Lead glass or flint glass

It is made up of lead oxide fuxcd with silica and

is used instead of sodium oxide.
KCO,
Its approximate composition is K,Co.PbO.SiO.
To get dense optical glasses about 80% lead oxide is
used. Lead glasses has a lower softening temperature
than soda glass and higher refractive index and good
electrical properties. It is bright lustrous and possess
high specific gravity.

Uses:
High quality table wares, optical lenses, neon sign
tubing, cathode ray tubes, electrical insulators, crystal
art objects or cut glass, Windows and Shields for
protection against X-rays and Gamma rays in medical
and atomic energy fields etc.
Borosilicate/ pyrex/jena glass
It is common hard glass containing
silica and boron with small amount of
alumina and less alkaline solids.
It contains

SiO,(80.56), B,O,(13%), A1,0,(03%), K,

o(3%) and Na,O(0.5%). These glass
have low thermal coefficient of
chemical resistance
expansion, and high
i.e.shock proof.

Uses:
used for pipeline of
Industrially 150
corrosive liquids, gauge

glasses, superior laboratory

kitchen wares, chemical
apparatus,
television tubes, electrical
plants,
insulators ctc.
Alumino-silicate glass
The typical approximate composition
of this type of glass is
Sio,(55%), Al,0,(23%), MgO(09%),
B,O,(07%), CaO(056) and
Na,0, K,O(01%).
This type of glass possess
exceptionally high softening
temperature.

Uses:
It is uscd for high pressure mercury
discharge tubes, chemical
combustion tubes and certain
domestic equipments.
Optical or crook's glass
silicates and Cerium oxide which
It contains Phosphorus, PbCO,
is
has the property to absorb harmful ultra-violet light. This glass
it for prolonged period of
given through homogeneity by heating
a

and relatively soft.

time. These glasses have low melting point are

Uses:
used for making optical lenses.
They are

na
Toughened glass
It is made by dipping articles still hot in
an oil bath, so that chilling takes place.
This results in outer layer of articles
shrink and acquire a state of

compression while layer a r e in

inner
state of tension. Such glass is more
elastic to mechanical and thermal shock.
It breaks into a fine powder.

Uses:
window shields of fast
For making
windows of furnace and
moving vehicles,
automatic opening doors.
Coloured glass
Addition of transition metal compounds to glass gives color to the glass. They
are outlined below.

Yellow: Ferric Salts Green: Ferrous and Chromium Purple: Magnese dioxide salt
salts

Red: Nickel and cuprous salta Lemon Yellow: Cadmium Fluorescent greenish yellow:
Cu.O sulphide Uranium oxide

8lue Cobalt Sale, Cu0 Greenish Blue Color: o

Copper Sulphate

Opaque milky white: Cryolite Ruby : Auric Chlornde

of Calcium phosphate
Wired glass
Wired glass does not fall apart into
splinters
when it breaks and is fire
resistant. It is made by fusing wire in between the two
glass layers.

Uses:
For naking fire resistant doors, roofs, skylights and windows
Glass wo0
Glass wool consists of tiny fibers
formed by action of steam jets on
dripping molten glass down from
very fine kole.

Uses:
Heat Insulation, for filtration of
Corrosive chemicals, sound

insulation etc
Photo-chromic glaSS
The three dimensional silicate network
contains large no. of microscopic
particles of silver halide which on
exposure to light produce color.

Uses:
In making tinted car glasses and
goggles.
Manufacturing steps
a Melting

a Forming and Shaping

a Annealing Flat Glass

Annealing
inape ctlon Cutting
aFinishing
Packaging
Raw materiais
Deivery Forming

Cullet

Miding
 Flat Giass

Inspection Cutting Annealing

Packaging

Delivery Raw materials

Forming
Cullet

MeHting Micing
Laminated glass
The sheets of glass fiber or glass wool are soaked in a solution of
thermosetting plastic like phenol formaldehyde resin and placed one above
the other and then cured under heat or
pressure. It is strong as steel. Non
flammable and insulating. In bullet resistant
glass vinyl resins are added in
alternate layers.
LAMINATED GLASS
Uses:
Shatter, shock and Bullet
proof Glass
GLASS
PVC

GLASS
All the constituents of glass discussed above are
separately groúnd, sieved and mixed in definite
proportions/The mix is then fused in a tank furnace
or in a
po/furnace.
Tank Furnace:
It is ysed for large scale
productions.
Pot Furnace
It is used for smaller
production but of superior
quality.
In the furnace all the
ingredients are turned into
molten state and then desired
shape of
glass is
obtained by Blowing, Flat drawing,
Rolling,
Compression moulding and Spinning (pulling), etc.
lease move