Studien und Texte Philosophical Debates at Paris

zur Geistesgeschichte in the Early Fourteenth Century

des Mittelalters
Edited by
Stephen F. Brown, Thomas Dewender
Begründet von
and Theo Kobusch
Josef Koch

Weitergeführt von
Paul Wilpert, Albert Zimmermann und
Jan A. Aertsen

Herausgegeben von
Andreas Speer

In Zusammenarbeit mit
Tzotcho Boiadjiev, Kent Emery, Jr.
und Wouter Goris

BAND 102

LEIDEN • BOSTON
2009
This book is printed on acid-free paper. vi contents
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
INTENTIONS
Philosophical debates at Paris in the early fourteenth century / edited by Stephen F.
Brown, Thomas Dewender & Theo Kobusch. Intentions in the First Quarter of the Fourteenth Century:
p. cm. — (Studien und Texte zur Geistesgeschichte des Mittelalters, Hervaeus Natalis versus Radulphus Brito ................................. 213
ISSN 0169-8028 ; v. 102)
Papers originally delivered at conferences in Bonn and Boston. Judith Dijs
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-90-04-17566-2 (hbk. : alk. paper) 1. Paris (France)—Intellectual life— Primae et Secundae Intentiones. Einige Grundzüge der
Congresses. 2. Paris (France)—Intellectual life—Sources—Congresses. 3. Université
de Paris—History—Congresses. 4. Philosophy, Medieval—Congresses. Intentionalitätslehre des Hervaeus Natalis ............................... 225
5. Theology—History—To 1500—Congresses. I. Brown, Stephen F. II. Dewender, Georg Koridze
Thomas. III. Kobusch, Theo. IV. Title. V. Series.

DC725.P48 2009
Realism and Intentionality: Hervaeus Natalis, Peter Aureoli,
189—dc22 and William Ockham in Discussion .......................................... 239
Fabrizio Amerini
2009007301
Hervaeus Natalis on Intentionality: Its Direction and some
Aftermath ........................................................................................ 261
John P. Doyle

REALITIES AND RELATIONS

Der ontologische Status der Relationen nach Durandus von

St.-Pourçain, Hervaeus Natalis und Petrus Aureoli ................ 287
Thomas Dewender

The Christological Thought of Durandus of St.-Pourçain in

the Context of an Emergent Thomism ...................................... 309
Isabel Iribarren
ISSN 0169-8028
ISBN 978 90 04 17566 2
Aureol and the Ambiguities of the Distinction of Reason ......... 325
Copyright 2009 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Sven K. Knebel
Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing,
IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. Singularité et Individualité selon Pierre Auriol ............................ 339
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, Tiziana Suarez-Nani
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission Duns Scotus on the Origin of the Possibles in the Divine
from the publisher.
Intellect ............................................................................................ 359
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 HERVAEUS NATALIS ON INTENTIONALITY:
ITS DIRECTION AND SOME AFTERMATH*

John P. Doyle (S. Lui, MO)*

I
a muh qud paag frm 1874, Fra
z Br
a
 (1828–1917)

wr:
Evry m
al ph
m

i hararizd by wha h hlai f h
Middl Ag rfrrd  a h i

i
al (a
d al m
al) i
xi

f h bj, a
d wha w, alhugh wih
 qui u
ambiguu xpr-
i
, wuld all rlai
 a 

, diri
up
a
bj (whih i

 hr  b u
drd a a raliy) r imma

 bjiviy.1
Si
 1874, fr brvr f Br
a
 a
d f i

i
aliy dri
,
whavr l may b a iu h g
ral 

u ha b
ha “i

-
i
aliy” i
dia a diri
frm k
wr  k
w
. u, Br
a
’
m rg
izd diipl, Edmu
d Hurl (1859–1938), wh i rdid
wih i
rdui
g h rm ilf i
 mdr
philphy,2 ha dribd
i a “h prpry f bi
g 
iu f mhi
g”.3 i diri

frm 
iu
  h bj (whih Br
a
 himlf i
u
d
by h prblm f

-xi
 bj lar rjd)4 appar i
hr

* A l
gr vri
f hi aril appard i

e Modern Schoolman 83 (2006), pp.

85–124, u
dr h il: “Hrvau Naali, O.P. (d. 1323) 
I

i
aliy. I Dir-
i
, C
x, a
d Sm Armah”.
1
F. Br
a
, Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint, ra
. A.C. Ra
urll –
D.B. Trrll – L.L. MAlir, L
d
1973, p. 88; a qud by T. Cra
, “I

i
-
aliy”, i
Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, vl. 4, L
d
– Nw Yrk 1998, pp.
816–821, p. p. 817.
2
Cf. G. Balr, “I

i
aliy”, i
Handbook of Metaphysics and Ontology, d.
H. Burkhard – B. Smih  al., Mü
h
– Philadlphia – Wi
1991, vl. 1, p. 400.
3
E. Hurl, Ideas. General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology, r. W.R. By
Gib
, L
d
1969, p. 109.
4
Fr hi , J. Halda
, “I

i
aliy a
d O
-idd Rlai
”, Ratio 9 (1996),
pp. 95–114, p. pp. 96–97.
262
on .
oe ees nts on ntentont
dp
d
 up
Br
a
5 a
d a gla
 a 
dary ur will 
-
rm i alm u
ivral apa
 a h mm
viw.6
II
I
h Middl Ag: frm h Lai
Avi

a 
, h rm “i

i”
a
b fu
d hrughu h hir
h 
ury.7 Bu,  my k
wldg
h aual wrd, “i

i
alia”, urprii
gly appar r 
ly i
h
fur
h-
ury wrii
g f Hrvau Naali.8 A biggr urpri fr
m wa  
d ha Br
a
 i

 pla aually m
i
d Hrvau
a
d lid hr f hi wrk.9 Bu h bigg urpri f all wa 
divr ha fr Hrvau h diri
f intentionality as such wa

 frm k
wr  k
w
bu rahr ppiwi—frm k
w

k
wr! My purp
w i  harp
ha divry a wll a 
uh 
m f i widr Wirkungsgeschichte.
5
Cf. .g., Alxiu Mi

g (1853–1920), Über Annahmen, Lipzig 1902, p. 103, a
id by R. Grma

, Meinong, L
d
– B
1974, p. 87. O
h rlai
f
Mi

g  Br
a
 hr, f. T. Par
, Nonexistent Objects, Nw Hav
– L
d

1980, p. 48.
6
Fr xampl, f.: Grma

, Meinong, p. 117; id., “I

i
al Rlai
”, i

e
Oxford Companion to Philosophy, d. T. H
drih, Oxfrd – Nw Yrk 1995, p. 413.
Al : T. Cra
, “I

i
aliy”, ibid., p. 818; J. Sarl, “I

i
aliy (1)”, i
A
Companion to the Philosophy of Mind, Oxfrd 1994, p. 380; J. Prry, “I

i
aliy (2)”,
ibid., pp. 386 a
d 388 qq.; R. Chihlm, “I

i
aliy”, i

e Encyclopedia of Phi-
losophy, d. P. Edward, vl. 4, Nw Yrk 1967, p. 202; a
d J.-L. Pi, “I

i
alié”,
i
Encyclopédie philosophique universelle, dir. A. Jab, . II: Les notions philosophiques.
Dictionnaire, vl. 1, Pari 1989, p. 1346. A
xpi
, prhap,  h g
ral rul i
Jh
Halda
, wh r h imma

 f hi
ki
g  h pi
 f xludi
g a
y

ary rlai
 a
bj; f. “I

i
aliy a
d O
-idd Rlai
”, p. 114. Fr
a d
ial f uh a diri
al harar am
g h Shlai upld wih i aribu-
i
 Hurl,  H. Spiglbrg, “Dr Bgri dr I

i
aliä i
dr Shlaik,
bi Br
a
 u
d bi Hurl”, Philosophische Hee 1/2 (1936), pp. 88–89.
7
Fr m f hi,  P. E
glhard, “I

i”, i
Historisches Wörterbuch der
Philosophie, vl. 4, Bal 1976, l. 466–474.
8
Fr hi, f.
e Oxford English Dictionary, a rrd r-iu . . ., vl. 5, Oxfrd
1933, p. 379.
9
Fr hi,  h hapr, “Ghih dr kirhlih
Wi
ha
”, i
Jha


Adam Möhlr, Kirchengeschichte, d. P.B. Gam, Rg
burg 1867, vl. 2, pp. 526–584,
p. p. 570; fr Br
a
’ auhrhip f hi hapr, f. ibid., p. 526.
263
III
Br
i
Bria
y m prbably bw
1250 a
d 1260, Hrvau

rd h Ordr f Prahr, h Dmi
ia
, i
April f 1276.10 Frm
1302  1307, h vid
ly wa a Pari udyi
g a
d ahi
g hlgy.
Likly a hi im, h mpd hi Commentary on the Sentences of
Peter the Lombard 11 a
d rivd hi li
ia i
1308. Ma
whil,
h wa h
i
1305  b Prvi
ial Suprir f h Dmi
ia
 i

Fra
. I
1318 h wa ld Mar G
ral f hi Ordr, i
whih
 h rmai
d u
il hi dah i
1323.
I
addii
 hi Sentences mm
ary, Hrvau auhrd hr
wrk a
d 
gagd i
variu 
rvri ruli
g i
plmial
wrii
g, pially m dird agai
 Dura
du f S.-Purçai

(a. 1275–1334).12  wrk m rlva
 fr ur pr
 purp i
Hrvau’ Treatise on Second Intentions, hugh  hav b
m-
pd bw
1307 a
d 1316.13  dii
whih I ud14 ru
 224
10
Fr h lif a
d wrk f Hrvau, : L. Bazi
k, “Naali, Hrvau”, i
Biog-
raphisch-bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon, vl. 6, Hrzbrg 1993, l. 468–474; ad.,
hp://www.bauz.d/bbkl/
/
aali_h.hml (Lz Ä
dru
g: 02.02.1999); M. Tavuzzi,
“Hrvau Naali a
d h Philphial Lgi f h mim f h R
aia
”,
Doctor Communis 45 (1992), pp. 132–152; D. Prlr, “Hrvau Naali (d. 1323)”, i

Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, vl. 4, L
d
– Nw Yrk 1998, pp. 403–404;
F.J. R
h, Early
omistic School, Dubuqu 1964, pp. 106–117.
11
Fr a lar publihd vri
f hi, f. Hrvi Naali Bri
i, Dri lgi
Parii
i, Praa
iimi,  ubiliimi a qu
dam Ordi
i Frarum Pradiarum,
G
rali Magiri, In quatuor Libros sententiarum Commentaria, quibu adiu
 iudm auri Tractatus de potestate Papae. Pariii: Apud viduam Dy
iii
Mrau  Dy
iium Mrau lium. M DC XLVII. Fr i da f mpii
,
A. d Guimarâ, “Hrvé Nl. Éud bigraphiqu”, Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum
8 (1938), pp. 48–49 ha xd 
1302–1303. P. Slla, “La prima riia di Hrvau
Naali O.P. alla
ia di E
ri di Ga
d. Il ‘D I
llu  pi’ dl idd
‘D Quaur marii’ ”, Salesianum 21 (1959), pp. 125–170, ak
wldg (p. 135) h
mri f Guimarâ, bu ha himlf aig
d a da bw
1304 a
d 1307.
12
Fr Hrvau v. Dura
du,  J. Kh, Durandus de S. Porciano, O.P. Forschungen
zum Streit um
omas von Aquin zu Beginn des 14. Jahrhunderts. Erster Teil: Liter-
argeschichtliche Grundlegung, Mü
r 1927 (Biräg zur Ghih dr Philphi
d Milalr, XXVI).
13
O
hi, f.: “Ardi
g  J. Pi
brg, ‘Zum Bgri dr “i

i u
da”. . .’,
54, h ‘Traau’ wa wri
bw
1309 a
d 1316” (D. Prlr, “Pr Aurl
v. Hrvau Naali 
I

i
aliy. A Tx Edii
wih I
rdury Rmark”,
Archives d’histoire doctrinale et littéraire du Moyen Âge 61 (1994), pp. 227–262, p.
p. 230,
 6).
14
Tractatus magistri Hervei Doctoris perspicacissimi de secundis intentionibus. Pari:
Grgiu Milhu, 1489. i dii
i f pr qualiy. I abbrviai
 ar


i
. I 
ai

umru miplli
g, a wll a pa
 miak.  lm
py, whih I ud a h Vatican Film Library i
S. Lui, 
ai
 ma
y rri

264
on .
oe ees nts on ntentont
pag a
d 
ai
 v Quaestiones disputatae, whih ar dividd i

a al f 22 aril ymaially arra
gd.15
IV
I hav al lkd a m Distinctions i
Hrvau’ Sentences m-
m
ary, a
d a hi Quaestiones Quodlibetales, whih ghr wih
igh rai, i
ludi
g De relationibus16 a
d De verbo,17 wr did
i
a i
gl vlum by Mar A

i Zimara (1460–1532)18 a V
i
i
1513.19 All lv
f h Quodlibets wr apd a g
ui
 i

h im fllwi
g hir appara
. S i wa ha Fra
i Suárz
(1548–1617) i
hi Disputationes metaphysicae (Salama
a, 1597) id
Hrvau a al f 77 im20 a
d mad
 dii
i
a  auh
i-
iy am
g h qui
.
Palém
Glriux, wh rmarkd h diuly i
vlvd i
id
ify-
i
g a
d dai
g Hrvau’ Quodlibets,21 dlard ha 
ly h r fur
ar rai
ly g
ui
.22 O
h hr ha
d, Ludwig Hödl ha apd
i
h frm f gl, ru, r wrivr by 
 r mr radr. Whr lgibl
h uually mak 
. Bu fr h m par hy ar u
i
lligibl 
h lm.
Prlr (“Hrvau Naali (d. 1323)”, p. 404) li a “mr r l rliabl” V
i
1508 dii
, whil R
h, Early
omistic School, p. 110, al li a Pari, 1544
a
d a V
i,
 da, dii
. I hav
 
a
y f h hr dii
. S
w
h lai
x a
d h 
glih ra
lai
i
A Treatise of Master Hervaeus Natalis
(d. 1323), the Doctor Perspicacissimus, on Second Intentions, d. a
d ra
l. by J.P.
Dyl, Milwauk, WI 2008.
15
Hrvau’ Tractatus i 
 f h wrk, al
g wih hi Sentences mm
ary
a
d m u
pid Quodlibets, whih Br
a
 m
i
d i
h pla rmarkd
abv i

 9.
16
P. Glriux, Répertoire des maîtres en théologie de Paris au XIII e siècle, vl. 1, Pari
1933, p. 203, li hi a auh
i a
d da i aru
d 1310.
17
Glriux, Répertoire des maîtres . . ., vl. 1, p. 201, li h De verbo a auh
i
a
d da i bw
1307 a
d 1309.
18
O
V
ii 1513,  E. R
a
, Averroès et l’Averroïsme, Pari 1852, pp. 297–300.
19
Cf. Quolibeta Hervei: subtilissima Hervei Natalis Britonis theologi acutissimi quo-
libeta undecim cum octo ipsius profundissimis tractatibus infra per ordinem descriptis.
Quorum omnia: demptis tantum quatuor quolibetis: nunc primum impressa: atque in
lucem prodita fuerunt: summaque diligentia castigata. Additis quampluribus in margine
notabilibus: necnon eleganti tabula: que secundum alphabeti ordinem omnes principales
quaestiones mirice demonstrat. Tractatus VIII, videlicet. De beatitudine. De verbo. De
eternitate mundi. De materia celi. De relationibus. De pluralitate formarum. De virtuti-
bus. De motu angeli, V
ii: Grgium Arrivab
um, 1513, rpr. Ridgwd, NJ 1966.
20
S J. Iurriz, “Fu
 d la mafíia d Suárz”, Pensamiento,
umr xra-
rdi
ari, Madrid 1948, p. 40.
21
P. Glriux, La littérature quodlibétique. De 1260 à 1320, Kai
1925, p. 200.
22
Ibid., pp. 200–201; P. Glriux, La littérature quodlibétique, vl. 2, Pari 1935, pp.
138–139, wih mr pri aig
m
 f Quodlibeta V–XI 
p. 138.
265
h auh
iiy f hm all, xp fr h lv
h, whih, lik Glriux
fllwi
g Plr,23 h ha rjd.24 Fr hi papr I hav ayd alm
xluivly wih h r fur Quodlibets did by Zimara. I hav al
ud h xrp frm a
arly wrk f Hrvau dird agai
 H
ry
f Gh
 (1217–1293), whih wa did i
1959 by Prpr Slla,25
wh dad i bfr h Sentences mm
ary.26
I hav i
dir 
a wih Hrvau hrugh hr ur. 
r wa a
xrp frm Pru Aurli’ (1280?–1322) Sentences
mm
ary, did i
1994 by Dmi
ik Prlr, i
whih Aurli
riiizd Hrvau’ i

i
aliy dri
.27 S
d wa Burkhard
Mjih’ dii
i
2000 f a Treatise on Intentions by Hrvau’
14h 
ury Dmi
ia
fllwr, Fra
i d Pra ( . a. 1350).28
ird i a imilar rai by a
hr Dmi
ia
, Spha
u d Ra
( . a. 1350), a 
mprary f Pra, whih wa did by Juliu
Dmaki i
1967.29
V
I
h r Aril f h r Qui
f hi Treatise on Second Inten-
tions, Hrvau dii
guihd vlii
al frm i
llual i

i
. I

bh i
a
 hr i a r 
di
g ward a
bj,30 r mr xaly
23
Cf. F. Plr, “Ei
 Mü
h
r Ha
dhri d bgi


d
virzh

Jahr-
hu
dr mi i
m Vrzih
i v
Quäi

d Du
 Su u
d Hrvu Naali”,
Franziskanische Studien 17 (1930), pp. 253–272.
24
Cf. L. Hödl, “Di Qudliba Mi
ra d Hrvu Naali (+1323)”, Münchener

eologische Zeitschri 6 (1955), pp. 215–229, p. pp. 216–217.
25
S
 11, abv.
26
Cf. Slla, “La prima riia . . .”, p. 135.
27
S
 13, abv. Fr furhr mm
 
Hrvau i
hi 
x,  D. Prlr,

eorien der Intentionalität im Mittelalter, Fra
kfur am Mai
2002, p. Til IV, pp.
253–317.
28
Cf. Fra
iu d Pra, Tractatus de prima et secunda intentione, d. B. Mjih,
Bochumer Philosophisches Jahrbuch für Antike und Mittelalter 5 (2000), pp. 148–174.
Fr Pra’ widr lgi, f. Francisco de Prato, Logica, d. C. Rd, Sugar 2002.
29
Cf. “Spha
i d Ra, Tractatus de secundis intentionibus,  di Wrailavi
i
Bibl. U
iv. IV Q 4 didi Iuliu Dmaki”, Mediaevalia Philosophica Polonorum 12
(1967), pp. 67–106.
30
“Si
dum igiur qud intentio pri
 am ad vlu
am quam ad i
llum.
E quia vidur qud i

i impr 
d
iam i
quddam alrum i
d  qud
i

i am vlu
ai 
d
i i
uum bjum quam iam i
llui rpu
ui bii 
v
i” (Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 1, ar. 1, d. Pariii 1489,
f. a.ii v).
266
on .
oe ees nts on ntentont
ward a hi
g in rerum natura.31 Bu i
hi Treatise hi 
r
i wih
i
llual i

i
, whih h immdialy dii
guih a ihr 

h id f h k
wr r f h hi
g whih i k
w
. O
h id f
h k
wr h i
lud h species intelligibilis, h a f h i
ll
ilf, h 
p (i
h 
 f wha wuld b alld h frmal

p), h lik
, h xmplar i
h mi
d, r h verbum a hi
i rpr
aiv f mhi
g.32 O
h id f h k
w
h i
lud
whavr i u
drd, ju a h i
ll 
d  i a mhi
g
k
w
by a
a f u
dra
di
g.33 Said i
hi way, a
i

i
a
ak
“frmally a
d abraly” i
hi
g l bu h rmi
u f ha

d
y r ilf a (rvr) 
d
y whih i a ki
d f rlai
f a
hi
g u
drd  a
a f u
dra
di
g. Bu ak
“
rly r
marially” i i ha whih i u
drd, whavr ha may b.34
Hr w
 a dii
i
f i

i
 a r r 
d. Hrvau
ay ha h ar dii
guihd i
amuh a i
lligibl im fall
i
 w la (duplex genus).35 O
 la mbra whavr rally,
ha i, apar frm a
y m
al prai
, bl
g r d
 bl
g,
armaivly r privaivly,  hi
g i
hmlv. Exampl i
lud,
“bi
g a ma
” (r “
 bi
g a ma
”), “bi
g (r
 bi
g) a
x”,
“bi
g (r
 bi
g) a 
”, “bi
g (r
 bi
g) whi”, r “blak”,
r ‘bli
d”, r “daf ”.36 r i al rm i
hi la fr i
 lik
31
Cf. Hrvau Naali, De intellectu et specie, d. Slla, “La prima riia . . .”,
p. 164; ibid., p. 166.
32
“Uno modo diiur i

i ex parte intelligentis, m
 illud, ili, qud pr
mdum rpra
ai
i dui i
llum i
g
ii
m aliuiu ri, iv illud i
pi i
lligibili, iv i au i
llig
di, iv 
pu m
i qua
d frma
prfum 
pum d r” (Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 1, ar. 1, d. Pariii
1489, f. a.iii r). Al, f.: Hrvau Naali, Tractatus de verbo, q. 1, ar. 3, d. V
ii
1513, f. 11vb; ibid., f. 12ra; ibid., q. 1, ar. 4, d. V
ii 1513, f. 12rb; a
d Hrvau
Naali, De intellectu et specie, d. Slla, p. 147.
33
Cf. Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 1, ar. 1, d. Pariii 1489, f. a.iii r.
34
“E i

i i dia frmalir  i
abra diiur rmi
um a
um ipiu

d
ia, iv ipamm 
d
iam qua  quadam habiud ri i
lla ad
i
llum iv ad aum i
llig
di. I

r aum  marialir dii illud
qud i
lligiur quiquid i illud” (Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 1, ar. 1, d.
Pariii 1489, f. a.iii r).
35
Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 1, ar. 4, d. Pariii 1489, f. b.v r.
36
Cf.: “Nam quadam u
 qua 
v
iu
 rbu i
lligibilibu

x pra-
i
 i
llu pulaivi, ili, pru u
 bjiv i
ip i
ll. Imm,
irumrip ali  bjiv md qu i
fra xp
ur, 
v
iu
 rbu, iv
armaiv u homo, bos, album, nigrum,  imilia, iv privaiv u caecum, surdum,
 imilia,  ia pri

 ad primam i

i
m marialir apam. Quia prima
i

i 
riv  marialir dii illud qud i
lligiur” (Hrvau Naali, Tract.
sec. int., q. 1, ar. 1, rp., d. Pariii 1489, f. a.iii r); “. . . u
um dii h qud 
v
i
267
gld
mu
ai
, himra, r gaag,37 whih whil hy a


xi uid h mi
d ar 
ivd  b mad up f par whih
a
 xi. I
ha hy ar
 mi
d-dp
d
 a
d bi
g a i

i mhi
g whih bl
g  hm 
ly aid
ally.38 i i m-
hi
g whih Aurli dipu. Fr him hr ar
 r i

i
 f
wha h wuld all “prhibid bi
g” (entia prohibita).39  ra

i ha h i
vlv a
i
ri
i 
radii
a
d  ha x
 hy
ar i

ivabl.40
T hi I will rur
. Bu r, l m ay ha fr Hrvau h -

d la f i
lligibl im i mpd f bi
g f ra
41 a
d
i
lud vryhi
g ha bl
g ihr armaivly r
gaivly 
hi
g i
far a hy ar bjivly i
h i
ll. Exampl wuld b
“(bi
g r
 bi
g) u
ivral” r “(bi
g r
 bi
g) abra” a
d
h lik,42 whih wuld i
lud “bi
g a i
” frmally a uh.43 i

d la f i
lligibl will i
lud “i

i
aliy ilf ” (whih
by my ally i xpliily m
i
d 235 im i
h Treatise) whhr
rbu irumripa prai
 i
llu iu hominem esse vl lapidem;  i d

imilibu iv armaiv iv
gaiv” (ibid., f. b.v r). O
hi f. Spha
u d
Ra, Tractatus de secundis intentionibus, d. Dmaki, p. 82.
37
“. . . di qud hyrrvu, himra,  alia 
imilia pri

 ad primam
i

i
m” (Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 1, ar. 5, rp., d. Pariii 1489, f.
b.vii r).
38
Cf. Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 1, ar. 4, i

rarium, d. Pariii 1489,
f. b.vi v; ibid., rp., f. b.vii r. Fr h am dri
, f. Spha
u d Ra, Tractatus
de secundis intentionibus, d. Dmaki, pp. 83–84.
39
Cf. Pru Aurli, Scriptum super primum librum Sententiarum, di. 23,
. 45,
d. Prlr, “Pr Aurl v. Hrvau Naali 
I

i
aliy”, p. 255.
40
“Illud 
im qud 
radii
m implia i

pibil . E
ia vr prhi-
bia 
radii
m implia
 . . .” (Pru Aurli, Scriptum super primum librum
Sententiarum, di. 23,
. 44, d. Prlr, p. 255).
41
O
Hrvau’ dri
 
bi
g f ra
mpard wih ha f William f
Okham,  C. Rd, “Si
dr Nihi
, Hrvau Naali u
d Wilhlm v
Ok-
ham übr da E
 Rai
i”, i
Umbrüche. Historische Wendepunkte der Philosophie
von der Antike bis zur Neuzeit. Festschri für Kurt Flasch zu seinem 70. Geburtstag, d.
K. Kah
r – B. Mjih, Amrdam – Philadlphia 2001, pp. 77–97. Fr a parial li
f uh bi
g f ra
, f. Spha
u d Ra, Tractatus de secundis intentionibus,
d. Dmaki, p. 88.
42
“Aliud  g
u i
lligibilium qud dii  rai
i   m
 illud qud

v
i rbu pru u
 bjiv i
i
llu, iu universale, abstractum,  imilia,
iv armaiv iv
gaiv aipia
ur” (Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 1, ar. 2,
d. Pariii 1489, f. b.i r; ibid., q. 1, ar. 5, rp., d. Pariii 1489, f. b.vi v–b.vii r).
43
Cf. “Id li  gm
um, frmalir lqu
d, dia illud qud pri
 ad
u
dam i

i
m . . .” (Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 1, ar. 5, d. Pariii
1489, f. b.vii r).
268
on .
oe ees nts on ntentont
uh i

i
aliy aah  r r  
d i

i
.44 Divrgi
g
frm ral bi
g, hi
g ha xi 
ly bjivly i
h i
ll hav

 mr ha
i

i
al bi
g.45 I
vry i
a
, h 
ial

f i

i
al bi
g 
h id f a hi
g k
w
(r k
wabl) i i
rlai
 h i
ll.46
Agai
I mphaiz h dii
i

h id f a hi
g k
w

bw
h i

i
al ak
marially r 
rly a
d h i

-
i
al ak
abraly a
d frmally. Tak
frmally a
d abraly,
i i a relation of the thing known to the act of understanding, wh

iuiv 
d
y ha hi
g a k
w
rmi
a.47 Tak
marially
r 
rly, i i that which is known r ha  whih hi rlai
i
aribud.48  r i aahd  im i
ihr h r r 
d
la f i
lligibl prily i
amuh a hy rmi
a a
a f h
i
ll a
d ar i
ha rlad  ha a.49  
d i 
 mr
mm
 ihr r r 
d la i
lligibl i
amuh a bh
may b k
w
r k
wabl.50
VI
Gi
g bak  “i

i
aliy” ilf, l m u
drr Hrvau
agai
a
d agai
lli
g u ha i i a relation from an object known or
knowable to the intellect, or more precisely the intellect’s act of under-
44
“Su
da vr i

i marialir diiur u
dum g
u i
lligibilium, i-
li, illud qud dii 
 rai
i qud, ili, 
quiur rm pru  biiv
i
i
llu, ili, universale  particulare,  iam ipsa intentionalitas, iv prima
iv u
da, quia uraqu dii 
 rai
i” (Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 5,
ar. 1, ad 4 i
ppium, d. Pariii 1489, f. l.v r).
45
Cf. “. . . u
ivralia

hab
  i
r xra d lum  i
a
ima—qud 
 i

i
al” (Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 1, ar. 3, rp., d. Pariii 1489,
f. b.iii r). Whil hi i par f a
argum
 fr a pii
whih Hrvau rj, h
wuld hav
 diuly api
g hi divii
a
d id
iai
.
46
“Ex par aum ri i
lla habiud ad i
llum dii  i

i
al

ialir . . .” (Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 1, ar. 1, d. Pariii 1489, f. a.iii v).
47
“E i dii ipam habiudi
m ri i
lla ad aum i
llig
di pru r-
mi
a 
d
iam i
llu ad rm i
llam qua 
d
ia

 aliud quam
au i
llig
di” (Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 1, ar. 1, rp., d. Pariii
1489, f. a.iiii v).
48
“Pru vr aipiur i

r  illud qud i
lligiur ui ali habiud
aribuiur” (Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 1, ar. 1, rp., d. Pariii 1489, f.
a.iiii r).
49
Cf. Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 5, ar. 1, ad 4 i
ppium, d. Pariii
1489, f. l.v r.
50
Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 1, ar. 2, d. Pariii 1489, f. a.viii v.
269
standing.51 i rlai
i a bi
g f ra
.52 I ubqu
ly bm
ilf k
w
53 wh
h i
ll r  up
i w
a a
d h
51
Cf. .g.: “Rli
quiur rg qud i habiud ri i
lla ad i
llum vl
aum i
llig
di, qua  rlai u
dum rai
m a
um  dii a
um 

u
dum rai
m” (Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 1, ar. 2, rp., d. Pari-
ii 1489, f. a.viii r); “Sd intentio in abstracto accepta, ipa ili i

i
alia,
dii habiudi
m ri i
lla ad aum i
llig
di u ipum rmi
a . . .” (ibid.,
q. 1, ar. 2, d. Pariii 1489, f. a.viii v); “. . . di
dum  qud i

i
alia quam
impra prima vl u
da i

i ulra rm i
llam

 
d
ia i
l-
lu qui [i]  au i
llig
di. Sd  habiud ipiu ri i
lla ad ipam

d
iam pru ili rmi
a ipum, u dium ” (ibid., q. 1, ar. 2, ad 2, d.
Pariii 1489, f. b.ii v); “. . . i  quadam habiud ri i
lla ad aum i
l-
lig
di, iu ap dium , iv i i
prima i

i
 iv i
u
da” (ibid.,
q. 1, ar. 4, d. Pariii 1489, f. b.iv); “. . . i

i am prima quam u
da i
abra
apa  ipa habiud pradia ri i
lla ad aum i
llig
di . . .” (ibid.,
q. 2, ar. 1, rp., d. Pariii 1489, f. .i v); “Si rg apiaur i

i in abstracto, ipa,
ili, i

i
alia, u
dum quam aliquid diiur 
riv, i

i prima vl
u
da, i habiud ri i
lla ad i
llum” (ibid., q. 2, ar. 6, rp., d. Pari-
ii 1489, f. d.viii r); “. . . i

i
alia i
abra apa qua
um ad h qud 
 i

i
m impra frmalir rlai
m pradiam ri i
lla ad aum
i
llig
di am i
prima quam i
u
da i

i
, u ap dium  . . .” (ibid.,
q. 2, ar. 1, rp., d. Pariii 1489, f. .iii r); “. . . ipa i

i
alia qua  rlai ri
i
lla ad aum i
llig
di . . .” (ibid., q. 2, ar. 3, rp., d. Pariii 1489, f. .vii
r); “Nam i

i
alia abraiv apa, u
dum quam m
 qud i
lligiur
d
mi
aur prima i

i vl u
da,  habiud ipiu ri i
lla ad ipum
i
llum, ili, pru rmi
a 
d
iam au i
llig
di” (ibid., q. 2, ar. 5,
rp., d. Pariii 1489, f. d.vi v); “. . . i

i
alia qua diiur aliquid prima  u
da
i

i  habiud pradia ri i
lla ad i
llum 
ullum aliud” (ibid.,
q. 2, ar. 6, rp., d. Pariii 1489, f. .i r); “. . . i

i
alia u
dum quam 
v
i
aliui qud i prima vl u
da i

i  ipa habiud bii i
lli ad aum
i
llig
di” (ibid., q. 3, ar. 1, 
ra [4], d. Pariii 1489, f. .iii r); “. . . i

i
alia
 rlai ri i
lla ad i
llum au i
llig
m. E h  vrum d m
i
i

i
alia abraa, u frqu
r dium ” (ibid., q. 3, ar. 1, rp., d. Pariii
1489, f. .iiii v); “. . . i

i
alia qua  rlai ri i
lla ad i
llum au
i
llig
m . . .” (ibid., q. 3, ar. 1, rp., d. Pariii 1489, f. .iiii v); “. . . qua quidm
i

i
alia  rlai bii i
lli ad i
llum au i
llig
m iv aum
i
llig
di . . .” (ibid., q. 3, ar. 1, rp., d. Pariii 1489, f. .v r); “In abstracto, ili,
ipa i

i
alia u
dum qum [i] aliquid diiur i

i prima vl u
da
 habiud bii g
ii ad i
llum au g

m, pru rmi
a aum
i
llig
di” (ibid., q. 3, ar. 1, rp., d. Pariii 1489, f. .iii r); “. . . ia i

i
alia,
iv habiud bii ad i
llum,
ihil aliud  quam  i
i
llu biiv
  rmi
um prai
i i
llu” (ibid., q. 3, ar. 4, rp., d. Pariii 1489, f.
f.vi v); “. . . um i habiud ri i
lla ad i
llum au i
llig
m . . .” (ibid.,
q. 3, ar. 2, rp., d. Pariii 1489, f. . vii v).
52
“. . . m
i i

i
alia i
abra apa, iv i prima iv i u
da, 

 rai
i, um dia habiudi
m bii i
lli ad i
llum au i
llig
m”
(Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 3, ar. 3, rp., d. Pariii 1489, f. f.i r); “. . . rlai
ri i
lla ad aum i
llig
di, qua  rlai rai
i . . .” (ibid., q. 2, ar. 3, rp.,
d. Pariii 1489, f. .vii r).
53
i rdr i
whih bi
g f ra
will b pruppd  h aiviy f h
ra
wa aakd by Aurli; f. .g.: “Prara, priu  rm 
ipi quam rm
270
on .
oe ees nts on ntentont
rlai
 bw
ha a
d m ubj r bj.54 I
h ur f
h Treatise, i

i
aliy i id
id wih a
umbr f hi
g. 
i
lud: h rlai
f h bj  h a f u
dra
di
g, bu al
bjiv bi
g,55 i

i
i
h abra,56 bi
g a rmi
u f h
a,57 h (ppi) 
di
g (f h bj  h a),58 r v
h vry
rmi
ai
a uh f h a.59  id
iai
 wr larly 

by Fra
i d Pra60 a
d Spha
u d Ra.61
VII
Hrvau ha dii
guihd hr lvl f bh i

i
 a
d i

-
i
aliy by
d h f r a
d 
d a h ar id dirly 
h m
i
d w g
ra f i
lligibl. u, i

i
aliy ilf,
whhr f a r r a 
d i

i
, may i
h r i
 f h
i
ll bm a 
r 
d i

i
 whih a
w dgr f
i

i
aliy aah.62 Agai
, w may hav rlai
 f 
d i

-
i
aliy am
g r bw
hi
g a hy ar u
drd: fr xampl,

pam ad i
llum rfrri” (Pru Aurli, Scriptum super I Sent., di. 23,

. 33, d. Prlr, p. 251).
54
“Nam rlai ri i
lla ad i
llum

 illud qud i
lligiur
ii
qua
d i
llu r iur upr aum uum  upr habiudi
 qua u
 i
r
aum  ubjum” (Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 3, ar. 1, ad 2, d. Pariii
1489, f. .v r). Fr Hrvau quai
g “ubj” a
d “bj”, f.: “Sd i
ia ral
diu
ur i
ia ral quia u
 d 
 rali u d prim  pr  bi iv
ubi” (ibid., q. 5, ar. 1, b. 1 i

rarium, d. Pariii 1489, f. k.ii v; ibid., q. 5,
ar. 1, rp., d. Pariii 1489, f. k.iv v; a
d ibid., q. 5, ar. 1, ad 2 i
ppium, d.
Pariii 1489, f. l.iii v).
55
Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 3, ar. 2, rp., d. Pariii 1489, f. .vii v–.viii r.
56
Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 5, ar. 1, ad 4 i
ppium, d. Pariii 1489,
f. l.v r.
57
Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 3, ar. 4, rp., d. Pariii 1489, f. f.vi v; al
f. ibid., q. 1, ar. 1, d. Pariii 1489, f. a.iii r.
58
Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 1, ar. 1, d. Pariii 1489, f. a.iii r.
59
Cf.: “Quia i

i ali i dia, u upra dium ,

 aliud
ii ipa
frmali rmi
ai u
dum qum bium g
ium diiur rmi
ar aum
i
llig
di, qua u
dum rai
m i
llig
di aipiur u quidam au 
d

i
bium” (Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 2, ar. 6, rp., d. Pariii 1489, f.
.i v; al ibid., f. .ii v).
60
Cf. Fra
iu d Pra, Tractatus de prima et secunda intentione, I (4), d.
Mjih, p. 156.
61
Cf. Spha
u d Ra, Tractatus de secundis intentionibus, d. Dmaki,
p. 86; ibid., p. 89.
62
Cf. Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 2, ar. 6, d. Pariii 1489, f. .i r; ibid.,
q. 3, ar. 3, ad 1 i
ppium, f. f.iii rv.
271
am
g r bw
universal a
d particular bj r bw
predi-
cates a
d subjects.63 i will i
vlv rlad lvl f bi
g f ra

mmi
g frm bh impl apprh
i
 a
d judgm
.64 I huld
allw h am a rgard i
fr
 r dm
rai
. i will prmi
u  ila h ubj mar f a i
—Aril’ ubj genos 65
r h Shlai scibile, whih i
h pi
i
f Hrvau drv
ilf  hav a larg rai dvd  i.66 Rlad lvl hr will al
prmi a i
 uh a lgi wh prim a
d prpr (primo et per
se) ubj mar i 
d i

i
.67 A h am im, i
dir

way m 
d i

i
 migh m  b rad by grammar r
rhri.68 Hwvr,
ihr diipli
 will ra hm a i r a
d
prpr ubj mar.69 I
ad, h prpr ubj mar f grammar
will b ig
iaiv wrd (voces signicativae)70 whil ha f rhri,
abu whih Hrvau admi h ha
 hugh muh, will b hi
g
63
Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 5, ar. 1, ad 4 i
ppium, d. Pariii 1489,
f. l.v r; al ibid., q. 2, ar. 6, d. Pariii 1489, f. .i r.
64
Cf.: “. . . quu
ur alia 
ia rai
i, iv dia
 privai
m iu h qud di
abstractum, iv dia
 habiudi
m u
iu i
lligibili ad aliud i
lligibil pru 
biiv i
i
llu, iu h qud di upriu  i
friu, praedicatum  subiec-
tum  imilia, qua quu
ur rm rrp
d
m apprh
i
i implii,  pa
quu
ur i

i
 qua 
quu
ur i
llum mp

m  divid
m”
(Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 3, ar. 2, rp., d. Pariii 1489, f. .vii v; ibid., q. 3,
ar. 3, ad 1 i
ppium, d. Pariii 1489, f. f.iii r).
65
Cf. Ari., Anal. Post., I, 7, 75a42–75b1; I, 9, 76a12.
66
“Urum aum i
  i
ia
aria qu u
 pi rrum ibilium
au ia i
 qud u
a i
ia pi raar d aliqu mmu
i  m
ibu 

i
ub , am qua
um ad mmu
ia m
ibu vl 

i ub mmu
i, am qua
-
um ad prpria i
gulrum, ad pra


d
i, quia rquir
 vald l
gum
raaum. Sd d h fr alia raabiur” (Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 5,
ar. 1, d. Pariii 1489, f. k.viii vab; ibid., q. 5, ar. 1, ad 3, d. Pariii 1489, f. l.v rb);
whil i
hi la pla Hrvau i alki
g abu h rlai
f k
wi
g  k
w
,
hi rmark wuld apply qually  h ppi rlai
; al, f. Hrvau Naali, In
I Sent., prl., q. 1, d. Pariii 1647, p. 5; ibid., q. 6, d. Pariii 1647, pp. 14–17; ibid.,
q. 7, d. Pariii 1647, pp. 17–20, i
whih la pla h wrd scibile i
 ud bu
h dri
 i plai
.
67
Cf. Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 5, ar. 2, d. Pariii 1489, f. m.ii ra; ibid.,
q. 5, ar. 4, ad 1, d. Pariii 1489, f.
.vii vb.
68
Cf. Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 5, ar. 2, d. Pariii 1489, f. m.iii ra.
69
“. . .

vidur qud grammaia haba pr prim  pr  ubi 
 rai
i
[. . .]. Similir  rhria, i
qua
um mihi
u
 appar,

 d 
 rai
i u
d prim  pr  ubi” (Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 5, ar. 2, d. Pariii
1489, f.
.i rb).
70
“. . . grammaia

 d u
di i

i
ibu u d prim  pr  ubi,
quia grammaia  d vibu ig
iaivi qua u
 rai vl par rai
i”
(Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 5, ar. 2, d. Pariii 1489, f. m.i va; ibid., f. m.iii
rab). Fr Aurli’ ppii
hr, f. Pru Aurli, Scriptum super I Sent., di. 23,

. 53, d. Prlr, p. 258.
272
on .
oe ees nts on ntentont
wih rgard  whih pruai
a
r will b ud.71 I
bh i
a
,
hr will b 
d i

i
al 
idrai
 bu a uh h will
b prprly mar fr lgi72 rahr ha
fr grammar r fr rhri.73
I
a imilar way, 
idrai
 f 
d i

i
, prily a hy
ar mpard wih ral bi
g, will pially bl
g  maphyi,
wh prpr ubj mar i ral bi
g.74
Bfr lavi
g h qui
f i
 a
d wihu ma
i
g  d
phumuly fr Hrvau wha h did
 d himlf i
lif, l m ay
w hi
g. Fir, a Hrvau aw i i
 wa a habi f 
lui
75
r prpii
76 whih wr ig
 f judgm
.77 I wa i
fa a 
a-

ai
(connexio) f 
lui
 r f prpii
 wh bjiviy
(i.. esse objectivum) lay i
h rlai
f h k
w
 a f k
w-
i
g a
d wh ruh wa ablihd a h rm f dm
rai
.78
Immdialy wi
g frm hi i h fa ha, fr Hrvau, i
 a
uh prd a h lvl f h esse in veritate propositionis.79 Whil
uh a dri
 i i
h wrii
g f Hrvau’ gra Ordr-brhr, S.
71
“. . . rhria

hab pr prim  pr  ubi ipum mdum pruad
di
iv prbabilir i
fr
di, d r i
quarum 
idrai
 ali mdu
au  i
v-

iri. E ha dia i
 diurr
d,  abqu ari
, quia parum d hi giavi”
(Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 5, ar. 2, d. Pariii 1489, f.
.i va). Aurli ha
bviuly hugh mr abu hi ubj a
d ha rjd Hrvau’ pi
i

i;
f. Pru Aurli, Scriptum super I Sent., di. 23,

. 54–59, d. Prlr, pp. 258–260,
p.
. 54, d. Prlr, p. 258.
72
“. . . prprium  lgia raar d u
di i

i
ibu addui primi”
(Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 5, ar. 2, d. Pariii 1489, f. m.iii va).
73
Cf. Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 5, ar. 2, d. Pariii 1489, f. m.i va; ibid.,
f.
.i rb.
74
Cf. Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 5, ar. 4, d. Pariii 1489, f.
.v ab; ibid.,
q. 5, ar. 4, ad 3, d. Pariii 1489, f.
.vii vb–
.viii ra. O
hi,  Pru Aurli,
Scriptum super I Sent., di. 23,

. 62 a
d 64, d. Prlr, pp. 261–262.
75
“. . . i
ia  habiu qu prmp  failir p hm, x i qua aim
u
 pr 
a i
llui, 
lui
 
qu
r  hab
 lir” (Hrvau
Naali, De intellectu et specie, d. Slla, p. 146).
76
Cf. Hrvau Naali, In I Sent., prl., q. 7, d. Pariii 1647, p. 19.
77
Hrvau Naali, In I Sent., di. 19, q. 3, d. Pariii 1647, p. 106.
78
Fr m f hi, f. Hrvau Naali, De intellectu et specie, d. Slla, p. 145;
Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 5, ar. 1, d. Pariii 1489, f. k.iiii ra; ibid., f. k.iiii
vb; ibid. f. k.v rb; a
d ibid., q. 5, ar. 4, d. Pariii 1489, f.
.vii va.
79
Cf.: “Sd vrum qud i
ia rquiri  qud dii vriam prpii
i i

m
ibu qua i
ia ubu
, quia vl

 i
ia, vl i  pr m
i

 vrum qud i
ia iudia” (Hrvau Naali, De intellectu et specie, d. Slla,
p. 164). Furhr 
ruh i
a prpii
,  Hrvau Naali, Tractatus de verbo,
q. 3, ar. 2, d. V
ii 1513, f. 20ra. Al, f. Hrvau Naali, Quodl. III, q. 2, d.
V
ii 1513, f. 69v; Quodl. V, q. 1, ar. 1, f. 95va.
273
ma Aqui
a,80 Hrvau ha h mri f maki
g i xplii ha
esse in veritate propositionis i bjiv bi
g,81 whih ma
 ha i i
i
h i

i
al rlai
f h k
w
 h k
wr.
 
d pi
 i
hi 
x i ha fr lar mi h ubj
g
u f a i
 wa a mar
 f hi
g i
hmlv bu rahr
f hi
g a bj. I
hi vi
, Jh
f S. ma (aka Jh
Pi

[1589–1644]) uld wri:
I i rai
ha h piai
f i
 i
 ak
frm h u
iy r
h dii
i
f a
bj i
i bi
g a a hi
g bu rahr i
i bi
g a
a
bj. a i  ay, i i
 frm a
bj 
idrd marially a
d

iaivly i
ilf, bu a i 

 wih r i prpri
d  a rai

habi r a fauly. A
d i
li
 wih hi, Caja
ha vry wll advid (i

mm
i
g 
Summa
eologiae I, q. 1, ar. 3) ha h
aur f a

bj i 
 hi
g i
h harar r frmaliy f a
bj (in ratione
seu formalitate obiecti) a
d mhi
g l i
i ral bi
g (in esse rei),
a
d h pi f hi
g ar dir
 i
hir ral bi
g frm wha hy
ar i
h bi
g f [bi
g] a
bj (in esse obiecti) . . . .82
80
Cf. .g. ma Aqui
a, Summa theol., I, q. 3, ar. 4, ad 2, whr h ll u ha
ar prvi
g Gd’ xi
 w d
 k
w ha xi
 i
ilf. Rahr wha w
apprh
d i a “bi
g f ruh” (whih i ulimaly Aril’ bi
g a ru). a i 
ay, w k
w h ruh f a
xi
ial prpii
, whih i “Gd [k
w
a
d
amd
frm hi ] xi”. Frm hi a
d hr pla w a
b ur ha uh esse in
veritate propositionis i mm
 all r f prpii
, xi
ial a
d aribuiv,

 ju  h abu Gd, bu v
 h abu
gai
 a
d privai
 r bi
g
f ra
; f. .g. ma Aq., In I Sent., di. 19, q. 5, ar. 5; In II Sent., di. 37, q. 1,
ar. 2, ad 3; De Ente, . 1; Quodl. IX, q. 2, ar. 2; De Pot., 7, ar. 1, ad 1; Summa theol.,
I, q. 48, ar. 2, ad 2; De Malo, q. 1, ar. 1, ad 19; De Malo, q. 1, ar. 1, ad 20.
81
Cf. Hrvau Naali, In I Sent., di. 19, q. 3, d. Pariii 1647, p. 106 a
d Quodl.
VII, q. 17, d. V
ii 1513, f. 144va. O
ruh fr Hrvau, f.: “. . . h prpii

xprd by h judgm
 a
d h judgm
 ilf ar d
mi
ad ‘ru’ 
ly by
xri
i d
mi
ai
i
far a hy ar h ig
 r rpr
aiv f ruh. a
whih i d
mi
ad ‘ru’ i
ri
ially i h rlai
f id
iy r 
frmiy wih
ilf whih ari bw
a
i
lligibl bj a i xri ral bi
g uid f
h ul a
d ha am i
lligibl bj a i xi obiective i
h ul wh
i i
u
drd. I i hi rlai
f id
iy r 
frmiy whih i frmally ruh a
d
i ig
id by h pula i
h prpii
. Truh ardi
gly i
 a
i
a
 f
ral bi
g,
 a ral rlai
bw
h mi
d a
d a
xram
al 
iy. Truh i
a rlai
f ra
a
d hrfr a
i
a
 f bi
g f ra
. I i a
i
a
 f
ha ki
d f 
d i

i
whih a a
i
lligibl bj i
far a i i h
rm f a
a f h 
d prai
f h mi
d” (Tavuzzi, “Hrvau Naali a
d
h Philphial Lgi . . .”, p. 137). Fr 15h a
d 16h 
ury mii rai
 
Hrvau 
ruh a
d i

i
aliy, f. ibid., pp. 137–152.
82
“D
iqu rum  piai
m ha
 i
iarum

umi x u
ia vl
dii
i
 bii i
 ri, d i
 bii, id 

ab bi 
idra
marialir  
iaiv i
, d u 
dui vl prpri
aur ali habiui vl p
-
ia. Idqu pim m
ui Caia
u 1. p. q. 1. ar. 3. aliam  rai
m bii i

rai
 u frmalia bii, aliam i
 ri;  alia  pi rrum i
 ri,
274
on .
oe ees nts on ntentont
Whil
ihr Jh

r Caja
ha m
i
d Hrvau i
hi
i
g, I fl hi pr
. I al hi
k hr ha whil hi diipl
hr g by
d wha S. ma himlf aid, hy ar
 a dd
wih ha.83
VIII
Fr Hrvau, agai
, whhr 
 pak f a vlii
al r a
i
ll-
ual i

i
, hr mu b a r 
di
g ward a hi
g r bj.84
I
hi 
di
g, h primary bj f h i
ll i ral bi
g uid
h mi
d.85  i
iial 
di
g i i
h a f u
dra
di
g whih i
pruppd  all rlai
 f hi
g  h mi
d.86 Wihu hi a
hr wuld b
 furhr i

i
 r i

i
aliy.87 Bu 
 mr,
i

i
aliy a uh r ari i
a rvr diri
i
amuh a
hi
g r bj rmi
a h 
di
g f h i
ll.88
Hr mr prii
i i
rdr. Immdialy, i
a way ha qua
wih a dii
i
bw
ubjiv a
d bjiv bi
g,89 i

i


h par f h 
 k
wi
g i a ral bi
g whil 
h par f wha i
k
w
i i, a la i
m way, a bi
g f ra
. u, 
h id
f h k
wr, i
lligibl pi a
d a f u
dra
di
g ar ral
bi
g wih hir w
ubjiv raliy.90 A uh, hy hav agrial
alia i
 bii . . .” (Ia

 a Sa
 ma, Cursus philosophicus, Logica II, q. 27,
ar. 1, d. B. Rir, Tri
 1930, vl. 2, p. 818b). Fr hr pla i
whih Pi

ha id hi am x a
d dri
 f Caja
(aka ma d Vi [1468–1534]),
f. ibid.: II, q. 21, ar. 2, d. Rir, pp. 662b–663a; II, q. 21, ar. 4, d. Rir, p. 678b;
a
d II, q. 22, ar. 5, d. Rir, p. 715b.
83
O
hi,  Tavuzzi, “Hrvau Naali a
d h Philphial Lgi . . .”, p. 134;
a
d S.M. Gl
h, ‘Separatio’ y objeto de la metafísica en Tomás de Aquino, Pampl
a
2002, pp. 38–62.
84
S
 30 a
d 31, abv.
85
Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 3, ar. 1, ad 4, d. Pariii 1489, f. .vi v; ibid.,
q. 4, ar. 3, rp., d. Pariii 1489, f. i.i r.
86
Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 1, ar. 2, rp., d. Pariii 1489, f. b.i r.
87
Cf.: “Sd b
 rquiriur au i
llig
di u fu
dam
um ppia rlai
i,
quia rlai
 uiulib xrmi praupp
u
 fu
dam
um alriu xrmi. Fu
-
da
ur igiur ia u
da i

i
 upr rm i
llam u hab  bjiv
i
i
llu, qud

p i 
v
ir i
 [
ii] i
lligr p
rur x par
i
llig
i” (Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 1, ar. 2, ad 1 i
ppium, d.
Pariii 1489, f. b.i v; ibid., q. 4, ar. 3, rp., d. Pariii 1489, f. i.i v).
88
S
 51, abv.
89
O
bi
g i
h i
ll ubjivly vru bi
g i
h i
ll bjivly, 
Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 1, ar. 1, rp., d. Pariii 1489, f. a.iii v–iiii r.
90
Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 1, ar. 1, d. Pariii 1489, f. a.iii r.
275
bi
g.91 A fr i

i

h id f wha i k
w
, ak

rly
a
d marially i i
 dii
 frm ral bi
g. Fr ha whih i
u
drd, a la a a r lvl, i a im a ral xram
al hi
g
uh a a ma
, whi
, r blak
, a
d h lik.92 Bu agai
, ha
whih i frmally a
d abraly implid by a r i

i
,
amly,
a rlai
f mhi
g u
drd  h i
ll u
dra
di
g i,
i a bi
g f ra

ly, ha i  ay a rlai
f ra
, whih i
dii
 frm vry ral bi
g.93 Al wha i frmally implid by a

d i

i
, ha i, a rlai
 a
a f u
dra
di
g whih
i 
darily u
drd, fr xampl, universality r abstraction, i

ly a bi
g f ra
, dii
 frm all ral bi
g.94
IX
rughu hi ram
 f 
d i

i
, Hrvau ha apd
h Arilia
95 dri
 f h

-ripral harar f h rla-
i
 bw
k
wr a
d k
w
.  k
wr i rally rlad , i..
dp
d
 up
, h k
w
(r h k
wabl) bu h k
w
i i
d-
p
d
 f a
d 
ly rai
ally rlad  h k
wr.96 Mr xaly,
h rlai
f h k
wr  h k
w
i a ral categorical rlai

whil, 
vrly, h rlai
f h k
w
 h k
wr i a rlai

f ra
. i ha a
immdia appliai
 i

i
. I

i


h par f h 
 k
wi
g i a ral bi
g—
h par f wha
i k
w
, ak
frmally, i i a bi
g f ra
.97 I
ard wih hi,
i

i
aliy a uh i a rlai
f ra
r a bi
g f ra
.98
91
Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 3, ar. 4, rp., d. Pariii 1489, f. .iiii r.
92
Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 1, ar. 1, d. Pariii 1489, f. a.iii r.
93
Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 1, ar. 1, d. Pariii 1489, f. a.iii rv.
94
Cf. Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 1, ar. 1, d. Pariii 1489, f. a.iii v; De
intellectu et specie, d. Slla, p. 163; a
d Tractatus de verbo, q. 3, ar. 2, d. V
ii
1513, f. 20rb.
95
Cf. Ari., Cat., 7, 7b23–34; Metaph., V, 15, 1021a30–35.
96
Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 3, ar. 2, rp., d. Pariii 1489, f. . vii v; ibid.,
q. 4, ar. 1, rp., d. Pariii 1489, f. g.v v; ibid., q. 5, ar. 1, b. 5, d. Pariii 1489, f.
k.ii r. Cf. ma Aqui
a: “Rlai rali  i
i
ia 

i
ibili” (In I Sent.,
di. 30, q. 1, ar. 3, ad 3 a
d Summa theol., I, q. 13, ar. 7).
97
Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 1, ar. 1, d. Pariii 1489, f. a.iii rv.
98
Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 1, ar. 1, d. Pariii 1489, f. a.iii rv; al ibid.,
q. 2, ar. 3, rp., d. Pariii 1489, f. .vii rv.
276
on .
oe ees nts on ntentont
X addrd by Hrvau109 a
d wha h ha aid ha impra
 bh
 mai
bakgru
d hr i Aril’ divii
i
Metaphysics VI
(E) f fur mmbr u
dr bi
g “a aid i
a
u
qualid way” (to
on to haplôs legomenon).  wr: (1) bi
g by aid
 (to on kata
symbebêkos); (2) bi
g a ru (to on hôs alêthes); (3) bi
g i
h
agri, a
d (4) bi
g a p
ial a
d aual.99 Of h mmbr,
bi
g i
h agri i bi
g i
h m impra
 way (kyriôs).100
Exludd frm maphyial 
idrai
wr bi
g by aid
 a
d
bi
g a ru.101 Si
 p
ialiy a
d aualiy ar fu
d hrughu
h agri a
d i
 aualiy i prir  p
ialiy, h 
r

f maphyi wa hu fud 
aual agrial bi
g.102
I
li
 wih hi, Hrvau hugh f bi
g a a mm
divid
d
wh pri
ipal par wr bi
g i
h agri, whih h id
id
wih ral bi
g, a
d bi
g a ru, whih wa h am a bi
g f ra-

.103 Agai
, i

i
al bi
g a uh i a bi
g f ra
.104 I
dd,
i i h r bi
g f ra
(whih i pruppd by all hr).105
A uh, i

i
aliy r i

i
al bi
g i
 lad wihi
h
Arilia
agri whih ar h ubj mar f maphyi.
I
dd, i i xludd frm h ubj mar f maphyi a
d i
prprly rad i
lgi.106
Bu 
 mu admi ha hi bui
 ha
vr b
 raighfr-
ward. A la frm h im f Simpliiu ( . a. 529), hr wa qu-
i
abu h raliy f Aril’ agri.107 i qui
, whih
wa k
w
 h Lai
 frm Bhiu (a. 480–524) 
,108 ha b

99
S Ari., Metaph., VI, 2, 1026a33–b2.
100
Ari., Metaph., VI, 4, 1027b31.
101
S p. Ari., Metaph., VI, 4, 1027b34–1028a3; Metaph., XI, 8, 1065a22–24.
102
O
hi, f. T. Kbuh, Sein und Sprache. Historische Grundlegung einer Ontologie
der Sprache, Lid
1987, p. 25.
103
Cf. Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 2, ar. 1, rp., d. Pariii 1489, f. .ii r;
al Quodl. VII, q. 17, d. V
ii 1513, f. 144 va.
104
Cf. Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 2, ar. 6, rp., d. Pariii 1489, f. .i v.
105
Cf. Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 3, ar. 2, rp., d. Pariii 1489, f. .viii v.
106
O
h dir
 hr bw
maphyi a
d lgi, f. Hrvau Naali, Tract.
sec. int., q. 5, ar. 2, rp., d. Pariii 1489, f. m.ii v.
107
 qui
raid by Simpliiu wa whhr h agri ar ma
  b
divii
 f impl rm (haplai phonai), f impl 
p (hapla noemata), r f
hi
g hmlv (pragmata, onta). Cf. Simpliiu, In Categorias, d. K. Kalb ih,
Brli
1907 (CAG VIII), p. 9,8.
108
Cf. A.M.S. Bhiu, In Categorias Aristotelis libri quatuor, I, PL 64, l.
159C-161A; a
d Simpliiu, Commentaire sur les Catégories d’Aristote. Traduction de
277
fr a rply  Aurli a
d fr i

i
aliy dri
. O
hi lar, l
m ay dirly ha Hrvau, u
lik Aurli, d
 rdu a
y f
h agri  h i

i
al rdr.110 Bu, i appar  m ha hi
i

i
aliy dri
 d hav a big rl  play i
hi u
dra
di
g
f rlai
, ai
, pai
, im, pla, pii
, a
d habi.
Sar wih rlai
, i
 ha i h mai
pi
 a whih Aurli
aakd Hrvau’ i

i
aliy dri
.111 A I, ar Prlr, u
dr-
a
d him, Aurli hi
k ha r a
d 
d i

i
 xi prir 
a
y addd rlai
 h i
ll a
d ha, hrfr, uh a
addii

i upr uu.112 Prlr  hi a a pariular i
a
 f Aurli’
bai (
mi
alii) d
ial f h raliy f rlai
.113 I i
li
  agr,
bu h
I d hav rubl grapi
g Aurli’ bji
. Fr h rla-
i
pid by Hrvau i
 ral bu rai
al a
d, a uh, i d

 rally add  h hi
g114 whih i rlad  h u
dra
di
g. Bu
v
if i wr a ral rlai
, i
h 
 f a ral agrial bi
g,
I d
  i addi
g ha muh, i
viw f wha Hrvau hi
k a
agrial rlai
i.
Fr Hrvau a rlai
i
vlv w hi
g, 
 whih i dirly
pi i
i ubj a
d a 
d whih i a terminus ad quem. Fr
xampl, h rlai
f par
iy, whih i h rlai
f a fahr 
a 
, directly pi mhi
g, whih i h rlai
ilf by whih
Guillaume de Moerbeke, prl., d. A. Pai
, Pari – Luvai
1971 (Crpu Lai
um
Cmm
arirum i
Arilm Grarum V/l), pp. 12–18, a id by Prlr, “Pr
Aurl v. Hrvau Naali 
I

i
aliy”, p. 253,
 9.
109
Cf. Hrvau Naali, Quodl. I, q. 9, d. V
ii 1513, f. 18v–22v.
110
Cf. .g. hi d
ial ha h la v
agri ar mr mar f xri
i
d
mi
ai
, u
drd a pii
g
 raliy: Hrvau Naali, Quodl. II, q. 7, d.
V
ii 1513, f. 46vb. Fr Aurli’ dir
 viw,  Pru Aurli, Scriptum super
I Sent., di. 23,
. 41, d. Prlr, p. 253.
111
C
idr Prlr’ ummary f Aurli’ pii
: “I
hi Tractatus de secundis
intentionibus Hrvau Naali laim ha a
i

i
, ak
i
h ri 
, i

 a m
al 
iy bu a hi
g qua g
izd hi
g havi
g ‘bjiv xi
’. Pr
Aurl agr wih hi hi, bu h d
i ha 

d  i
rdu, i
addii

 hi ‘
r i

i
’, a
‘abra i

i
’ (a rlai
hldi
g bw
h
g
izd bj a
d h i
ll) . . .” (Prlr, “Pr Aurl v. Hrvau Naali 

I

i
aliy”, p. 227).
112
Cf. Prlr,
eorien der Intentionalität . . ., pp. 300–301.
113
Prlr, Theorien der Intentionalität . . ., p. 301. Fr Aurli 
rlai
, 
M. H

i
gr, Relations. Medieval
eories 1250–1325, Oxfrd 1989, pp. 150–73.
114
Fr h g
ral dri
 hr, f. .g.: “E iud 
 rai
i

p
i aliquam

iam ralm i
 d qu diiur” (Hrvau Naali, Quodl. VII, q. 17, d. V
ii
1513, f. 144va).
278
on .
oe ees nts on ntentont
h fahr wh i h ubj f hi rlai
i i
fa rlad—plu
indirectly i pi a 
a h terminus f h rlai
. Bh fa
ar i
ludd i
h rai
al f a rlai
.115  i
lui
f h r
m vid
116 a
d Hrvau ll u ha i
hi fa hr i
 ral
dii
i
bw
a rlai
a
d i fu
dai
.117 r i ju 

raliy whih pr
 w ap, r a Hrvau wuld pu i—

raliy whih i wfld a i i i
h gaz f h i
ll (in prospectu
intellectus),118 r a i a
b 
ivd hi way, i
ilf, a
d ha way,
a ward a
hr.119 Fr i
a
, hr i h raliy f bi
g whi
whih pr
 h ap f whi
 a
d h ap f imilariy
 m hr whi
.120  
d ap i
dd i
amuh a
wihu i h rlai
will
 xi.121 Agai
, a full rlai
f imilar-
iy pi mhi
g dirly, whih i, ay, h whi
 f Pla, a
ubj f h rlai
, plu mhi
g i
dirly, whih i h whi

f Sra, a h rm f h rlai
.122 Whil Hrvau allw ha
 vrify ha Pla i imilar  Sra m raliy i
dd whih
i

dd i
rdr  vrify ha h i whi,123 hi d
 m
 b a
yhi
g mr ha
h xi
 f h whi
 f Pla
a
d Sra a
d h 

ai
ha 
 i lik h hr.124 I
all f
hi h
a rlai
i
 mhi
g hr ha
i fu
dai
xp
i
far a i impli h xi
 f a terminus ad quem.125
115
Cf. Hrvau Naali, Quodl. I, q. 9, d. V
ii 1513, f. 21rb; al: Tract. de
relationibus, q. 2, d. V
ii 1513, f. 61ra.
116
Cf. Hrvau Naali, Quodl. IV, q. 4, d. V
ii 1513, f. 90vb.
117
Cf. Hrvau Naali, Quodl. I, q. 9, d. V
ii 1513, f. 21vb; Tract. sec. int.,
q. 3, ar. 1, rp., d. Pariii 1489, f. .v rb.
118
Cf. Hrvau Naali, Quodl. III, q. 1, ar. 1, d. V
ii 1513, f. 68ra; De intellectu
et specie, d. Slla, p. 155. Al, f. Hrvau Naali, In II Sent., di. 9, q. 1, ar. 2, d.
Pariii 1647, p. 229 a
d In II Sent., di. 17, q. 2, ar. 3, d. Pariii 1647, p. 255; h
w la paag hav b
qud by K. Tahau, Vision and Certitude in the Age of
Ockham. Optics, Epistemology and the Foundations of Semantics, 1250–1345, Lid

1988, p. 97,
 36.
119
Cf. Hrvau Naali, Quodl. I, q. 9, d. V
ii 1513, f. 21va; Quodl. II, q. 7,
d. V
ii 1513, f. 47vb.
120
Hrvau Naali, Quodl. I, q. 9, d. V
ii 1513, f. 21rb.
121
Ibid.; a
d Quodl. II, q. 7, d. V
ii 1513, f. 47vb.
122
Cf. Hrvau Naali, Quodl. I, q. 9, d. V
ii 1513, f. 19vb.
123
Hrvau Naali, Quodl. I, q. 9, d. V
ii 1513, f. 21va.
124
Cf. Hrvau Naali, Quodl. I, q. 9, d. V
ii 1513, f. 21rb; Quodl. II, q. 7,
d. V
ii 1513, f. 47vab.
125
Cf. Hrvau Naali, Quodl. I, q. 9, d. V
ii 1513, f. 21rb.
279
Prlr126 ha rg
izd h prximiy hr bw
Aurli a
d
Hrvau. Muh h am wa privd arlir by Suárz wh 
-

d Hrvau a
d Silvr Mazzli
i da Priri (1456–1527)127 wih
h Nmi
ali i
ha hy all aw
 dii
i
i
raliy bw

a rlai
a
d i fu
dai
.128 Bu w huld al
 ha Suárz,
rlyi
g 
Jh
Caprlu (1380–1444), ha aribd  Aurli a a
d
ial f h raliy f rlai
.129
N  g dpr i

ua
 hr bw
Hrvau a
d Aurli,
my pr
 aim i  l
h impa f Aurli’ riiim. Furhr
i i  rmark a rl fr h i
ll a
d bjiviy i
Hrvau’
u
dra
di
g f h agri. I i ru ha h i
i 
h raliy
f rlai
a
d al f h la ix agri by
d rlai
a hy
i
vlv ral xri
i d
mi
ai
.130 Bu i i al ru ha h
agri rval hmlv in prospectu intellectus. I
hr wrd,
whil h agri ar ral hir raliy m  b a muh i
esse
objecti a i
esse rei.131 Furhrmr, h vry
i
ilf f a agry
a
d a
y 
idrai
f dii
i
 am
g agri a uh ar

d i

i
al, highr up bu al
g h am li
 a
i
 f
pi a
d g
ra.132
Mr lariai
i i
rdr. Whil xri
i d
mi
ai
i 
ral
fr h 
iui
f h la ix agri, h ar
 rduibl 
uh a d
mi
ai
.133 I
ad, h agri ar ral i
amuh a
hy ar bad up
h wi
ralii f a d
mi
ai
g frm (.g. a
pla r a locus) a
d a d
mi
ad ubj (.g. a hi
g lad).134 Bu
i
hir r hr i m rlai
bw
h xri
ially d
mi
a-
i
g raliy a
d h d
mi
ad ubj. Mr xaly, Hrvau ll
u ha h hi
g d
mi
ad (i
whih h d
mi
ai
add

126
Prlr,
eorien der Intentionalität . . ., p. 301,
 97.
127
O
Silvr, f. M. Tavuzzi, Prierias.
e Life and Works of Silvestro Mazzolini
da Prierio, 1456–1527, Durham, NC – L
d
1997. Fr Silvr fllwi
g Hrvau,
pially 
hi dri
 f rlai
,  ibid., pp. 95–97.
128
Cf. F. Suárz, Disputationes metaphysicae [= DM] 47, 2,
. 12, i
Opera omnia,
Pari 1856/66, vl. 26, p. 789.
129
Suárz, DM 47, 1,
. 8, i
Opera omnia, vl. 26, p. 784.
130
Cf. Hrvau Naali, Quodl. I, q. 9, d. V
ii 1513, f. 22rab; Quodl. II, q. 7,
d. V
ii 1513, f. 46va.
131
Cf. Hrvau Naali, Quodl. III, q. 1, ar. 1, d. V
ii 1513, f. 68ra.
132
Hrvau Naali, Quodl. I, q. 9, d. V
ii 1513, f. 18vb; ibid., f. 22vab.
133
G
rally  Hrvau Naali, Quodl. I, q. 9, a
d Quodl. II, q. 7.
134
Cf. Hrvau Naali, Quodl. II, q. 7, d. V
ii 1513, f. 46ra.
280
on .
oe ees nts on ntentont
furhr raliy) i rlad  h xri
ially d
mi
ai
g hi
g by a
rlai
f ra
.135
i prmp a
add
dum. Exri
i d
mi
ai
wa mar i

dipu lar 
bw
Suárz a
d hi fllw Jui, Gabril Vázquz
(1549–1604). Fr Suárz a
xri
i d
mi
ai
wa mhi
g 

h id f ens reale rahr ha
f ens rationis.136 O
h hr ha
d,
fr Vázquz d
mi
ai
wa a mar f
ami
g a
d
ami
g alway

aild u
dra
di
g.137 rfr, a
xri
i d
mi
ai
i
la
a
alyi wa a
ens rationis. Fr Jh
f S. ma h ruh lay bw

h w pii
: a
xri
i d
mi
ai
wa ral i
amuh a i
rquird a ral d
mi
ai
g hi
g a
d a ubj d
mi
ad. Bu i
did
 a uh add a
y raliy  h ubj i
whih i wa. I
ha
ubj i wa rlad  h denominans by wha Jh
xpliily alld a
rlai
f ra
.138 A I h
 hm, hr i lil dayligh bw

Hrvau’ pii

w a
d ha f Jh
f S. ma lar.
XI
A hi pi
 l m rur
 gld
mu
ai
, himra, a
d ga-
ag, fr all f whih Hrvau allw r i

i
.139  fa ha
h ha lumpd h hr xampl ghr i  m dgr i
ru-
iv. I
hi 54h Metaphysical Disputation Suárz will lar dii
guih a
gld
mu
ai
a pibl frm himra a
d gaag, whih will b
impibl i
amuh a hir par wuld b muually 
radiry.140
A gld
mu
ai
wuld hu b laid a a ral bi
g whil h
hr, havi
g 
ly bjiv raliy (esse objectivum tantum) i
h
i
ll, wuld b pur bi
g f ra
.141
Dba abu uh bj a
d abu Hrvau’ ima f hm wa
a fa i
hi w
lifim. T a  hi, I wuld pi
  Aurli’
135
Cf. Hrvau Naali, Quodl. I, q. 9, d. V
ii 1513, f. 22va.
136
O
hi,  my aril: “Prlgm
a  a Sudy f Exri
i D
mi
ai
i

h Wrk f Fra
i Suárz, S.J.”, Vivarium 22 (1984), pp. 121–160.
137
Cf. G. Vázquz, Commentariorum ac disputationum in primam partem Sancti

omae, dip. 115, ap. 2,
. 2, d. Lugdu
i 1631, vl. 2, p. 32.
138
Cf. Ia

 a Sa
 ma, Logica II, q. 2, ar. 1, d. Rir, vl. 1, p. 289.
139
Cf. Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 1, ar. 5, d. Pariii 1489, f. b.vii r–b.viii r.
140
Cf. Suárz, DM 54, 2,
. 18, i
Opera omnia, vl. 26, p. 1023. Al  DM 8, 4,

. 7, i
Opera omnia, vl. 25, p. 291.
141
O
hi,  J.P. Dyl, “Suárz 
Bi
g f Ra
a
d Truh (2)”, Vivarium
26 (1988), pp. 51–72, p. p. 52,
 171 a
d 172.
281
riiim i
h x did by Prlr.142 Bu a I hav wri
lwhr,

rvry vr impibl bj 
i
ud hrugh h 17h 
ury,
pially am
g Jui ar Suárz.143  wh d
id uh bj
rdud hm  a mplxu f par, ah ilf pibl bu ghr
i
mpibl.  wh armd impibl bj aw hm a
hmlv i
lligibl wih a dim
i
f bjiv bi
g by
d all
pibiliy, a
d i
ha by
d ral bi
g. i h
mad hm pur
bi
g f ra
. I al prmpd m  g by
d h ra

d
al

p f bi
g whih wa h bj f maphyi  a uprra
-

d
al
i
f bi
g wid 
ugh  mbra bh pibl a
d
impibl bi
g.144 Whil, xp fr h lgi f Barlm Ami,
S.J. (a. 1562–1649),145 I hav fu
d fw rfr
  Hrvau i
h
17h 
ury rai 
bi
g f ra
ha I hav xplrd (

 i

Suárz’ 54h Dipuai
), I am rai
ha, whavr abu Aurli’
riiim, Hrvau wuld hav b
a f f impibl bj i
h

 ha I am paki
g f hm
w.146
A im h did y wih a mm

i
f bi
g whih wa u
i-
d 
ugh a
d wid 
ugh  bridg h gap bw
ral bi
g a
d
bi
g f ra
.147 O
a la 
 ai
, h allwd ha uh a

i
uld hav prpri (passiones), uh a identity r diversity,
ha migh b fu
d i
bh f i mai
mmbr.148 i wuld m

i
 wih hi rdui
f himra a
d gaag  hir p-
ibl par. Paradxially, hwvr, i
hi Treatise on Second Intentions,
142
Cf. Pru Aurli, Scriptum super I Sent., di. 23, d. Prlr, pp. 255–257.
143
Cf. p. J.P. Dyl, “A
hr Gd, Chimra, Ga-Sag, a
d Ma
-Li
. A
Sv

h C
ury Dba Abu Impibl Obj”,
e Review of Metaphysics
48 (1995), pp. 771–808.
144
O
hi,  J.P. Dyl, “Suprra

d
al Bi
g. O
h Vrg f Mdr

Philphy”, i
Meeting of the Minds.
e Relation between Medieval and Classical
Modern Philosophy, d. S.F. Brw
, Tur
hu 1998, pp. 297–315.
145
Barlm Ami, S.J., In universam Aristotelis Philosophia notae ac disputatio-
nes quibus illustrium scholarum Averrois, D.
omae, Scoti, et Nominalium sententiae
expenduntur, earumque tuendarum probabiliores modi aeruntur, In Logicam Aristotelis,
Napli: Apud Lazarum Srigium, 1623.
146
H will allw ha uh bj hav a quid nominis i
far a w a
pak f
hm. Bu hi i
 h am a  
iv hm a havi
g, prily i
amuh a
hy i
vlv 
radii
, ihr a
esse in rerum natura r a
esse objectivum. Cf.
Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 1, ar. 5, d. Pariii 1489, f. b.vii vb–b.viii ra.
147
Cf.
 103, abv; al: Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 5, ar. 1, b. 2 i


rarium, d. Pariii 1489, f. k.iii r.
148
Cf. Hrvau Naali, Tract. de relationibus, q. 1, d. V
ii 1513, f. 54vb.
282
on .
oe ees nts on ntentont 283

h ha d
id uh prpri, a
d hrfr a
y mm
scibile r hi
g f a
hr a
d dii
i
i h dir a
d ruhful deniability
scientia bw
ral bi
g a
d bi
g f ra
.149 f 
 hi
g f a
hr.156 H ha g
 
 xplai
ha i
bh a
I 
d hi paradx i
ri
g i
viw f lar dba. Immdialy, l “h 
 a
d h hr hi
g” ar
  b ak
in esse rei bu rahr
m ay ha am
g 17h 
ury Jui I hav  da fu
d 
ly w, in esse objectivo. I

rmai
f hi h m
i
 Prphyry plu
h m
i
d Ami a
d hi Plih 
mprary Mari
Smiglki m f hi w
fllw Jui, i
ludi
g Maur157 a
d Suárz.158 Bu I
(1562–1618) wh diplay a
y u
dra
di
g f h k
w
 k
wr a

 hlp hi
ki
g h may al hav had Hrvau i
mi
d.159
diri
f i

i
aliy i
Hrvau.150 Nihr f hm ha purud
i i
dph. Bu I hav fu
d a dir
 f pi
i
, wihu rfr

 Hrvau, abu prpri f uprra

d
al bi
g.
Oua
di
g 

 id i Silvr Maur (1619–1687) wh ha
xpliily pk
f prpri uh a uprra

d
al gd
151
a
d uprra

d
al ruh.152 O
h hr id i Maur’ 
im
pupil, A
dré Smry (1630–1717), wh ha a u d
id a
y pibil-
iy f uprra

d
al prpri a
d 
ha r ha prludd
a
y i
 f uprra

d
al bi
g.153 Si
g h ag arlir
wa Suárz wh, wihu rfr
  uprra

d
al bi
g a
uh, d
id ha prpri uh a id
iy uld b fu
d 
bh
id f h brdr bw
ral bi
g a
d bi
g f ra
.154 Fr
Suárz hy wr i
fa bi
g f ra

ly.155 Sayi
g wih id
iy
a
d i u
rpar divriy, i
 h wr prpri m
i
d by
Hrvau, l m rrd i imply ha i
1697 Maximili
Wirwki
(1660–1737) d
 h
 i
rm f xram
al raliy, uh a
h mi
d-i
dp
d
 fa ha m hi
g i h am a ilf, bu
i
ad ay ha id
iy i h dir a
d ruhful armability f 


149
Cf. Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 5, ar. 1, rp., d. Pariii 1489, f. l.ii rv.
150
Cf. Ami pr
i
g hi w
hugh a
d m f hi dp
d
 
Hr-
vau: Barlm Ami, S.J., In universam Aristotelis Philosophia [. . .] In Logicam
Aristotelis, ra. 3, q. 1, ar. 2, dub. 1, vl. 1, p. 91aA; ibid., 91aD; ibid., 91bB; ibid.,
92aCD; a
d Smiglki: Logica Martini Smiglecii Societatis Jesu . . ., Ox
ia: Exudba
Guil. Tur
r pr H
. Crip., Edw. Fr, H
. Cury
,  Jh. Wilm, 1638, dip.
1, q. 5, vl. 1, p. 19.
151
Cf. Silvr Maur, Opus theologicum in tres tomos distributum, lib. 2, q. 58,
Rma: Typi  Sumpibu Nilai A
gli Ti
aii 1687, vl. 1, p. 186,

. 33–34;
ibid., p. 187,

. 41–46.
152
Ibid., p. 187,

. 41–43.
153
Cf. A. Smry, Triennium philosophicum qud P. A
dra Smry Rmu  Si-
a Ju i
Cllgi Rma
 Philphia irum Prfr diaba. Su
da ha
dii
 ab Auhr rg
ium  auum. A

u primu, Rma, Sumpibu Flii
Caari ub Sig
 Rgi
a 1682, Logica, dip. ul., ar. 3, vl. 1, pp. 786–7.
154
Suárz, DM 3, 2,
. 14, i
Opera Omnia, vl. 25, p. 111.
155
Cf., .g., F. Suárz, DM 4, 1,
. 7, i
Opera Omnia, vl. 25, p. 117—whr u
iy
a
d id
iy ar aid  dir a ral frm rai
al.
156
“Id
ia  armabilia i
r, vra, u
iu d ali: dii
i:
gabilia
i
r, vra, u
iu d ali” (M. Wirwki, Philosophia disputata, in qua compre-
henduntur conclusiones ex universa philosophia Aristotelis, Praga: Typi U
ivriai
Carli Frdi
a
di 1697, Logica, 
l. 6, p. 95).
157
Wirwki, Philosophia disputata [. . .] Logica, 
l. 6,
. 5, p. 97.
158
Wirwki, Philosophia disputata [. . .] Logica, 
l. 6,
. 7, p. 98.
159
Cf. Hrvau Naali, Tract. sec. int., q. 3, ar. 4, d. Pariii 1489, f. h.ii ra:
“. . . i
dum qud id
ia u
dum quam diiur qud al i

i
 u
 i
m-
pibil ira idm

 aipi
da u
dum  ral xra d u
dum qud
r u
 biiv i
i
llu; ia qud ia i

i
 diu
ur i
mpibil ira
idm qua u
 i
mpibil ira idm bium frmal ali md drmi
a
i
i
llu. U
d da qud adm r i a
imal  hm i
qurum u
 fu
daur
i

i g
ri  i
ali i

i pii, am
quia a
imal u
dum rai
m qua
 a
imal  hm u
dum rai
m qua  hm u
 divra bia i
llu
 divrimd i
lla, id
 p
imu qud g
u  pi i
 i
mpibilia
ira idm, quia

u
 mpibilia ira idm bium frmal”. Wirwki a
im i Hrvau a
d v
frm h Treatise on Second Intentions; f. Philosophia
disputata [. . .] Logica, 
l. 10, . 1,
. 139, p. 178.