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DOI: 10.1177/1687814019884428

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Research Article

Advances in Mechanical Engineering

2019, Vol. 11(10) 1–11
Ó The Author(s) 2019
Boundary layer flow and heat transfer DOI: 10.1177/1687814019884428
journals.sagepub.com/home/ade
in a thin-film second-grade nanoliquid
embedded with graphene
nanoparticles

Noor Saeed Khan1 and Samina Zuhra1,2

Abstract
The two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic unsteady movement and transmission of energy confined to finite domain
layer of the second-grade nanofluid embedded with graphene nanoparticles on an expanding space are studied.
Graphene nanoparticles have continuous electrical conductivity because the charge carrier movement in graphene bears
extremely peak points compared to the available nanomaterials. The well-known system of equations for movement and
energy of the second-grade nanofluid film accompanying the additional information have been transformed into the
fourth-order coupled differential systems accompanying the auxiliary facts on behalf of simplifying substitutions. The sim-
plified systems are evaluated via an efficient approach through homotopy analysis method which provides very clear rela-
tions for the motion and energy representatives. All the potential factors of the output are debated and portrayed
pictorially. The results are useful in the analysis, design of coating, and cooling/heating processes.

Keywords
Graphene nanoparticles, nanoliquid finite domain layer, second-grade dispersion, heat transfer, stretching sheet, homo-
topy analysis method

Date received: 19 September 2018; accepted: 30 September 2019

Handling Editor: James Baldwin

Introduction have several good applications. They keep a sufficient

Recently, the world confronts major challenges such as
consistent energy provision, capacitance, and utiliza-
tion. The main aim is not only to propose innovative
and consistent work ability means but also, probably
even more significantly, to save energy sufficiently and
provide it on need, always for moving utilization such
as systems of transportation and portable electronic
devices. Carbon is the most suitable and of small weight
element employed for energy saving which is essentially
made into diverse shapes to deliver big surface capacity
and rate of doing work capability. There exists a rich
concentration on the application of carbon nanotubes
(CNTs) for the rate of doing work capability saving
tool fabrication. Apart from keeping low weight, CNTs
enhanced surface area up to 1315 m2 g–1 for single-
walled CNTs, in contrast to other elements, for exam-
ple, graphite which has a typical surface area of 10–
20 m2 g–1. But it should be noted that CNTs show dis-
advantages such as the existence of hazardous
1
Department of Mathematics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan,
Mardan, Pakistan
2
Department of Computing and Technology, Abasyn University,
Peshawar, Pakistan
Corresponding author:
Noor Saeed Khan, Department of Mathematics, Abdul Wali Khan
University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
Email: noorsaeedkhankhattak@gmail.com

Creative Commons CC BY: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License
(http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits any use, reproduction and distribution of the work
without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages
(https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).
2 Advances in Mechanical Engineering
remaining metallic impure things that are highly diffi-
cult to make clean and a vast production price.
Graphene at present appeared as another energy-
saving substance keeping remarkable aspects, such as
light weight, inertness due to chemical aspects, and
minimum cost. Graphene, keeping two-dimensional sp2
carbon atoms packed in a honeycomb lattice, having
great attraction throughout the world application after
its finding. Intrinsically, graphene has a step-by-step
layer shape, extreme stiffness, and exceptionally very
tight and popular. The basic physical aspects of gra-
phene particularly mechanical stiffness, tensile bearing
capability, heat conduction, and ratio of aspect are
remarkably very great. These popular aspects of gra-
phene enable it a high advantage of delivering entity
for diverse utilizations such as graphene polymer com-
posites having conduction aspect, pressurizing sensor,
rate of doing work-reliant usages, and the biofield. The
surface area of graphene is 2630 m2 g–1 that is signifi-
cantly suitable for the rate of doing work capacity utili-
zations. Based on extensive applications of graphene,
Zuhra et al.1 made a research in the time-reliant move-
ment and transmission of energy characteristics having
electronic capability water-reliant non-Newtonian thin
liquid film (of different structures) nanoliquid disper-
sion of graphene tiny size particles surpassing an
expanding material in the existence of magnet acting at
the right angle and the provision of dissimilar energy
production/accumulation. They proved that heat trans-
fer in non-Newtonian dispersion provides a leading
activity in technical fields and in nature because of its
tangential force looseness, tangential force weakening,
and strength aspects. Khan et al.2 analytically studied
the hydromagnetic CuO–H2O thin nanoliquid finite
domain confined layer coated on an expanding mate-
rial in the hydrothermal environment, manifesting that
the thermal conductivity enhances by introducing tiny/
small-sized particle materials in dispersion and coating
rate rises with amplifying the film size. Pumera3 dis-
cussed the development that is fulfilled with the invol-
vement of chemical relation, electrochemical and
electricity rate of doing work-saving environments
through graphene. Eswaraiah et al.4 performed the
experimental work using the graphene. They have been
prepared a small layer of graphene through the oxide
of some element through a nanodispersion procedure
on the mentioned process emitted from the sun; in
addition, graphene-reliant engine oil nanodispersion is
created and their aspects due to friction, antiwear, and
maximum force per unit features are computed. Khan
et al.5 provided the discoveries on the joint flow equa-
tion of a two-dimensional steady laminar gravity
employed non-Newtonian Casson and Williamson
nanofluid films accompanying a type of heat conduct-
ing on solid non-horizontal wall accompany involve-
ment of Cu tiny particles and small organisms using
actively boundary conditions and the Buongiorno
model. They have obtained interesting results regarding
fluids flow, Cu nanoparticles, gyrotactic microorgan-
isms, and heat transfer in analyzing the comparison of
Casson and Williamson nanoliquid. Meharali et al.6
prepared nitrogen-doped graphene (NDG) nanodisper-
sion by adopting the special step procedure in a water
dispersion of 0.025 wt% Triton X-100 as an impurity at
some saturations (0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06 wt%). They
experimentally proved that due to electrical conduction
of the water-dependent NDG tiny particles, dispersion
exhibits a straight forward reliance on the saturation
and developed up to 1814.96% for taking the amount
of 0.06 wt% NDG tiny particles. Khan7 presented the
study about thermal conductivity using transmission
due to heat in a non-Newtonian rat-type tiny particle
dispersion movement retaining Cu tiny particles and
small organisms. His work is related to energy sources
such as biomass and biogas. Akhavan8 investigated the
preparation of graphene confined to finite domain
layer on the Si3N4/Si material through minimization of
exfoliation due to chemical reactions in graphene oxide
tiny particle spaces in a minimizing situation, keeping
several temperatures values, and following few distinct
energy utilization techniques.
The movement and transmission of energy confined
to finite domain non-Newtonian fluids past expanding
space keep attraction and enough attention because of
its vast utilizations in various departments of scientific
and technological nature. Some applications are wire
and fiber spraying, in thrusting out the conducting
material and carbon substances, nourishments process-
ing, nonstop provision of materials having high iron
content, generation of plastic substances, exchanging of
substances, making low temperature through the act of
passing through pores, reactor, chemically making
instrument, and so on. Nearly, all painting/spraying
techniques need smoothness on the surface to fulfill the
needs for existence, minimum roughness, transparency,
and strength. In the view of these applications, Khan
et al.9 described the parametric study of diverse phe-
nomenon accompanying energy and quantity of matter
transmission flow of an external deriving expertness of
an agent on the finite domain–confined layer second-
grade dispersion of temperature-dependent features on
expanding space. They added the homotopy procedure
to solve the challenging issue and illustrated graphically
the important contributions of all parameters, the dis-
persion changeable aspects such as heating conduction
and viscousness in the platform of finite domain origi-
nated due to temperature. Lin et al.10 analyzed the
movement and transposition of energy of pseudo-
plastic tiny particle dispersion in a finite domain on a
time-reliant expanding space with the dispersion
changeable aspects such as heating conduction and vis-
cousness in the platform of finite domain originated
Khan and Zuhra
due to temperature by investigating four several kinds
of tiny particles such as Cu, CuO, Al2O3, and TiO2
accompanying sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-
H2O added like a classic dispersion. Khan et al.11 solved
the problem using similarity solutions for the non-
Newtonian second-order dispersion immersed in a
permeable space on an expanding space providing that
motion and heat transmission become lower, even
though the high values to all of the parameters are
assigned. They authenticated the computation by find-
ing numerical comparisons, residual errors and showing
the correlation with the published work. Abbas et al.12
employed a homotopy analysis method (HAM) to
investigate the movement of confined finite domain rat-
type dispersion fluid on a time-dependent expanding
sheet in which the sequential computation attached to
the complicated fourth-order differential issue is
obtained and the potentialities of diverse representa-
tives on movement and skin friction are illustrated.
Zuhra et al.13 investigated the magnetohydrodynamic
(MHD) second-order nanodispersion of finite domain
layer movement retaining copper tiny particles and
small organisms accompanying the type of convection
heating. They showed that skin friction quantity ampli-
fies with a huge amount under the existence of amplify-
ing positive quantities of the second-grade nanofluid
representative. Khan et al.14 considered Buongiorno
model of nanofluid by investigating the tiny particle
movement and dragging of particles control of MHD-
mixed convection finite domain–confined layer second-
grade nanodispersion movement accompanying intense
external impact and transmission of energy past an
expanding space by delivering the output that the sys-
tem resumes axial and transverse velocities, thereby
making three-dimensional motion on account of strong
applied magnetic field. They obtained the interesting
MHD results in which one result implies that the trans-
verse velocity is due to the Hall effect and it vanishes as
soon as the Hall effect is removed. Palwasha et al.15
reported the creation of a tiny particle system environ-
ment, microorganisms in the activism of magnet pre-
vailing, considered as a relevant class for usages in
diverse fields including energy and medicine. Their
study decided that magnetotactic microorganisms are
the backbone of the interpreted system.
To get insight into the research, a study is to discuss
the time-reliant special type of motion and transposi-
tion of energy in the second-grade confined to finite
domain layer nanoliquid embedded with graphene tiny
particles on an expanding space. The governing system
is shifted into dimensionless form by the application of
appropriate transformations and then treated with an
efficient and well-known procedure,16 which does not
miss any parameter in different expressions of different
3
profiles. The potentialities of each and every pertinent
representative on motion and energy fields are por-
trayed in figures and elucidated.
Methods
Basic equations
A time-reliant, electrical capability dispersion finite
domain–confined movement of an external force–
controlled non-Newtonian second-grade nanofluid on
an expanding space is treated. A flexible sheet begins
working at a slit of small width determining its position
on the place (0, 0) under the measuring dimensions
(x, y). Note that x-axis is adopted accompanying the
expanding space keeping the expanded displacement
rate Uw(x, t) = cx(1 – at)–1 being c and a manifest con-
stants in a style that c . 0 (expanding rate) also at \ 1.
y-axis rests at the right angle to expanding space. Note
that T0 and Tref are the initial and temperature at the
reference position, and Tw(x, t) = T0 + Tref (cx2/2vf)
(1 – at)–1/2 manifests the wall energy of the dispersion,
in which nf = mf =rf manifests kinematic viscousness
where f manifests the notation for base fluid. From
outside, an agent (magnet) having field B(t) = B0(1 –
at)–1/2 is exerted at the right angle to the expanding
space which is revealed in plot 1.
The potential of the induced magnet environment is
very low under the considered system.
The Cauchy stress tensor in the second-grade disper-
sion as in the study by Abbas et al.12 is
T =  PI + mA1 + a1 A2 + a2 A21 ð1Þ
where P manifests the pressure, I is the unit rate of tan-
gential force, m is the dynamic viscosity, a1 , a2 manifest
the material constants, and A1 , A2 manifest the first
Rivilin–Ericksen tangential forces formulated as
A1 = ðgradVÞ + ðgradVÞT ð2Þ
dA1
A2 = + A1 ðgradVÞ + ðgradVÞT A1 ð3Þ
dt
in which d=dt manifests the material time differentiabil-
ity and V is the velocity vector. It is carefully noted that
the Clausius–Duhem inequality is justified, and
Helmholtz-free heat is very low in the balanced form to
the dispersion locally at static position for the following
conditions as in the study by Abbas et al.12
0 ł m, 0 ł a1 , a1 + a2 = 0 ð4Þ
Invoking the fact that for a1 = a2 = 0, the govern-
ing system of the second-order dispersion alters to that
of viscous dispersion. Taking the previous
4 Advances in Mechanical Engineering

consideration, the nano-thermal system in time-reliant Table 1. Heat-reliant aspects of H2O as well as graphene tiny
shape as in the study by Abbas et al.12 is derived as particles.

∂u ∂v Thermo-physical properties Pure water Graphene

+ =0 ð5Þ
∂x ∂y r (kg/m3) 997 2250
  cP (J/(kg K)) 4076 2100
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂2 u k (W/(m K)) 0.605 2500
rnf +u +v = mnf 2
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂y s (O m–1) 0.005 1 3 107
 3 3

∂ u ∂ u ∂u ∂2 u ∂u ∂2 v ∂3 u
+ mnf a1 + u + + + v
∂t∂y2 ∂x∂y2 ∂x ∂y2 ∂y ∂y2 ∂y3
 snf B2 ðtÞu manifest the heat conductions of the classical disper-
ð6Þ sion and solid tiny particles, sf and ssd manifest the
  electrical conductivities of base dispersion and solid
∂T ∂T ∂T tiny particles, and (cP )f and (cP )sd manifest the particu-
ðrcP Þnf +u +v
∂t ∂x ∂y lar heat capacities of the base dispersion and solid tiny
∂2 T kf uw particles at fixed value of pressure, respectively. Note
= knf + ½ A3 ðTw  T0 Þf 0 ðzÞ + A4 ðT  T0 Þ  that the sign ‘‘sd’’ manifests the solid tiny particles. The
∂y2 xnf
heat relevant physical aspects of H2O and graphene
ð7Þ tiny particles are provided in Table 1.
Note that in the coordinate system, x-and y-direc- The following substitutions simplify the functions f,
tions have u and v velocities components, respectively. u, and similarity notation z as
rnf manifests the density of the nanofluid, B(t) mani-  cnf 12
fests the magnet from outside, T manifests the disper- cðx, y, tÞ = x 1at f ðz Þ,
sion energy state, knf manifests the conduction due to h 2i
cx
T ðx, y, tÞ = T0  Tref 2n ð1  atÞ1:5 uðzÞ, ð12Þ
the heat of nanodispersion, kf manifests the conduction f

due to the heat of base dispersion, and (cP )nf manifests h i12 b
c
the energy capacity of the nanodispersion. A3 and A4 z = nf ð1atÞ y = y
H ðt Þ
manifest the space and temperature-reliant heat source/
sink representatives, respectively. note that c(x, y, t) manifests the stream function which
The auxiliary information are provides u = ∂c=∂y and v =  ∂c=∂x. The quantity b
manifests the non-dimensional dispersion layer.
u = Uw , v = V = 0, T = Tw , at y = 0 ð8Þ Equation (12) correctly satisfies equation (5). Through
picking up quantity from equation (12), equations (6)–
∂u ∂T dH
= = 0 at y = H, v= at y = H ðtÞ (9) create the following equations (13)–(16)
∂y ∂y dt
h  i
ð9Þ f1 f 000 + f2 b2 ff 00  ðf 0 Þ2  S f 0 + 2z f 00
h  i
in which H(t) manifests the size of the dispersion. 0000  0000
+ f1 g 2ff 00 + S 2f 000 + 2z f  ðf 00 Þ2  ff
Considering the experimental utilization, the gra-
phene tiny particle saturation is very low. By taking  f3 Mf 0 = 0
advantage of Taylor’s series, the nanodispersion items
ð13Þ
are simplified as follows  
3 1
mnf 1 rnf f4 u00  f5 Prb2 2f 0 u  f u0 + Su + Szu0
= , = 1  f + fr, 2 2 ð14Þ
mf ð1  2:5fÞ rf 0
+ A3 f + A4 u = 0
ð10Þ
ðrcP Þnf
= 1  f + fd f = u = 0, f0 =1 at z = 0 ð15Þ
ðrcP Þf
bS
knf 3ðk  1Þf snf 3ðs  1Þf f= , u0 = f 00 = 0 at z = b ð16Þ
=1+ , = +1 2
kf k +2 sf ðs + 2Þ  ðs  1Þf
here the prime (#) manifests the differentiation concept
ð11Þ in terms of z, fi (i = 1–5) manifest the concentration
here r = rsd =rf , d = (rcP )sd =(rcP )f , k = ksd =kf , quantities provided as f1 = mnf =mf , f2 = rnf =rf ,
s = ssd =sf , f manifests the volume fraction of the gra- f3 = snf =sf , f4 = knf =kf , and f5 = (rcP )nf =(rcP )f .
phene tiny particles, rf and rsd manifest the viscosity of g = ca1 =m(1  at) is the non-dimensional second-grade
the base dispersion and solid tiny particles, kf and ksd fluid parameter, S = a=c manifests the unsteadiness
Khan and Zuhra 5

representative, M = sf B20 =crf manifests the magnetic
field representative, and Pr = (mcP )f =kf manifests the
Prandtl number.
Transformed equations solution through
HAM
The scheme (HAM) is utilized to evaluate the trans-
formed equations. The initial guesses of evaluation and
auxiliary linear operators are furnished as
p = 0 ) f ðz, 0Þ = f0 ðzÞ and p = 1 ) f ðz, 1Þ = f ðzÞ
ð26Þ
p = 0 ) uðz, 0Þ = u0 ðzÞ and p = 1 ) uðz, 1Þ = uðzÞ
ð27Þ
f (z, p) shifts f0 (z) to f (z) for p keeping the values
through 0 to 1. Also, u(z, p) shifts u0 (z) to u(z) with the
quantities of p changing from 0 to 1. Following the
Taylor series expansion for equations (22) and (23), it
takes the form

f0 ðzÞ = z, u0 ðzÞ = 1 ð17Þ X

‘
1 ∂m f ðz, pÞ
f ðz, pÞ = f0 ðzÞ + fm ðzÞpm , fm ðzÞ = jp = 0
Lf = f 000 , Lu = u00 ð18Þ m=1
m! ∂pm

The following aspects are satisfied with the linear ð28Þ

operators X
‘
1 ∂m uðz, pÞ
uðz, pÞ = u0 ðzÞ + um ðzÞpm , um ðzÞ = jp = 0
 m=1
m! ∂pm
Lf C1 + C2 z + C3 z2 = 0, Lu ½ C4 + C5 z  = 0 ð19Þ
ð29Þ
where Ci (i = 1  5) are the arbitrary constants.
The coincidence for the series in equations (28) and
(29) is strongly dependent on h. It is necessary to
Deformation equations of zeroth order employ h with a quantity when the series in equations
Inserting the nonlinear operator @ as

2

∂3 f ðz, pÞ 2 ∂2 f ðz, pÞ ∂f ðz, pÞ ∂f ðz, pÞ z ∂2 f ðz, pÞ
@f ½f ðz, pÞ = f1 + f 2 b f ð z, p Þ   S + 2 ∂z2
∂z3 ∂z2 ∂z ∂z


2  ð20Þ
2 3 4 2 4 ∂f ðz, pÞ
+ f1 g 2f ðz, pÞ ∂ f ðz,2 pÞ + S 2 ∂ f ðz,3 pÞ + 2z ∂ f ðz,4 pÞ  ∂ f ðz,2 pÞ  f ðz, pÞ ∂ f ðz,4 pÞ  f3 M
∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z

∂2 uðz, pÞ

2 ∂f ðz, pÞ ∂uðz, pÞ 3 1 ∂uðz, pÞ
@u ½f ðz, pÞ, uðz, pÞ = f4 + f 5 Pr ð bÞ 2 uð z, pÞ  f ð z, pÞ + Suð z, pÞ + Sz
∂z2 ∂z ∂z 2 2 ∂z
ð21Þ
∂f ðz, pÞ
+ A3 + A4 uðz, pÞ
∂z

where p shows an embedding representative in a man-

(28) and (29) converges at p = 1; hence, equations (28)
ner p 2 [0, 1].
and (29) take the form
Considering equations of the zeroth-order deforma-
tion, the following is obtained X
‘
f ðz Þ = f 0 ðz Þ + fm ðzÞ ð30Þ
ð1  pÞLf ½f ðz, pÞ  f0 ðzÞ = ph@f ½f ðz, pÞ ð22Þ m=1

ð1  pÞLu ½uðz, pÞ  u0 ðzÞ = ph@u ½f ðz, pÞ, uðz, pÞ ð23Þ X

‘
uðzÞ = u0 ðzÞ + u m ðz Þ ð31Þ
where 
h denotes the helping non-zero representative. m=1
Equation (22) holds the auxiliary information

bS
Problems of deformation keeping mth order
f ð0, pÞ = 0, f 0 ð0, pÞ = 1, f 00 ðb, pÞ = 0, f ðb, pÞ =
2 Lines of deformations of mth order. Employing differentia-
ð24Þ tion up to m times regarding p of equations (22) and
(24), performing division through m!, and putting p = 0
Equation (23) holds the auxiliary information develop the furnished lines
uð0, pÞ = 1, u0 ðb, pÞ = 0 ð25Þ
Lf ½fm ðzÞ  x m fm1 ðzÞ = h<fm ðzÞ ð32Þ
For p = 0 and p = 1, the following is obtained fm ð0Þ = fm ðbÞ = fm0 ð0Þ = fm00 ðbÞ = 0 ð33Þ
6 Advances in Mechanical Engineering

Figure 1. Geometry of the physical model.

Figure 2. h region of f (z).

 m1 
P P
m1  
<fm ðzÞ = f1 f 000
m1 + f2 b 2
fm1k f 00k  f 0m1k f 0k S f 0m1 + z 00
2 f m1
k =o k =o
  ð34Þ
P
m1  z 0000
 P
m1 P
m1 0000
+ f1 g 2 fm1k f 00k +S 2f 000
m1 + 2 fm1
 f 00m1k f 00k  fm1k fk  f3 Mf 0m1
k =o k =o k=o

Employing differentiation up to m times with respect curves to resume the coincidence of the sequential eva-
to p of equations (23) and (25), performing division luations of the issue; consequently, the allowed h curves
through m! and putting p = 0 develop the furnished for f (z) and u(z) exist to receive the intervals
lines 6:0 ł h ł  0:0 and 3:5 ł h ł  0:0 in Figures 2
and 3, respectively.
Lu ½um ðzÞ  x m um1 ðzÞ = h<um ðzÞ ð35Þ
um ð0Þ = u0m ðbÞ = 0 ð36Þ Velocity profile
<um ðzÞ = f4 u00m1  f5 Prb2 Movement f (z) of the liquid finite–confined domain
 m1  second-grade nanofluid reduces due to the existence of
P 0 P
m1
2 f m1k u0k  fm1k u0k + 32 Sum1 + 12 Szu0m1 graphene nanoparticles, as shown in Figure 4. It is
k=o k=o established that the values of finite-confined domain
+ A3 f 0m1 + A4 um1 representative b increase in the presence of graphene
ð37Þ nanoparticles; the layer and mass of the base liquid are

0, m ł 1
xm =
1, m.1
If fm (z), um (z) are the particular evaluations, then the
general evaluations of equations (32) and (35) are
fm ðzÞ = fm ðzÞ + C1 + C2 z + C3 z2
um ðzÞ = um ðzÞ + C4 + C5 z
Results and discussion
The simplified equations (13)–(16) due to similarity
transformations are treated through symbolic evaluat-
ing software MATHEMATICA following HAM code.
The activities of different profiles such as velocity f (z)
and temperature u(z) are reliant on the potentialities of
all the dominating representatives. Figures 4–10 and
11–22 are specified for motion and energy, respectively.
The issues are outlined in Figure 1. Liao16 composed h
enhanced which decrease the velocity. Figure 5 reveals
the effect of the second-grade nanoliquid film para-
ð38Þ
meter g at the simplified movement profile f (z). The
motion of the second-grade liquid film increases con-
sisting of the graphene nanoparticles. A schematic rep-
resentation of the potentiality of unsteadiness
representative S on the simplified movement profile
ð39Þ
f (z) is portrayed in Figure 6. It shows that movement
ð40Þ gets speed with the rise of S. The simplified movement
representative f (z) becomes stable with metallic gra-
phene nanoparticles with the passage of time.
Magnet environment regulates the graphene tiny
particle flow. During the present study, the graphene
nanoparticles flow is enhanced on the magnet environ-
ment amplification from 0.70 to 1.00, as shown in
Figure 7. At low magnetic field strength, there is a
formation of small dipolar chains. For the peak magni-
tude of magnet environment, the continuity extent is
high, forming in evenly distanced one tiny particle
continuity throughout the tiny particle dispersion vol-
ume. When the magnet environment is intensified,
Khan and Zuhra
Figure 3. h region of u(z).
Figure 4. Movement curves for h =  3:00, f1 = 0.50,
f2 = 0.60, f3 = 0.80, S = 0.70, M = 1.00, g = 0.60 while some
assignments to b.
Figure 5. Movement curves for h =  3:00, f1 = 0.50,
f2 = 0.60, f3 = 0.80, S = 0.70, M = 1.00, b= 0.50 while some
assignments to g.
there observed the zipping of the two-pole continuities
in microscopic pictures.
The addition of graphene nanoparticles brings
change in flow, as shown in Figure 8. It is evident that
7
Figure 6. Movement curves for h =  2:00, f1 = 0.50,
f2 = 0.60, f3 = 0.80, g = 0.50, M = 1.00, b= 0.50 while some
assignments to S.
Figure 7. Movement curves for h =  2:00, f1 = 0.50,
f2 = 0.60, f3 = 0.80, g = 0.50, S = 0.90, b= 0.50 while some
assignments to M.
Figure 8. Movement curves for h =  2:00, M = 1.00,
f2 = 0.60, f3 = 0.80, g = 0.50, S = 0.90, b= 0.50 while some
assignments to f1 .
with the graphene tiny particle saturation f1 increment,
the movement f (z) of the non-Newtonian second-grade
nanofluid elevates. It can be visualized very clearly that
8 Advances in Mechanical Engineering
Figure 9. Movement curves for h =  2:00, M = 1.00,
f1 = 0.50, f3 = 0.80, g = 0.50, S = 0.90, b= 0.50 while some
assignments to f2 .
Figure 10. Movement curves for h =  2:00, M = 1.00,
f1 = 0.50, f2 = 0.60, g = 0.50, S = 0.90, b= 0.50 while some
assignments to f3 .
at the time saturation, f1 upsurges from 0.5 to 0.8, and
the size of moment of particular motion part increases.
In graphene nanoliquid, graphene nanoparticles per-
form abnormal heated movement on behalf of the
Brownian movement and the strength of the graphene
tiny particle movement is reliant to the body shape and
thickness. The tiny particles speed up very high while
the movement speed of big-sized particles is very low.
Figure 9 shows the effect of graphene nanoparticles
concentration f2 due to the density of graphene nanoli-
quid. With the inclusion of graphene nanoparticles, f2
increases which makes hurdle to the fluid flow. The dis-
persion behavior of water-based graphene nanoparti-
cles in contrast to concentration f3 is shown in
Figure 10. It portrays that at the time the scalar quanti-
ties of f3 magnify, the velocity f (z) also enhances. The
volume or mass of the sedimentation expresses the con-
sistency of the graphene nanoparticle nanosuspension.
Graphene nanoparticle nanofluids are measured to be
consistent at the time; the graphene nanoparticle
Figure 11. Energy curves for h =  3:00, f1 = 0.50, f2 = 0.60,
f3 = 0.80, f4 = 0.90, f5 = 0.60, S = 0.70, M = 1.00, g = 0.60,
Pr = 10.00, A3 = 0.10, A4 = 0.20 while some assignments to b.
Figure 12. Energy curves for h =  1:10, f1 = 0.50, f2 = 0.60,
f3 = 0.80, f4 = 0.90, f5 = 0.60, S = 0.70, M = 1.00, b= 0.50,
Pr = 10.00, A3 = 0.10, A4 = 0.20 while some assignments to g.
saturation or particle dimensions of the surfactant par-
ticles are not changeable with the passage of time.
Temperature profile
Due to crystal form of matter, energy is taken through
the expansion of lattice movements, that is, phonons,
which are irregularly generated, expanded in irregular
sides, and dispersed from one another. The potentiality
of a finite-confined domain representative b in Figure
11 shows that temperature decreases with increasing the
thin film parameter because heat absorbs in the thick
layer of the second-grade fluid containing graphene
nanoparticles.
Figure 12 visualizes that heat energy u(z) achieves
minimum position with various states of the second-
grade thin liquid film parameter g. Graphene tiny par-
ticles keep big heat-related conduction because heat dif-
fuses in graphene nanoparticles with a large diameter.
Also, graphene nanoparticles have small interparticle
Khan and Zuhra
Figure 13. Energy curves for h =  1:10, f1 = 0.50, f2 = 0.60,
f3 = 0.80, f4 = 0.90, f5 = 0.60, g = 0.60, M = 1.00, b= 0.50,
Pr = 10.00, A3 = 0.10, A4 = 0.20 while some assignments to S.
Figure 14. Energy curves for h =  1:10, f1 = 0.50, f2 = 0.60,
f3 = 0.80, f4 = 0.90, f5 = 0.60, g = 0.60, S = 0.70, b= 0.50,
Pr = 10.00, A3 = 0.10, A4 = 0.20 while some assignments to M.
distance in nanofluid so heat reaches sharply in nearby
particles, resulting in a large thermal conductivity. All
these things provide a diffusion of heat in the second-
grade graphene nanofluid. It happens in Figure 13 that
the energy u(z) decreases due to the time-reliant repre-
sentative S. As time passes, heat exhausts in the fluid
and environment. The effect of magnet field representa-
tive M on energy u(z) profile is portrayed in Figure 14.
Magnet environment of intensity B0 is exerted perpen-
dicularly versus the flow which resists and controls the
flow. In the present study, the fluid is the second grade
and the existence of graphene nanoparticles makes high
the temperature u(z) in the existence of magnet
environment.
In Figure 15, the energy u(z) decreases at the rising
scalar magnitude of f1 . The effect of graphene nano-
fluid constant f2 on temperature u(z) is shown in
Figure 16 where it is clear that energy u(z) shows
increasing behavior for the values of 0.60–3.60 of f2 .
On behalf of the zigzag movement, the graphene nano-
particles are sufficient near and so elevate the heating,
9
Figure 15. Energy curves for h =  1:10, M = 1.00, f2 = 0.60,
f3 = 0.80, f4 = 0.90, f5 = 0.60, g = 0.60, S = 0.70, b= 0.50,
Pr = 10.00, A3 = 0.10, A4 = 0.20 while some assignments to f1 .
Figure 16. Energy curves for h =  1:10, M = 1.00, f1 = 0.50,
f3 = 0.80, f4 = 0.90, f5 = 0.60, g = 0.60, S = 0.70, b= 0.50,
Pr = 10.00, A3 = 0.10, A4 = 0.20 while some assignments to f2 .
flowing within the graphene nanoparticles. The gra-
phene nanoparticles are not necessary to exist in physi-
cal combination, but at particular space, enabling quick
transposition of movement among graphene nanoparti-
cles. On behalf of large surface capacity-to-volume
ratio, the graphene tiny particles exist in exothermal
reaction. Furthermore, the inclusion of chemical react-
ing activity also elevates the heat passage. The cluster-
ing of graphene nanoparticles is responsible for the
minimum thermal resistivity and enhances the heat con-
duction prominently. With the passage of time, big
clusters of graphene tiny particles precipitate in the base
dispersion water which make the nonchemical space of
graphene nanoparticles too little than the dominant
space of the clusters. Conduction is very rapid in these
clusters and so the thermal conductivity increases effec-
tively. Figure 17 depicts the effect of graphene nano-
fluid constant f3 against energy u(z). It is evident that
temperature depreciates due to the electrical conductiv-
ity of nanofluid. Similarly, there is a decreasing beha-
vior in Figure 18 for temperature in contrast with f4 . It
10 Advances in Mechanical Engineering

Figure 17. Energy curves for h =  1:10, M = 1.00, f1 = 0.50,

f2 = 0.60, f4 = 0.90, f5 = 0.60, g = 0.60, S = 0.70, b= 0.50, Figure 19. Energy curves for h =  1:10, M = 1.00, f1 = 0.50,
Pr = 10.00, A3 = 0.10, A4 = 0.20 while some assignments to f3 . f2 = 0.60, f3 = 0.80, f4 = 0.90, g = 0.60, S = 0.70, b= 0.50,
Pr = 10.00, A3 = 0.10, A4 = 0.20 while some assignments to f5 .

Figure 18. Energy curves for h =  1:10, M = 1.00, f1 = 0.50,

f2 = 0.60, f3 = 0.80, f5 = 0.60, g = 0.60, S = 0.70, b= 0.50, Figure 20. Energy curves for h =  1:10, M = 1.00, f1 = 0.50,
Pr = 10.00, A3 = 0.10, A4 = 0.20 while some assignments to f4 . f2 = 0.60, f3 = 0.70, f4 = 0.80, f5 = 0.90, g = 0.60, S = 0.70,
b = 0.50, Pr = 10.00, f6 = 0.60, A4 = 0.20 while some assignments
is seen that when f4 increases from 0.90 to 1.20, the to A3.
temperature decreases due to the involvement of ther-
mal conductivities of nanofluid and base fluid. Figure
19 shows that energy u(z) mitigates versus the increas-
ing positive values of nanofluid constant f5 . It is
because of the particular heat capacitances of the clas-
sic dispersion and solid graphene tiny particles on the
fixed force per unit area.
Figure 20 focuses on the space-reliant energy yield
representative A3. Perceiving that the energy u(z)
resumes devaluation in the nonnegative states of A3.
The reality happens that the developed positions of A3
keep the attitude similar to energy sink and conse-
quently drops down the heat relevant motion part. The
potentiality of heat-reliant energy consumption repre-
sentative A4 is shown in Figure 21. Due to curves, it is
Figure 21. Energy curves for h =  1:10, M = 1.00, f1 = 0.50,
portrayed that the energy u(z) keeps peek position f2 = 0.60, f3 = 0.70, f4 = 0.80, f5 = 0.90, g = 0.60, S = 0.70,
against the peak magnitude of A4. Graphene tiny parti- b = 0.50, Pr = 10.00, f6 = 0.60, A3 = 0.10 while some assignments
cles keep maximum heat conduction because heat dif- to A4.
fuses in graphene nanoparticles with a large diameter.
Also, graphene nanoparticles have small interparticle particle, resulting in a large thermal conductivity. All
distance in nanofluid so heat reaches sharply nearby these things provide a diffusion of heat in the second-
 Khan and Zuhra
Figure 22. Energy curves for h =  1:10, M = 1.00, f1 = 0.50,
f2 = 0.60, f3 = 0.70, f4 = 0.80, f5 = 0.90, g = 0.60, S = 0.70,
b = 0.50, A4 = 0.20, f6 = 0.60, A3 = 0.10 while some assignments
to Pr.
grade graphene nanofluid. The potential of Prandtl
number Pr with respect to energy u(z) is evident from
Figure 22. Energy decreases with the increasing status
of Prandtl number Pr from which it is concluded that
Prandtl number Pr has significant potentialities in
establishing a pleasant environment.
Conclusion
The aforementioned lines attribute to series evaluation
of time-reliant movement and energy transmission
aspects of electrical conduction nature H2O residing the
non-Newtonian second-grade nanofluid dispersion film
mixed with graphene tiny particles on an expanding
space in the occurrence of magnet exerted at the right
angle and dissimilar energy yield/consumption. The eva-
luation of the issue performed through an efficient pro-
cedure (HAM) for the movement and energy profiles.
The potentialities of each and every representative for
movement and energy furnish quite real output to the
movements of the second-grade nanofluid.
Declaration of conflicting interests
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with
respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this
article.
Funding
The author(s) received no financial support for the research,
authorship, and/or publication of this article.
ORCID iD
Noor Saeed Khan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0991-7846
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