL
Article Highlights
• NBFA and CFA were used to decrease AFT of particular coal
• The AFT of two coals was the minimum when 5 wt.% of CFA or NBFA was added
• Gas mole ratio of H2/CO is adjusted by controlling fluxing agent amount
Abstract
A Na-based fluxing agent Na2O (NBFA) and a composite fluxing agent
(mixture of CaO and Fe2O3 with mass ratio of 3:1, CFA for short) were used to
decrease the ash fusion temperature of the Dongshan and Xishan coal from
Shanxi of China and make these coal meet the requirements of the specific
gasification process. The main constituents of the fluxing agents used in this
study can play a catalyst role in coal gasification. Thus, it is necessary to
understand the effect of fluxing agents on coal gasification reactivity and gas
composition. The results showed that the ash fusion temperature of the two
coal used decreased to the lowest point due to the eutectic phenomenon when
5 wt.% of CFA or NBFA was added. Simultaneously, the gas molar ratio of
H2/CO changed when CFA was added. A key application was thus found
where the gas molar ratio of H2/CO can be adjusted by controlling the fluxing
agent amount to meet the synthetic requirements for different chemical pro-
ducts.
Keywords: ash fusion temperature, fluxing agents, coal gasification,
reactivity, gas composition.
particular coal and the fluxing agents, such as Fe2O3,
CaO and Na2O frequently used, are also the main
constituents of the coal ash [2]. Hattingh et al. [3]
found the catalytic effect of the inorganic constituents
such as the catalytically active species K+, Na+, Ca2+,
Mg2+ and Fe3+ is one of the major factors that controls
the reactivity of the coal. According to previous
research results [4], fluxing agents also have sig-
nificant impacts on char reactivity and gas compo-
sition due to their catalysis. Karimi et al. [5] dis-
covered that gasification reactivity of coal and chars
are a function of porosity (hence the surface area),
crystal structure of the fixed carbon, as well as the
catalytic effect of the ash. Skodras and Sakellaro-
poulos [6] deemed that the catalytic activity of inor-
ganic minerals is dependent on their concentration,
dispersion and chemical form in the coal matrix.
Wang et al. [7] investigate that the addition of cat-
alysts not only increases the gasification rate but also
343
R. ZHAO et al.: EFFECTS OF FLUXING AGENTS ON GASIFICATION…
increases the H2 production, which means the catal-
ysts can not only change the gasification reactivity but
will impact on the gas composition. Sakawa et al. [8]
proposed that the “alkali index” could quantify the
catalytic effect of the inherent inorganic constituents
of coal and found that the CO2 gasification rate inc-
reased as the alkali index increases. Once the tempe-
rature went higher than the coal ash softening tempe-
rature, the catalytic effect would drop off for the min-
eral particles in the coal ash was transferred from
high activity small particles to relatively less activity
agglomerates. Tang et al. [9] came to the conclusion
that when the temperature was increased up to 1823
K, the influence of fluxing agent on Pingdingshan coal
reactivity almost disappeared because of the fusion
and agglomeration of fluxing agent at higher tempera-
ture.
Syngas generated from coal gasification often
has a relatively low hydrogen content and the gas
mole ratio of H2/CO is in the range of approximately
0.7-1.1. For Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of liquid fuels
or methanol, the required H2/CO ratios is 2.0 or
higher. In order to obtain the required H2/CO ratios,
the water–gas shift reaction is indispensable. How-
ever, this would lead to expensive expenditure on
both management and maintenance, so once the
H2/CO ratio could be adjusted by the way of adding a
fluxing agent, it would achieve considerable benefit to
the whole production technology. In addition, both the
operating temperature and pressure of the commonly
used commercial entrained-bed gasifier are extremely
high to ensure a high carbon conversion, which has
brought many challenges to the gasifier materials. For
instance, almost all gasifier users identify the nozzles
used in gasifiers is one of the weakest links in the
process for achieving high on-stream availability fac-
tors. Because of high temperature, the gasifier refrac-
tory brick often fails [10]. Considering that the fluxing
agent can change the reaction pathway, reduce the
reaction activation energy and accelerate the reaction
rate, it can indirectly influence the gasification reacti-
vity and the gas composition. Furthermore, it can be
used in catalytic fields to facilitate energy conserva-
tion and emission reduction.
The majority of the previous published work
[11,12] firstly took a demineralization (acid treatment)
and impregnation method to study the catalytic acti-
vity of minerals in coal gasification. Treated in acid
solutions, cations such as calcium that combined with
carboxyl functional groups in the organic structures
are replaced by hydrogen atoms of the oxygen-con-
taining functional groups [13-14]. Therefore, the rem-
oval of mineral matter from coal by acid treatment is
344
Chem. Ind. Chem. Eng. Q. 21 (2) 343−350 (2015)
inevitably accompanied by structural changes, which
would definitely change the physical property, and
thus, the gasification behavior. In order to avoid the
impacts caused by acid treatment and the impreg-
nation caused, the coal used in this study is raw coal
without any destructive pretreatment.
Based on the above-mentioned discussion, the
fluxing agent can not only decrease the AFT, but also
act as a catalyst. The aim of this work is firstly to
optimize fluxing agents on the base of previous work
and give the mechanism of decreasing AFT briefly,
then focus on the impacts that imposed on gasifi-
cation reactivity and the gas composition, which is of
great significance to the synthesis of coal chemical
products.
EXPERIMENTAL
Material
Dongshan and Xishan coal with high ash fusion
temperature were chosen for this study. The ash
fusion temperature is more than 1773 K in a reducing
atmosphere. The properties of coal samples are
shown in Tables 1 and 2. Single fluxing agent inc-
luding Fe2O3, CaO and Na2O from the decomposition
reaction of Na2CO3 and all chemicals applied were
analytical grade. The composite fluxing agent was
obtained by mechanical mixing of CaO and Fe2O3 at
different mass ratios of 1:1, 2:1, 3:1 and 4:1.
Table 1. Proximate analysis (air dried basis) of the samples (%)
Sample Moisture Ash Volatiles Fixed carbon
Dongshan 0.9 8.7 12.0 78.4
Xishan 2.2 9.2 23.3 65.3
Table 2. Chemical composition of ash (wt.%)
Component
Sample
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO TiO2 SO3 K2O Na2O
Dongshan 43.36 33.70 13.08 3.13 0.71 1.28 0.75 0.35 0.10
Xishan 48.78 40.64 5.06 0.17 0.13 1.70 0.88 0.23 1.30
Procedure and detection method
The gasification process was conducted in a
high temperature simultaneous thermal analysis
NETZSCH-STA449F3, which consisted of a thermo
balance, vapor generator, temperature controller,
vapor furnace and high temperature furnace. The
weight and temperature precision were 0.01 mg and
0.01 K, respectively. Measuring mass profiles of char
samples at high temperature during pyrolysis and
gasification reaction with CO2 and H2O was thus
possible. After gasification, the produced gas was
R. ZHAO et al.: EFFECTS OF FLUXING AGENTS ON GASIFICATION…
analyzed by gas chromatography with a thermal
conductivity detector and flame ionization detector.
The experimental conditions were as follows: coal
sample: 15 mg, gasifying agent: steam (30 ml/min),
gasification temperature: 1173, 1223, 1273, 1323 and
1373 K, protecting gas: Ar (20 ml/min), purge gas: Ar
(20 ml/min), heating rate: 10 K/min, char residence
time: 30 min.
Dongshan and Xishan coal were mixed with 5
wt.% Na-based fluxing agent Na2O (NBFA) or mixture
of CaO and Fe2O3 with a mass ratio of 3:1 (CFA) and
then gasified isothermally at 1173, 1223, 1273, 1323,
and 1373 K at atmospheric pressure. The coal
sample that had been mixed with the fluxing agent
was fed into the plate from the top of the sample
carrier in the thermogravimetric analysis (NETZSCH
STA449F3). It was heated up to the desired tem-
perature and kept for 30 min to prepare the char. The
gasification agents, namely steam were injected and
reacted with the char for 16 min. Product gases
during char gasification process were collected by a
gas bag every two minutes as the beginning of gasi-
fication and the chemical species of CO, H2, CH4 and
CO2 gases were analyzed by the GC to monitor the
gas composition.
The coal ash that passed through a 100-mesh
miller sieve, was put into a cup and homogenized by
10% dextrin solution. It was then placed in the mold
and pressed evenly to shape an ash cone or pyramid.
The sample was dried in air and the AFT was
measured from room temperature to 1773 K with a
SJHR-3 Smart Ash Fusion Analyzer in an oxidizing
atmosphere. After the fusion test, the ash samples
were taken out from the ash fusion analyzer and
cooled down with ice water. The samples were then
dried and stored for XRD analyses. The crystal struc-
1800
1700
Fluid temperature (K)
1600
1500
1400
1300
Figure 1. Effects of Na-based, Fe-based and Ca-based fluxing agents on the AFT of Dongshan and Xishan coal.
Chem. Ind. Chem. Eng. Q. 21 (2) 343−350 (2015)
ture of the sample was analyzed by X-ray diffraction
(XRD) using CuKα radiation with the condition of 40
kV, 40 mA. The scanning rate was 4°/min and the
scanning range was 10-80°.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Effect of single alkaline oxides fluxing agent on AFT
The AFT of a certain coal mainly depends on the
contents of oxides in the coal ash. In general, the AFT
goes higher with the contents of acid oxides inc-
reased and lower with the contents of alkaline oxides
increased reversely [15-17]. From Figure 1 it can be
seen that the fusing impact of the three fluxing agents
on the AFT of Dongshan ash is dramatically different,
and the order of the fluxing effect is Na2O > CaO >
> Fe2O3, when single fluxing agent was added to the
Dongshan coal with different mass fractions. The
reasons may be explained as follows: Na2O reacts
with minerals in the coal ash to produce nephelite
with low melting point. The reaction of nephelite,
quartz and mullite in the coal ash would lead to
eutectic phenomenon at about 1373 K [18,19].
When an Fe-based fluxing agent such as Fe2O3
was added, the AFT of the coal ash in a weak red-
ucing atmosphere was found to be about 20-150 K
lower than that in the oxidizing atmosphere [20]. The
Fe2O3 can be reduced to FeO and then will react with
aluminium silicates in the coal ash at high tempera-
ture to form the mixture of substances with low melt-
ing point [21], such as Fe2SiO4 and Fe2Al2O4. For
CaO, Figure 1 shows that the AFT of the Dongshan-
-CaO mixtures gradually decreases with the increase
of the CaO content until it reaches approximately 5
wt.%, when the fluid temperature is a minimum. After
that, it increased gradually with the increase of the
DS+Fe2O3
XS+Fe2O3
DS+CaO
XS+CaO
DS+Na2O
XS+ Na2O
3 4 5 6 7 8
Content of fusing agent (%)
345
R. ZHAO et al.: EFFECTS OF FLUXING AGENTS ON GASIFICATION… Chem. Ind. Chem. Eng. Q. 21 (2) 343−350 (2015)

CaO content. This is due to the formation of mullite at high temperature can determine the AFT to a large
(3Al2O3⋅2SiO2) which produced by the reaction of extent. Figure 3 clearly shows the main components
SiO2, Al2O3 and CaO at 1273 K [22,23]. It undergone of the Dongshan coal ash at different temperatures
a gradual decomposition process with the tempera- with and without the addition of CFA. The results
ture rise. At about 1473 K, anorthite appeared accom- indicate that the main mineral matter consists of
panied by a small amount of mullite [24]. quartz, hematite, mullite and gehlenite in the raw coal
The same principle is also applicable to the ash, while there is ematite, anorthite and esseneite in
Xishan coal. Na2O, as an ideal fluxing agent, could the ash with 5 wt.% CFA. The comparison between
decrease the AFT of Dongshan and Xishan coal, and samples (a) and (b) in Figure 3 shows that the main
a maximum of AFT reduction occurred with an ideal mineral matter in the Dongshan raw coal ash is SiO2,
amount of 5 wt.% Na2O. The relationship between the 3Al2O3⋅2SiO2 and Fe2O3 at the temperature ST
char reactivity and the catalytic effects of NBFA was (soften temperature), which are all high melting point
also investigated. oxides and that lead to a high AFT of a certain coal. In
the Dongshan coal ash with 5 wt.% CFA added, the
Effect of composite fluxing agent on AFT
main mineral matter in the coal ash are some low
Commonly, there is not enough Fe2O3 and CaO melting point ternary or quaternary mixtures of SiO2-
in the coal ash to form the quaternary mixture system -Al2O3-Fe2O3-CaO resulting in relatively low AFT min-
of SiO2-Al2O3-Fe2O3-CaO to decrease the AFT. A erals, such as anorthite (CaO⋅Al2O3⋅2SiO2) [25] and
synergistic effect is shown in Figure 2 when different esseneite (2CaO⋅Fe2O3⋅Al2O3⋅2SiO2) [26].
mass ratios of CaO and Fe2O3 were used to decrease Generally speaking, with a fluxing agent added
the AFT, and the optimum ratio of CaO and Fe2O3 is to the coal, not only the generation of high melting
3:1. Figure 2 shows that the effect of decreasing the point silicate and mullite were inhibited, but the
AFT of the composite fluxing agents is much better production of low-melting eutectics were formed and
than that any of the single fluxing agents of calcium or this is the essential reason why CFA was used to
iron when the additive amount of the composite reduce the AFT.
fluxing agents is higher than 5%. The same principle
is also applicable to the Xishan coal when a mixture Effects of CFA and NBFA on char reactivity
of CaO and Fe2O3 with mass ratio of 3:1 was added. Carbon conversion of the Dongshan char versus
From these results the Dongshan and Xishan coal time at 1173 and 1223 K with and without the addition
with a 5 wt.% CFA will be used to investigate the rel- of 5 wt% fluxing agent is given in Figure 4, showing
ationships between the char reactivity and the catal- that the gasification reactivity of the Dongshan char
ytic effects. changed remarkably with the addition of the ideal flux-
ing agents CFA and NBFA. With addition of 5 wt%
The mechanism of decreasing the Dongshan coal
CFA and NBFA, the carbon conversion of the Dong-
AFT by CFA
shan char increased nearly 8 times for NBFA, but
Coal ash is a complex mixture of crystalline and slightly for CFA. The catalytic ability of the NBFA is
non-crystalline materials. The crystalline transform- much more evident than that of the CFA at both 1173
ation process of the newly generated mineral matter and 1223 K. The reactivity order is raw char+5%

1750 a: Dongshan coal 1750 b: X ishan coal

Fluid temperature (K)
Fluid temperature (K)

1700 1700

1650 1650

CaO
C aO
Fe 2 O 3 F e 2O 3
1600 1600
CaO/Fe 2 O 3 =2:1 C aO /F e 2 O 3 =2:1
CaO/Fe 2 O 3 =3:1 C aO /F e 2 O 3 =3:1
CaO/Fe 2 O 3 =4:1 C aO /F e 2 O 3 =4:1
1550 1550
3 4 5 6 7 8 3 4 5 6 7 8
Content of fusing agent (% ) C on ten t of fu sin g agen t (% )
Figure 2. Effect of composite fusing agents on the AFT of Dongshan and Xishan coal.

346
R. ZHAO et al.: EFFECTS OF FLUXING AGENTS ON GASIFICATION… Chem. Ind. Chem. Eng. Q. 21 (2) 343−350 (2015)


 1088 K-b

 
   1323 K-b


  
 1523 K-b


ST-b
 1088 K-a

   
   1323 K-a

•  
  
  
 1523 K-a

•  
 
     ST-a

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
2Theta/degree
Figure 3. XRD diagram of Dongshan coal ash with 5 wt.% CFA ( SiO2;  Fe2O3;  CaO·Al2O3·2SiO2;  2CaO·Al2O3·SiO2;
 3Al2O3·2SiO2;  2CaO·Fe2O3·Al2O3·2SiO2;  CaO); a – Dongshan coal ash; b – Dongshan+5% CFA.

100 none(1173K)
5% CFA(1173K)
Carbon conversion (%)

5% NBFA(1173K)
80 none(1233K)
5% CFA(1233K)
5% NBFA(1233K)
60

40

20

0
0 4 8 12 16
Reaction time (min)
Figure 4. Effect of fluxing agents on Dongshan steam gasification reactivity.

NBFA > raw char+5% CFA > raw char. The presence
of the alkaline cations such as K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+
and Fe3+ on the surface of the char can increase the
gasification reactivity. Adanez and Diego [27] dis-
covered that the raw char conversion rate was much
higher than for the demineralized chars. Wang et al.
[28,29] also proved the existing of the catalytic effects
of alkali and alkaline metals on steam gasification.
As can be seen from Figure 4, the carbon con-
version in the presence of NBFA did not increase to
such a large extent with increasing temperature, while
the carbon conversion increased noticeably in the
presence of CFA, which means the activity effect of
CFA at high temperature is much better. When the
temperature is higher than 1124 K (the melting point
of Na2CO3), NBFA could react with minerals to pro-
duce sodium salt and the decomposition and volatil-
ization tendency would decrease once the tempera-
ture goes higher than 1273 K. The NBFA is more
appropriate for use at low-temperature gasification.
Because of the thermal stability at high temperature,
CFA can be used as the catalyst of high temperature
char catalytic gasification reaction.
Effects of fluxing agents on gas composition
In order to evaluate the impact of a fluxing agent
on gas composition, gasification reaction and water-
-gas shift reaction during steam gasification, a para-

347
R. ZHAO et al.: EFFECTS OF FLUXING AGENTS ON GASIFICATION… Chem. Ind. Chem. Eng. Q. 21 (2) 343−350 (2015)

meter K value was introduced for an ideal case;
namely, only reactions (1) and (2) occurred.
C + H2O = CO + H2
CO + H2O = CO2 + H2
Clemens et al. [30] discovered that the exist-
ence of calcium iron could promote the water-gas
shift reaction to a equilibrium during steam gasific-
ation and then influence the gas composition, which
means the metal iron has catalytic effects on the
water-gas shift reaction and gasification reaction.
Before evaluation, the following equations are defined
as follows:
CO concentration: nCO = Rg − Rs
H2 concentration: nH2 = Rg + Rs
CO2 concentration: nCO2 = Rs
Rg nCO + nH2 1 − CO2 %
K value: K = = =
Rs 2nCO2 2CO2 %
where Rg is the produced gas concentration during
steam gasification reaction, and Rs is the produced
gas concentration during the water-gas shift reaction.
Assuming that the gasification reaction and
water-gas shift reaction took place simultaneously,
the Rg and Rs could reflect the reaction rate of gas-
(1)
ification and water-gas shift, respectively, and from
(2) the K expression, once the concentration of CO2 is
given, it can be easily used to predict the K-value and
indirectly to evaluate the impact of catalysts on gas
composition, gasification reaction and water-gas shift
reaction during steam gasification. In theory, the
larger the K value, the faster the gasification rate is.
Table 3 shows the impacts that CFA and NBFA
imposed on K value and CO2 concentration in the
gas. Obviously, the K of Dongshan raw coal is relati-
vely low compared with that of 5 wt.% CFA and NBFA
(3) added.
Effects of CFA on gas composition
(4)
Gas compositions of Dongshan coal with and
(5) without CFA are shown in Figure 5. For the Dongshan
coal, the H2/CO molar ratio firstly increases slowly
and then decreases quickly with rising temperature.
(6)
When the temperature goes higher than 1223 K, the
increase of the H2/CO molar ratio is inhibited to some
extent and the total yield of syngas increase rapidly
until the temperature is higher than 1273 K. In Figure
5, it is shown that the H2/CO mole ratio interval

Table 3 Effects of CFA and NBFA on K value and CO2 concentration in the gas

T/K Dongshan raw coal Dongshan coal with 5 wt.% CFA Dongshan coal with 5 wt.% NBFA
CO2 (vol.%) K CO2 (vol.%) K CO2 (vol.%) K
1373 12.8 3.41 15.81 2.66 12.18 3.61
1323 21.52 1.82 20.25 1.97 15.31 2.77
1273 23.2 1.66 23.1 1.66 22.25 1.75
1223 24.15 1.57 28.31 1.27 29.61 1.19
1173 56.56 0.38 39.74 0.76 41.59 0.7

90
3.5
80
3.0
H2+CO (V%)

H2/CO(withCFA)
70
H2/CO(without CFA)
H2/CO

2.5
H2+CO(with CFA)
60
H2+CO(without CFA)
2.0
50
1.5
40
1150 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400
Temperature(K)
Figure 5. Gas composition of Dongshan coal with and without CFA.

348
R. ZHAO et al.: EFFECTS OF FLUXING AGENTS ON GASIFICATION…
broadened from 1.85-2.12 to 1.50-3.75 without and [3]
with the addition of CFA, which is of great significance
to meet the H2/CO molar ratio of synthetic require- [4]
ments for different coal chemical products, such as
alcohols, alkanes and ketones. Besides that, with [5]
CFA added, the tendency that the increase of H2/CO
[6]
molar ratio is inhibited sharply by temperature. It
means the CFA can accelerate the water-gas shift
[7]
reaction rate and decelerate steam gasification rate
and then influence the gas composition.
[8]
[9]
CONCLUSIONS
NBFA and CFA were used to decrease ash [10]
fusion temperature of the Dongshan and Xishan coal
[11]
and gasification reactivities and gas compositions of
two coal with NBFA and CFA were investigated. The
[12]
results showed NBFA and CFA were not only two
kinds of ideal fluxing agents which can be effectively
[13]
used to reduce the AFT but improve gasification reac-
[14]
tivity. The main conclusions are summarized as
follows:
[15]
1. The AFT of the Dongshan and Xishan coal
both decreased to under 1623 K from higher than [16]
1773 K with 5 wt.% CFA and NBFA added, and the
reason can be attributed to a eutectic phenomenon. [17]
2. Coal char reactivity can be enhanced by both
CFA and NBFA, but that role of CFA is prominently at [18]
higher temperature, and the catalytic ability of the
NBFA is much more evident at low temperature. [19]
3. The introduction of CFA makes the gas molar
ratio of H2/CO change obviously with operation tem- [20]
perature increase, which could meet the synthetic [21]
requirements for different chemical products. To [22]
Dongshan coal, with the addition of 5 wt.% CFA, the
range of H2/CO mole ratio is extended from 1.5 to [23]
3.75, which is extremely useful as Fischer-Tropsch
synthesis gas from fluid beds gasifier. [24]
Acknowledgments
[25]
The authors gratefully acknowledge the National
National High Technology Research and Develop- [26]
ment Program of China, 863 Program (No.
2015AA050503). [27]
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R. ZHAO et al.: EFFECTS OF FLUXING AGENTS ON GASIFICATION… Chem. Ind. Chem. Eng. Q. 21 (2) 343−350 (2015)

RUIFANG ZHAO UTICAJ AGENASA ZA FLUKSOVANJE NA

YULONG WANG REAKTIVNOST GASIFIKACIJE I SASTAV GASA
YONGHUI BAI
KOD UGLJA SA VISOKOM TEMPERATUROM
YONGFEI ZUO
LUNJING YAN
FUZIJE PEPELA
FAN LI
Agensi za fluksovanje na bazi natrijuma Na2O (NBFA) i kompozitni (mešavina CaO i Fe2O3
State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of sa masenim odnosom 3:1; CFA) su korišćeni za smanjenje temperature fuzije pepela
Coal Science and Technology Co- Dongshan i Xishan uglja iz Shanxi pokrajine u Kini, kako bi ovaj ugalj ispunio zahteve
founded by Shanxi Province and the specifičnog procesa gasifikacije. Glavni sastojci agenasa za fluksovanje korišćeni u ovom
Ministry of Science and Technology, radu mogu imati i ulogu katalizatora u procesu gasifikacije uglja. S tim u vezi, neophodno
Taiyuan University of Technology,
je razumeti uticaj agenasa za fluksovanje na reaktivnost gasifikacije uglja i sastav gasa.
Taiyuan, China
Rezultati su pokazali da se temperatura fuzije pepela dva uglja smanjuje do najniže tačke
NAUČNI RAD zbog eutektičkog fenomena kada je dodato 5 mas.% CFA ili NBFA. Istovremeno se sa
dodatkom CFA menja i molski odnos H2/CO. Ključno je pronaći kada se molski odnos
H2/CO može podesiti kontrolom količine agensa za fluksovanje, kako bi se ispunili sinte-
tički zahtevi za različite hemijske produkte.
Ključne reči: temperatura fuzije pepela, agensi za fluksovanje, gasifikacija uglja,
reaktivnost, sastav gasa.

350