GEC 8 Packet 1

PALOMPON INSTITUTE OF
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
TECHNOLOGY
A Learning Material for
GEC 8
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY,
AND SOCIETY
Lyka Jane Y. Castillote | Ana Mabel M. Marquez
Anna Marifel L. Pogosa | Camilo A. Tabinas
Jason G. Tuang-tuang
College of
Arts and Sciences
Mathematics and Science

Department
1
NOT FOR REPRODUCTION
2020
ABOUT THE MODULE
Purpose
This module is designed to guide undergraduate students to develop
critical thinking and creativity as they utilize science in understanding
various human conditions and social issues, explore the role of science and
technology in nation building, analyze scientific ideas, theories,
innovations, research, and practices, and discover technological
advancements brought by science to the society.
Title and Description

Science, Technology, and Society (STS is an essential course in the
General Education curriculum for tertiary education. It was conceptualized
to develop deep appreciation and critical understanding of the role of
science and technology in the development of people and society. It deals
with the interactions between science and technology in social, cultural,
political, and economic contexts. It is an interdisciplinary course whereby
students are engaged in learning myriad of scientific issues and
technological developments.
Guide
This module has three major parts. The first learning packet includes
analysis of the concepts, theories, principles, historical events in science
and its development in various civilizations, and the role of science in nation
building with emphasis on government programs and projects for the
advancement of science and technological capability of the country. It also
presents the historical development of science in the Philippines. The
second learning packet is a discussion of science and human conditions that
introduces different philosophies, ideas, policies, and personalities in the
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field of science and technology. The third learning packet deals with various
issues in the society related to science and technology. Some of these issues
are climate change, impact of the information age, nanotechnology, and
genetically modified organisms.
Outcomes
In this book, the students are expected to broaden their theoretical and
practical understanding of STS as a course and as field of study. Each lesson
contains important information, activities, and guide questions that will help
students in learning STS. This book leads the students to acknowledge that
science and the society are inseparable. The development of scientific ideas draw
inspiration from the physical and natural world, and the society is always a
recipient of the positive benefits of science and technology.
Requirements
The following requirements are set forth in the course:
 Activities indicated in each packets
 Oral and Written Quizzes
 Term Exams (Midterm and Finals)
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Table of
Contents__________________________________________________
Learning Packet 1: General Concepts and STS Historical

Development……………………………………………………………………….…7
Topic 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and

Technology………………..………………………………………...………..9
Topic 2: Intellectual Revolution……………………………….....………………..…20
Topic 3: Science and Technology and Nation Building…………………...………28
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LEARNING PACKET 1:
General Concepts and STS Historical

Development
Human creativity is beyond limit that even our ancestors might not
have imagined that our status of science and technology would be as robust
as today. Our current understanding about the nature and the world is a
result of constant over throwing of paradigm wherein an old paradigm like
Geocentric Model is replaced by a paradigm that has a higher content and
explanatory power like the Heliocentric Model. Such is termed scientific
revolution. This is just one of the many theories that were challenged in the
history of Science and have helped shaped our society. Development of
Science and Technology does not only leave indelible impact in the history
but its trail can be traced by its influence in our society and country as a
whole.
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Moreover, you will learn how science and technology has greatly
influenced the development of the Philippine society. You will evaluate
different government policies and programs to see how they have shaped the
nation. You will also learn significant inventions and projects accomplished
by Filipinos that greatly develop the countries’ science and technology, and
have been a major contributor to the Philippine nation building.
This learning packet will allow you to time travel through the
antecedents of science and technology; lets you investigate how the present
status of science and technology came into being, and explore the major
turns in the course of global and national history that led it to its exhilarating
and captivating development.
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Nature and Technology
The Amazing Arm of the Octopus
Photo credit: https://lithub.com/the-octopus-an-alien-among-us/
Robotics engineers are developing equipment to help doctors operate in tight spaces in
the body using minimally invasive surgical techniques. One innovation in this field is
inspired by the highly flexible arm, or tentacle, of the octopus.
Consider: The octopus can grab, hold, and squeeze objects with its eight extendable
and flexible arms, even in tiny spaces. Not only can the octopus bend its tentacles in
any direction but it can also stiffen different sections of its arms as needed.
Researchers believe that a similarly soft and flexible robotic arm would be invaluable in
performing minimally invasive surgery. This kind of equipment could make it possible to
operate on patients who otherwise would have to undergo more complex procedures.
Such a robotic arm has already been developed and is being used in simulated
operations. One part of the 135-millimeter (5 in.) arm can manipulate soft internal organs
by lifting and holding them without causing any damage to them, while another part
performs the actual operation. According to Dr. Tommaso Ranzani, a member of the
team that developed the equipment, “we believe this system will be the start for new
and improved versions with more advanced features.”
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A soft and flexible robotic arm would be invaluable in surgery

Source: Article Series JW.Org
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Topic 1:
Historical Antecedents in the
Course of Science and Technology
Learning Objectives
Key Terms At the end of this topic, students will be
Science able to:
Technology
Society  Discuss how scientific and
Cuneiform technological developments affect
society; and
Clypsedra
Pasteurization
 Explain the impact of the
Innovation development of science and
Industrialization technology to the environment.
Development
Hieroglyphics
Papyrus
Death Mask
Pyramid of Giza
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Activating Prior Learning
In order to understand past, one has to look back and revisit it. In like
manner, we are going to take a look at our very rich history and study what are
the major turns in the development of Science and Technology that had led us to
the innovation of cutting edge and sophisticated Technology in the present.
Your task is to fill in the K-W-L chart below by jotting down what you have
known and what are the things that you would like to know about our historical
antecedents in terms of Science and Technology.
After completing this lesson, complete the last column of the table using the
insights you have gained. Beforehand, let’s start with a simple activity regarding the
definition of Science.
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Science is as old as the world itself. There is no individual that can exactly
identify when and where science began. From the genesis of time, science has
existed. It is always interwoven with the society. So, how will you define science?
Activity 1
How science can be defined?
Write your own understanding about how science can be defined according
to the following samples.
1. Science as an idea.
_______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. Science as an intellectual activity.

_______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. Science as a body of knowledge.

_______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. Science as a personal and social activity.

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
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Analysis Questions
Consider these questions below. Answer the following according to your answer in
Activity one.
1. How do scientist get their ideas?
2. How is science different from other intellectual activities?
3. How do we gain scientific knowledge?
4. Why is scientific knowledge important?
5. How do social issues influence science?
6. How did science and technology affect the society and
environment?
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Presentation of Contents
Science and Technology in Ancient Times
In the ancient times, people were concerned with transportation and

navigation, communication and record keeping, mass production, security and
protection, as well as health, aesthetics and architecture. Science and
Technology keeps on advancing in order to meet the growing needs of people
along these areas. Due to the constant innovation introduced by Science and
Technology, which has the end goal of improving lives and making the work
easier, faster and efficient, our society respond by changing as well. These
changes are evident as each ancient civilization keep on creating technology
that has been modified and that is being used today.
To name a few, Sumerian are known for their contribution with the first
writing system called as cuneiform. Challenge to mass produce food, they
invented plowing, irrigation and dikes and wheel for farming. Throughout the
existence of this civilization, their main mode of transportation was through
waterways such as rivers and seas. They are also known to develop the first
road.
Figure 1.1 Sumerian Cuneiform
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On the other hand, Babylonian civilization, which emerged near Tigris and
Euphrates River were famous for being great builders, engineers and architects. One of
major contributions is the hanging garden of Babylon which one of the seven wonders of
the world.
Another civilization that is known for its renowned archeological artifact like the
death mask of Tutankhamen and Pyramid of Giza is the Egyptian Civilization. Also,
ancient Egyptians are known for their earlier contributions like water clock or clypsedra,
paper or papyrus, ink and a system of writing known as hieroglyphics. They have also
invented cosmetics for aesthetic reason. Meanwhile, during this time, wigs were worn by
wealthy Egyptians to protect the shave of the heads from the harmful rays of the sun.
Figure 1.4 Pyramid of Giza ("Google Image Result

Figure 1.3 Death Mask ("Google Image Result for
for https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/dynami
https://www.timetrips.co.uk/eptutmask1.jpg",
c/25/590x/Can-you-see-the-flaw-682241.jpg",
2019)
2019)
Figure 1.5 Papyrus ("Image: Papyrus in

Figure 1.6 Hieroglyphics ("Image: Hieroglyph |
Ancient Egypt | Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline
writing character | Britannica.com", 2019)
of Art ...", 2019)
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Apart from being the birthplace of western philosophy, some of the major
achievements of Greeks include in-depth works on Philosophy and Mathematics. They
are also celebrated for their contribution to the world like coliseum, Olympics, alarm clock
and water mill.
Figure 1.6 Greek Coliseum

Figure 1.7 Olympics ("Image: The Olympic
(“Image: the coliseum (greece) –
Games [ushistory.org]", 2019
YouTube”. 2019)
Perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the west, Roman Empire
was considered to be the cradle of politics and governance. Other civilizations looked up
to it as a model in terms of codified laws and legislation. They are also celebrated for the
invention of newspaper, bound books or codex. In terms of architecture and engineering,
Romans are known for building elaborate churches, basilicas, aqueducts, coliseums,
amphitheaters and residential houses. They have also devised their own number system
which is the Roman Numeral System.
Figure 1.8 Roman numeral system (“Google Figure 1.9. Roman aqueduct ("Image:
Image Result for Roman Aqueducts— Ancient Engineering
http://historylearning.come/fileadmin/ Marvels", 2019)
user_upload/roman-numerals.jpg", 2019
15
Figure 1.10 Silk Road (“Image: Silk Road – Figure 1.11 The Great Wall of China
HISTORY”, 2019) (“Image: Great Wall –“, 2019)
Considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia, China is known for the silk trade,
tea production, gun powder and the living legend great wall of China.
Science and Technology in Middle Ages

The start of the middle ages was marred by massive invasions and migrations.
Wars are prevalent during this time. As such, great technology was needed in the fields
of weaponry, navigation, food and farm production and health. The wars have resulted to
population decline. However, in the later part of this period, there was significant increase
in population. Trade and commerce among nations increased, which resulted in greater
demands for transportation technology. Some of the most innovative minds came from
this period.
To facilitate record keeping, wood lock

printing developed by Chinese was improved by
the time of Johann Gutenberg with a cast type
printing press. This general invention soon
evolved to be the mechanical printing press
which was eventually used all over the world. The
printing press was invented to address the need
for publishing books that would spread
information to many people at a faster rate. This
invention also made works accessible to
individuals who could not even write
(Streissguth, 1997).
Figure 1.12 Johann Gutenberg Printing Press (Image:

Johannes Gutenberg Printing Stock Photos &
Johannes…”, 2019)
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Another invention in the Middle Age is the microscope. Growing populations

caused massive migration and urbanization during the period. More and more people
transferred to polluted and populated urban areas which resulted in more people getting
sick. With this, experts needed to a device to study microorganisms in order to develop
proper medicines for illnesses. Guided by the principles used for the invention of
eyeglasses in earlier years, Zacharias Janssen was able to develop the first compound
microscope (Davidson, 2015).
Figure 1.13 Zacharias Janssen’s Microscope (“Image:

Molecular Expressions Microscopy Primer: Museum of
Microscopy …:, 2019)
Since the Middle Age was also known as the Age of Exploration, the need for
nautical inventions was high. The invention of the telescope, an optical instrument that
helps in the observation of remote objects, was a great help for navigators during this time.
Great development in the weaponry technology also occurred in this era. This
include cross bows and long bows. Additionally, in close range hand-to-hand combat,
soldiers should wear something to protect themselves, a need addressed by the creation
of iron body armors. However, body armors were heavy and limited the movements of the
soldiers, chainmail was invented to solve the problem.
Science and Technology in Modern Times

The booming world population during the nineteenth century onwards demanded
that more goods be produced at faster rate. People needed efficient means of
transportation to trade more goods and cover a larger distance. Machines that required
animals to operate must thus be upgraded. Faster and easier means to communicate and
compute should be developed to establish connections between and among nations.
All these needs resulted in the development of industries. However, due to

massive industrialization, the modern times again faced more complicated problems. Food
processing and medicine posed some of the bigger challenges since health was of great
concern.
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As people were able to develop better means of production to meet the needs of
the population, food preservation and food safety became an issue. Louis Pasteur, a
French biologist, microbiologist and chemist found a way to solve the problem. He
invented pasteurization, the process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria
that allow them to spoil faster. Through this process, milk could be stored and consumed
for a longer period. It also prevented illnesses caused by harmful bacteria (Macalester
College, 2010). Other contributions of Pasteur to Science and Technology and Medicine
included his works on molecular asymmetry, fermentation and vaccination.
The modern times demanded better means of powering homes and transportation.
This led to the development of kerosene and the petroleum refinery industry (Skrabec,
2010). At present, petroleum is widely used in powering automobiles, factories and power
plants, among others.
The more people got connected by trade and exploration, the more they needed a
way to easily maintain these connections and communicate with each other in real time.
Governments likewise needed some kind of communication system which would allow
them to administer their states well. Important day to-day decisions must be discussed
and addressed at the fastest time possible. Thus, the invention of telephone by Alexander
Graham Bell was one of the most important inventions at that time.
Figure 1.15 Alexander Graham Bell’s Telephone (“Image:

Inventor of the Telephone: Alexander Graham Bell –
Learning History”, 2019)
Although an earlier version of the calculator had already been developed,

circumstances in the modern times required a faster way to compute more complicated
equations. Computing devices must also be easy to carry since they would be utilized on
a day-to-day basis. The creation of modern calculators did not only pave the way for easier
arithmetic calculations, but also resulted in the development of more complex processing
machines like computer.
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Application
Your task
1. Write down the top 10 invention in the World and in the Philippines.
2. Determine persisting needs were addressed by each invention.
3. Discuss briefly the impact of each invention to society.
Feedback
1. Fill in “What I have Learned” column by writing down what you have learned from
this topic.
What I already What I Want to know What I have

Know Learned
2. Create a collage on the inventions in the Philippines and the world.
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The Dog’s Sense of Smell
Researchers say that dogs can use their sense of smell to detect the age, gender, and
mood of other dogs. Dogs can even be trained to detect explosives and illegal drugs.
While humans mainly use sight to investigate their surroundings, dogs use their sense
of smell. They “read” with their nose.
Consider: A dog’s sense of smell is thousands of times more refined than ours.
According to the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology, a dog “can detect
certain compounds at parts per trillion. This feat is the equivalent of tasting about a
quarter teaspoon of sugar dissolved in an Olympic-sized swimming pool.”
What accounts for the dog’s superior sense of smell?

 A dog’s nose is wet and is therefore better able to capture scent particles.
 A dog’s nose has two airways—one for breathing, another for smelling. When
a dog sniffs, air is directed to the part of the nasal cavity that contains scent
receptors.
 A dog’s olfactory region can measure 130 square centimeters (20 sq in.) or
more, whereas a human’s measures only 5 square centimeters (0.8 sq in.).
 A dog can have up to 50 times as many scent receptor cells as we do.
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All of this enables a dog to differentiate between the components of a complex scent.
For example, we can smell soup, but a dog can detect every ingredient in the recipe,
according to some experts.
Researchers at the Pine Street Foundation, a cancer research institute, say that the
dog’s brain and nose work together to be “one of the most sophisticated odor detection
devices on the planet.” Scientists are developing electronic “noses” to detect
explosives, contraband, and disease, including cancer.
Source: Awake! Article Series JW.Org
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Topic 2:
Intellectual Revolution
Learning Objectives
At the end of this topic, students will be able
to:
Scientific Revolution
 Discuss paradigm shifts through history;
Scientific Method
 Explain how intellectual revolution changed how
Heliocentric Theory humans see the world; and
Geocentric Theory
 Select a revolutionary scientist and present a
persuasive speech representing his/her theory
Natural Selection
Theory of Evolution
Psychoanalysis
Id
Ego
Superego
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You may have read about different theories that worked and were believed to be
true during ancient times. In Astronomy, for example, you have learned that Sun is the
Center of the Solar System and that the planets, including Earth, are revolving around it
in an elliptical orbit. However, people in ancient times believed that the earth was the
center of the universe. Early beliefs also claimed that human beings were created through
“Divine Creation” but this was replaced by Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural
Selection. These are just some of the examples of early theories that were challenged in
the history of Science.
What were the great Intellectual Revolutions that significantly shaped our Society?
What made these new theories controversial? Who were these people or groups of people
behind these upheavals that permanently changed the course of history of Science? What
were their needs, and what were their struggles that motivated them to engage in such
scholarly contribution?
This topic will lead you to some of the answers of these aforementioned questions.
Moreover, this topic describes how science and technology theories paved the way for the
Enlightenment and our current understanding of some of the fundamental concepts of
Science and of the world.
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Directions: Mark “Agree” or “Disagree” in the BEFORE side based on what you know
so already. After learning about the Scientific Revolution, you will mark “Agree” or
“Disagree” in the AFTER side based on what you’ve learned.
BEFORE AFTER
Agree Disagree Agree Disagree
____ ____ 1. The Earth is closest to the Sun during the summer. ____ ____
____ ____ 2. The Earth’s axis is not straight up and down, but tilted. ____ ____
____ ____ 3. Our blood contains red, white, and blue bloodcells. ____ ____
____ ____ 4. If you find a bug in your flour, it grew from the flour. ____ ____
____ ____ 5. The Earth is the center of the Universe. ____ ____
____ ____ 6. The planets move in a circular path around the Sun. ____ ____
____ ____ 7. The Sun’s gravity keeps all the planets in their orbits. ____ ____
____ ____ 8. The moon is falling constantly toward the Earth. ____ ____
____ ____ 9. If you dropped a bowling ball and a tennis ball, ____ ____
the bowling ball would hit the ground first.
____ ____ 10. A pencil looks yellow because it reflects all other colors. ____ ____
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Activity 2
Standing on the Shoulders of Giants
Read the quote and think about what Newton meant using the questions below.
Analysis Questions
Think about what Newton meant by answering the following questions:
1. What do you think Newton has seen?
2. Who do you think Newton refers to as “giants”?
3. What do you think this quote tells you about Newton’s character?
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The Man who moved the Sun
The way people think about Solar System has changed many times throughout
history. Before the development of telescope astronomy beliefs were based on what can
be seen by the naked eye. One of the earliest ideas on how Solar System was structured
was introduced by Claudius Ptolemy. He posited that planets as well as the sun and the
moon, moved in a circular motion around the Earth, a concept which is known as geo-
centrism. This geocentric model, considered to be one of the greatest discoveries of all
time, was widely accepted by the people and became the astronomical dogma in Western
civilization for 1,400 years.
In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus challenged the geocentric model by

putting sun at the center of the solar system and known as the concept of heliocentrism.
This idea was rejected at first by the public. It appalled many since their religious belief
had taught them that the Earth was created first before all other things. Copernicus was
even persecuted as a heretic.
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Figure 2.1 Bold Man who challenged the Theory of Divine Creation ("Image: Occult Science
4.0 - Heliocentric vs. Geocentric Astrology - YouTube", 2019)
Charles Darwin was an English naturalist who studied variation in plants, animals
and fossils during a five-year voyage around the world in the 19th century. Darwin's theory
of evolution challenged the idea that God made all the animals and plants that live on
Earth in a single day, which contradicted the commonly held Christian views of his era. He
did not publish his scientific work and ideas until 28 years after his voyage.
Finally, as a result of Darwin's world expedition and observations, which were

enhanced by many years of experimentation, his discussions with like-minded scientists
and his developing knowledge of geology and fossils, he proposed the theory of evolution
by natural selection. Darwin proposed that: individual organisms within a particular species
show a wide range of variation for a characteristic, individuals with characteristics most
suited to the environment are more likely to survive to breed successfully; and the
characteristics that have enabled these individuals to survive are then passed on to the
next generation. This is called Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection.
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Figure 2.3 Theory of Creation ("Redirect

Notice", 2019)
Figure 2.2 Tree of Evolution ("Redirect Notice", 2019)
The Father of Psychoanalysis

In the past, the field of Psychology was always classified under philosophy.
Psychology was considered more of an art rather than a science. In the late 19th century,
Sigmund Freud was able to change people’s perception of psychology with his
revolutionary theory of psychoanalysis.
Psychoanalysis is the study of human behavior. In his theory, Freud explained that
there are many conscious and unconscious factors that can influence behavior and
emotions. He also argued that personality is a product of three conflicting elements: id,
ego and superego.
Figure 2.4 Theory of Psychoanalysis ("Redirect Notice", 2019)
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Science hardliners brushed off the legitimacy of psychoanalysis as a science since

concepts were viewed as philosophical and supernatural. Many believed that Freud’s
theory has no scientific basis as no empirical or experimental data could support it.
Despite criticisms, Freud still continued to work on refining his theory and in fact
tried to explain how psychoanalysis can be a clinical method in treating some mental
disorders. Soon enough, people were able to understand the concepts of psychoanalysis,
which eventually resulted in classifying psychology as a science.
Application
What’s New?
What we had just studied are the major intellectual revolutions in the past. At present,
what are the widely acceptable theory that could explain.
1. Celestial Mechanics
2. Evolution of human beings
3. Psychoanalysis
Feedback
Direction: Conduct an interview to non-science majors about intellectual revolutions and

present the synthesis of your interview to the class. (Note: Kindly prepare an interview
schedule prior to the conduct of the interview via messenger.)
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The Slug’s Adhesive Slime
Surgeons have long seen the need for medical adhesives to help in surgery and wound
repair of body tissues. Many glues currently in use cannot be used internally. They are
toxic, they become rigid when they set, and they do not stick to wet tissues. By studying
the mucus of a slug,a scientists have found a way to solve these problems.
Consider: When the slug feels threatened, it exudes a slime that is sticky enough to
glue the creature to a wet leaf. This defensive mechanism protects the slug, while
allowing it limited freedom of movement.
Researchers analyzed the slime and found several factors that contribute to its
effectiveness as a natural glue. For example, the slime uses both chemical bonding
and electrostatic attraction. It penetrates the surface to which the slug attaches itself
and is elastic when subjected to stress. By engineering a material that imitates the
properties of slug slime, researchers have created a glue that is far stronger than
currently available medical adhesives and capable of sticking to a living organ. It is
said to bind “as well to organs as cartilage does to bone.”
Experts believe that this glue could become part of every surgeon’s tool kit, eliminating
the need for stitches and staples. It could be used to repair cartilage or to attach
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medical devices exactly where they are needed in the body. Tests have already proved
the glue to be effective in plugging a hole in a pig’s heart and patching holes in rats’
livers.
Experts believe that this glue could become part of every surgeon’s tool kit, eliminating
the need for stitches and staples. It could be used to repair cartilage or to attach
medical devices exactly where they are needed in the body. Tests have already proved
the glue to be effective in plugging a hole in a pig’s heart and patching holes in rats’
livers.
Scientists often find elegant solutions to common problems by studying the natural
world around us. “It’s a matter of knowing where to look and recognizing a good idea
when you see one,” says Donald Ingber, director of the institute that has developed
the synthetic adhesive.
Source: Awake! Article Series JW.Org
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Topic 3:
Science and Technology and
Nation Building
Learning Objectives
At the end of this topic, students will be
able to:
 Explain the role of Science and
Technology in NATION BUILDING
Pre-Colonial Philippine nation building;
 List noteworthy inventions, with
Colonial inventors, and give their major
contributions in shaping the Filipino
Post-Colonial
nation;
Indigenous Science  Identify science and technology
policies of the government;
Indigeneous  Appraise the impact of these policies
Technology on the development of the Filipino
nation; and
Scientific Research
 Recognize the need for balancing
between freedom and responsible
Scientific Courses
behavior during the exchange of
High-tech ideas.
Equipment
Golden Age
Filipinnovation
32
Now, let us see what you know about the role of science and technology by
completing the concept map below. But before that, you may want to watch the movie
clips and read the short article listed below to get some ideas. Happy watching and
reading!
Questions to Ponder:
1. What roles do science and technology play in the developmental progress of the
country?
Watch: 1. Science and Technology: Moving the Philippines Forward Link:

https://youtu.be/9li8S3L5p2Q
2. The State of Science and Technology in the Philippines Link:
https://youtu.be/_ttaqZf-SMg
Read: 1. Ratnasiri, N., 2006. The role of Science and Technology in nation
building. Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka,
34(3), p.113. DOI: http://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v34i3.3640
From your readings and from the videos you watched, complete the diagram below
by enumerating the roles of science and technology in shaping the nation. Then, choose
one from your list and explain it to the class.
Roles of Science and Technology in Shaping the Nation

1.
2.
3.
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Brief Historical Background of Science and

Technology in the Philippines
Pre – Colonial Period

Even before the Spain colonized the country, some indigenous science and
technology has already existed with regards to agriculture like farming, animal – raising,
and the utilization of plants and herbs as medicines. The use of technology is evident in
the in handicrafts, pottery, weaving, and tools used by ancient Filipinos in their everyday
life.
Innovation and ingenuity were unmistakable by the way native Filipinos built the
rice terraces by hand. They also developed tools for planting, hunting, cooking, fishing,
and also for fighting enemies during tribal conflicts. They used indigenous technology in
building houses, irrigations and transportation, both on land and on waterways.
The ancient practices in science and technology by our ancestors are now
considered as indigenous science or folk science.
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Colonial Period
Spanish colonization paved way to modern means of construction. Roads, bridges,
churches, and other large infrastructures were built with more sophistication using some
engineering skills and tools brought by the Spaniards. In addition, Spanish colonizers
developed health and education system in the country.
The American colonial rule modernized almost all aspects of life in the country.
They established the Bureau of Science to initiate the development in the field of science
and technology.
Post – Colonial Period

After achieving independence from the colonial masters, the Philippines, under
different administrations, continued to pursue programs in science and technology. Each
leadership had its own S&T agenda. However, it is important to note that some Philippine
presidents introduced more developments in the field than others, which you will find out
soon as you course through this topic.
Filipino Presidents and their Contributions in the

Development of Science and Technology in the
Philippines
Philippine Presidents and the Status of S&T during their administration
Pres. Carlos P. Garcia (1957 - 1961)
-lack of support of experimental work

-marginal budget for scientific research
-low salaries of scientists employed by the government
-established the National Science Development Board
35
Pres. Ferdinand Marcos (1965 - 1986)

- directed the Department of Education to revitalize the science
courses in public high schools
- channelled additional funds to support projects in applied sciences
and science education
- he proclaimed 35 hectares in Bicutan, Taguig, Rizal as the site of
the Philippine Science Community
- scholarships for graduate and undergraduate science scholars, and
workshops on fisheries and oceanography
- added the Philippine Coconut Research Institute to the NSDB to modernize the coconut
industry.
- support for the promotion of scientific research and invention with Presidential Decree
No. 49, s. 1972
- he enacted a law under Presidential Decree No. 1003-A, s. 1976 to establish the
National Academy of Science and Technology
- he enacted a law on the completion of the National Agriculture and Life
Sciences Research Complex at the University of the Philippines at Los Baños
(Executive Order No. 840, s. 1982)
- he established the Mindanao and Visayas campuses of the Philippine Science High
School to encourage careers in science and technology
-established other research institutes like PAGASA, National Grains Authority,
Philippine Council for Agricultural Research, Philippine National Oil Company
among others
Pres. Corazon Aquino (1986 - 1992)

- National Science and Technology Authority was replaced by the
Department of Science and Technology
- science and technology's role in economic recovery and sustained
economic growth was highlighted
- created the Presidential Task Force for Science and Technology
which came up with the first Science and Technology Master Plan
or STMP
- Executive Order No.128 abolished R.A. No. 3859, also known as the “Philippine
Inventors Incentive Act.”
- gave assistance to Filipino inventors through giving financial aid, patent application
assistance, legal assistance, and to help inventors market their products
domestically and abroad
- R.A. 6655 or the Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1988 opened doors to free
education up to the secondary level
- “Science for the Masses Program” which aimed at scientific and technological literacy
among Filipinos
36
Pres. Fidel V. Ramos (1992 - 1998)
-significant increase in personnel specializing in the science and

technology field
-addition of Philippine Science High Schools in Visayas and
Mindanao
- government provided 3,500 scholarships for students who were taking
up professions related to S&T
- schools were becoming more modernized and updated with the addition of hightech
equipment for student
- priority for S&T personnel increased when Magna Carta for Science and
Technology Personnel (Republic Act No. 8439) was established
- award was published in order to give incentives and rewards for people who have
been influential in the field of S&T (Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act or Republic
Act No. 7459)
- programs such as National Program for Gifted Filipino Children in Science and
Technology
-enactment of a law creating a nationwide system of high schools specializing in
the field of science and engineering (Science and Technology Scholarship Law of
1994)
- enacted the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines (Republic Act No.
8293)
Pres. Joseph Estrada (1998 - 2001)

- launched a full-scale program based on cost-effective irrigation
technologies
- establishment of one science high school in every province
- advancement of industries and schools into the Internet age,
-passage of the e-Commerce Act
Pres. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001 - 2010)

- the science and technology sector of the Philippines was dubbed
as the "golden age“ during her term
- Numerous laws and projects that concerns both the environment
and science to push technology as a tool to increase the country's
economic level
- the term "Filipinnovation" was the coined term used in helping the
Philippines to be an innovation hub in Asia
- Science Technology and Innovations (STI) was developed further by
strengthening the schools and education system such as the Philippine Science
High School (PSHS), which focuses in science, technology and mathematics in
their curriculum
- imposes Republic Act 10601 which improves the Agriculture and Fisheries Sector
through Mechanization (AFMech)
37
Filipino Scientists and their Inventions
Here is a list of some Filipino scientists and inventors, together with their
contributions in shaping the science and technology of the Filipino nation.
Dr. Arturo Alcaraz

Dr. Arturo Alcaraz is a volcanologist specializing in geothermal
energy development. In 1967, Arturo Alcaraz and team powered an
electric light bulb using steam-powered electricity. This was the first
geothermal power generated in the Philippines.
Julian Banzon (1908 - 1988)

Filipino chemist, Julian Banzon researched methods of producing
alternative fuels. Julian Banzon experimented with the production
of ethyl esters fuels from sugarcane and coconut.
Pedro Escuro (1923 - )

Filipino scientist, Pedro Escuro is best known for his isolation of
nine rice varieties, thus was renowned by developing rice breeding
in the country. The Pedro Escuro rice varieties are: Milpal 4,
HBD-2, Azmil 26 and C-22 and C-18, C4-63, C4-137, C-168 and
C-12.
Dr. Francisco Fronda (1896 - 1986)

Dr. Francisco Fronda is known as the Father of poultry science
in the Philippines. Francisco Fronda has improved methods of
production for the poultry and livestock industry.
Felix Maramba
Felix Maramba built a coconut oil-fueled power generator. He

also is the developer of one of the world's most profitable biogas
systems.
38
Luz Oliveros Belardo (1906 - 1999)
Filipino chemist, Luz Oliveros Belardo researched the

phytochemical properties of plants in the Philippines for natural
products, essential oils, and the medicinal qualities.
Emerita De Guzman
Filipino scientist Emerita De Guzman researched the propagation
of pure macapuno trees. Her research led to the faster propagation
of pure macapuno trees and increased macapuno nut production
from 3-5 macapuno nuts to 14-19 nuts (1980). She also invented
tissue culture techniques for the rapid propagation of abaca and
banana plants.
Dr. Fe Del Mundo (1911 - 2011)
Filipino doctor, Fe Del Mundo is credited with studies that lead to

the invention of an improved incubator and a jaundice relieving
device.
Gregorio Zara (1902 - 1978)
Famous Filipino Scientist, Gregorio Zara invented, made

improvements to, or discovered the following: invented the two-way
television telephone or videophone (1995) patented as a "photo
phone signal separator network"; discovered the physical law of
electrical kinetic resistance called the Zara effect (around 1930);
invented an airplane engine that ran on plain alcohol as fuel (1952).
(Google image result for Famous Filipino Scientists or Inventors)
For more information, please go to the links provided below, then watch and read the
following:
Watch: 1. Juan’s Top 5 Filipino Inventions at https://youtu.be/RU21nUiKaoc
Read: 1. The Philippine Men and Women of Science.

http://spheres.dost.gov.ph/manuscript/PMWS27.pdf
2. Philippine Great Inventions
39
Application
Let’s have some practice, shall we?

Activity 1: Take a Roll on the Roles
Choose 1 role of S & T from the diagram you did at the beginning of this topic, then
perform a simple informative vlog video that manifests the role of S & T that you have
picked. Below is a rubric to rate your performance. Do this within 15 minutes. Enjoy
acting!
Exceeds Expectation Meets Expectation Needs Improvement

Criteria (3 points) (2 points) (1 point)
 Factual information is  Factual information is  Information is inaccurate
accurate mostly accurate  Presentation is of topic
Understanding of Topic  Good understanding of
 Indicates a clear
understanding of topic topic
 Appropriate, engaging,  Appropriate and  Vlogs and comments

reflective, and respectful to others. done, but lacks
Content Quality Vlogs have a purpose or engagement, analysis or
respectful to others.
Vlogs are in-depth, main topic about substantial reflection, or
analytical, reflective, reading and is reflective. may be off topic.
make a point and make
connections beyond
the text.
 Vlog has originality and  Speech is fluent. Vlog  Vlog may contain several
flair, emphasizing may contain one or two errors in grammar; errors
Speech & Grammar important points; errors in grammar; may impede viewer's
contains no errors in errors do not impede understanding. Speech
grammar. viewer's understanding. lack fluency.
 Shows confidence  Shows some confidence  Portrayal stalls

 Informative  Presents some  Lacks information
 Entertaining; engages information  Audience bored
audience  Engages audience  Mumbles
 Speaks loudly and  Can be heard  Body language is lacking;
Presentation clearly  Some use of body inappropriate
 Appropriate use of language
body language
40
Activity 2: Back Through Time
A. This activity is meant for you to revisit our country’s rich historical background on its
journey to scientific and technological progress. Each student shall choose one period
to elaborate the development of S&T in each period and its contributions and
implications to the present society. Complete the table below.
a. Early Filipino/ Pre - colonial period

b. Spanish Colonization
c. American Regime
d. Japanese Colonization
e. Post - colonial period
Science Implications
Contribution culture and of S&T and
State of of the period practices/ science
Period S&T during in the Society’s culture of
the period development norms each period
of S&T during the to the
period present
Note: Please read the article below for additional information
A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines by Olivia C. Caoili
Link: https://tuxdoc.com/download/history-of-science-and-technology-in-the-philippines_pdf#download-
require
41
B. Make a comic strip portraying the development of S&T in the period/era you are
working on. Present your strip to the class next meeting. The rubrics below will serve
as your guide, and basis for rating your performance.
Exceeds Expectation Meets Expectation Needs Improvement

Criteria (3 points) (2 points) (1 point)
Panels/layout All six panels are complete in All six panels are complete Five panels are complete
a creative, organized format. with an appropriate cause- with an appropriate cause
and-effect relationship. and-effect relationship.
Illustration Strip contains six completed Strip contains six completed Strip contains five or fewer
(colored) drawings in a (colored) drawings. completed (colored)
creative, organized format. drawings.
There are no more than two There are no more than There are no more than four
Grammar/
errors. three errors. errors.
mechanics
Oral Presentation demonstrates Presentation demonstrates Presentation demonstrates

presentation fluency, appropriate rate, fluency, appropriate rate, some fluency, appropriate
pronunciation, and and pronunciation. rate, and pronunciation.
enthusiasm.
Activity 3: New Generation Science Genius
Utilizing internet resources, find photos of modern Filipino scientists and their
respective inventions/ discoveries. Describe the inventions and their major
contributions in the development of our nation.
42
Feedback
1. List some policies/programs of the government that steers the nation’s

Science and Technology forward. Describe these policies briefly, and give
their Pros, as well as their Cons. Support your claims by citing examples of
their positive/negative impact to our nation’s development.
Policy/ Program Pros (with Positive Cons (with Negative

Impacts) Impacts)
1.
2.
3.
4.
2. Take photos that depict the use of science/technology in your community,

and compile them to make a photo album. Upload your work in social media, and try
to elicit comments from the viewers, then have a sharing with the class next meeting.
43
Summary
In this unit, you have learned the different contributions to Science and Technology
of each epoch of human history- Ancient, Medieval and Modern Times. Necessity and
adversity drive people to think and invent technology to address the needs and problems
they encountered in everyday life. These inventions paved way to major developments
from ancient to modern society and along with it, the transmission of scientific and
technological knowledge that influenced our very own notion of the world.
The advent of technology opens the door for more scientific endeavors in the quest
of unravelling the mysteries of the natural world, and hence the birth of scientific revolution.
The revolution had sparked human creativity and critical thinking, and by this time, many
a discovery and scientific ideas were developed, and new scientific paradigms were
generated which had overthrown previous paradigms. This manifests that scientific
knowledge is not permanent, and subject to constant change through careful research
and experimentation.
In the Philippines, even before period of colonization, our society has been faring on
its improvement in terms of Science and Technology especially in agriculture, handicraft
and medicine. During colonization, there was a slow growth of S&T since majority of its
sophistication is brought about by the foreign invaders. The establishment of Bureau of
Science by Americans paved the way for the initial growth of S&T in the country. During
post-colonial period where Philippines had given the autonomy for executive,
administrative, judicial and legislative operations, different programs and policies of the
government gear towards reinforcing progress of S&T. Many Filipinos were renowned not
only in the national but also around the global society for their outstanding feat.
44
Reflection
Think about these
1. What value of a scientist have you learned from the major revolutions? Why?
2. What could be the consequences if these major intellectual revolutions did not take
place?
3. What value of a scientist have you learned from the major revolutions? Why?
4. What could be the consequences if these major intellectual revolutions did not take
place?
5. Did science and technology change your way of life? Was it in a good way, otherwise,
or both? Explain how.
References
A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines by Olivia C. Caoili Retrieved from:
https://tuxdoc.com/download/history-of-science-and-technology-inthe-
philippines_pdf#download-require
McNamara, D., Valverde, V., & Beleno, R. (2018). Science, Technology, and Society (1st ed., pp. 1-
128). Quezon City: C&E Publishing Inc.
Ratnasiri, N., 2006. The role of Science and Technology in nation building. Journal of the National
Science Foundation of Sri Lanka, 34(3), p.113. DOI: http://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v34i3.3640
Web Sources:
Redirect Notice. (2019). Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2xrHBDz
Image: Hanging Gardens of Babylon - Wikipedia. (2019). Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2XlPv0B
Google Image Result for https://www.timetrips.co.uk/ep-tutmask1.jpg. (2019). Retrieved from
https://urlzs.com/RVGm7
Google Image Result for https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/dynamic/25/590x/Canyou-see-
the-flaw-682241.jpg. (2019). Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/FRWES
Image: Papyrus in Ancient Egypt | Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art ... (2019). Retrieved from
https://urlzs.com/zFc6U
Image: Hieroglyph | writing character | Britannica.com. (2019). Retrieved from
https://bit.ly/2XjQ4b7
45
Image: the coliseum (greece) - YouTube. (2019). Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/pbCTX

Image: The Olympic Games [ushistory.org]. (2019). Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/vD5wU
Google Image Result for http://historylearning.com/fileadmin/user_upload/romannumerals.jpg.
(2019). Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/EnPPz
Image: Roman Aqueducts— Ancient Engineering Marvels. (2019). Retrieved from
https://urlzs.com/ePC9t
Image: Silk Road - HISTORY. (2019). Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/ittbA
Image: Great Wall -. (2019). Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/xH83x
Image: Molecular Expressions Microscopy Primer: Museum of Microscopy ... (2019). Retrieved
from https://urlzs.com/fAo55
Image: Ιnventor of the Telephone: Alexander Graham Bell - Learning History. (2019). Retrieved
from https://urlzs.com/ASZiC
Redirect Notice. (2019). Retrieved from
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiW8Kaqy5rjAhVEA4gKHU
NtAYQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinterest.com%2Fpin%2F84660642992639500
0%2F&psig=AOvVaw2Sl_sc8daokDiWkZShMf4F&ust=1562306475204989
Image: Occult Science 4.0 - Heliocentric vs. Geocentric Astrology - YouTube. (2019). Retrieved from
https://urlzs.com/jFeHS
Redirect Notice. (2019). Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2RTR14c
Image: The 15 Presidents of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved from: https://nobert-
bermosa.blogspot.com/2011/06/15-presidents-of-republic-of.html
Images from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Philippines
Science and Technology: Moving the Philippines Forward. Retrieved from
https://youtu.be/9li8S3L5p2Q
The State of Science and Technology in the Philippines. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/_ttaqZf-
SMg
Juan’s Top 5 Filipino Inventions at https://youtu.be/RU21nUiKaoc
The Philippine Men and Women of Science. Retrieved from:
http://spheres.dost.gov.ph/manuscript/PMWS27.pdf
46
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PALOMPON INSTITUTE OF

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

A Learning Material for

Mathematics and Science

ABOUT THE MODULE

Title and Description

 Activities indicated in each packets

 Oral and Written Quizzes

 Term Exams (Midterm and Finals)

Learning Packet 1: General Concepts and STS Historical

Topic 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and

General Concepts and STS Historical

Nature and Technology

The Amazing Arm of the Octopus

Photo credit: https://lithub.com/the-octopus-an-alien-among-us/

A soft and flexible robotic arm would be invaluable in surgery

Activating Prior Learning

How science can be defined?

2. Science as an intellectual activity.

3. Science as a body of knowledge.

4. Science as a personal and social activity.

1. How do scientist get their ideas?

2. How is science different from other intellectual activities?

3. How do we gain scientific knowledge?

4. Why is scientific knowledge important?

5. How do social issues influence science?

6. How did science and technology affect the society and

Science and Technology in Ancient Times

In the ancient times, people were concerned with transportation and

Figure 1.1 Sumerian Cuneiform

Figure 1.4 Pyramid of Giza ("Google Image Result

Figure 1.5 Papyrus ("Image: Papyrus in

Figure 1.6 Greek Coliseum

Science and Technology in Middle Ages

To facilitate record keeping, wood lock

Figure 1.12 Johann Gutenberg Printing Press (Image:

Another invention in the Middle Age is the microscope. Growing populations

Figure 1.13 Zacharias Janssen’s Microscope (“Image:

Science and Technology in Modern Times

All these needs resulted in the development of industries. However, due to

Figure 1.15 Alexander Graham Bell’s Telephone (“Image:

Although an earlier version of the calculator had already been developed,

2. Determine persisting needs were addressed by each invention.

3. Discuss briefly the impact of each invention to society.

What I already What I Want to know What I have

2. Create a collage on the inventions in the Philippines and the world.

Nature and Technology

The Dog’s Sense of Smell

What accounts for the dog’s superior sense of smell?

Source: Awake! Article Series JW.Org

Activating Prior Learning

Think about what Newton meant by answering the following questions:

1. What do you think Newton has seen?

2. Who do you think Newton refers to as “giants”?

The Man who moved the Sun

In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus challenged the geocentric model by

Finally, as a result of Darwin's world expedition and observations, which were

Figure 2.3 Theory of Creation ("Redirect

Figure 2.2 Tree of Evolution ("Redirect Notice", 2019)

The Father of Psychoanalysis

Figure 2.4 Theory of Psychoanalysis ("Redirect Notice", 2019)

Science hardliners brushed off the legitimacy of psychoanalysis as a science since

2. Evolution of human beings