MAT 121

PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION
PART THREE
PROBLEM SOLVING
Example-1: If 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = −5𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 8𝑧 then find 𝑢𝑥 , 𝑢𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑧
Solution: Here,
𝜕𝑢 𝜕
𝑢𝑥 =𝜕𝑥 =𝜕𝑥 −5𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 8𝑧 = −5

𝜕𝑢 𝜕
𝑢𝑦 = = (−5𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 8𝑧) = 6
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕
𝑢𝑧 = = (−5𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 8𝑧) = 8
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧

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PROBLEM SOLVING

Example-2: If 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 = 5𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 𝑦 4 + 3𝑥 4 𝑦 3 then find 𝑢𝑥 , 𝑢𝑦 , 𝑢𝑥𝑥 , 𝑢𝑦𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕
Solution: Here, 𝑢𝑥 = 𝜕𝑥 = 𝜕𝑥 5𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 𝑦 4 + 3𝑥 4 𝑦 3 = 10𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 4 + 12𝑥 3 𝑦 3

𝜕𝑢 𝜕
𝑢𝑦 = 𝜕𝑦 = 𝜕𝑦 5𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 𝑦 4 + 3𝑥 4 𝑦 3 = 0 − 4𝑥 3 𝑦 3 + 9𝑥 4 𝑦 2

𝜕2𝑢 𝜕
𝑢𝑥𝑥 = 2= 10𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 4 + 12𝑥 3 𝑦 3 = 10 − 6𝑥𝑦 4 + 36𝑥 2 𝑦 3
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕
𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 2= 0 − 4𝑥 3 𝑦 3 + 9𝑥 4 𝑦 2 = −12𝑥 3 𝑦 2 + 18𝑥 4 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

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HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTION:
A function in which every term is of same degree is called a homogeneous function.

Euler’s Theorem on Homogeneous function:

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
If 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 be a homogeneous function in 𝑥 and 𝑦 of degree 𝑛 then 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑛𝑓

𝑥 +𝑦 2 2 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Example-1: If 𝑢 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥+𝑦 then show that 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
Solution: Here, Sin𝑢 = = 𝑓(𝑠𝑎𝑦)
𝑥+𝑦

∴ 𝑓 is a homogeneous function in 𝑥 and 𝑦 𝑜𝑓 degree 2 − 1 = 1

Therefore, by Euler’s theorem for 𝑓 we have,

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 1. 𝑓

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CONTINUATION
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝑊𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒, 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 1. 𝑓

𝜕 𝜕
⇒ 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 (𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑢) + 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 (𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑢) = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑢

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
⇒ 𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑢 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑢 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑢

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑢
⇒𝑥 +𝑦 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑢

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
∴𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

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PROBLEM SOLVING

𝑥+𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1
Example-2: If 𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥+ 𝑦
then show that 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 4 𝑆𝑖𝑛2𝑢
𝑥+𝑦
Solution: Here, tan𝑢 = = 𝑓(𝑠𝑎𝑦)
𝑥+ 𝑦
1 1
∴ 𝑓 is a homogeneous function in 𝑥 and 𝑦 𝑜𝑓 degree 1 − =
2 2

Therefore, by Euler’s theorem for 𝑓 we have,

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 1
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 = 2 . 𝑓

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CONTINUATION

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 1
We have, 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 2 . 𝑓

𝜕 𝜕 1
⇒ 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢) + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢) = 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1
⇒ 𝑥𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 + 𝑦𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑢 1
⇒𝑥 +𝑦 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑢 𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1
⇒𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 𝑢 ⇒ 𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑢𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1
⇒𝑥 +𝑦 = . 2𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑢𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑢 ∴𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛2𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 4 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 4

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EXERCISE
3
𝑥 +𝑦 3 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
1. If 𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 then show that 𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛2𝑢
𝑥+𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

2. If 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 3 + 3𝑦𝑧 then find 𝑢𝑥 , 𝑢𝑦 , 𝑢𝑧

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CONTINUATION
u u u
3. If u = x 3 + y 3 + z 3 + 3xyz then show that x +y +z = 3u.
x y z
u u u
= (x + y + z) .
2
4. If u = x 2 y + y 2 z + z 2 x then show that + +
x y z
1
5. If u = then evaluate u x , u y , u z , u xy , u yz , u zx , u xx , u yy , u zz .
x +y +z
2 2 2

6. If u = e x (sin xy + cos z ) then evaluate u x , u y , u z , u xy , u yz , u zx , u xx , u yy , u zz , u xyz , u yyz , u xxz .

u u u
7. If u = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 then show that x +y +z = 2u.
x y z
−1 y 2 z 2 z 2 z 2 z
8. If z = tan  x  then verify that (i ) yx = xy ; (ii) + = 0.
  x 2
y 2

9
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