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1..linear Integrated Circuits Lab
1..linear Integrated Circuits Lab
1..linear Integrated Circuits Lab
1
INDEX
Rf
+15v
R1=10K
2 7
-
IC 741
Signal 6
Generator + 3 + 4 +
~
V in CRO
-15v
- -
TABULATION:
MODEL GRAPH:
Vin
INPUT
Time (ms)
Vout
OUTPUT
Time (ms)
-Linear Integrated Circuits. Dept of Electronics & Communication Engg
EXP.NO: 01 DATE:
AIM:
To design the Inverting, Non-Inverting and Differential Amplifiers
using Op-amp IC741 and test their performance.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
THEORY:
Op-amp in open-loop configuration has a very few application because
of its enormous open-loop gain. Controlled gain can be can be achieved by taking a
part of output signal to the input with the help of feedback. This is called as Closed-
Loop Configuration. The three basic types of closed-loop amplifier configuration
are: 1. Inverting amplifier.
2. Non-inverting amplifier.
3. Differential amplifier.
The entire configuration can be operated with either AC or DC input.
INVERTING AMPLIFIER:-
4
Linear Integrated Circuits. Dept of Electronics & Communication
NON-INVERTING AMPLIFER:- Engg
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
Rf
+15v
R1=10K2
7
-
IC 741
3 +
46
+ + CRO
-15v
Signal V~in Generator - -
TABULATION:
MODEL GRAPH:
Vin
INPUT
Time (ms)
OUTPUT
Vout
Time (ms)
5
THEORY – (NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER):-
If the input signal is given to non inverting terminal & the feedback
from output is connected to inverting terminal of an op-amp through a potential
divider network, then it is called as Non-Inverting Amplifier Configuration. It
operates in a same way as a voltage follower (unity gain buffer), except that the
output voltage is potentially divided before it is fedback to the inverting input
terminal. No phase shift or change in the circuit closed loop polarity occurs voltage
Rf
gain is Avcl1
R1
+15v
R1=10k
2 7
-
Signal IC 741
Generators R1=10K 3 + 4
6
+
+ R2=100K CRO
+
~
~
Vin1 Vin2 -15v
-
TABULATION:
3.
THEORY-(DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER):-
A configuration which combines inverting & non-inverting
configuration with both input terminals are supplied with Vin1 & Vin2, then it is
called as Differential Amplifier configuration. This circuit amplifies the difference
between the two inputs. Differential amplifier with a single op-amp has the exact gain
of an inverting amplifier and it is given as
Vo Rf
AD (Using One Op-Amp) AVCL
(VV) in2
in1 R1
A differential amplifier with two op-amps has the exact gain of a non-inverting
amplifier and it is given as:
Vo 1 Rf .
AD (Using Two Op-Amps) AVCL
in1(VV) in2
R1
PROCEDURE:
1. Select the value of R1, R2, R3 & Rf such that R1=R2 and R3=Rf.
2. Connect the circuit as per as the circuit diagram.
3. Provide constant input voltage Vin1 to Non-inverting terminal of op-amp
through R1 & constant input voltage Vin2 to inverting terminal of op-amp
through R2.
4. Measure the output voltage using CRO.
5. Calculate the theoretical gain and compare it with practical gain.
6. Practical gain & theoretical gain should be approximately equal.
7. Plot the graph of the input wave versus output wave for any one practical case.
RESULT:
Thus the Inverting, Non-Inverting and Differential Amplifiers are
designed and their performance was successfully tested using op-amp IC 741.
INTEGRATOR:-
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
Cf=0.01uf
Rf=15k
+15v
R1=1.5k 2 7
- 6
Signal IC 741
Generat or
s + 3 + +
1.5K
V~in Rcomp
4 RL=10k CRO
-
-15v
TABULATION:
Frequency Output Voltage Gain = 20 log (V0 /Vin)
S.No
(Hz) (Volts) (dB)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
MODELGRAPH:
INTEGRATOR AND DIFFERENTIATOR USING OP-AMP.
EXP.NO: 02 DATE:
AIM:
To design an Integrator and Differentiator using op-amp IC 741 and to test their
performance.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Rf=1.5k
+15v
R1=100Ω C1=0.1μf 2 - 7 6
IC 741
+ +
3 +
Signal 4 R3=10K CRO
ROM=100Ω
Generators -15v
-
0
TABULATION:
1. Frequency (Input)
2. Input Voltage (Vin peak)
3. Input Time Period (tVin)
4. Output Voltage (Vout peak)
5. Output Time Period (tVo)
MODEL GRAPH:
(i) SINE WAVE INPUT
THEORY- (DIFFERENTIATOR):-
A differentiator or differentiation amplifier is a circuit which performs
the mathematical operation of differentiation; that is, the output waveform is the
derivative of the input waveform. The differentiator may be constructed from the
basic inverting amplifier if an input resistor R1 is replaced by capacitor C1. The
differentiation is very useful to find the rate at which a signal varies with time. For
maintaining the stability of differentiator, a series resistor R1 is connected with input
capacitor C1. the circuit will provide differentiation function but only over a limited
frequency range & over this range differentiator tend to oscillate (or) poor stability
R C dVin
results. The expression for output voltage is Vo f1
dt
PROCEDURE:
1. Select fa equal to the highest frequency of the input signal to be
differentiated. Calculate the component values of C1 & Rf.
2. Choose fb = 20fa & calculate the values of R1 & Cf, so that R1C1=Rf Cf.
3. Connect the components as shown in the circuit diagram.
4. Apply a sinusoidal & square wave input to the inverting terminal of op-amp
through R1 C1.
5. Observe the shape of the output signal for the given input in CRO.
6. Note down the reading and plot the graph of input versus output wave for
both cases.
(ii) SQUARE WAVE INPUT
DESIGN PROCEDURE-(INTEGRATOR):-
Design of integrator to integrate at cut-off frequency 1 KHz.
1
Take fa =
2 Rf C f
= 1KHz.
Always take Cf < μf and
Let Cf =
0.01μf
1
Rf =
2 C f fa
Rf = 15.9KΩ ≡
Rf = 15KΩ
Take fb 1
= = 10KHz.
2 R1C f
1
R1 = = 1.59KΩ.
2 fb C f
R1 ≡
1.5KΩ
Rcomp R1
= R1 // Rf ≡ R1, Assume RL = 10KΩ
Rf
= R1R f
Rcomp = 1.5KΩ
DESIGN PROCEDURE-(DIFFERENTIATOR):-
Design a differentiator to differentiate an input signal that varies in
frequency from 10Hz to 1KHz. Apply a sine wave & square wave of 2Vp-p & 1KHz
frequency & observe the output.
To find Rf & C1
Given: fa = 1KHz.
1
fa =
2 R f C1
fa = 1KHz.
Assume C1 = 0.1μf
Rf = 1.59KΩ ≡
1.5KΩ
To find R1 & Cf
Select fb = 20fa with R1 C1 = Rf Cf
1
fb = 20KHz =
2 R1C1
R1 = 79.5Ω ≡
100Ω
R1C1
Cf = = 82 X 0.1X10 6
Rf 1.5K
Cf = 0.005μf.
Rom ≡ R1 // Rf =
100Ω
= -(1.5KΩ) (0.1μf) d
[sin [(2 )(103)t]
dt
= -(1.5KΩ) (0.1μf) (2 ) (103) cos [(2 )(103)t]
= - 0.94 cos [(2 )(103)t]
RESULT:
Thus an Integrator and Differentiator using op-amp are designed and their
performance was successfully tested using op-amp IC 741.
LOWPASS FILTER:-
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
R1=27K RF=20K
+15v
7
2 -
Signal IC 741
Generator 1.5K
3 + 46
+ + CRO
Vin ~ 0.1uf
-15v
RL=10K -
TABULATION:
Frequency Output Voltage Gain = 20 log (V0 /Vin)
S.No
(Hz) (Volts) (dB)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
MODEL GRAPH:
ACTIVE LOWPASS, HIGH PASS AND BAND PASS FILTER USING OP-AMP.
EXP.NO: 03 DATE:
AIM:
To design an Active Lowpass and Band Pass Filter using op-amp and to test
their performance
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
From the frequency response, when f<fH; the gain is maximum lAl. When
rolls off. The frequency range from 0 to fH is called as Passband & fH to is called
as Stopband. Out of Butterworth, chebyshev & cauer filters, Butterworth filter is
preferred because it has flat pass band as well as flat stop band (flat-flat) filter.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM - (HIGH PASS FILTER):-
R1=27K RF=22K
+15v
2 7
-
Signal 0.1μf IC 741
Generator
3 + 46
+ CRO
+
Vin ~ 1.5K -15v
RL=10K -
TABULATION:
Frequency Output Voltage Gain = 20 log (V0 /Vin)
S.No
(Hz) (Volts) (dB)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
MODEL GRAPH:
THEORY- (ACTIVE HPF):-
An active high pass filter is simply formed by interchanging the
frequency determining resistor and capacitor in lowpass filter. A filter circuit which
allows only high frequency range greater then a lower cut-off frequency f L is called
as HIGH PASS FILTER. From the frequency response, when f<fL; the gain
gradually increases from the lowest value. When f = fL; the gain reaches 70.7% of the
maximum gain A
and when f > fL, the gain is maximum lAl. The frequency range
2
from 0 to fL is called as Stopband & fL to is called as Passband. (This is exactly
opposite to active LPF)The order of the filter tells the roll-off rate at stop band. Order
n = 1 indicates -20dB / dec (-6db / octave); Order n = 2 indicates -40dB / dec & so on.
Higher the order of the filter, better the quality will be & complex the circuit will be.
Design a HPF at cutoff frequency fL of 1KHZ & P.B gain of 2. Follow the same
procedure as LPF & interchange the R & C position with capacitor first & resistor in
parallel.
+15v
+15v
2 7
2 7
-
IC 741
Signal - 6
Generator
0.1uf
IC 741 3 + 4
6
+ 3 + 4
1.5K
+
-15v CRO
Vin ~ 1.5K -15v
0.01u
f RL=10K -
TABULATION:
Frequency Output Voltage Gain = 20 log (V0 /Vin)
S.No
(Hz) (Volts) (dB)
MODEL GRAPH:
THEORY – (ACTIVE BANDPASS FILTER):-
A filter which has a pass band between two cut-off frequencies fH & fL
is called as Bandpass filter. Where fH > fL BPF is basically of two types
(i) Wide band pass filter. (ii) Narrow band pass filter.
Based on figure of merit or quality factor Q, the types are classified as follows. If
Q<10, selectivity is poor & allows higher bandwidth & such BPF is called as wide
BPF.
If Q > 10, selective is more and allows only narrow bandwidth & such
BPF is called as Narrow BPF. Relationship between Q & center frequency fC is
given as
fc fc f cf H f L
Q &
BW fH fL
When frequency fL < f < fH then gain is maximum. At f < fL the gain is
gradually increasing (positive roll-off) from lower value & at f > fH the gain is
gradually decreasing (Negative roll-off) & exactly when f = fL & f = fH the gain is
A
70.7% of maximum gain .
2
PROCEDURE:
1. Select the lower and higher cut-off frequency and calculate the value of R &
C for the given frequencies.
2. Design for LPF & HPF separately and then combine the circuit by first
placing the HPF followed by a LPF (i.e) HPF in series with LPF.
3. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
4. Apply a constant voltage input sinusoidal signal to the non-inverting terminal
of op-amp.
5. Tabulate the output voltage Vo with respect to different values of input
frequency.
6. Calculate passband gain and plot the graph of frequency versus voltage gain &
check the graph to get approximately the same characteristic as shown in the
model graph.
DESIGN PROCEDURE - (ACTIVE BPF):-
Design a BPF to pass a band of 1KHz to 10KHz with a passband gain of 4.
1. Select the highest cut-off frequency of LPF as fH = 10 KHz and the lowest cut-
off frequency of HPF as fL = 1 KHz.
2. Design the HPF first by taking fL = 1KHz. Assume the value of C < 1μf.
Let C = 0.1μf.
3. Calculate R from the expression.
FL = 1 1
; Therefore R1 =
2 RC 2 f LC
R=
1
;
2 (1KHz)(0.1X10 6 )
4. Then design the LPF by
R = 1.59KΩ ≡ taking fH = 10KHz. Assume the value of C < 1μf. Let
R=1.5KΩ
C = 0.01μf.
R = 1.59KΩ ≡ R=1.5KΩ
Therefore for both HPF & LPF the value of Rf = R1 to obtain a individual
Rf
P.B gain of 2. Af = (1+ )
R1 = 2 (for HPF)
Rf
Af = (1+ )
R1 = 2 (for LPF)
Let Rf = R1 = 22KΩ.
1
R= = 1.5KΩ
2 X1X103 X 0.1 f
R = 1.5KΩ C = 0.1μf
4. Determine the value of R1 & Rf from pass band gain of the filter.
Af = 1 + Rf
= 2.
R1
Therefore Rf =R1 to select Af = 2.
Assume Rf = R1 = 22KΩ & Assume RL = 10KΩ
RESULT:
Thus an Active Lowpass, High pass and Band Pass Filters are designed
and tested using op-amp IC 741.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM - (ASTABLE):-
R=47K
+15v
0.01uf 7
2 -
IC 741
Vc + 46 R2=DRB
3 + CRO
VrefR1=10K -
TABULATION:
Output
waveform
Capacitive
waveform
MODEL GRAPH:
RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR:-
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
Rf=1MΩ
+15v
R1=33K 2 - 7
IC 741
46
3 + -15v
R1//Rf
33K
+ CRO
-
C=0.1μfC=0.1μf0 C=0.1μf
TABULATION:.
MODEL GRAPH:
Vout
Applications:-
1. Monostable and Astable Multivibrator
2. dc-ac converters
3. Digital logic probes
4. Waveform generators
5. Analog frequency meters
6. Tachometers
7. Temperature measurement and control
8. Infrared transmitters
9. Regulator & Taxi gas alarms etc.
Block Diagram of IC 555:
6.8K +5V
HI
RA
3.3K 78 4 3
RB IC 555
5
62 1 + CRO
-Vo
Vc C=0.1μf 0.01uf
TABULATION:
Output
waveform
Capacitor
waveform
(Capacitor
voltage Vc)
147452-Linear Integrated Circuits. Dept of Electronics & Communication Engg
EXP.NO: 04 DATE:
AIM:
To Design and test Astable and Monostable multivibrator using 555 timer IC.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
THEORY:
When the power supply VCC is connected, the external timing capacitor „C”
charges towards VCC with a time constant (RA+RB) C. During this time, pin 3 is high
(≈VCC) as Reset R=0, Set S=1 and this combination makes Q = 0 which has
unclamped the timing capacitor „C‟.
When the capacitor voltage equals 2/3 VCC, the upper comparator triggers the
control flip flop on that Q =1. It makes Q1 ON and capacitor „C‟ starts discharging
towards ground through RB and transistor Q1 with a time constant R BC. Current also
flows into Q1 through RA. Resistors RA and RB must be large enough to limit this
current and prevent damage to the discharge transistor Q1. The minimum value of RA
is approximately equal to VCC/0.2 where 0.2A is the maximum current through the
ON transistor Q1.
During the discharge of the timing capacitor C, as it reaches V CC/3, the lower
comparator is triggered and at this stage S=1, R=0 which turns Q =0. Now Q =0
unclamps the external timing capacitor C. The capacitor C is thus periodically
charged and discharged between 2/3 VCC and 1/3 VCC respectively. The length of
time that the output remains HIGH is the time for the capacitor to charge from 1/3 VCC
to 2/3 VCC.
The capacitor voltage for a low pass RC circuit subjected to a step input of VCC
volts is given by VC = VCC [1- exp (-t/RC)]
Total time period T = 0.69 (RA + 2 RB) C
f = 1/T = 1.44/ (RA + 2RB) C
29
Linear Integrated Circuits. Dept of Electronics & Communication
MODEL GRAPH: Engg
30
DESIGN PROCEDURE:-
Design of Astable multivibrator of operation frequency = 1 KHz & duty cycle of 30%
using 555 timer IC.
Given Frequency=1000Hz
Duty cycle=30%
D= T low/T high = RB/RA+2RB*100--------------------------------------(1)
T high =0.69(RA+RB)C
T low = 0.69 RBC
From equation 1
0.30 T high = T low
0.30 * 0.69(RA+RB)C = 0.69 RBC
0.201(RA+RB)C = 0.69 RBC
0.483 RB-0.207 RA= 0
-----------------------------------------------(2)
given f=1khz we know that T=1/f
T=1ms
T= T high + T low
0.69(RA+RB)C +0.69 RBC= 1ms.
0.69(RA+RB) +0.69 RB = 1ms./C
Let C=0.1μF
0.69RA+0.69RB +0.69 RB = 1ms./0.1*10-6
------------------------------------------------
0.69RA+1.38RB = 10 4 (3)
RA=6.8K
RB= 2.674K ≡3.3KΩ
Procedure:
1. Calculate the component values using the design procedure.
2. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Observe and note down the output waveform.
4. Measure the frequency of oscillations and duty cycle and then compare
with the given values.
5. Plot both the waveforms to the same time scale in a graph.
MONOSATBLE MULTIVIBRATOR:-
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
HI
+5V
10K
78 4 3
IC 555
5
62 1 + CRO
0.1uf -Vo
Vc
Trigger
Input
0.01uf
Vin
TABULATION:
1. Input waveform
2. Output waveform
Capacitive waveform
3.
(Capacitor voltage Vc)
MODEL GRAPH:
THEORY- (MONOSATBLE):-
A Monostable Multivibrator, often called a one-shot Multivibrator, is a pulse-
generating circuit in which the duration of the pulse is determined by the RC network
connected externally to the 555 timer. In a stable or stand by mode the output of the
circuit is approximately Zero or at logic-low level. When an external trigger pulse is
given, the output is forced to go high ( VCC). The time for which the output remains
high is determined by the external RC network connected to the timer. At the end of
the timing interval, the output automatically reverts back to its logic-low stable state.
The output stays low until the trigger pulse is again applied. Then the cycle repeats.
The Monostable circuit has only one stable state (output low), hence the name
Monostable. Normally the output of the Monostable Multivibrator is low.
DESIGN PROCEDURE:-
Let, RA = 10K
Out put pulse width tp = 10μs
tp=1.1RAC
C= 0.909μF
C=0.1μF
PROCEDURE:-
1. Calculate the value of R & C using design procedure.
2. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Apply Negative triggering pulses at pin 2 of frequency 1 KHz.
4. Observe the output waveform and measure the pulse duration.
5. Theoretically calculate the pulse duration as Thigh=1.1 RAC
RESULT:
Thus the Astable and Monostable multivibrator is designed and tested using
555 timer IC
PIN DETAILS:
TECHNICAL INFROMATION:
TEMPERATURE
DESCRIPTION
RANGE
SG3524N(16-pin plastic DIP) 0 C to 70 C
SG3524F(16-pin cerdip) 0 C to 70 C
SG3524D(16-pin SO) 0 C to 70 C
VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
EXPT NO.1:
INVERTING, NON-INVERTING AND DIFFERENTIAL
AMPLIFIERS USING OP-AMP
10. What is the maximum voltage that can be given at the inputs?
Ans: The inputs must be given in such a way that the output should be less than Vsat.
11. Why op-amps cannot be used in open-loop configuration?
Ans: Op-amp in open loop configuration has enormous gain. For example the
op-amp 741 has a typical gain of 200,000 (106 dB) & op-amp OP-77 has a typical
gain of 12 million (141.6 dB). This huge gain is not necessary for most of the
application of op-amp. Since op-amp output will saturate at ±Vsat (positive and
negative saturation) which is approximately equal to ±V (Supply voltage)
19. What is the maximum voltage that can be given at the inputs?
Ans: The inputs must be given in such a way that the output should be less than Vsat.
4. What are the problems faced by basic ideal integrator and how can we
overcome ?
Ans: The input offset voltage Vio and the part of input current charging the
feedback capacitor Cf produces the error voltage at the output of the ideal integrator.
Therefore, in practical integrator, to reduce the error voltage at the output, a resistor
Rf is connected in parallel to Cf. This Rf, limits the low-frequency gain and hence
minimizes the variations in the output voltage. Both stability and the roll-off problems
in basic ideal integrator can be corrected by additional resistor Rf.
13. How ideal differentiator suffers from instability? How can we overcome
them?
Ans: The ideal or basic differentiator‟s circuit gain (Rf/R1) increases with
increase in frequency at a rate of +20dB/decade. This makes the circuit unstable.
Also, the impedance Xc1 decreases with increase in frequency, which makes the
circuit very susceptible to high frequency noise. When amplified, this noise can
completely override the differentiated output signal. Both stability and high frequency
noise can be corrected by addition of two components R1 and Cf. This circuit is called
as practical differentiator.
14. Can a differentiator be used as a High pass Filter?
1
Ans: Yes, at cut-off frequency of fa = .
2 f 1c1
15. What is the condition to be followed for proper differentiation?
Ans: The input signal will be differentiated properly if the time period T of the
input signal is larger than equal to RfC1. That is T ≥ RfC1.
17. Determine the output of differentiator for the following input waves.
Ans: The inputs and respective output waveform of differentiator are as
follows, Sine Wave Negative Cosine Wave
Cosine Wave Sine
Wave Square Wave
Spike Wave Sawtooth Wave
Square Wave
X- - - - - X---------X
EXPT NO.3 :
ACTIVE FILTER (LP, HP & BP) USING OP-AMP 741
2. Why active filters are not suitable for high frequency applications?
Ans: Above MHZ range the op-amp open-loop gain rolls-off with increase in
frequency.
7. Does a filter affect both amplitude and phase of the input signal?
Ans: Yes.
A
magnitude will be 70.7% of the maximum gain. That is, .
2
Case iii: If the input frequency fin is greater than the higher cutoff frequency fH, then
magnitude of the gain is maximum and it is given as passband gain of the filter AF.
ACL(HPF) = Vo
Vin
= Af ( 1 j( fj(/ ffl/)fl))
│ ACL │ = Af (f/fl) / √1+ (f/fl)2 ; Ø = tan -1(f/fl)
3. What are the different types of packages available for 555 Timer IC?
Ans: The packages used for 555 Timer are 8-pin mini Dual-Inline-Package
(DIP) and 8-pin Metal Can.