新东方在线电子讲义

六级语法讲义

主讲人：田静

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四六级基础语法

主讲人：田静

导学部分
误区：
 四六级不考语法
 语法=单选题

语法？
 语言的规矩和法则
 连词成句

语言 语法 句子

四六级语法学什么？
句子

句子的结构
一个句子 多个句子的连接
（一件事） （多件事）
简单句 并列句/复合句

第一章：简单句的核心
第一部分：简单句
第二章：简单句的补充
第二部分：并列句
基础语法

四六级语法 第三部分：复合句

强调
第四部分：特殊用途的句子 倒装
虚拟

真题应用 长难句分析（全真题讲解）

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第一部分：简单句
第一章：简单句的核心

一、 简单句的核心构成

简单句 一个句子（一件事）
世界是物质的，物质是运动的
n. + v.
主语+ 谓语
1 1
n. + 谓语 v.

一主一谓，谓语动词的不同决定简单句的不同构成。

例子：
I swim.
I like English.

区分 vt./vi.
1)意思
2)介词（prep.）

 I like English.
 The bride kissed the groom.
 Birds fly in the sky.
 We walked on the street yesterday.

 You look at me.

介宾结构

 They offered me a vacant post.

 They offered a vacant post to me.

 I bought you a present.

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 I bought a present for you.

 I find HongKong ???

 I find HongKong very beautiful.
 I find HongKong a place for shopping.

 我非常高兴。
 I very happy. ???

 I am very happy.
主系表

系动词
1. be 动词 （单独）
2. “变得” get become turn go grow
3. 感官动词 look sound smell taste feel
“看 / 听 / 闻 / 尝 / 感觉起来……”
4. keep remain / seem appear

1. I ask you a question. 主谓双宾

2. You answer. 主谓
3. I love you. 主谓宾
4. You make my life complete.主谓宾补
5. I am happy. 主系表

主语 + 谓语 + ？

二、 简单句的核心变化

（一）谓语动词的变化：

1. 时态：

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一般过去时 Simple Past

形式：V.过去式(did/was/were)
用法：过去的事、过去的动作（无关现在）
例子：
He was a student.
He liked music.
She had a boyfriend.

变否定或疑问：
He was happy. He liked English.
He was not happy. He did not like English.
Was he happy? Did he like English?
How was he? What did he like?

补充：
V．过去式 V．过去分词
look looked looked
buy bought bought
see saw seen
eat ate eaten

V．过去式 V．过去分词
一般过去时 完成时
被动语态
不作谓语

一般现在时 Simple Present

形式：V.原形/V.第三人称单数（do/does）
You like English.
He likes English.

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用法：
1. 现在经常性习惯性的动作
We have the English class every day.
He often gets up late.
2. 现在的状态
I am a teacher.
We are in China.
3. 永恒
The earth is round.
The earth moves around the sun.
Knowledge is power.
Practice makes perfect.

变否定或疑问：
He is happy. You like English. He likes English.
He is not happy. You do not like English. He does not like English.
Is he happy? Do you like English? Does he like English?
How is he? What do you like? What does he like?

补充：
与频率连用(every, once a week, twice a month, three times a …)
always
usually, often, frequently
sometimes, occasionally
seldom,hardly
never

一般将来时 Simple Future

形式：will / am / is /are going to + V. 原形

用法：将来的事（现成的将来）
I will make a new plan tomorrow.
We are going to study abroad next year.

变否定或疑问：
He will leave. He is going to leave.
He will not leave. He is not going to leave.
Will he leave Is he going to leave?
What will he do? What is he going to do?

过去将来时 Past Future

形式：would / was / were /are going to + V. 原形

用法：将来的事（过去的将来）
I said that I would become a cook in the future.
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Tony finished his work, and then he would leave for London.

3 种进行时 Progressive Tense

At 10 o’clock yesterday some students were taking an exam in their classrooms.

We are taking about the water pollution.

A great many candidates will be meeting here at this time tomorrow.

现在完成时

形式：have/has + done
用法：
现在全部完成 He has left.
现成部分完成 We have studied English for ten years.

过去完成时

形式：had + done
用法：过去的之前
When he got there, she had left. She was not there.

完成进行时=“完成”+“进行”=**时间的之前，强调进行的过程
完成时 vs. 完成进行时

They _____ on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we are still working on it as no good results
_____ so far.
A. have been working; have come out
B. had worked; came out
C. had been working; have come out
D. have worked; are coming out
答案：C

2. 语态：

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n. + v.

动词的时态
动词的语态
动词的情态

谓语动词的变化 语态

被动语态
狗吃了那个蛋糕。
The dog ate the cake.
? 吃了那个蛋糕。

蛋糕被吃了。

狗吃了那个蛋糕。
主语 宾语

蛋糕被狗吃了。

被动语态适用范围
1：及物动词。
2：不及物动词+介词。

被动语态
be + done

被动的时间 被动的动作

备注：
1. be 表示被动的时间（把 be 变成对应的各种形态），还表达主语单复数
2. done 表示被动的动作

教室每天都打扫。
Classrooms are cleaned (clean) every day.

一座新的大楼去年建造的。
A new building was built (build) last year.

与时态相结合
被动语态 be + done
他每天被打。 He is beaten every day.
他昨天被打了。 He was beaten yesterday.
他明天将要被打。 He will be beaten tomorrow.

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他现在正在被打。 He is being beaten. (现在经行时的被动 am/is/are + being done）
他现在已经被打了。 He has been beaten. (现在完成时的被动 have/has + been done)

Our morning paper is read (read) by over 200,000 people every day.
Last night my favorite TV program was interrupted (interrupt) by a special news bulletin.
His bike will be repaired (repair) by his grandfather tomorrow.
The new machine has been used (use) in our factory for two week.

与情态动词相结合
被动语态 be + done
Planes are heard.

Planes can be heard.

Planes could be heard.

Planes may be heard.

Planes must be heard.

这封信必须马上寄出。
The letter must be sent immediately.
天气不能被人们所控制。
Weather cannot be controlled by people.

3. 情态：
用法：
1) 情态动词＋动词原形
2) 情态动词的人称变化无
3) 情态动词的时态变化有限
4) 情态动词变否定／疑问

四六级常用的情态动词有：

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must“必须” can / could “能够，可以” will / would“愿意/将要”
may / might “可以，可能” should“应该”

1 情态动词表示情态

We must finish the work within a week.

Air pollution must be taken seriously.
The government can solve the problem of water pollution.
Tony could walk when he was only one year old.
Will you marry me?
I will travel abroad with my family.
Potential buyers would cheer for lower interest rates.
To some extent, expressions may influence emotions.
Such bodily reaction might help moderate the work stress.
Students should work hard to pass the exams.
Those sick people should seek help from doctors.

2 情态动词表示推测

The details may be unknowable.

Such searches must take years.
The loss of patience can potentially have a damaging impact on our professional and personal wellbeing.
The way of saying those things may have led to misunderstanding.
Now something similar could be happening in the South Africa.

练习：
1) In order to be a good salesclerk, you ____________ (must not / will not) be rude to a customer.
2) This pie is very good. You ____________ (should / must) try a piece.
3) Rice ____________ (should / must / may) have water in order to grow.
4) Don’t be nervous. I think you ____________ (can / must) make it.
5) I am not sure. Probably he ____________ (may / should) come later.
答案：1. must not 2. should 3. must / should 4. can 5. may

（二）主语／宾语／表语的变化：

1. 名词／代词
Most graduates always want a big-firm job.
She is the leader of the organization.
They gave us a good impression.

2. doing／to do

Laughing probably has great influence on health.

To laugh probably has great influence on health.
It probably has great influence on health to laugh.

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Having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.
It is no use to talk about dreams without trying.
We enjoy reading books in the library.
The members of the board decide to vote against the new plan.
Our main goal is to finish the task on time.

3. 多个并列
Science and technology will develop the process of society.
Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, and psychology.
That doesn't mean sitting down and doing nothing at all.

n. + v.

名词 / 代词 动词的时态
doing 动词的语态
to do 动词的情态
多个并列 动词的否定

第二章 简单句的补充

一、限定词／形容词副词／介词短语

常用介词 prep. ：in on at / from to / into onto / with without / of / by / for / about
其他介词：before after / since until / during / between among /across through / against / like as

二、非谓语动词

非谓语动词共 3 种：

doing 表示______主动_______

done 表示______被动_______

to do 表示______目的_______

 Passing planes can be heard night and day.

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 The teacher came into the classroom, holding a book in his hand.

 He bought a used car.

 The teacher came into the classroom, followed by five students.

 I have a lot of homework to do.

 I am coming to see you.

练习：

1. ________, you need to give all you have and try your best.
A. Being a winner B. To be a winner
C. Be a winner D. Having been a winner
2. ________ into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.
A. Translating B. Translated
C. To translate D. Having translated
3. Peter received a letter just now ________his grandma would come to see him soon.
A. said B. says C. saying D. to say
4. _________ an important role in a new movie, Andy has a chance to become famous.
A. Offer B. Offering C. Offered D. To offer
答案 1. B 2. B 3. C 4. C

三、同位语／插入语
同位语，解释说明前面名词，与名词相同，说的是一件事。
My teacher, Mr. Lee, is coming to the meeting.

插入语，插入的补充说明，与前后无关。
My teacher, together with his colleagues, is coming to the meeting.

All their lives, today's young women have been pushed to embrace both perfection and passion to pursue science and sports,
math and theater and do it all as well as they possibly can.
2014.06 CET4

Confronted with such facts, some Swedish activists and legislators are demanding more extreme and far-reaching measures,
such as replacing male and female pronouns with a neutral alternative and monitoring children more closely to correct them
when they gravitate toward gendered play.
2014.06 CET6

第二部分：并列句
一、并列句的构成
多件事（多个简单句）之间同等重要，用并列连词连接起来。

四六级常用的并列连词有：

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1) 表示顺接：... and ...; both ... and ...;
not only ..., but ... as well / but also ...
2) 表示转折：but; yet; while
3) 表示选择： ... or ...; either ... or ...; neither ... nor ...
4) 表示因果：... for ... (原因); ... so ...(结果)

二、并列句的省略
 I am a teacher and I like English.
 I am a teacher and like English.

 I am lying in bed and I am reading a book.

 I am lying in bed and reading a book.
 I want to leave and I want to go abroad.
 I want to leave and to go abroad.
and（平行结构）

练习：

1) You can _________ stay at home _________ go out to play. It doesn’t matter.
A. either, or B. neither, nor C. both, and D. not only, but also
2) We bought her a birthday present, _________ she likes it very much.
A. so B. or C. and D. but
3) _________ you _________ he is able to ski, but I am.
A. both, and B. either, or C. neither, nor D. between, and
4) The doctor tried their best to save the patient’s life, _________ failed.
A. or B. so C. but D. because
5) I could speak _________ Japanese _________ Chinese, so I had to talk with him in English.
A. not only, but also B. both, and
C. neither, nor D. either, or
6) I like pop music, but _________ my father _________ my mother likes it.
A. both, and B. either, or C. neither, nor D. not only, but also
7) Tom, keep away from the fire, _________ you will get burnt.
A. and B. so C. or D. but
8) I thought we’d be late for the concert, _________ we ended up getting there ahead of time.
A. but B. or C. so D. for

答案 1. A 2. C 3. C 4. C 5. C 6. C 7. C 8. A

第三部分：复合句

第一章 名词性从句
一、宾语从句

1.宾语从句的含义：

一个句子作宾语，放在另一个句子（主句）里。

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2.宾语从句的写法：

I know (that) you are right.

I know what she will say.

I know whether/if he is happy.

总结：宾语从句的写法 __________ + __________________

（词+陈述句）

练习：填入宾语从句的连接词
1) 我承诺我会帮助你。
I promise ________ I will help you.
2) 你从来没告诉过我，你对我的电脑做了什么。
You never told me ________ you had done to my computer.
3) 我想知道什么时候我们将会出发。
I wonder ________ we will set out.
4) 他们不知道他们是否会按时完成工作。
They don’t know ________ they will finish the work on time.
5) 你能告诉我什么时候我们将会出发吗?
Can you tell me _____________________?
答案 1. that 2. what 3. when 4. whether 5. when we’ll set out

3.宾语从句的位置：

名词性从句：

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1) We know *****.
2) The big news is ****.
3) **** is big news.
4) We know the big news ****.

宾语从句：

5) I don’t know when you will finish the work.

No one tells me when you will finish the work.
6) I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.
7) Are you positive (that) you’ve never seen that man before?

二、表语从句
My concern is that people don’t care about others.
The question remains whether people will buy it.

三、同位语从句
一个句子作同位语，解释说明 n.

位置：需要解释的抽象 n.后。（fact, idea, news, dream, suggestion, advice, report …）

最常用的是：“that+陈述句”这种 （注意：that 不作成分，但不能省略）
我不怀疑他将会帮我的忙。
I have no doubt that he will help me.
我支持这种论据，校车问题必须被严肃对待。
I support the argument that the problems of school buses must be taken seriously.

四、主语从句
我们是否将会去露营取决于天气。
位置 1: 句首
Whether we will go camping depends on the weather.
位置 2: 句尾(句首用形式主语 it)
It depends on the weather whether we will go camping.
注意：两种位置，意思相同。但更常用的是位于句尾的主语从句。

练习：填入连接词，并判断是哪种名词性从句。
1) ________ Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness.
A. Which B. What C. That D. Whom
2) We’ve offered her the job, but I don’t know________ she’ll accept it.
A. where B. what C. whether D. which
8) Our teachers always tell us to believe in ________we do and who we are if we want to succeed.
A. why B. how C. what D. which
9) Modern science has given clear evidence ________smoking can lead to many diseases.
A. what B. which C. that D. where
10) It was never clear ________ the man hadn’t reported the accident sooner.
A. that B. how C. when D. why
11) It is still under discussion ________the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not.

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A. whether B. when C. which D. where
12) I am afraid he’s more of a talker than a doer, which is ________he never finishes anything.
A. that B. when C. where D. why
8) These wild flowers are so special that I would do ________ I can to save them.
A. whatever B. which C. that D. whichever
答案 1. B 主语从句 2. C 宾语从句 3. C 宾语从句 4. C 同位语从句 5. D 主语从句 6. A 主语从句 7. D 表语从句
8. A 宾语从句

第二章 定语从句
1.定语从句的含义：

一个句子作定语，去修饰限定名词。

2.定语从句的写法：

先把主句和从句写成两个句子，再把从句合并进去修饰限定名词。

This is the 我梦想很多年的 job.

This is the job. I have dreamed of the job for years.

关系词如何选择？ 看先行词！

练习关系词的选择：
1) I have a class ________ begins at 8:00 am.
2) The lawyer ________ my brother called didn’t answer the phone.
3) My daughter asked me a question ________ I couldn’t answer.
4) The people ________ sat in the stadium cheered for the home team.
5) Leo is the student ________ bike was stolen.
6) Australia is one of the few countries ________ people drive on the left.
7) Sunday is the day ________ people usually don’t go to work.
8) Is there any particular reason ________ you can’t come?

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答案 1. which / that 2. 不填 / whom / that 3. 不填 / that / which 4. who 5. whose 6. where 7. when 8. why

练习写定语从句
1) I lost the book __________________________________.
我弄丢了上周从图书馆借的书。
2) The woman _____________________ was feeding pigeons.
我在公园看见的那位女士正在喂鸽子。
3) The bus ______________________ is usually very crowded.
我每天上学坐的那辆公交车总是很拥挤。

答案 1. which / that / 不填 I borrowed from the library 2. who / that / whom /不填 I saw in the park 3. which / that / 不填
I take every day to school

3.定语从句的分类：

I met your friend who is staying in Paris. 限定性定语从句

I met your mother, who is staying in Paris. 非限定性定语从句

This is the wall which they built last week.

This is the Great Wall, which is world-famous.

练习（填入逗号和关系词）：
1) He came from Beijing ________ is the capital of China. (, which)
2) He came from a city ________ is in the north of China. (which / that)

3) This is the businessman ________ we are cooperating with. (who / whom / that / 不填)

4) This is Bill Gates ________ many people know as the richest man. (, whom)

注意：非限定性定语从句不仅可以修饰前面的名词，还可以修饰前面整句话。
The company will get back to you in three days, which is one of the typical rules.

补充：介词提前的定语从句
This is the job which/that/X I have dreamed of for years.
This is the job of which I have dreamed for years.

Humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live.
The theory on which it is based may be right.

第三章 状语从句
1.状语从句的含义：

一个句子作状语，表达描述性的信息。

2.状语从句的写法：从属连词+完整的陈述句

从属连词

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时间状语从句 when, while, as, before, after, since, until, as
soon as, no sooner … than
地点状语从句 where
原因状语从句 because, since, as
结果状语从句 so / such … that, so that …
目的状语从句 so that …, in order that …
条件状语从句 if, unless, as long as
让步状语从句 although, though, even though, as
比较状语从句 than, as
方式状语从句 as

地点状语从句
Stay where you are.
Where there is a will, there is a way.

结果状语从句
The problem is so complicated that we cannot solve it.
It is such a complicated problem that we cannot solve it.

让步状语从句
Although it is summer, it is very cold.
It is summer, but it is very cold.

比较状语从句
I am as tall as you.
I am as tall as you (are).

方式状语从句
Do it as I told you yesterday.
When in Rome, do as Romans do.

3.状语从句的时态：

时间／条件状语从句中表示将来，要换成一般现在时。
如果明天下雨，我们就不去公园。
If it rains tomorrow, we will not go for a picnic.
I will let him know, when he comes home later.

改错练习：
The boss will review your work after she will return from vacation next week.(returns)
I’ll give you a call on my cell phone as soon as my plane will land. (lands)
I don’t like my current job, but I’m going to stay with this company until I will find something better. (find)
If it won’t be cold tomorrow, we’ll go to the beach. (isn’t)
If it will be cold tomorrow, we will go to a movie. (is)

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4.状语从句的位置：

If it rains tomorrow, we will not go to the park.

We will not go to the park, if it rains tomorrow.
We, if it rains tomorrow, will not go to the park.

练习：
1) He speaks English well indeed, but of course not ________ a native speaker.
A. as fluent as B. more fluent than
C. as fluently as D. much fluently than
2) The couple had no sooner got to the station ________ the coach left.
A. when B. as C. until D. than
3) My parents don’t mind what job I do ________ I am happy.
A. even though B. as soon as C. as long as D. as though
4) The medicine works more effectively ________ you drink some hot water after taking it.
A. as B. until C. although D. if
5) ________ the police thought he was the most likely one, since they had no exact proof about it, they could not arrest him.

A. Although B. As long as C. If only D. As soon as

6) It just isn’t fair. ________ I was working as a waiter last month, my friends were lying on the beach.
A. whenever B. though C. for D .while
7) — Shall we have our picnic tomorrow?
— ________ it doesn’t rain.
A. Until B. While C. Once D. If
8) The Great Wall is ________ tourist attraction that millions of people pour in every year.
A. so a well-known B. a so well-known
C. such well-known a D. such a well-known
9) Owen wouldn’t eat anything ________ he cooked it himself.
A. until B. since C. unless D. while
答案 1. C 2. D. 3. C 4. D 5. A 6. D 7. D 8. D 9. C

第四部分：特殊用途的句子
第一章 强调

强调句
It is..…that…..
I want to go to America this summer.
It is America that I want to go to this summer.
补充：
强调过时态：It was…that…
强调人时： It is …that/who…

练习：
It is they, not American, who have become anti-intellectual.
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It is they who have become anti-intellectual.
It is…that…写作：
Lisa likes cooking at home.
We used to have meetings in the cafe.
They celebrated the holiday on Nov.11th.
Students don’t like too much homework.
Men can solve the problems of natural disaster only by controlling the environmental pollution.
注意：一个句子的动词和形容词不能强调。

第二章 倒装
全部倒装/部分倒装

1.全部倒装：
In the mountain lies a castle.
Here comes the bus.
全部倒装：There be 句型
（1）There be +n. “有” (客观存在)
There is a girl.
（2）There be +n + 介词短语 “有…在哪里”（客观存在）
There is a book on the table.
There is no gap between mind and matter.
注意：1）be 动词的变化
There will now be a seven- day wait for jobseeker’s allowance.
2）主语的单复数
3）There 还可以与情态动词搭配
There may be more matches in the database.

2.部分倒装：
相当于把陈述句变成疑问句
三种情况需要倒装
（1）否定词位于句首
not, no, never, hardly, little, scarcely, seldom, not until, not only…..
（2）only 位于句首
（3）虚拟 if 条件句
举例：
The poor man had not only been arrested but he had been sent to prison as well.
Not only had the poor man been arrested, but he had been sent to prison as well.
We can learn English well only in this way.
Only in this way can we learn English well.
练习：
1. You will never know the truth.
Never _________________.
2. He cares little for my words.
Little__________________.
3. I had no sooner got the invitation than I refused.

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No sooner___________________________________.
4. He had hardly had time to settle down when he left the country.
Hardly ___________________________________________.
5. He achieved his goal only by working hard.
Only by working hard_________________.
6. Natural disasters will reduce, only when we solve the problems of environmental pollution.
Only when___________________________________________________________________.
第三章 虚拟
1. 什么是虚拟？
2. 怎么表示虚拟？
3. 虚拟常用于？

1. If 虚拟条件句（虚拟语气）：
（1）虚拟条件句（假设现在）
If 从句 主句
假设过去 would
假设现在 did (were) could
+ do
should
假设将来 might
If I were you, I would do it now.

练习：
I am not you, so I can’t make the decision.
I don’t know his phone number, so I won’t ring him up.
He isn’t free at the moment, so he won’t go to the cinema.
补充：
If I could rearrange the alphabet, I would put U and I together.

（2）虚拟条件句（假设过去）
If 从句 主句
假设过去 had done would +have done

假设现在 could
Should
假设将来 might
If they had won the match, they would have held a party to celebrate.

练习：
He was not a student, so he couldn’t attend the lecture.
He didn’t tell her the answer. She didn’t understand it.
You were late, so you didn’t hear what he told us.

（3）虚拟语气（假设将来）
If 从句 主句
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假设过去 would
假设现在 could
should
假设将来 did(were)
were to do might+ do
should do
If I were to live my life over again, I would have you as my life.

练习：
如果我明天有时间，我就会帮他。（明天不太可能有时间）
If I had time tomorrow (were to have/should have), I would help him.

总结：
If 从句 主句
假设过去 had done would +have done
假设现在 did(were) could
+ do
should
假设将来 did(were)
were to do might+ do
should do

If 非真实条件句（混合时态的虚拟）
If 从句 主句
假设过去
假设现在
假设将来

如果你（过去）嫁个他，你（现在）就会是一个加油站服务员的妻子。
If you had married him, you would be the wife of a gas station attendant.
省略 if 的虚拟条件句
If you had joined us, we would have had more fun.
If I were you, I would think it twice.

2.名词性从句的虚拟语气：
表示“建议，要求，命令”动词后的宾语从句虚拟从句中用（should）+do
He suggested that the system should be changed.
suggest, advise, propose, recommend, order, ask, demand, insist, require, request…..

练习：
宾语从句的虚拟语气
1 The engineers proposed they ______ (look) at the design again.
2 He insisted that she ____ (send) her sister to a dancing school.
3 The workers demanded they ____ (give) the wages they should get.
4 he ordered they ____ (start) the attack before dawn.
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5 the teacher always suggests the students_____ (go) over the text before the best.
6 the professor recommended we ____ (look) for the information in the library.

总结：
表示“建议，要求，命令”的名词性从句
He suggested that the system should be changed.
His suggestion was that the system should be changed.
He gave the suggestion that the system should be changed.
This year, it was suggested that the system should be changed.

由于老师在讲解长难句时具体分析句子，所以部分句子采用了 2 倍行距，方便同学们做笔记。

一、基本结构的长难句
1.断开
2.简化
二、特殊结构的长难句
1.分裂结构
2.嵌套结构
3.平行结构

基本结构的长难句

长难句 简单句 简单句的核心

多个句子／多件事 一个句子／一件事 一件事的核心内容

断开 简化
1 标点 1 定位谓语动词
2 连接词 2 去修饰找核心
3 分析主谓

一、 基本结构的长难句：
1. 断开 1）标点
（1）标点 2）下一个连接词前
（2）连接词：从句开始于连接词，结束于？ 3）第二个谓语动词
（3）分析主谓 前

(2) 连接词：从句开始于连接词，结束于？
连接词断开，结束于标点

But this is a real-life argument before a Supreme Court that has a well-earned reputation for

looking out for the interests of large corporations．

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(CET-6, 201312 仔细阅读 2)

If it has to hire a caregiver for every two children, it can’t really achieve any economics of scale

on labor to save money when other expenses go up.

(CET-4, 201412 仔细阅读 1)

More than half of all recent graduates are unemployed or in jobs that do not require a degree, and

the amount of student-loan debt carried by households has increased more than five times since

1999.

(CET-4, 201312 长篇阅读)

连接词断开，结束于下一个连接词前

Imagine the number of teaching jobs that might be eliminated if this could be done for math,

economics, chemistry, and so on.

(CET-6, 201406 长篇阅读)

Although it has been nearly 30 years since the first commercial mobile-phone network was

launched, advertisers have yet to figure out how to get their messages out to mobile-phone users in

a big way.

(CET-4, 201312 选词填空)

连接词断开，结束于第二个谓语动词前

Those who stay on for an additional two years can earn a master’s degree that qualifies them as

nurse practitioners or clinical nurse specialists.

(CET-4, 201312 选词填空)

People who score on personality tests as more sympathetic cry more than those who are more rigid

or have more self-control.

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 新东方在线电子讲义
(CET-4, 201406 长篇阅读)

Though the United States has fewer women in the workforce, American women who choose to be

employed are far more likely to work full-time and to hold high-level jobs as managers or

professionals.

(CET-6, 201406 长篇阅读)

(3) 断开：分析主谓
This is the best movie I have seen.
主 谓 主 谓
The present he gave me was very amazing.
主 主 谓 谓
Some scientists maintain that the changes we are seeing fall within the range of random
主 主 谓 谓
variation…
(CET-4, 201406 选词填空)

When these students encounter a new problem of the same type on a test, they’re able to transfer

the knowledge they’ve gathered more effectively than those who were the passive recipients of

someone else’s expertise.

(CET-6, 201312 仔细阅读 1)

2. 简化：去修饰，留核心
修饰成分有：
形容词、副词
介词短语
非谓语动词（doing / done / to do）
冠词、数词
非限定性定语从句

Over the past few months it has been working hard, with the help of media consultants, to play

down its cosy reputation in favour of something more academic and serious.

(CET-6, 201412 仔细阅读 2)

Printing with moveable type on paper dramatically reduced the cost of producing a book

compared with the old-fashioned ones handwritten on vellum, which comes from sheepskin.

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(CET-4, 201406 长篇阅读)

A generation ago, female faces were rare and, even today, visitors walking through the first

floor of LeConte Hall will see a full corridor of exhibits honoring the many distinguished

physicists who made history here, virtually all of them white males.

(CET-4, 201312 选词填空)

基本结构的长难句：断开＋简化

The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more

communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their

opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways.

The same dramatic technological changes _1_ have also increased the risk _2_.

1 that have provided marketers with more communications choices

2 that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways

二、特殊结构的长难句
1. 分裂结构

There is growing fear among vice-chancellors that this revenue—as well as the cultural,

academic and economic benefit international students bring—is being put at risk.

(CET-4, 201312 仔细阅读 2)

There is growing fear among vice-chancellors that this revenue is being put at risk.

(CET-4, 201312 仔细阅读 2)

2. 嵌套结构

Among the government’s most interesting reports is one that estimates what parents spend on

their children.

(CET-6, 201312 仔细阅读 1)

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A survey of 439 medical technicians found that 55 percent of technicians who monitor bypass

machines acknowledged that they had talked on cellphones during heart surgery.

(CET-4, 201406 仔细阅读 1)

3. 平行结构

The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain's former colony.

Both areas are critical to producing citizens who can

1. participate effectively in our democratic society,

2. become innovative leaders,

3. and benefit from the spiritual enrichment that the reflection on the great ideas of mankind

over time provides.

(CET-4, 201406 仔细阅读 1)

Several hours after a meal, people’s hunger levels were predicted

1. by how much they’d eaten

2. rather by how much food they’d seen in front of them…

(CET-4, 201312 仔细阅读 1)

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But brains are the superior choice when you want information to change, in interesting and useful

ways:

1. to connect up with other facts and ideas,

2. to acquire successive layers of meaning,

3. to steep for a while in your accumulated knowledge and experience...

(CET-6, 201406 仔细阅读 1)

长难句综合运用

Indeed, according to surveys, employers have expressed a preference for students who have

received a broadly-based education that has taught them to

1. write well,

2. think critically,

3. research creatively

4. and communicate easily.

(CET-4, 201406 仔细阅读 1)

Cole and Fredrickson found that people who are happy but have little to no sense of meaning in

their lives have the same gene expression patterns as people who are responding to and

enduring chronic adversity. (CET-6, 201412 长篇阅读)

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