Chandrasekhar mass limit

Qunatum university
B.sc hons physics 3rd year | Divyansh
content

Introduction
history
White dwarf stars
derivation
summary

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 Introduction

• It’s the upper limit for maximum mass for an ideal white dwarf
but also the threshold
• Star can no longer hoard its precious cargo of heavy element
once its cross the threshold
• Value of limit is 1.44 times the mass of sun(Θ)
𝑀𝑜 ≈ 1.44Θ
• For ideal fermi gas, based on equation state :

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 History

• Astrophysicist Subramanyam Chandrasekhar

formulated this limiting value in 1930
• He use special theory of relativity and principles of
quantum physics
• Showed that it is impossible for white dwarf star to
be stable if its mass is greater than 1.44 times the
mass of the sun….
• In starting days of publishing the result the
community decline to accept the result
• But later Eddington, Niels bohr, Fowler ,wolfgang
pauli and other got agreed with his analysis
 • A star who exhausted their nuclear fuel

White dwarf stars • These star expels most of its outer material
,creating planetary nebula
• A typical white dwarf is half as massive as the
Sun, yet only slightly bigger than Earth. An
Earth-sized white dwarf has a density of 1 x
109 kg/m3. Earth itself has an average density
of only 5.4 x 103 kg/m3. That means a white
dwarf is 200,000 times as dense. This makes
white dwarfs one of the densest collections of
matter, surpassed only by neutron stars.
• Nearest white dwarf is a binary star system
name Sirius A & B from which Sirius B is dwarf
one….
• This is an image of globular cluster

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

What’s inside a white dwarf ?
• With a surface gravity of 100,000 times that of Earth, the atmosphere of a white dwarf is
very strange.
• Degenerate matter has other unusual properties.
• Scientists hypothesize that there is a crust 50 km thick below the atmosphere of many
white dwarfs.
• Pauli exclusion principle and quantum mechanics save white dwarf to collapse
• The core temperature exceeds 100,000 kelvin
• They can trace by using X-rays ,extreme ultraviolent tecchniques…..

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Mathematical term for stars…..
𝑁
• Mass of star is given by 𝑀 = 𝑁 𝑚𝑒 + 4𝑚𝑝 ∗
2
𝜌
• Number density of electron in a typical white dwarf star is 𝑛 =
2𝑚𝑝

2/3
ℎ2 3N 𝜀
• Corresponding fermi energy 𝜀𝐹 = 2𝑚 ∗ 8π𝑉
and fermi temperature 𝑇𝐹 = 𝑘𝐹
𝑒 𝐵

• The dynamic of electron is relativistic

• Electron gas is uniformly distributed in the star
1
3
3𝑁ℎ 3
• Fermi momentum 𝑝𝐹 =
8𝜋𝑉

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Necessary relation for white dwarf …….
• Ground state energy of F-D gas….

• . Function can be calculated for

• Mass of white dwarf and radius

• Pressure exerted

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Way to Chandrasekhar mass limit
• Now we know the essential term now we calculate the mass radius relation which lead us to
Chandrasekhar mass limit…
• Gravitational potential and change in star

• From above relation we get essential tool for theoretical

physics
• Now for non relativistic case and

• For relativistic case and

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• The last point provide us the Chandrasekhar mass limit and this graph show the variation of
radius of a white dwarf star its mass.

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 Summary

As we can see by the use of fermi dirac we can get

to know about star beyond our reach ..
And there a cycle of everything in this universe and
white dwarf are the last stage of any star but there’s
a limit for that too ,which is Chandrasekhar limit and
if any star suprass this limit it can be transform into
neutron star or either blackhole…………..

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 Thank You
Presenter Name-Divyansh
Q.Id-18031800001
Presented to Dr chirag Malik

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