BUSINESS COMMUNICATION

Q2- Barriers to Communication:

1.organisational barrier-the classical organization structure with a scalar chain of command restricts free and frequent
communications. Too many levels intervene causing delay in transmission and distortion in the message. The more complex the
organization, the more difficult it becomes to ensure that correct information is passed on to the right person at the right time
through the right medium.

2.status barrier- every org has some kind of status system. Some individuals have higher status than others. Persons of higher
status don’t talk freely with those of lower status. Subordinates at lower levels don’t feel free to talk to superiors. They pass on
only what superiors would like to hear and hold back unpleasant facts. When a subordinate does not trust in his superior
communication becomes less effective.

3.semantic barrier-words and symbols use to communicate facts and feelings may mean different things to different persons.
People interpret the same message in different ways depending upon their social and cultural backgrounds,educational and
experience. The language of the sender may be very technical or incomprehebsible to the receiver.

4.inattention barrier-when the receiver does not pay complete attention to the message, communication becomes ineffective.
A person may be inattentive when he considers the message as superficial or uninteresting. He may be preoccupied with other
more imp matters or the message may be contrary to his expectations.

5.channel distortions-physical or mechanical barriers may also cause distortion of communication. Many people talking
simultaneously, inaudible telephone lines, electronic disturbances, wrong transcriptions in telex messages, noise etc are
examples of channel distortion.
 PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT 1
Q1: Social responsibility of managers-a-corporate social responsibility-it is involved with the
impact of companys action on the society.
b.socail responsiveness- it means the ability of the corporation to relate its operations and policies to
the social environment in ways that are mutually beneficial to the company and the society.

Q2: Nature of management: 1. Universality: Management is an universal phenomenon in the sense that it
is common and essential element in all enterprises. Managers perform more or less the same functions
irrespective of their position or nature of the organization. The basic principles of management can be applied in
all managerial situations regardless of the size, nature and location of the organization. Universality of managerial
tasks and principles also implies that managerial skills are transferable and managers can be trained and
developed.

2. Purposeful: Management is always aimed at achieving organizational goals and purposes. The success of
management is measured by the extent to which the desired objectives are attained. In both economic and non-
economic enterprises, the tasks of management are directed towards effectiveness (i.e., attainment of
organizational goals) and efficiency (i.e., goal attainment with economy of resource use).

3. Social process: Management essentially involves managing people organized in work groups. It includes
retaining, Developing and motivating people at work, as well as taking care of their satisfaction as social beings. All
these interpersonal relations and interactions makes the management as asocial process.

4. Coordinating force: Management coordinates the efforts of organization members through orderly arrangement
of inter-related activities so as to avoid duplication and overlapping. Management reconciles the individual goals
with the organizational goals and integrates human and physical resources.

5. Intangible: Management is intangible. It is an unseen force. Its presence can be felt everywhere by the results of
its effort which comes in the form of orderliness, adequate work output, satisfactory working climate, employees
satisfaction etc.

6. Continuous process: Management is a dynamic and an on-going process. The cycle of management continues to
operate so long as there is organised action for the achievement of group goals.

7. Composite process: Functions of management cannot be undertaken sequentially, independent of each other.
Management is a composite process made up of individual ingredients. All the functions are performed by
involving several ingredients. Therefore, the whole process is integrative and performed in a network fashion.

8. Creative organ: Management creates energetics effect by producing results which are more than the sum of
individual efforts of the group members. It provides sequence to operations, matches jobs to goals, connects work
to physical and financial resources. It provides creative ideas, new imaginations and visions to group efforts. It is
not a passive force adopting to external environment but a dynamic life giving element in every organization.
Importance of management : # It helps in Achieving Group Goals – It arranges the factors of production,
assembles and organizes the resources, integrates the resources in effective manner to achieve goals. It directs
group efforts towards achievement of pre-determined goals. By defining objective of organization clearly there
would be no wastage of time, money and effort. Management converts disorganized resources of men, machines,
money etc. into useful enterprise. These resources are coordinated, directed and controlled in such a manner that
enterprise work towards attainment of goals.

# Optimum Utilization of Resources – Management utilizes all the physical & human resources productively. This
leads to efficacy in management. Management provides maximum utilization of scarce resources by selecting its
best possible alternate use in industry from out of various uses. It makes use of experts, professional and these
services leads to use of their skills, knowledge, and proper utilization and avoids wastage. If employees and
machines are producing its maximum there is no under employment of any resources.

# Reduces Costs – It gets maximum results through minimum input by proper planning and by using minimum
input & getting maximum output. Management uses physical, human and financial resources in such a manner
which results in best combination. This helps in cost reduction.

# Establishes Sound Organization – No overlapping of efforts (smooth and coordinated functions). To establish
sound organizational structure is one of the objective of management which is in tune with objective of
organization and for fulfillment of this, it establishes effective authority & responsibility relationship i.e. who is
accountable to whom, who can give instructions to whom, who are superiors & who are subordinates.
Management fills up various positions with right persons, having right skills, training and qualification. All jobs
should be cleared to everyone.

# Establishes Equilibrium – It enables the organization to survive in changing environment. It keeps in touch with
the changing environment. With the change is external environment, the initial co-ordination of organization must
be changed. So it adapts organization to changing demand of market / changing needs of societies. It is responsible
for growth and survival of organization.

# Essentials for Prosperity of Society – Efficient management leads to better economical production which helps in
turn to increase the welfare of people. Good management makes a difficult task easier by avoiding wastage of
scarce resource. It improves standard of living. It increases the profit which is beneficial to business and society will
get maximum output at minimum cost by creating employment opportunities which generate income in hands.
Organization comes with new products and researches beneficial for society.

Q3: Benefits of MBO-

1.improvement of managing through result oriented planning.
2.clarification of organizational rules,structures and delegation of authority according to results
expected of people occupying the roles.
3.encouragement of personal commitment to their won organizational goals.
4.development of effective controls,measuring results,leadint to corrective actions.
Process of MBO-
Organization objective and purpose planning premises

Key result area

Superiors objective

Superiors recommendation for subordinates subordinates stat.

Objective.

Matching resources subordinate agreed obj

Subordinates performance

Performance reviewed and appraisal

Weakness of MBO
1. It over-emphasizes the setting of goals over the working of a plan as a driver of outcomes.
2. It underemphasizes the importance of the environment or context in which the goals are set.
That context includes everything from the availability and quality of resources, to relative buy-
in by leadership and stake-holders.
3. Companies evaluated their employees by comparing them with the "ideal" employee. Trait
appraisal only looks at what employees should be, not at what they should do.

The use of MBO needs to be carefully aligned with the culture of the organization. While MBO
is not as fashionable as it was before the 'empowerment' fad, it still has its place in
management today.

Q4: Advantage of forecasting-

1. Supply vital facts and important information for successful planning.
2. Forces executed to look ahead and improve their mental facilities.
3. Helps in achieving better coordination.
4. Focused objectives.
5. Helps in ensuring control that leads to improved performance.
6. Identify environment forces and prepare for facing these challenges in effective manner.

Q5: Organization-An organization is a social arrangement which pursues collective goals, controls its
own performance, and has a boundary separating it from its environment. It is a means to an end to
achieve its goals - which are to create value for its stakeholders (stockholders, employees, customers,
suppliers, community).

Formal organization- The formal organisation refers to the formal relationships of authority and
subordination within a company. The primary focus of the formal organisation is the position the
employee/manager holds. Power is delegated from the top levels of the management down the
organisation. Each position has rules governing what can and cannot be done. There are rewards and
penalties for complying with these rules and performing duties well.
Informal organization- The informal organisation refers to the network of personal and social
relations that develop spontaneously between people associated with each other. The primary focus of
the informal organisation is the employee as an individual person. Power is derived from membership of
informal groups within the organisation. The conduct of individuals within these groups is governed by
norms - that is, social rules of behaviour. When individuals break these norms, other members of the
group impose sanctions on them.
Importance of organization- Organizations are important first of all because when all the people are
working for the same goal and have the same vision, it is easier to adapt to the changes in the
environment. Organizations are also a source of value for its owners, employees and also for the
customers. Organizations also play a very significant role in providing diversification to its employees
and developing them and is a source of and motivation and coordination among the employees.
A. Synergy effect: In an organization, people having different skills and expertise work together to
produce the synergetic effect with the help of latest technology. The result of the work done in group
will be higher as compared to the additional value of individual work. Organizations make possible the
complex activities. A very small team of players and very small number of civil servants can manage the
activities of the government and the nation.

B. Team Spirit: Organizations always enhance the team spirit within its team members. No organization
can attain its goal with a single effort of limited members. So, by naturally organization strengthen the
feeling of team spirit to his components.

C. Attainment of Common goal: Different individuals have different goals on the basis of their social
values and they come to the organization in the expectation of the fulfillment of those goals.
Organizations fulfill their goals by creating the environment of compliance of organizational goals with
the individual goals. Organizations motivate them for the commitment in the common goal.

D. Employment Opportunity: The organization has thousands of small tasks and responsibilities in
hierarchical form for the goal attainment obviously creating employment opportunity in variety of scale.

E. Economic Development: Through the employment, purchasing power will increase as well as the
organization has to pay tax resulting more revenue collection for government. This revenue will help in
the infrastructure development like roads, hospitals etc. On the other way, employment generation is
the basic tools for the economic development for any nation. Employment creates income, income
creates purchasing power, purchasing power creates demand, and to fulfill the increased demand
production should be increased. To produce more, again more employment is necessary. Thus this helps
for economic development creating a good economic development circle in the nation.

Q6: Centralization- Centralization is said to be a process where the concentration of decision making
is in a few hands. All the important decision and actions at the lower level, all subjects and actions at the
lower level are subject to the approval of top management. Under centralization, the important and key
decisions are taken by the top management and the other levels are into implementations as per the
directions of top level.

Decentralization- Decentralization is a systematic delegation of authority at all levels of management

and in all of the organization. In a decentralization concern, authority in retained by the top
management for taking major decisions and framing policies concerning the whole concern. Rest of the
authority may be delegated to the middle level and lower level of management. It is systematic effort to
delegate to the lowest level of authority except that which can be controlled and exercised at central
points.
Types of decentralization-

1. Political Decentralization
Political decentralization aims to give citizens or their elected representatives more power in public
decision-making. It is often associated with pluralistic politics and representative government, but it can
also support democratization by giving citizens, or their representatives, more influence in the
formulation and implementation of policies. Advocates of political decentralization assume that
decisions made with greater participation will be better informed and more relevant to diverse interests
in society than those made only by national political authorities. The concept implies that the selection
of representatives from local electoral jurisdictions allows citizens to know better their political
representatives and allows elected officials to know better the needs and desires of their constituents.

2. Administrative Decentralization
Administrative decentralization seeks to redistribute authority, responsibility and financial resources for
providing public services among different levels of government. It is the transfer of responsibility for the
planning, financing and management of certain public functions from the central government and its
agencies to field units of government agencies, subordinate units or levels of government, semi-
autonomous public authorities or corporations, or area-wide, regional or functional authorities.
The three major forms of administrative decentralization -- deconcentration, delegation, and devolution

3. Fiscal Decentralization
Financial responsibility is a core component of decentralization. If local governments and private
organizations are to carry out decentralized functions effectively, they must have an adequate level of
revenues –either raised locally or transferred from the central government– as well as the authority to
make decisions about expenditures. Fiscal decentralization can take many forms, including a) self-
financing or cost recovery through user charges, b) co-financing or co-production arrangements through
which the users participate in providing services and infrastructure through monetary or labor
contributions; c) expansion of local revenues through property or sales taxes, or indirect charges; d)
intergovernmental transfers that shift general revenues from taxes collected by the central government
to local governments for general or specific uses; and e) authorization of municipal borrowing and the
mobilization of either national or local government resources through loan guarantees. In many
developing countries local governments or administrative units possess the legal authority to impose
taxes, but the tax base is so weak and the dependence on central government subsidies so ingrained
that no attempt is made to exercise that authority.

4. Economic or Market Decentralization

The most complete forms of decentralization from a government's perspective are privatization and
deregulation because they shift responsibility for functions from the public to the private sector.
Privatization and deregulation are usually, but not always, accompanied by economic liberalization and
market development policies. They allow functions that had been primarily or exclusively the
responsibility of government to be carried out by businesses, community groups, cooperatives, private
voluntary associations, and other non-government organizations.
 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Q1: Objectives of Environmental Education

Awareness – to help social groups and individuals acquire an awareness and sensitivity to the
total environment and its allied problems.
Knowledge – to help social groups and individuals gain a variety of experiences in and acquire a
basic understanding of the environment and its associated problems.
Attitudes – to help social groups and individuals acquire a set of values and feelings of concern
for the environment and motivation for actively participating in environmental improvement and
protection.
Skills – to help social groups and individuals acquire the skills for identifying and solving
environmental problems.
Participation – to help provide social groups and individuals with an opportunity to be actively
involved at all levels in working toward resolution of environmental problems.

Importance-
a. Environmental education increases student engagement in science. In our schools, research has
shown enormous benefits from environmental education. When integrated into a science curriculum,
environmental education demonstrably improves student achievement in science (4). Such an increase
is likely due to the fact that environmental education connects classroom learning to the real world.
Students, when given a choice, will gravitate towards environmental science. Science fair administrators
note that 40 percent of all science fair projects relate directly to the environment, and the Corporation
for National and Community Service reports that more than 50 percent of the service-learning programs
they fund are focused on the environment.
b. Environmental education improves student achievement in core subject areas. When integrated
into the core curricula or used as an integrating theme across the curriculum, environmental education
has a measurably positive impact not only on student achievement in science, but also in reading
(sometimes spectacularly), math, and social studies (5). The same study found that schools that taught
the core subjects using the environment as an integrating context also demonstrated:
c. Environmental education provides critical tools for a 21st century workforce. The vast majority of
Americans are convinced that the environment will become at least one of the dominant issues and
challenges of the 21st century, as the growing needs of the growing global population increasingly
presses up against the limits of the earth’s resources and ecosystems. The National Science Foundation’s
Advisory Committee for Environmental Research and Education confirmed this in a 2003 report, noting
that "in the coming decades, the public will more frequently be called upon to understand complex
environmental issues, assess risk, evaluate proposed environmental plans and understand how
individual decisions affect the environment at local and global scales. Creating a scientifically informed
citizenry requires a concerted, systematic approach to environmental education.
d. Environmental Education helps address "nature deficit disorder." A recent study found that
children today spend an average of 6 hours each day in front of the computer and TV but less than 4
minutes a day in unstructured outdoor play, leading researchers to discover a new condition specific to
this current generation that they have called "nature deficit disorder." This extreme emphasis of indoor
time spent in front of screens versus outdoor play and discovery has been correlated with negative
psychological and physical effects including obesity, loneliness, depression, attention problems and
greater social isolation due to reduced time with friends and family.

Scope-Environmental education is not just about classroom learning but about all learning
activities intended to inform people about the environment and its management. The term
environmental education embraces a wide range of learning activities that inform people about
resource management and the environmental effects of resource use. Thus, there can be many
providers of environmental education.
Within the formal education sector, these providers can include primary, intermediate and
secondary schools, the colleges of education, the universities, polytechnics and other tertiary
institutions. Outside the formal education sector there is, once again, a wide variety of providers.
These include government departments undertaking specific programs or less formal activities to
promote the implementation of policy. Also included are local authorities, both regional and
territorial, using environmental education as a tool to achieve objectives and policies outlined in
planning documents. Providers also extend well beyond central and local government.
Crown Research Institutes, environmental non-government organizations, private institutions,
land care and other community groups, and the environmental consulting industry are amongst
those that undertake activities that may be seen as environmental education.
In regard to governmental responsibilities, an effective policy framework for protecting
and managing the environment requires an integrated approach that includes sound legislation,
good knowledge about the environment, the communication of information, and responsible
behavior by individuals, resource users, and communities. Within this framework, environmental
education contributes to the communication of information and to the development of
understanding, skills, attitudes and values that influence the behavior of individuals, resource
user groups, and the community.

Q2: Ecological succession A fundamental concept in ecology, refers to more or less predictable and
orderly changes in the composition or structure of an ecological community. Succession may be initiated
either by formation of new, unoccupied habitat (e.g., a lava flow or a severe landslide) or by some form
of disturbance (e.g. fire, severe windthrow, logging) of an existing community. Succession that begins in
areas where no soil is initially present is called primary succession, whereas succession that begins in
areas where soil is already present is called secondary succession.
Ecological succession was formerly seen as having a stable end-stage called the climax , sometimes
referred to as the 'potential vegetation' of a site, shaped primarily by the local climate. This idea has
been largely abandoned by modern ecologists in favor of nonequilibrium ideas of how ecosystems
function. Most natural ecosystems experience disturbance at a rate that makes a "climax" community
unattainable. Climate change often occurs at a rate and frequency sufficient to prevent arrival at a
climax state. Additions to available species pools through range expansions and introductions can also
continually reshape communities.
Q5: Causes of global warming-

1. We human beings are accelerating the natural climatological cycles with our human-created
emissions of greenhouse gases.  The primary gas, carbon dioxide, is released every time you use
fossil fuels- currently our main energy source. Unless you help stop those emissions, there is
little hope of a secure future for humans.
2. Deforestation increases the severity of global warming as well. Carbon dioxide is released from
the human conversion of forests and grasslands into farmland and cities. All living plants store
carbon. When those plants die and decay, carbon dioxide is released back into the atmosphere.
As forests and grasslands are cleared for your use, enormous amounts of stored carbon enter
the atmosphere.
3. An unstoppable feedback loop may happen if you let this continue. If the activities mentioned
above warm the Earth just enough, it could cause natural carbon sinks to fail. A "carbon sink" is
a natural system that stores carbon over thousands of years. Such sinks include peat bogs and
the arctic tundra. But if these sinks destabilize, that carbon will be released, possibly causing an
unstoppable and catastrophic warming of the Earth.
4. The oceans are no longer able to store carbon as they have in the past. The ocean is a huge
carbon sink, holding about 50 times as much carbon as the atmosphere.[1] But now scientists
are realizing that the increased thermal stratification of the oceans has caused substantial
reductions in levels of phytoplankton, which store CO2.[2]  Increased atmospheric carbon is also
causing an acidification of the ocean, since carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid when it reacts
with water. The tiny plants of the ocean, the very bottom of that vast watery food chain, are
suffering from the effects of global warming, which means they are becoming less able to store
carbon, further contributing to climate change.[3] 

As carbon sinks fail, the amount of carbon in the atmosphere climbs![4] 

Effects of global warming-

1. Effects on weather Increasing temperature is likely to lead to increasing precipitation but the
effects on storms are less clear. Extratropical storms partly depend on the temperature gradient,
which is predicted to weaken in the northern hemisphere as the polar region warms more than
the rest of the hemisphere
2. Extreme weather
 Increased areas will be affected by drought
 There will be increased intense tropical cyclone activity
 There will be increased incidences of extreme high sea level (excluding tsunamis)

3. Local climate change Regional effects of global warming vary in nature. Some are the
result of a generalised global change, such as rising temperature, resulting in local effects,
such as melting ice. In other cases, a change may be related to a change in a particular
ocean current or weather system. In such cases, the regional effect may be
disproportionate and will not necessarily follow the global trend.
 There are three major ways in which global warming will make changes to regional
climate: melting or forming ice, changing the hydrological cycle (of evaporation and
precipitation) and changing currents in the oceans and air flows in the atmosphere. The
coast can also be considered a region, and will suffer severe impacts from sea level rise.

4. Acidification Dissolving CO2 in seawater increases the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in the
ocean, and thus decreases ocean pH. Caldeira and Wickett (2003) placed the rate and
magnitude of modern ocean acidification changes in the context of probable historical changes
during the last 300 million years.[15] Since the industrial revolution began, it is estimated that
surface ocean pH has dropped by slightly more than 0.1 units.

5. Oxygen depletion The amount of oxygen dissolved in the oceans may decline, with adverse
consequences for ocean life.

6. Health Human beings are exposed to climate change through changing weather patterns
(temperature, precipitation, sea-level rise and more frequent extreme events) and indirectly
through changes in water, air and food quality and changes in ecosystems, agriculture, industry
and settlements and the economy

7. Ground-level ozone With high confidence (2007) projected that climate change would increase
cardio-respiratory morbidity and mortality associated with ground-level ozone. Ground-level
ozone is both naturally occurring and is the primary constituent of urban smog ozone in smog is
formed through chemical reactions involving nitrogen oxides and other compounds. The
reaction is a photochemical reaction, meaning that it involves electromagnetic radiation, and
occurs in the presence of bright sunshine and high temperatures. Exposure to elevated
concentrations of ozone is associated with increased hospital admissions for pneumonia,
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, allergic rhinitis and other respiratory diseases,
and with premature mortality.

8. Abrupt climate change Is defined as a large-scale change in the climate system that
takes place over a few decades or less, persists (or is anticipated to persist) for at least a
few decades, and causes substantial disruptions in human and natural systems There is
the possibility of a rapid change in glaciers, ice sheets, and hence sea level. Predictions of
such a change are highly uncertain due to a lack of scientific understanding. Modeling of
the processes associated with a rapid ice sheet and glacier change could potentially
increase future projections of sea level rise.
Q6: Effects of environment on human health
1. Physical Hazards, and their Adverse Health Effects-Electromagnetic radiation ranges
from low frequency, relatively low energy, radiation such as radio and microwaves
through to infra red, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays. These last as well
as other forms of radioactivity such as high energy subatomic particles (e.g. electrons -
Beta rays) can cause intracellular ionization and are therefore called ionizing radiation.
Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation carries a increased risk of skin cancer such as
melanoma, and of cataracts which are to an extent exposure related. Some pollutants
such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) used as refrigerants or in aerosol propellants or in
the manufacture of certain plastics can damage the "ozone layer" in the higher
atmosphere (stratosphere) and thus allow more UV light to reach us, and harm us
directly. Ultraviolet light may also cause harm indirectly by contributing to an increase in
ozone in the troposphere (the air we breathe) - see below under chemical hazards, or
elsewhere in connection with air quality. 

Radioactivity is associated with an exposure dependent risk of some cancers

notably leukemia. Contrary to popular belief however, most radiation to which the
average person is exposed is natural in origin, and, of the man made sources,
medical diagnosis and treatment is on average the largest source to the
individual. A very important issue is the extent to which radon gas arising from
certain rock types beneath dwellings can contribute to cancer risk. According to
some estimates it could result in a few thousand cancer deaths per year in the
U.K.

2. Chemical Hazards, and their Adverse Health Effects- General airborne pollution arises
from a variety of causes but can usefully be subdivided into pollution from combustion
or from other sources. The image shows the silhouette of a power station - an important
source of airborne products of combustion. 

Combustion of coal and other solid fuels can produce smoke (containing polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons - PAH) and sulphur dioxide besides other agents such as those
also produced by: 

Combustion of liquid petroleum products which can generate carbon monoxide, oxides
of nitrogen and other agents. Industry and incineration can generate a wide range of
products of combustion such as oxides of sulphur and nitrogen, polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons, dioxins etc

Health effects of concern are asthma, bronchitis and similar lung diseases, and there is
good evidence relating an increased risk of symptoms of these diseases with increasing
concentration of sulphur dioxide, ozone and other pollutants.
3. Biological Hazards, and their Adverse Health Effects- As regards microbiological
hazards in water, substantial improvements in the health of the population have
resulted historically from the supply of drinking water free from disease causing
organisms such as cholera. Similar improvements can be expected in the health
of the inhabitants of developing countries if microbiologically safe water is
provided by avoidance of contamination, and appropriate purification including
disinfection (usually by chlorination). Occasional outbreaks of waterborne
infection still arise from contamination of drinking water by soiled water (usually
coli forms). 

Many allergens such as grass pollen grains, or faecal material from house dust
mites may cause attacks of asthma or "hay fever" (allergic rhinitis). There is
evidence that high exposure to these allergens early in life, increases the risk of
suffering from asthma later on. An increasing number of studies suggest that
airborne chemical pollution can act synergistically with naturally occurring
allergens and result in effects on lung function at concentrations lower than those
at which either the allergen or the chemical irritant on its own would have
produced an adverse effect.