ENM1600

Engineering Mathematics

Dr Trevor Langlands

School of Agricultural, Computational and Environmental Sciences

Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences

Week 5 Lecture 2
Module 2 – Matrices

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Introduction
Study Book §2.5, pp. 57 –61
James §5.5, 5.5.2, pp. 351–369 (4th )
James §5.5, 5.5.2, pp. 352–370 (5th )
This Lecture

• Cramer’s Rule

• Gaussian Elimination Introduction

• Augmented Matrix

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Linear Equations: Cramer’s rule
Study Book §2.5, pp. 57 –61
James §5.5, 5.5.2, pp. 351–369 (4th ), pp. 352–370 (5th )
Consider the following system of linear equations

a1 x + b 1 y + c 1 z = d 1
a2 x + b 2 y + c 2 z = d 2
a3 x + b 3 y + c 3 z = d 3

with the variables x, y, z and coefficients ai , bi , ci .

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Matrix Form
Consider the system in a matrix form
    
a1 b1 c 1 x d1
 a2 b2 c 2   y  =  d 2 
a3 b3 c 3 z d3

We will write it in terms of the vectors.

       
a1 b1 c1 d1
a =  a2  b =  b2  c =  c2  d =  d2 
a3 b3 c3 d3

Thus xa + yb + zc = d.

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Cramer’s rule derivation
Take the dot product on both sides with b × c :

x a · (b × c) + y b · (b × c) + z c · (b × c) = d · (b × c)

or x a · (b × c) + 0 + 0 = d · (b × c).

We take into account Therefore,

that
d · (b × c)

 a1 a2
 x=
 a3 
 a · (b × c)
a · (b × c) =  b1 b2 b3 


 d 1 b1 c 1


 c1 c2 c3   
   d 2 b2 c 2 
 a1 b 1 c1 

 d 3 b3 c 3

  |A1 |
=  a2 b2 c2  = =
 a3 b 3
 a1 b 1 c 1  |A|
c3  
 a2 b 2 c 2


 
 a3 b 3 c 3 
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Cramer’s rule derivation
Similarly take the dot product of xa + yb + zc = d with a × c
and a × b we receive the corresponding solutions for y and z.

d · (a × c) d · (a × b)
y= z=
b · (a × c) c · (a × b)
   
 a1 d1 c1   a1 b1 d1 
   
 a2 d2 c2   a2 b 2 d 2 
   
 a3 d3 c3  |A2 |  a3 b 3 d 3  |A3 |
=   = =   =
 a1 b1 c1


 |A|  a1 b 1 c 1


 |A|
 a2 b2 c2   a2 b 2 c 2 
   
 a3 b 3 c 3   a3 b 3 c 3 

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Example 5.25 (4th) 5.26 (5th)
Find the solution of the equations
x+ y+ z =6
x + 2 y + 3 z = 14
x + 4 y + 9 z = 36
As a system

Check

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Example (cont)

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Example (cont)
So we have

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Gaussian Elimination
Study Book §2.5.1, pp. 60–63
James §5.5.2,5.6, pp. 356–385 (4th ), pp. 357–387 (5th )
We can solve linear systems in matrix form.

We can use the 3 elementary row-operations to row-reduce to

triangular form:
1. Multiply any row by a constant;
2. Interchange any two rows;
3. Add or subtract one row from another;
or any combination of the above.

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Augmented Matrix form
A system of linear equations can be represented by a matrix by
dropping variables and + signs:
 
2x + 3y = 5
becomes
 
3x − 4y = 7
 

We call this the augmented matrix or the matrix for the

system.

The coefficient matrix has just the coefficients, without the

RHS’s.

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Summary
Study Book §2.5, pp. 57–61
James §5.5, 5.5.2, pp. 351–369 (4th )
James §5.5, 5.5.2, pp. 352–370 (5th )
This Lecture

• Cramer’s Rule

• Gaussian Elimination Introduction

• Augmented Matrix

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Homework

Read Study Book Section 2.5

James §5.5, 5.5.2, pp. 351–369 (4th Ed.)
James §5.5, 5.5.2, pp. 352–370 (5th Ed.)

Week 5 Tutorial Problem 2.

Additional Problems listed in the study book.

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