sf]/f]gfsf

;o ;jfn

Æj}1flgs g]kfnÆ lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf ljljw ljwfx?df sfo{/t cfTdk|]l/t Joj;foLx?sf] sf]/f]gfsf ;o ;jfn
Ps O{–Kn]6kmd{ xf] . ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn] sf]/f]gf efO/;af6 l;lh{t j}lZjs dxfJofwL
/ tTkZrft g]kfndf ns8fpg -aGbfaGbL_ sf] 3f]if0ff ePkl5 of] Kn]6kmd{ :j–:km"t{ ?kdf
k|efjsf/L] eof] . o;sf] p2]Zo sf]le8–!( l;t h'Wg] ljZjJofkL k|of;df g]kfnL j}1flgs
;d'bfonfO{ ;fd]n x'g clek|]l/t ug'{ xf] . g]kfnsf ;ft} k|b]zdf o;sf] cgf}krfl/s
;~hfn lqmofzLn 5 .
j}1flgs g]kfn O{–Kn]6kmd{
@)@)
;fOlG6:6 g]kfnåf/f cfof]lht O–;];gx?sf] emns
 sf]/f]gfsf
;o ;jfn
sf]/f]gf efO/; / sf]le8–!( ;DaGwL k|Zgf]Q/ ;+u|x​

sf]le8–!( dxfdf/Lsf] r]tgf clej[l4df

g]kfnL j}1flgs ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf

j}1flgs g]kfn O{–Kn]6kmd{

@)@)
sf]/f]gfsf ;o ;jfn

ISBNM 978-9937-0-7723-1

klxnf] ;+:s/0fM @)&&

/fli6«o lj1\fg lbj; @)&& -@)@)_

©;jf{lwsf/M k|sfzsdf ;'/lIft

;Dkfbg
k|f1 lbg]z/fh e'h'
8f= gf/fo0fk|;fb sf]h"
8f= dLgf af]x/f

efiff–;Dkfbg
nId0f >]i7​, wL/hs'df/ b]jsf]6f

k|sfzs
j}1flgs g]kfnsf] nflu
l/;f];]{;\ lxdfno kmfpG8];g
nlntk'/, g]kfn
6]lnkmf]gM (&& ! %%# &%)@
O{d]nM habitat@resourceshimalaya.org
www.resourceshimalaya.org

d'b|0f
Himalayan Map House (P.) Ltd.
Basantapur, Kathmandu, Nepal
himalayan.maphouse@gmail.com
se/ l8hfOgM kjg zfSo
 of] k':ts k|sfzgsf ;xof]uL xftx?
Tribhuvan University
Research Centre for Applied Science and Technology

Tribhuvan University
Central Department of Environmental Science

Kathmandu University
Himalayan Cryosphere, Climate and Disaster Research Center

Resources Himalaya Foundation

Society for Humanism, Nepal

Nature’s Conservation Pvt. Ltd.

Dr. Tek B. Gurung, Shyangja

Shree Dr. Gyan L. Shrestha Health and Education Fund

Science Teacher Sambhu Babu Marahatta Memorial, Gorkha

Prof. Dr. Narendra Bahadur Maharjan Memorial, Kathmandu

 ljifoqmd

z'esfdgf dGtJo
k|fSsyg !
j}1flgs g]kfn #
k|Zg tyf pQ/x? &
s= sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] ljsf; / rl/q &
v= sf]le8–!( ;DjlGw ;fdfGo kl/ro #%
u= ;'/lIft x'g] pkfo / k|ljlwx? ^(
3= e|d / oyfy{ !!(
zJbfjnL !#*
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 k|fSsyg​
j}lZjs dxfJofwL sf]le8–!( af6 ;+qmldt dflg;x¿ g]kfndf b]lvg yfn]kl5 ljZjsf
cGo /fi6«xn] h:t} o; /f]usf ljiff0f' -sf]/f]gf efO/;_ nfO{ km}lng glbg g]kfnn]
dfr{ @$ b]lv b]zJofkL ns8fpg -aGbfaGbL_ sf] /0fgLlt cjnDag uof]{ . ljBfno,
sn]h / SofDk;, sfof{no, k|of]uzfnf ;a}df rfaL nfUof] . xfdL ;a} 3/leq
y'lgP/ a:g yfNof}+ . tyflk, ns8fpgsf] cy{ cfgf] 1fgsf] 9f]sf / ljj]snfO{
klg aGbfaGbL ug{' xf]Og . oxL dGqnfO{ dgg u/L ljZjel/ g} j}1flgs, k|fljlws,
k|fWofks, lzIfs / ;dfhsf hfu?s gful/s dfgj hflt / ;Eotfdfly
cfOk/]sf] o; cltljifd kl/l:yltsf] d"Nof+sg u/L cf–cfgf] :yfgaf6 ;lqmo
x'g yfn] . oxL qmddf g]kfnsf ljZjljBfno, k|fl1s k|lti7fg, cg';Gwfg
kl/ifb\ tyf ljleGg k|of]uzfnfdf sfo{/t k|f1hg, k|fWofks, lj1fgsdL{ tyf
k|fljlw1x¿ :jtM:km"t{ 9+un] pknAw ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] nfe p7fpFb} ;lqmo ag] .
tLaLr cfk;L 5nkmn ug{ Ps O{–Kn]6kmd{ aGof]– j}1flgs g]kfn .
ljZj hutdf g]kfnsf] kl/ro ljljw 5g\, h:t}M lxdfR5lbt kj{tdfnf lxdfnosf]
b]z, hn;|f]t / h}ljs ljljwtfn] wgL /fi6«, n'lDagL / kz'kltgfysf] kljq:yn,
y'k|} efiff af]lng] cg]sf}+ nf]s ;+:s[lt / k/Dk/fn] l;Fufl/Psf] ;Eotf, cg]sf}+
o'4df jL/tf k|bz{g u/]sf cfTdfledflgsf] ;d'bfo cflb . cfw'lgs ljsf;
vf;u/L ljQLo ;+:yf / bft[ lgsfox¿sf] kl/efiffdf ljsf;f]Gd'v jf cltsd
ljsl;t ul/a /fi6«sf ¿kdf xfdL lrlgG5f}+ . xfdLnfO{ s] nfUof] eg] h:tf]
kl/efiff p:t} Jojxf/ x'g hfg] /x]5 . g]kfnnfO{ ca k|ultzLn /fi6«sf ¿kdf
lrgfpg xfdL lsg lxlRsrfO/x]sf 5f}+ < sltko cj:yfdf t lj1fg;Ddt
wf/0ffx¿ /fVg / j}1flgs eGg;d]t cGsfgfO/x]sf] l:ylt 5 . xfdLn] xfl;n
u/]sf pknlAw jf xfl;n ug{ g;s]sf] h] h:tf] cj:yf 5 Tof] cfpFbf] k':tfdf
:jefjtM lj/f;t eP/ x:tfGtl/t x'g]5 . ctoaM k|]/0ffbfoL gfdx¿ lsg
g;f]Rg] <
o;sf/0f, j}1flgs g]kfn cledfgsf] s'g} cleJo~hgf xf]Og . dxfJofwLsf] of]
s7Lg kl/l:yltdf cljrlnt /xL j}1flgs lrGtg / sfo{df lg/Gt/ /xf}+ eGg]
cXjfg xf] . sf]/f]gf efO/;af6 l;lh{t gofF j:t'l:yltnfO{ gj–oyfqmd -Go" gd{n_
sf ¿kdf u|x0f ub}{ o;l;t s;/L ;Fu;Fu} cl3 a9\g] / cfOk/]sf] r'gf}tLnfO{
cj;/sf ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ gj–k|jlt{t -O{gf]e]l6e_ s;/L x'g ;lsG5 eGg] ljifo
!
;d]tdf 5\nkmn ug]{ x]t' of] O{–Kn]6kmd{ cl3 a9fOPsf] 5 . g]kfnL ;dfhsf]
j}1flgsLs/0f, j}1flgs ;+:s[ltsf] Jofkstf / cfpFbf] k':tfdf o;sf] / ljsf;,
j}1flgs cg';Gwfg tyf k|ljlw ljsf;sf] k|jb{\wg / gjk|jt{gsf] k|:km'6gdf
;3fpg] xfd|f] ljlgt k|of; xf] . b]zsf ;ft j6} k|b]zdf o;sf] ;~hfn
ag]sf] 5 .
k|To]s k|b]zdf lgoldt 5nkmn / gLlt ;+jfb ub}{ r]tgf clej[l2, cWoog–cg';Gwfgsf
;fy} cfjZosLo j:t'x¿ h:t} lklkO{, :oflg6fOh/sf] hf]xf] / ljt/0fdf ;xefuL
x'g pTk|]l/t ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . k|b]z # -afudtL k|b]z_ n] sf]le8–!( ;DaGwL j}1flgs
r]tgf clej[l2 ug{ dfWolds ljBfnosf 5fq–5fqfnfO{ pkof]uL x'g] k|Zgf]Q/
z[+vnf cf/De u/]sf] lyof] . o; z[+vnfdf Kn]6kmd{sf ;xefuL lj1 ;fyLx¿n]
of]ubfg k'¥ofP / o;n] of] k':tssf] cfsf/ u|x0f uof]{ . xfdLnfO{ cfzf 5,
sf]le8–!( / o; ;DaGwL lh1f;f d]6fpgsf ;fy} o;sf] ;+qmd0faf6 aRg;d]t
of] o; k':ts pkof]uL x'g]5 .
o; k':ts k|sfzgdf xfdLnfO{ cly{s ;xof]u ug{' x'g] ;a}k|lt d xflb{s cfef/
JoQm ug{ rfxG5' .

k|f= 8f= s]bf/ l/hfn

;+of]hs, j}1flgs g]kfn k|b]z # -afudtL_

;]K6]Da/ !&, @)@) -c;f]h !, @)&&_

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 j}1flgs g]kfn
k​[i7e"dL
sf]le8–!( -sf]/f]gf efO/; /f]u @)!(_ sf] dxfdf/L, ;f;{–sf]eL–@ åf/f km}lnPsf]
Ps Zjf;–k|Zjf; ;DaGwL /f]u xf] . of] dxfdf/LnfO{ bf];|f] ljZjo'4kl5sf] ;a}eGbf
7"nf] ljZjJofkL :jf:Yo ;+s6 dflgPsf] 5 . ;j{k|yd of] efO/; ut jif{ rLgdf
b]vf k¥of] / sl/a !)) lbgleq ;a} b]z x¿ df km}lnof] . dxfdf/LnfO{ km}lng glbg ;+;f/sf
k|fo ;a} ;/sf/n] ns8fpg nfu" u/] . :s'n, sn]h / ljZjljBfnox¿ nueu
aGb cj:yfdf 5g\ . sl/a !=% ca{ ljBfyL{x¿ sIff sf]7faf6 ljd'v ePsf 5g\ .
cly{s lqmofsnfkx¿ /f]lsPsf] cj:yf 5 eg] !( s/f]8 %) nfv dflg;x¿
/f]huf/ljxLg ePsf 5g\ . oftfoft, ;8s / /]n ;]jfx¿ /f]lsPsf] cj:yfdf 5 .
ahf/df >dsf] tLj| cefj b]lvPsf] 5, h;sf] sf/0f $) k|ltzteGbf a9L s[lif
hldgsf] v]tL eO/x]sf] 5}g . l:ylt lau|Fb} hfFbf uDeL/ vfB cefj b]vf kg{ ;S5 .
sf]/f]gf dxfdf/L Ps 5fnh:t} km}ln/x]sf] 5 . dfgj hfltn] o;af6 d'Qm x'g
7"nf] ;+3if{ ug'{ kg]{5 . ;dfhsf] j[l4, hfu¿stf / dfgj Pstfn] dfq} o;
vt/fnfO{ x6fpg ;S5, clg lj1fg / j}1flgs ;d'bfon] o; sfddf
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5g\ / v]Ng' kb{5 . g]kfndf ljleGg j}1flgs tyf
k|fljlws ;+:yf, ljZjljBfno / cg';Gwfg k|of]uzfnfx¿df sfo{/t j}1flgs,
k|fljlws, k|fWofks, / cGo Joj;foLx¿n] o; ljifd kl/l:yltsf] dgg u/L
O{–Kn]6kmd{dfkm{t uf]i7L, 5nkmn / ljrf/–ljdz{sf] k|f/De u/]sf 5g\ .
sf]le8–!( n] lj1fgsf] dxTjaf/] xfd|f] r]tgfnfO{ emg\ a9L emsemsfOlbPsf] 5 .
lj1fgsf] d'Vo ;DklQ j}1flgsx¿ x'g\ . j}1flgsx¿ uDeL/ 5nkmnsf] dfWodaf6
lgisif{ lgsfNb5g\ . Új}1flgs g]kfnÚ g]kfnL j}1flgs, k|fljlw1 / gjk|jt{sx¿sf] Pp6f
O{–Kn]6kmd{ xf] . aGbfaGbLsf] cj:yfdf o; Kn]6kmd{n] cg';Gwfg tyf cGt/
lqmofofTds ultljlwx¿ cl3 a9fpg] sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o:tf] j}1flgs
Kn]6kmd{n] PsLs[t cfjfhdfkm{t hfgsf/Lsf] ;|f]t k|bfg ub{5 / sf]le8–!(
sf ;d;fdlos d'2fx¿df lg/Gt/ ultljlwx¿ ;Grfng ul//xG5 . j}1flgs
g]kfnn] jt{dfgsf ;dsfnLg d'2fdf sf]le8–!( ;DalGw O{–Kn]6kmd{dfkm{t cg';Gwfg,
lzIf0f / ;fdflhs ;+nUgtfaf6 Ps /rgfTds j}1flgs Kn]6kmd{sf] ljsf; u/]sf]
5 . j}1flgs g]kfn Kn]6kmd{ cfkm}df Ps cg'ej x'g uO/x]sf] 5 .

#
p2]Zo / lqmofsnfk
Új}1flgs g]kfnÚ n] b'O{ k|d'v p2]Zo ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 M cjwf/0ff ljsf; /
cfGtl/s/0f . u7gdf cgf}krfl/s eP klg O{–Kn]6kmd{n] w]/} p2]Zo k"/f ug{ ;S5 .
o;n] lgDg lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ cl3 a9fpF5M
!= ;fGble{s / ;d;fdlos ljifosf] d'2fx¿ lg/Gt/ vf]hL ug]{,
@= ;"rgf kmfF6x¿, ;]jf / ;xsfo{sf] cj;/x¿sf] klxrfg ug]{,
#= cg';Gwfgsf] k|of;nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] tyf lzIff / lzIf0fdf l;sfOnfO{
k|ltlalDat ug]{,
$= j}1flgs hfu/0fsf nflu lj1fg ;fdu|L pTkfbg ug]{ / j}1flgs ;+:sf/
nfO{ a9fjf lbg], /
%= ;fdflhs cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ug{ j}1flgs ;d'bfo / gLlt lgdf{tfx¿aLr
k'nsf] ¿kdf sfd ug]{ .

pQ/bfloTj
!= Új}1flgs g]kfnÚ :jo+ k|]/0ffbfos ;+:yf xf] . of] Kn]6kmd{ sf]le8–!(
dxfdf/Lsf] ;dodf :jo+;]jf / ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjsf]
efjgfaf6 k|]l/t e} z'? ul/Psf] xf] .
@= of] Kn]6kmd{df ljZjljBfno, cg';Gwfg ;+:yfx¿, / k|fl1s lgsfox¿;Fu
cfj4 jf :jtGq cEof; ul//x]sf j}1flgs / lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf]
ljleGg If]qdf sfo{/t lj1x¿ ;fd]n 5g\ .
#= of] Kn]6kmd{df j}1flgsx¿ / ljz]if1x¿ lagf s'g} k"jf{u|x ;fd"lxs
efjgfn] ;+nUg x'g]5g\ .
$= of] d~rsf j}1flgsx¿ / ljz]if1x¿n] ;fdfGotof dfgj ;]jfsf nflu
sfd ug]{5g\ .
%= of] Kn]6kmd{sf j}1flgsx¿ / lj1x¿ pRr g}lts d"No, j}1flgs ;+:sf/
/ Jofj;flostfk"0f{ 1fgsf ;fy cfgf ;]jfx¿ pknAw u/fpg k|lta4
x'g]5g\ .

$
;~rfng ljlw
!= sf]le8–!( dxfdf/Lsf] a]nf zf/Ll/s b"/L sfod ug{ / lgodx¿sf]
kfngf ug{ dfu ub{5 . To;sf/0f, O{–a}7s tyf pknAw ldl8ofdf
:sfOk, h'd, XofËfp6, cflbsf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
@= a}7s cfjZostf cg';f/ ul/g]5 . a}7ssf] d]df] sfod ul/g]5, h;sf
nflu Ps :jo+;]js ;lrjfnosf] u7g ul/g]5, ;+of]hs Kn]6kmd{åf/f
lgo'Qm ul/g]5

;do;Ldf
ljZjJofkL sf]/fgf dxfdf/Lsf] 3f]if0ffnuQ} Ú;fOlG6:6 g]kfnÚ Kn]6kmd{sf] ;'?jft
ePsf] lyof] . ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7g (World Health Organization) / g]kfn
;/sf/åf/f ns8fpg 3f]if0ff cGTo gu/];Dd jf l:ylt ;fdfGo cj:yfdf gkms]{;Dd
of] Kn]6kmd{ ;lqmo /xg]5 .

;Dks{​
8f= lbg]z/fh e'h'
l/;f];]{; lxdfno​, !* bdsn rqmky dfu{​
gofFaf6f] 6f]n​, nlntk'/ dxf–gu/kflnsf #
kmf]g g+ )!–%%#&%)@
Email: drbhuju@cdes.edu.np

%
^
 k|Zg tyf pQ/x?
s= sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] ljsf; / rl/q
-k|Zgf]Q/ !–@)_
!= sf]/f]gf efO/; s] xf] < of] hLj jf lglh{j b'j} x}g elgG5, vf;df of]
s:tf] sL6f0f' xf] <
@= efO/;sf] ljsf; s;/L ePsf] xf]nf < s;}–s;}n] of] k|of]uzfnfdf
pTklQ ePsf] eG5g\‌lg t .
#= gf]an sf]/f]gf efO/; s] xf] < efO/;n] s;/L ;+qmldt agfpF5 <
$= sf]/f]gf efO/; s;/L / s] s] dfWod​af6 ;5{ <
%= sf]/f]gf efO/; rd]/f / ;fnsaf6 dflg;df ;/]sf] eG5g​, s] of] ;To
xf] <
^= ;+;f/df sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] cl:tTj slxn]b]lv 5 <
&= sf]/f]gf efO/;n] lsg dflg;nfO{ dfq ;+qmd0f ul//x]sf] 5 <
*= sf]/f]gf efO/; dflg;af6 c¿ hgfj/df / c¿ hgfj/af6 dflg;df ;5{
ls ;b}{g <
(= sf]/f]gf efO/; lem+uf÷dfvfaf6 ;5{ ls ;b}{g < s] sf]/f]gf efO/;
lb;faf6 km}lng ;S5 <
!)= s] gf]a]n sf]/f]gf efO/; sdhf]/ ePsf] 5 <
!!= sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] ;+qmd0fsf] ;+Vof jf k|jl[ Qsf] eljiojf0fL ug{ ;lsG5 <
!@= s] sf]/f]gf efO/; / OGn'PGhf efO/; ;dfg 5g\ < s;/L <
!#= dflg;df sf]/f]gf efO/; s;/L ;5{ < s] of] hf8f]df w]/} / udL{df sd
;lqmo x'g] efO/; xf] <
!$= s] sf]/f]gf efO/; vfg]kfgLdf hLljt /xg ;S5 <
!%= s] sf]/f]gf efO/; wf/fdf cfpg] kfgL, kf]v/L jf l:jldª k'nsf] kfgL,
:kf cflbaf6 klg ;g{ ;S5 <

&
!^= sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] ;+qmd0f dflg;sf] hflt jf e"uf]n h:t} lrlgofF, ef/tLo,
o"/f]k]nL cg';f/ km/s–km/s b]lvPsf] xf] <
!&= s] sf]/f]gf efO/;df uGw x'G5 < ;'lggdf cfPg';f/ s's'/x?n] sf]/f]gf
efO/; kQf nufpg ;S5 /], s] of] s'/f ;fFrf] xf] <
!*= sf]/f]gf efO/; ;j{k|yd slxn] / sxfF b]vf k/]sf] lyof] <
!(= k|s[ltaf6 sf]/f]gf efO/; dflg;x?;Dd s;/L k'Uof] <
@)= sf]/f]gf efO/; dflg;x?df rd]/f]af6 ;/]sf] eGg] syg 5 . t/ sf]/f]gf
efO/; g} af]ss] f] rd]/f] rfFlx of] /f]uaf6 lsg ;+qmldt x'Fb}gg\ <

*
!= sf]/f]gf efO/; s] xf] < of] hLj jf lglh{j b'j} x}g elgG5, vf;df
of] s:tf] sL6f0f' xf] <
sf]/f]gf efO/; j}1flgs huts} nflu klg gofF ljifo xf] . efO/; cfkm}+df hLjf0f'
xf]Og . efO/; Nofl6g efiffsf] zAb xf], h;sf] cy{ ljif xf] . To;}n] o;nfO{
ljiff0f' klg eG5g\, h'g ;+:s[t efiff xf] . ;+;f/df nfvf}+ k|sf/sf efO/; 5g\,
sf]/f]gf klg tLdWo] Pp6f xf] . j}1flgs vf]hn] clxn];Dd dflg;df ;ft k|sf/sf
sf]/f]gf efO/; km]nf kf/]sf] 5 . logsf] jl/kl/ d's'6 cyf{t\ sf]/f]gfh:tf]
;+/rgf x'g] ePsf]n] lognfO{ sf]/f]gf efO/; egL gfd lbOPsf] xf] .
efO/; cToGt ;"Id x'G5 . of] AofS6]l/of -sL6f0f'_ eGbf klg ;fgf] x'G5 .
AofS6]l/of cfkm} ;fdfGo hLjsf]ifeGbf !) u'0ff ;fgf] x'G5 . h;sf] cfsf/ )=@
dfOqmf]gb]lv !) dfOqmf]g;Dd x'G5 . cyf{t\, w'nf] g'gsf] Pp6f ;fgf] bfgfeGbf
Ps xhf/ u'0ff ;fgf] x'G5 AofS6]l/of . Tof]eGbf ;o u'0ff ;fgf x'G5g\ efO/; .
To;}n] lognfO{ ;fdfGo k|sf/sf ;'Idbz{s oGq -dfOqmf]:sf]k_ n] klg b]Vg
;lsFb}g .
efO/;sf] cl:tTjaf/] dfgj ;d'bfon] ;g\ !**^ df yfxf kfPsf] lyof] . hd{g
j}1flgs P8f]Nkm dfo/n] ;'tL{sf] kftdf nfUg] Ps k|sf/sf] /f]usf] sf/s AofS6]l/of
/x]sf] cg'dfg u/]sf lyP . Tolta]nf AofS6]l/of kQf nfu]sf] @!) jif{ eO;s]sf]
lyof] . t/ dfo/n] cg'dfg u/]sf] …AofS6]l/ofÚ b]Vg ;lsPg, a? Tof] t lkmN6/
k]k/af6 ;d]t l5/]/ hfg] yfxf nfUof] . AofS6]l/of gePsf] 6'+uf] nfu]kl5 /f]usf]
Tof] sf/snfO{ …efO/;Ú gfd lbOof] . ;g\ !(#! df On]S6«f]g dfOqmf]:sf]k ag]kl5
aNn j}1flgsx¿n] efO/;sf] ?k–/ª b]Vg ;s] . cfhef]ln efO/;sf] cWoog
ug]{ 5'§} ljwf 5 h;nfO{ efO/f]nhL elgG5 .
efO/;sf] u'0f egf}+ jf cju'0f, of] k/hLjL x'G5 . s'g} hLljt sf]if aflx/
cfg} ana'tfn] of] j[l4 x'g ;Sb}g . o;sf/0f, efO/;nfO{ hLljt sf]if
dflgFb}g, g t lghL{j . of] k|s[ltsf] ljlzi6 pTkfbg xf] . efO/;sf sf/0f
dflg;df ljleGg /f]u nfU5g\ . ?3fvf]sLh:tf /f]u efO/;s} sf/0f x'g]
xf] . /f]uk|lt/f]w Ifdtfn] ubf{ ?3f nfu]sf] s]xL lbgkl5 xfdL t+lu|G5f}+ .
lj8Dagf, clxn] b]vf k/]sf] sf]/f]gf efO/;lj?4 xfdL ;a}df To:tf] k|lt/f]w
Ifdtf ljsf; eO;s]sf] 5}g . To:tf] k|lt/f]w Ifdtf gcfpGh]n cyjf cf}iflwsf]
ljsf; gx'Gh]n ;fjwfgL ckgfpg' g} clxn]nfO{ ;a}eGbf pQd pkfo xf] .
-DRB

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@= efO/;sf] ljsf; s;/L ePsf] xf]nf < s;}–s;}n] of] k|of]uzfnfdf
pTklQ ePsf] eG5g\‌lg t .
efO/; -ljiff0f'_ sf] pb\ej s;/L eof] < of] a8f] /f]rs k|Zg xf] . hLj
j}1flgsx¿ vf;df ljiff0f'lj1x¿ o;sf] pQ/ vf]Hg nfluk/]sf] ;g\ !*(@ b]lv
g} dfGg'k5{Ù hltv]/ pgLx¿n] ;'tL{sf] kftdf b]vfk/]sf] Ps k|sf/sf] l5s]{–las]{
/f]usf] cg';Gwfg yfn] . t/ efO/;sf] ljsf;;DaGwL Pp6} / ;/n pQ/ 5}g .
efO/;sf] ljljwtf cToflws w]/} ePsfn] o;sf] ljsf; lrq sf]g{ j}1flgsx¿nfO{
klg ufx|f] kl//x]sf] 5 .

efO/;x¿ k"0f{tM ;hLj x}gg\, t/ Pp6f hLjaf6 csf]{df ;5{g\ / ;+VofTds ?kn]
j[l4 x'G5g\ . of] ljz]iftfsf cfwf/df efO/;sf] ljsf;af/] tLgj6f ts{ cl3
;fl/Psf 5g\ . klxnf], efO/;x¿ hLjx¿aLr ;g{ ;Sg] ljz]if j+zf0f'ut j:t'sf
?kdf ljsf; ePsf] x'g'k5{ . bf]];|f], logLx¿ ;'?df :jtGq hLjsf ¿kdf ljsf;
eP/ kl5 k/hLjLdf ¿kfGt/0f ePsf x'g ;S5g\ . t];|f], efO/;x¿ ;Dk"0f{ hLjs}
k|f/De ljGb' klg x'g ;S5g\ lsgeg] logLx¿df ;hLj / lghL{j aLrsf] u'0f
kfOG5 . oL tLg j6f ts{sf cfwf/df ljiff0f' lj1x¿n] efO/;sf] pTklQ / ljsf;
;DaGwdf tLgj6f ;}4flGts kl/sNkgfx¿ -xfOkf]y]l;;_ cufl8 ;f/]sf 5g\M

!_ cu|ufdL ljsf;sf] kl/sNkgf, @_ k|ltufdL ljsf;sf] kl/sNkgf / #_ klxnf]

efO/;sf] kl/sNkgf .

cu|ufdL ljsf;sf] kl/sNkgf cg';f/ k|s[ltdf lglZrt k|sf/sf rnfodfg

j+zf0f\' -df]afOn lhg_ x'G5g\ hf] j+zf0f'ut TofGb|f] -lhgf]d_ leq klg :yfgfGt/0f
eO/xg ;S5g\ . tL rnfodfg j+zf0f'df s'g} k|sf/n] Pp6f sf]ifb]lv csf]{df hfg]
Ifdtfsf] ljsf; x'g hfG5 . o:tf] k|lqmofaf6 efO/;sf] pTklQ ePsf] x'g'k5{ .
o;sf] /fd|f] pbfx/0f xf], /]6«f]efO/; . of] kl/jf/leq P8\; /f]usf] sf/s
PrcfOeL klg k5{ .

k|ltufdL ljsf;sf] kl/sNkgfn] eg] 7Ls ljk/lt dfGotf /fV5 . of]

kl/sNkgf cg';f/, efO/;x¿ ;'?df :jtGq afFRg] hLjx¿ lyP . sfnfGt/df
ltgdf j+zf0f'ut u'0f x|f; x'g uof] / tL k/hLjL eP/ 3'Dg yfn] . o;sf] /fd|f]
pbfx/0f xf], ldldefO/;, h'g efO/; hutdf ;aeGbf 7"nf] cfsf/sf] x'G5 .
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lakm/sf] efO/; o;} ;d"xdf k5{ .

klxnf] efO/;sf] kl/sNkgf cg';f/ eg] k[YjLdf hLjgsf] ljsf; x'g] qmddf ;a}
eGbf z'?df efO/; b]vfk/]sf] xf] . To;kl5 dfq cGo hLjx¿sf] ljsf; ePsf]
xf] . pb\ljsf; lj1fgdf ePsf kl5Nnf vf]hx?n] of] kl/sNkgfnfO{ w]/} xb;Dd
;fy lbG5g\ . kl5Nnf vf]hx?n] b]vfPsf 5g\, hLjgsf] ljsf;sf] qmddf ljleGg
c0f'x?af6 hLjgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ /;fogsf 7"nf c0f'x? ag] . tLdWo]
klxnf] lyof], /fOaf]Go'lSns Pl;8 -cf/PgP_ . cf/PgPaf6} l8clS;/fOaf]Go'lSns
Pl;8 ag]sf] xf] . of] l;4fGtnfO{ l:jsfbf{ ;a}eGbf klxn] efO/; ag]sf] xf]
eGg] lgisif{df k'Ug'k5{ . of] kl/sNkgfnfO{ an lbg] lhjf0f' xf], kf]lnof] efO/; .
lsgeg] of] efO/;df j+zf0f'ut j:t' cf/PgP x'G5 .

sf]le8–!( ljZjJofkL dxfdf/L aGb} ubf{ sf]/f]gf efO/; k|of]uzfnfdf pTklQ

ePsf] eGg] 7fGg]x? klg 5g\ . t/ To;f] eGg]x¿ lglZrt v]dfsf /fhgLltsdL{
jf if8oGq–l;4fGt -sG;lk/];L Yof]/L_ sf kIfkftLx¿ x'g\ . o:tf] cf/f]knfO{
j}1flgs hutn] cfwf/lxg eg]/ gsfl/;s]sf] 5 . ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf
P8\;sf] dxfdf/L km}lnFbf klg o:t} ckmjfx km}lnPsf]] lyof] .

-DRB

!M O{n]S6«g dfOqmf]:sf]kaf6 b]lvPsf] ;f;{–sf]eL–@ (gjLg sf]/f]gf

lrq !M
efO/;) sf] kmf]6f]
;fef/M w w w. c e h j o u r n a l . o rg / a r t i c l e / u n d e r s t a n d i n g -
covid-19-and-the-virus-that-causes-it/

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clxn] rngrNtLdf sf]/f]gf elgg] of] efO/; sf]/f]gflel/8] (Coronaviridae)
kl/jf/ cGtu{t k5{ . sf]/f]gf efO/; dfgjdf Zjf;k|Zjf;;DaGwL /f]ux¿ lgDTofpg
lhDd]jf/ efO/; kl/jf/ xf] . of] h'g Ps kf]lhl6e :6\ofG8sf] cf/PgP lhgf]dsf]
;fy ljsl;t efO/; xf] . gf]an sf]/f]gf efO/; (nCov) Ps gofF k|sf/sf]
efO/; xf] . ;'?df o;nfO{ gf]an cyf{t\ gofF sf]/f]gf efO/; elgPsf] lyof] .
kl5 ljZj :j:Yo ;+u7g (World Health Organization) n] o;nfO{ ;f;{–sf]
eL–@ (SARS-CoV-2; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus
2) efO/; eg]/ gfdfs/0f u/]sf] 5 . o;cl3 dfgjdf of] efO/; klxrfg ul/Psf]
lyPg .

sf]/f]gf efO/; dfgjdf Zjf;k|Zjf;;DaGwL /f]ux¿ lgDTofpg lhDd]jf/ 5 /

Pgsf]eL Tof] efO/;sf] Ps gofF k|sf/ xf] .

sf]le8–!( d'VotM ;+qmldt JolQmn] vf]Sbf / xfR5\oF' ubf{ gfs cyjf

d'vaf6 lglSng] kfgLsf] l56faf6 ;5{ . ;f;{–sf]eL–@ sf] ;+qmd0fsf] d'Vo
dfu{ Zjf;k|Zjf;sf] c+u / glhssf] ;Dks{ xf] . ha sf]xL :j:y JolQm
Zjf;k|Zjf;;DaGwL /f]usf nIf0f h:t} ?3fvf]sL nfu]sf] csf]{ JolQmsf] glhs}
;Dks{df -Ps dL6/ leq_ cfpF5, ta ;+qmldtn] xfR5\oF' ubf{ jf vf]Sbf lglSng]
y'ssf] l56fsf] dfWodaf6 p;sf] d'v / gfs jf sGh]lS6jf -cfFvf_ af6 ;d]t
;+qmd0f km}lng] vt/f x'G5 . y'ssf] l56fsf] Jof; ;fdfGotof %–!) dfOqmf]
ldlndL6/;Dd x'G5 . cfhef]ln km}ln/x]sf] sf]/f]gf efO/; ;+qmldt JolQmsf] j/k/sf]
jftfj/0fdf kmf]ld6x¿dfkm{t km}lng ;S5 . ;/;kmfOdf Wofg glbP ;+qmldtsf]
;Dks{df /x]sf a:t' h:t} 3/sf] 9f]sf, XofG8n, af/, gub k};f, l;Ssf / vfg]
s'/f -kmnkm"n tyf t/sf/L_ 5'Fbf jf k|of]u ubf{ :j:y JolQmdf klg ;+qmd0f
km}lng] ;Defjgf x'G5 . olb :j:y JolQmn] ;fa'gåf/f cgf] xft w'G5 jf
;]lg6fO6/ k|of]u ub{5 eg] ;+qmd0fsf] ;Defjgf sd x'G5 .

-SBM

!@
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sf]/f]gf efO/; d'Votof ;+qmldt JolQmsf] y's, gfsaf6 lg:sg] l;Fufg /
p;n] vf]Sbf, xfR5\oF' ubf{ 5rlNsg] yf]kfx¿af6 jf 5LF ubf{ lg:sg] l;+ufgaf6
;b{5 . To:tf ;+qmldt JolQmsf] l;Fufg jf vsf/ k/]sf] s'g} klg j:t'
h:t} M k};f, gf]6, uxgf, t/sf/L / cGo vfg] j:t'x¿ jf 7fpF h:t}M 9f]sfsf]
XofG8n, r's'n, af/ cflbdf :j:y dflg;sf] xftn] 5'g k'Uof] / To:tf] 5f]Psf]
xftn] cfFvf, gfs / d'v 5'g uP5 eg] klg p;sf] z/L/df oL efO/;x¿
;g{ ;S5g\ . j}1flgsx¿sf cg';f/ wft'sf ;fdfgx¿ h:t} 9f]sfsf] XofG8n,
r's'n, af/, uxgf / rfFbLsf yfn, srf}/f cflbdf of] efO/; kfFr lbg;Dd,
sf7sf kmlg{r/x¿df rf/ lbg;Dd, Knfl:6s / l:6ndf b'O{b]lv tLg lbg;Dd
/xg ;Sb5g\ . To:t}, afSnf] sfuhsf] uQf -sf8{af]8{_ df @$ 306f, tfdfdf
rf/ 306f / cfNdf]lgoddf b'O{b]lv cf7 306f;Dd /xg ;Sb5g\ . xfdLn]
cTolws k|of]u ug]{ Unf;, ;]/fldS; / sfuhdf logLx¿ kfFr lbg;Dd /xg;Sg]
atfOPsf] 5 .

-SBM

lrq @M ;f;{
@M –sf]eL–@ (gjLg sf]/f]gf efO/;) sf] ;+/rgf lrq
;fef/M www.cehjournal.org/article/understanding-covid-19-and-the-virus-that
causes-it/

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;To xf] <
j}1flgsx¿sf cg';f/ xfn;Dd dfgj z/L/df ;fty/L sf]/f]gf efO/; kQf nfu]sf
5g\ . tLdWo] rf/ k|sf/sf sf]/f]gf efO/;= dfgj :jf:Yodf vf;} c;/ gug]{
vfnsf 5g\ eg] afFsL tLgn] dxfdf/L km}nfPsf 5g\ . ;g\ @))@ df ;'? ePsf]
;f;{, ;g\ @)!@ sf] d;{ / ;g\ @)!( l8;]Da/b]lv km}lnPsf] xfnsf] ;f;{–sf]eL–@
;a} sf]/f]gf efO/; kl/jf/sf ;b:o x'g\ . oL ;a} sf]/f]gf efO/;x¿nfO{
k|f0fLhGo /f]u -h"gf]l6s l8lhh_ dflgG5 . ;g\ @)!( l8;]Da/df rLgsf] j'xfgdf
of] dxfdf/L z'¿ ePkl5 j}1flgsx¿n] la/fdLsf /ut / :jfasf gd'gf ;+sng
u/L sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] cfg'jf+lzs cWoog u/]sf lyP . gd'gf ;+slnt ;ft
la/fdLdWo] 5 hgf j'xfgsf] hLljt hgfj/;d]t a]rlavg x'g] df;'ahf/ -j]6
dfs]{6_ sf Jofkf/L lyP . k/LIf0fsf] kl/0ffddf kfFrhgf la/fdLdf sf]/f]gf
kf]h]l6e kfOPsf] lyof] . To:t} csf]{ Ps cWoogdf $@% j6f sf]le8–!( sf
la/fdLsf gd'gfx¿sf] cfg'jf+lzs cWoog u/L la/fdLx¿sf] k"j{ultljlw ;d]t
;j]{If0f ul/Psf] lyof], h;df sl/a %( k|ltztsf] ultljlw j'xfgsf ;fd'lxs df;'
ahf/;Fu hf]l8Psf] lyof] . log} k|f/lDes cg';Gwfgsf cfwf/df sf]/f]gf efO/;
-h;nfO{ xfn ;f;{–sf]eL–@_ hgfj/af6 dflg;df ;/]sf] eGg] cg'dfg nufOof] .
s'g hgfj/af6 cfPsf] xf] eGg] olsg eg] ePsf] 5}g . slxn] ;k{, slxn] ;fns
elgof] ;fob pQm ahf/df oL hgfj/x¿ a]Rg /lvPsf] lyof] .

cg';Gwfgx¿n] ;f;{ h:tf efO/;x¿sf] ;|f]t rd]/f, d';f of cGo h+unL hgfj/x¿
x'g\ eGb} cfPsf lyP . ;g\ @))# ;fndf ;f;{sf] klxnf] dxfdf/L blIf0f rLgsf]
Sjfª\rfp ;x/df km}lnPkl5 c:6«]lnof, cd]l/sf / rLgsf j}1flgsx¿sf] ;d"xn]
rd]/fsf sltko k|hfltdf sf]/f]gf efO/;x¿ kfOPsf] tYo k|sfzg u/]sf] lyof] .
ltg} k"j{cWoog;Fu hf]8]/ j'xfgdf sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] d'xfg klg rd]/fx¿ ePsf] /
rd]/faf6 ;fns x'Fb} dfgj z/L/ cfOk'u]sf] eGg] cg'dfg ul/of] . ;f;{–sf]eL–@
sf] cfg'j+lzs cWoogn] of] efO/; @))@ df rLgdf km}lnPsf] ;f;{;Fu lgs}
glhs / @)!@ df dWok"j{df km}lnPsf] d;{;Fu lgs} sd ;DaGw /x]sf] b]vfPsf]
5 . ;f;{;Fu o;sf] (^ k|ltzt ;dfgtf 5 . dWok"j{df ;g\ @)!@ df km}lnPsf]
d;{sf ;dodf klg efO/;x¿ rd]/faf6 pFm6 x'Fb} dflg;df cfPsf] eGg] ul/Psf]
5 . t/ rd]/f jf ;fnsaf6 g} sf]le8–!( sf] dxfdf/L km}lnPsf] xf] eGg] k'li6

!$
ug]{ tYo 5}g . rd]/faf6 efO/; klxnf dWo:y hgfj/df k'Ug] / ToxfF efO/;sf]
pTkl/jt{g -Do'6];g_ eP/ dfq dflg;df cfpg] x'Fbf gofF / zlQmzfnL ?ksf]
efO/; lgoGq0f ug{ s7Lg ePsf] xf] eGg] a'´fO /x]sf] 5 . ;fy}, rd]/faf6
efO/; s:tf] cj:yfdf, s'g dfWodaf6 dWo:y hLjh:tf] ;fnsdf cfpF5 eGg]
k|Zg klg cg'Ql/t g} 5 . o;sf] k'li6 ug{ yk cg';Gwfg cfjZos kg]{ b]lvG5 .

gofF efO/;x¿ pTkl/jt{g eO{ zlQmzfnL kl/jt{g ul//x]sf] eg] ;fFrf] xf] .
t;y{, ;f;{ @))# / d;{ @)!@ df ;kmn PlG6efO/n cf}iflwx¿n] xfnsf]
dxfdf/Ldf k|efjsf/L e"ldsf v]Ng g;s]sfn] sf]le8–!( n] dxfJofwLsf] ?k
lnPsf] xf] . o;/L kz'kIfLaf6 dflg;df sf]/f]gf efO/; ;/]s} cj:yfdf klg Tof] tL
caf]w kz'kIfLaf6 xf]Og, a? dflg;x¿s} unt lqmofsnfkn] ubf{ xf] eGg] rflxF
la;{g' x'Fb}g . s'g} klg kz'kIfLk|lt 3[0ffefj km}lng] sfd ug{' ;Eo dflg;nfO{
;'xfpFb}g .

-PRA

!%
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;lbof}+ klxn]b]lv sf]/f]gf hfltsf] efO/;n] dflg;nufot cGo hgfj/df ;+qmd0f
ub}{ cfO/x]sf] x'g'kb{5 . t/ o;sf] klxrfg / gfdfs/0f 6fOn/ eGg] j}1flgssf]
;d"xn] ;g\ !(^) df u/]sf] kfOG5 . pQm j}1flgssf] ;d"xn]] agfj6sf cwf/df
pQm efO/; gofF hfltsf] xf] eGg] klxrfgsf ;fy sf]/f]gf egL gfds/0f u/] .
To;kl5 o;sf cGo k|hfltx¿ kQf nfUb} cfP . y'k|} sf]/f]gf efO/;x¿ kQf
nflu;s]kl5 j}1flsgx¿n] hgfj/ / dflg;df kfpg] sf]/f]gf efO/;nfO{ tLg
;d"xdf ljefhg u/]Ù klxnf] ;d"xdf 229E / cGo bf];|f] ;d"xdf OC43 / cGo
tyf t];|f] ;d"xdf r/f ju{df kfOg] efO/; .

efO/;x¿df pTkl/jt{g eO{ cfg'jf+lzs agfj6df kl/jt{g;Fu} gofF k|hfltdf ljsf;

x'g ;S5g\ eGg] k|dfl0ft eO;s]sf] 5 . pTkl/jt{gs} qmddf ;g\ @))@–@))#
df gofF k|hfltsf] efO/;n] rLgdf txNsf dRrfof] / ljZjsf @( j6f /fi6«nfO{
cfgf] rk]6fdf lnof] . pQm efO/;nfO{ ;f;{ sf]/f]gf efO/; (SARS-CoV-2)
egL gfdfs/0f ul/of] . To;sf] sl/a Ps bzskl5 ;g\ @)!@ df sf]/f]gf
kl/jf/s} cs}{ k|hfltsf] efO/;n] ;fpbL c/]laofdf ;+qmd0f u¥of] . To;nfO{ d;{
sf]/f]g efO/; (MERS-CoV) egL gfds/0f u¥of] / xfn} @)!( df km]l/ gofF
k|hfltsf] efO/;n] ljZjnfO{ g} 7Kk agfOlbof] . pQm efO/;nfO{ ;f;{–sf]eL–@
egL gfds/0f ul/of] . of] hfltsf] efO/; rLgdf kfOg] Pp6f hfltsf] rd]/f]af6
dflg;df ;/]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] cy{ rd]/f]nufot cGo hgfj/df
o;sf cfkmGtx¿ w]/} klxn]b]lv g} /x]sf] x'g'k5{ . pgLx¿n] la:tf/ cfgf]
cfg'jf+lzs agfj6df kl/jt{g Nofpb} dflg;sf] sf]ifleq a:g of]Uo agfO{ ;g\
@)!( df dflg;​df ;+qmd0fsf] ;'?jft u/]sf] x'g'k5{ .

;f;{–sf]eL–@ ;lxt hDdf tLg k|sf/sf sf]/f]gf efO/;x? h"gf]l6s dxTjsf

cyf{t hGt'–hgfj/l;t ;DalGwt sf]/f]gf efO/;df ulgG5 . -tflnsf !_

!^
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efO/; b]z -kQf dWo:y e08f/0f clGtd

nfu]sf] ;fn_ cf>obftf cf>obftf cf>obftf
(Intermediate (Reservoir (Final
host) host) host)

;f;{ rLg -@))#_ rd]/f] l;e]t dflg;

sf]/f]gf
efO/;–!​
d;{ ;fpbL rd]/f] pmF6 dflg;
sf]/f]gf c/]laof
efO/;​ -@)!@_
;f;{ rLg -@)!(_ rd]/f] ;fns < dflg;
sf]/f]gf
efO/;–@

-MAM

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efO/; Ps lghL{j / hLljt sf]ifsf] kl/jt{g sfnsf] cj:yf xf] . o;sf] agfj6
cGo hLjsf] h:tf] hl6n x'Fb}g . k|f]l6gsf] vf]nleq x'g] Go'lSns Pl;8 -cf/
PgP jf l8PgP_ ;d]l6P/ efO/; ag]sf] x'G5 . Go'lSns Pl;8 cfkm}+df ;hLj
xf]Og . hLjgsf] Pp6f cfwf/e't c+z dfq xf] . xfd|f] z/L/sf sf]ifx?df klg
l8PgP / cf/PgP gfdsf Go'lSns Pl;8 x'G5g\ .
efO/;df ePsf] Go'lSns Pl;8n] cfkm"nfO{ rflxg] k|f]l6g agfpg / /f;folgs
k|ltlqmofdf ;xefuL x'g] Ifdtf xfl;n u/]kl5 dfq} Tof] ;hLjsf] ?k wf/0f u5{ .
o;/L ;lqmo x'g p;n] cfkm"nfO{ cg's'n x'g] jftfj/0f kfpg'k5{ . Tof] cg's'n
jftfj/0f cGo hLjsf] lglZrt sf]if x'g;S5 . Tof] sf]ifdf gk'u'Gh]n efO/;
lglh{j;/x lgl:qmo x'G5 . ltg​, rf/​lbgdf To:tf] cg's'n jftfj/0f kfPdf Tof]
;lqmo x'g;S5 . o;}n] klg efO/;nfO{ lghL{jaf6 lhljt sf]ifaLrsf] kl/jt{g
sfnsf] Ps cj:yfsf] ?kdf lnOPsf] xf] . cyf{t\, lglh{jaf6 ;lhjsf] lgdf{0f
ePsf] xf] eGg] k|df0f klg xf], efO/; .
s'g efO/; s'g sf]ifdf k'u]kl5 ;lqmo aG5 eGg] rflxF o;df ePsf] ljz]if
tTj lnUofG8 (Ligand) n] lgwf{/0f u5{ . Tof] lnUofG8 cGo hLjsf] sf]ifdf
/x]sf] l/;]K6/;Fu uP/ 6fFl;Pkl5 efO/;df /x]sf] Go'lSns Pl;8 yk k|ltlqmofdf
efu lng;S5 . x/]s efO/;sf] lnUofG8 km/s–km/s cfsf/sf x'G5g\ . sf]ifsf
l/;]K6/sf] cfsf/ klg km/s–km/s cfsf/sf x'G5g\ . To;}n] Pp6f sf]ifsf]
l/;]K6/df 6fFl;g ;Sg] lnUofG8 csf]{ sf]ifsf] l/;]K6/df 6fFl;g ;Sb}g . ;lhnf]
efiffdf eGg] xf] eg], efO/;sf] lnUofG8 ;fFrf] xf] eg] sf]ifdf ePsf] l/;]K6/ tfNrf .
h;/L lglZrt ;fFrf]n] lglZrt tfNrfdfq vf]Ng;S5 To;}u/L lglZrt efO/;
lglZrt sf]ifdf dfq ;lqmo x'g;S5 . To;}n] lglZrt efO/;n] AofS6]l/of,
jg:klt, kz'kIfL / dflg;sf] sf]ifleq k;]/ ljleGg lsl;dn] ;+qmd0f ug{ ;S5 .
efO/; dflg;sf] z/L/leq kfFr lsl;dsf dfWodaf6 k|j]z ug{ ;S5 . oL x'g\M
!= 5fnf,
@= Zjf; gnL,
#= vfg] gnL,
$= d'q gnL, /
%= /ut .
!*
z/L/sf] lglZrt sf]ifdf dfq} lglZrt efO/; ;lqmo x'g] ePsfn] s'g} Ps
efO/;n]] lglZrt k|0ffnLnfO{ dfq c;/ u5{ . h:t} s's'/af6 ;g]{ /]lah efO/;n]
dl:tisnfO{, d';faf6 ;g]{ xfG6f efO/;n] Zjf;k|Zjf; k|0ffnLnfO{, /f]6f efO/;n]
k]6nfO{ / sf]/f]gf efO/;n] Zjf;k|Zjf; k|0ffnLnfO{ . sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] ;txdf
x'g] sfF8f h:tf] :kfOs k|f]l6g kmf]S;f]sf] sf]lifsfsf] l/;]K6/af6 leq l55{ .
sf]/f]gf efO/;n] dflg;df dfq geO{ hgfj/df klg ;+qmd0f ul//fv]sf] x'G5 . o;n]
h"gf]l6s (Zoonotic) /f]u u/fp5 . of] pTkl/jt{g (Mutation) eP/ dflg;df
ePsf] ACE1 (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme) gfds k|fks (Receptors)
nfO{ cfqmd0f u/L ;+qmd0f u5{ . To;}n] sf]/f]gf efO/;n] dlg; / hgfj/
b'j}nfO{ ;+qmd0f u5{ .
-ANS

!(
*= sf]/f]gf efO/; dflg;af6 c¿ hgfj/df / c¿ hgfj/af6
dflg;df ;5{ ls ;b}{g <
clxn] b]vfk/]sf] gofF sf]/f]gf efO/;;lxt hDdf ;ft k|sf/sf (229E, NL63,
HKU1, OC43, SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV / SARS-CoV-2) sf]/f]gf efO/;n]
dflg;df ;+qmd0f ug{ ;S5 eGg] k'li6 eO;s]sf] 5 . oLdWo] klxnf] rf/​lsl;dsf
sf]/f]gf efO/;n] dflg;afx]s cGo hgfj/x¿nfO{ ;+qmd0f ub}{g . oBlk sf]/f]gf
efO/; h;n] ;fwf/0f ?3fvf]sL nufpF5 logLx¿sf] cfg'jlzs agfj6 s's'/df
nfUg] sf]/f]gf efO/; / ufO{e}+;Ldf nfUg] sf]/f]gf efO/; (BCoV) ;Fu glhs
eP klg dflg; / hgfj/aLrdf ;/]sf] kfOPsf] 5}g . t/ afFsL tLg​j6f sf]/f]gf
efO/;n] ;fg]{ /f]unfO{ h"gf]l6s /f]udf u0fgf u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] cy{ tL /f]ux¿
dflg;af6 hgfj/ / hgfj/af6 dflg;df ;g{ ;S5 .

hxfF;Dd ;f;{–sf]eL–@ sf] ;jfn 5, clxn];Ddsf] a'´fOdf ;'?jftL r/0fdf of]

efO/; rd]/f]af6 dflg;df ;¥of] . To;kl5 dflg;af6 dflg;df tLj| ultdf ;b}{
uof] / KofG8]lds (Pandemic) sf] ?k lnof] . o; afx]s o; efO/;sf]
cfg'jf+lzs agfj6 ;fns;Fu *%–(@ k|ltzt d]n vfg] b]lvPsf]n] ;fnsn]
o; efO/;sf] ;+qmd0fdf e08f/0fsf] cf>obftfsf] ?kdf sfd u/]sf] cg'dfg
u/]sf] 5 .

of] efO/; 3/kfn'jf tyf cGo hgfj/df klg ;/]sf] k|df0f cfO/x]sf 5g\ . ;g\
@)@) s} dfr{df xªsªsf] 3/kfn'jf s's'/df / a]lNhodsf] 3/ kfn'jf la/fnf]df
tyf clk|ndf cd]l/sfsf] la/fnf]df of] efO/; kQf nufO;lsPsf] 5 . tL
hgfj/x¿df of] /f]u pgLx¿s} dflnsaf6 ;/]sf] xf] eGg] klg k|dfl0ft eO;s]sf]
5 . o;/L g} cd]l/sfs} lrl8ofvfgfsf af3 / l;+xdf klg sf]/f]gf efO/;n]
;+qmd0f u/]sf] k|df0fx¿ cfO;s]sf 5g\ . t/ tL hgfj/af6 dflg;df ;/]sf]
k|df0fx¿ clxn];Dd cfPsf 5}gg\ . o;sf] cy{ of] /f]u hgfj/af6 dflg;df
;b}{g eGg] xf]Og . Tof] ;DefjgfnfO{ gsfg{ klg ;lsFb}g .

-MAM

@)
(= sf]/f]gf efO/; lem+uf÷dfvfaf6 ;5{ ls ;b}{g < s] sf]/f]gf efO/;
lb;faf6 km}lng ;S5 <
cfhsf] ldlt;Dd sf]/f]gf efO/; ;+qmldt JolQmaf6 dfvf cyf{t\ lem+ufn] cGo JolQmdf
;f/]sf] k'li6 ePsf] 5}g . of] ldys xf] / clxn];Dd j}1flgs ¿kdf k|dfl0ft eO;s]sf]
5}g . oBlk lem+uf b"lift ;txdf a:g] ePsfn] ;+qmd0fsf] k|;f/sf] nflu Ps
d]sflgsn e]S6/ x'g ;Sg] cfsng s]xL j}1flgsn] u/]sf 5g\ . clxn];Dd
sf]/f]gf efO/;;DaGwL k|fKt j}1flgs tYof+scg';f/ o;n] d'Vo ¿kdf xfd|f]
Zjf;k|Zjf; k|0ffnLnfO{ c;/ u5{, h'g ;+qmldt JolQmaf6 csf]{df gfs / d'vaf6
lgSn]sf l56fdfkm{t ;g]{ ub{5 . of] jfo'hlgt ;+qmd0f xf]Og .

sf]/f]gf efO/; Knfl:6s, sfuh, wft' jf sf7 ;txdf cjt/0f ug{'cl3 s]xL
ldg]6;Dd dfq xfjfdf /xG5 t/ cjt/0fkZrft\ eg] To; ;txdf nfdf] ;do;Dd
a:g ;S5 . ljZj :j:y ;+u7g (World Health Organization) af6 k|fKt
hfgsf/Lcg';f/ sf]/f]gf d'Vo ¿kn] ;+qmldt JolQmsf] vf]sL, 5L+s jf af]Nbf
pTkGg x'g] ;–;fgf kfgLsf yf]kfdfkm{t km}lnG5 . To:t} efO/; b"lift ;txx¿
5f]Pkl5 /fd|f];Fu xft gwf]O{ cfgf] cfFvf, gfs jf d'v 5f]Psf] cj:yfdf klg
;+qmd0f x'g ;S5 . To;}n] cfkm"nfO{ efO/;af6 hf]ufpg sDtLdf c¿af6 Ps
dL6/ b"/L /fVg'xf];\ / cS;/ 5'g] ;txx¿nfO{ sL6f0f'/lxt ug{'xf];\ . cfgf
xftx¿ ;fa'gkfgLn] /fd|/L w'g'xf]; / tkfO{+sf] cfFvf, d'v / gfsnfO{ g5'g'xf];\ .

sf]le8–!( ;+qmd0fn] cfGb|f ;+qmd0f x'g ;S5 eGg] s]xL k|df0f 5g\ / efO/;
lb;fdf klg kfOG5 . oBlk cfh;Dd Pp6f cWoogn] dfq Pp6f lb;fsf]
gd'gfaf6 sf]le8–!( efO/; sNr/ u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . clxn];Dd sf]/f]gf
efO/; dflg;sf] d'v–dnåf/ dfu{af6 ;/]sf] k|ltj]bg cfPsf] 5}g . t;y{
sf]/f]gf efO/; lb;fdf e]l6P tfklg efO/n nf]8 (Viral load) lgSs} sd
kfOPsf] x'Fbf cfh;Dd lb;faf6 sf]/f]gf ;/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5}g .

-MEB, ANS

@!
!)= s] gf]a]n sf]/f]gf efO/; sdhf]/ ePsf] 5 <
;f;{–sf]eL–@ efO/;df tLj| ultdf pTkl/jt{g x'g] ;Defjgf 5 . pTkl/jt{g eg]sf]
s'g} klg hLjgsf] cfg'j+lzs ;+/rgfdf -j+zf0f' z[+vnfdf_ x'g] x7ft\ kl/jt{g
xf] . o:tf] pTkl/jt{gn] ;f;{–sf]eL–@ sdhf]/ ePsf] 5 jf yk alnof] eGg]af/]
j}1flgsx?n] ;+;f/}e/L cWoog ul//x]sf 5g\ .

s'g} klg hLjsf] j+zf0f'df pTkl/jt{g eof]÷ePg eg]/ yfxf kfpg ;+;f/sf] ljleGg
:yfg / km/s–km/s ;dosf] ;Dk"0f{ lhg -xf]n lhgf]d l;Sj]G;_ sf] t'ngfTds
cWoog ul/G5 . ;g @)@) sf] % h'g;Dd $* b]zdf % xhf/ $^@ j6f ;f;{–sf]eL–@
efO/;sf] xf]n lhgf]d l;Sj]G; k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . oL xf]n lhgf]d l;Sj]G;sf]
ljZn]if0fn] ;f;{–sf]eL–@ efO/; / ;g\ @))# sf] ;f;{ sf]/f]gf efO/; aLrdf (^
k|ltzt ;dfgtf /x]sf] tYo :yflkt u/]sf] 5 .

xfn;Dd k|sflzt xf]n lhgf]d l;Sj]G;x¿sf] j+zf0f'ut ljZn]if0f ubf{ d'VotM tLg
k|sf/sf ;f;{–sf]eL–@ kfOPsf 5g\ . h;sf] gfds/0f P, aL, / ;L egL ul/Psf]
5 . P / ;L k|sf/sf] ;f;{–sf]eL–@ efO/; o'/f]k / cd]l/sfdf km}lnPsf] 5 eg]
Pl;of / k"jL{Pl;ofdf aL k|sf/sf] efO/; km}lnPsf] 5 .

xf]n lhgf]d l;Sj]G;sf Go'lSnof]6fO8x¿sf] :yfgnfO{ ;+Vofsf cfwf/df 5'6\ofP/

;+/rgfdf s] slt kl/jt{g eof] egL cd]l/sL j}1flgs 8f= kmf]:6/ / pgsf]
l6dn] cWoog u/]sf] 5 . pgLx¿sf] cWoogcg';f/ k|sf/ …P‘sf] T29095C df
pTkl/jt{g eO{ …6L PnLn / …;L PnLnÚ ag]sf] b]lvG5 . oL PnLn pk;d"x
ljz]iftM cd]l/sfsf ;+qmldtx¿df b]lvPsf] 5 . To:t} yf]/} ;+Vofdf rLgsf]
j'xfgdf k'gM ;+qmd0f ePsfx¿df b]lvPsf] 5 . k|sf/–aL eg] j'xfgdf nfdf]
;do;Dd /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;sf] T8782C / C28144T df kl/jt{g eO{ No'l;g
Pldgf] Pl;8 / l;l/g Pldgf] Pl;8df pTkl/jt{g eO{ rLgaf6 o'/f]ksf] hd{gL,
k|mfG;, O6nL, cd]l/sf, Sofg8f / d]lS;sf]df ;+qmd0f km}lnPsf] b]lvG5 .

o;/L g} k|sf/–aLsf] G26144T df pTkl/jt{g eO{ UnfOl;g Pldgf] Pl;8

…eflng Pldgf] Pl;8Ú df kl/jt{g ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;/L pTkl/jlt{t efO/;
rLgsf] j'xfgaf6 l;+ufk'/ x'Fb} o'/f]ksf ;a} b]zx¿df km}lnPsf] 5 . of] pTkl/jt{gn]
;f;{–sf]eL–@ efO/;df ;+qmd0f ug]{ Ifdtf c´ a9]sf] kfOPsf] lyof] .
pTkl/jt{gsf] qmd cWoog ug]{ s]xL cg';GwfgsdL{ efO/;df ePsf] kl/jt{gsf]
@@
cfwf/df d'Vo b'O{ lsl;d / To;dWo] k|sf/ …P’ af6 k'g k|sf/ …;L’ df pTkl/jt{g
ePsf] 7fG5g\ .

oL tLg k|sf/leq klg b]z / :yfgcg';f/ yk pk–k|sf/x¿sf ;d"x b]lvPsf 5g\ .

xfn;Dd k|sflzt xf]n lhgf]d l;Sj]G;x¿sf] ljZn]if0fn] ;f;{–sf]eL–@ efO/;df
cGosf] t'ngfdf pTkl/jt{gsf] b/ lgs} l9nf] /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . of] 9Lnf]
pTkl/jt{gn] EoflS;gsf] cg';GwfgnfO{ kmfObf g} k'¥ofO/x]5 .

pTkl/jt{gn] efO/; sdhf]/ eof] xf]nf < O6nLsf] h]gf]cfl:yt ;fg dflt{gf]
xl:k6nsf 8f= dfltcf] afl;tLsf cg';f/ ut km]a'|c/Ldf sf]le8–!( ;+qmldtx¿nfO{
tLg / rf/ lbgleq clS;hg / e]lG6n]6/sf] Joj:yf ug{'kg]{ x'GYof] t/, d]
dlxgfb]lv o:tf] cj:yfdf kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . Ho]i7 gful/sdf klg efO/;sf]
c;/ sd ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . of] ts{;Fu O6nLs} kfleof ljZjljBfnosf 8f=
lhcfg jflt:tf kfl/hL klg ;xdt 5g\ . t/, ljZj :jf:y ;+u7gn] o; ts{nfO{
ljZjf; u/] sf] b]lvFb}g . ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn] efO/; cfkm}+ kl/jt{g ePsf]
eGg] gb]lvPsf] ;fy} yk hl6ntf pTkGg x'g] u/L ;+qmd0f km}nfpg ;Sg] u/L
ljsf; klg gePsf] atfPsf] 5 . To;}n] c´} klg ns8fpg, ef}lts b"/Lh:tf
lgodnfO{ s8fOsf ;fy kfngf ub}{ ;a}n] ;+od ckgfpg'kg]{df hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .

;d'bfodf lg/Gt/ k|;f/ ePsf] efO/;n] cfkm"nfO{ lgoldt kl/jt{g / pTkl/jt{g

ub}{ hfG5 . of] efO/;sf] ;fdfGo lgod xf] . efO/; ;lqmo x'g hLljt sf]if
-xf]:6 sf]if_ rflxG5 . t/, p;n] cfkm" ;lqmo x'g] qmddf hLljt sf]ifnfO{ g} gi6
u5{ . hLljt sf]if d/];Fu} efO/; klg lgl:qmo x'G5 . s]; j]:6g{ ljZjljBfnosf
efO/; ljz]if1 8f= Sofd¿gsf cg';f/ efO/; ;lqmo eO/xg xf]:6 sf]if klg
hLljt eO/fVg'k5{ . oxL l;4fGt dfGg] xf] eg] efO/;n] cfgf] xf]:6 hLljt}
/fv]/ cfgf] /]lKns];g ug]{ Ifdtf a9fpg pTkl/jt{g ul//xG5 .

;d'bfodf efO/; k|;f/ eP;Fu} efO/;df x'g] pTkl/jt{gn] To;df /x]sf] k|f0f3fts
;+qmd0fsf] Ifdtfdf sdL cfpF5 . t/, …;f;{–sf]eL–@Ú efO/;df o:t} pTkl/jt{g
x'G5 eGg s7Lg 5, o;sf] k|fs[lts k|0ffnL c´} vf]hsf] ljifo 5 . clxn]
nfO{ oyfy{ oxL xf], xfdL / efO/; ;Fu;Fu} afFRg'k5{ . ;f;{–sf]eL–@ efO/;sf]
pkl:ylt :jLsf/]/ gj–oyfqmdsf] hLjg l:jsf/]/ a9\g'sf] ljsNk 5}g .

-NPK

@#
!!= sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] ;+qmd0fsf] ;+Vof jf k|j[lQsf] eljiojf0fL ug{
;lsG5 <
sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] xfnsf] cj:yfnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] ;+;f/e/d} sf]/f]gfsf] ;+qmd0f
b/ Ps} lsl;dsf] b]lvFb}g . rLg, Go"lhNofG8 tyf ?jfG8fh:tf b]Zfx¿df
;+qmd0f b/ lgs} 3l6;s]sf] 5 eg] cd]l/sf, ef/t tyf g]kfn h:tf b]zx¿df
al9/x]sf] 5 . sf]/f]gfsf] ;+qmd0f b/ a9\g' / 36\g'df x/]s b]zx¿n] ckgfPsf]
gLlt;Fu k|ToIf ;DalGwt b]lvG5, h:t} M ns8fpgsf]] k"0f{kfng, cfO;f]n];g
tyf Sjf/]G6fOgsf] /fd|f] Joj:yf, sG6\ofS6 6«]l;ª tyf cfd dflg;n] ckgfpg'
kg]{ ;fjwfgLx? t/ eljiodf o;} ljlwsf] cfwf/df ;+qmd0fsf] b/ a9\g] of 36\g]
tyf sf]/f]gfsf] k|j[lQdf kl/jt{g cfpg]rfFlx x'Fb}g .

of] /f]u k"0f{¿kdf lgd{'n x'g t ufx|f] 5 . t/ eljiodf o; /f]un] s:tf] ¿k lnG5
eGg] rflxF slt hgf dflg;n] o; /f]ulj?4 n8\g] Ifdtf ljsf; u/] / pQm
Ifdtf slt ;do;Dd /xG5 eGg]df e/ k5{ . dflg;df /f]ulj?4 n8\g] Ifdtf b'O{
tl/sfn] ljsf; x'G5 . klxnf] xf], k|fs[lts k|lqmof . dfgj z/L/df AofS6]l/of,
efO/;h:tf afXo hLjx? k|j]z ugf{;fy To;sf] k|ltlqmofdf xfd|f] /f]u
k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf ;lqmo x'G5 . To; qmddf z/L/n] PG6La8L gfds /;fog
pTkfbg u5{ . Tof] PG6La8Ln] pQm afXo hLjnfO{ gi6 u5{ . ;f;{–sf]eL–@ gofF
efO/; ePsfn] dfgj z/L/n] o;sf] k|j]z x'gf;fy lrGg / PG6La8L pTkfbg
ug{ ;do nfU5 . To;}n] ;a} dflg;df /f]uk|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtfn] k"0f{tM sfd ug{
;Sb}g . kmn:j?k :jf:Yodf hl6ntf pTkGg x'g] / d[To';Dd x'g] ;Defjgf
/xG5 . lgsf] g} eO;s] klg of] Ifdtf dfgj z/L/df slt ;do sfod /xG5
eGg] lgSof}{n eO;s]sf] 5}g . bf];|f] xf], vf]ksf] dfWodaf6 /f]uk|lt/f]wfTds
Ifdtfsf] ljsf; . t/ clxn] vf]k klg algg;s]sf] tyf lgsf] eO;s]sfx¿df
slt ;do;Dd arfpg ;S5, olsg klg gePsfn] eljiodf o;sf] ;+qmd0f b/
tyf k|j[lQ o:t} x'G5 eGg ;lsFb}g .

/f]ulj?4 n8\g] Ifdtf ;fdfGo ?3fvf]sL nufpg] sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] h:t} $)

xKtfeGbf sd ePsf] v08df x/]s hf8f] ofddf o;sf] ;+qmd0f b/ a9\g] x'g\
;S5 . hf8f] df};ddf ;'Vvf xfjfsf s0fx¿df efO/;x¿ afFRg] / ;+qmd0f b/
tLj| agfpg] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 . To:t}hf8f] df};dsf] ;'Svf xfjfn] Zjf;k|Zjf;

@$
 gnLsf] /f]ulj?4 n8\g] Ifdtfdf klg kl/jt{g NofpF5 . k|fs[lts jf vf]k h'g;'s}
k|lqmofaf6 eP klg ljsl;t ePsf] /f]ulj?4 n8\g] Ifdtf ;o xKtf eGbf a9L
;do;Dd ;lqmo eof] eg] eljiodf of] /f]usf] ;+qmd0f b/ lgs} 36\g ;S5 .
Tof] cjlw b'O{ tLg jif{;Dd /Xof] eg] eljiodf 7"nf] ;d:of gx'g klg ;S5 .

-MAM

lrq #M
#M g]kfndf sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] ;+qmd0fsf] ;+Vof / j[l4 k|j[lQ -df3 @)&^ b]lv cflZjg
@)&& ;Dd_
;fef/M :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno

@%
!@= s] sf]/f]gf efO/; / OGˆn'PGhf efO/; ;dfg 5g\ < s;/L <
dflg;nfO{ ;fwf/0f ?3fvf]sLb]lv s8fvfnsf] Zjf; k|Zjf;sf /f]ux? -h:t},
d;{, ;f;{_ lgDTofpg] km/s–km/s efO/;x? x'G5g\ . tLdWo] Ps k|sf/sf] efO/;
xf], OGn'PGhf . OGn'PGhf efO/; $ lsl;dsf x'G5g\, P, aL, ;L / 8L . tL
dWo] OGn'PGhf–P / aLn] df};dL ?3fvf]sL, OGn'PGhf ;Ln] ;fwf/0f ladf/L dfq
u/fpF5 eg] OGn'PGhf–8L ufO{j:t'nfO{ dfq nfUg] efO/; xf] . t/ OGn'PGhf–P
efO/;df cfg'jf+lzs ¿kdf kl/jt{g cfpFbf o;n] dxfdf/Lsf] :j?k klg wf/0f
ub{5 .

sf]/f]gf / OGn'PGhf efO/; b'j} Zjf;k|Zjf; k|0ffnLdf nfUg] /f]u ePsf]n] oL

/f]udf b]lvg] nIf0fdf ;dfgtf kfOG5 . b'j}df nIf0f g} gb]lvg]b]lv ;fwf/0f nIf0f
dfq b]lvg], c:ktfn g} egf{ ug{'kg]{ / d[To' x'g ;Sg];Ddsf cj:yf x'G5g\ .
Zjf;k|Zjf;df ;d:of b]lvg], vf]sL nfUg], Go'df]lgof x'g] / cGTodf d[To';d]t x'g]
oL b'j} /f]usf nIf0fx¿ x'g\ . oL b'j} ;+qmd0f ljz]if u/L hgfj/af6 dflg;df ;5{ .
OGn'PGhf k|yd k6s r/faf6 ;/]sf] dflgG5 eg] sf]/f]gf rd]/f] / ;fnsh:tf
hgfj/x¿af6 ;/]sf] kfOG5 . of]afx]s b'j}sf] ldNg] nIf0f xf]– of] /f]u nflu;s]kl5
o;n] /f]u k|lt/f]wfTds IfdtfnfO{ sdhf]/ agfpF5 h;sf sf/0fn] la/fdLsf]
d[To';Dd x'g] ;Defjgf x'G5 .

OGn'PGhfdf b]lvg] nIf0fsf] tLj|tf !–@ lbg xf] eg] sf]/f]gfsf] %–^ lbg xf] .
ctM OGn'PGhf sf]/f]gfeGbf l56f] ;g]{ ub{5 . To;}n] OGn'PGhf c´} w]/}
vt/gfs b]lvG5| . o; afx]s OGn'PGhfaf6 ;a} pd]/ ;d"xsf dflg;df ;+qmd0f
b]lvPsf] lyof] eg] d[To' x'g]sf] ;+Vof @)–$) pd]/ ;d"xsf dflg;df w]/} b]lvPsf]
lyof] . t/ sf]le8–!( sf] clxn];Ddsf] tYof+s x]bf{ vf; u/L pd]/sf lx;fan]
Ho]i7 / sdhf]/ gful/ssf] d[To' ePsf] b]lvG5 . sf]le8–!( df vf; u/L hl6n
k|sf/sf] Go'df]lgof x'g] ub{5 . b'j} efO/;x¿ Ps csf{df ;g]{ dfWod la/fdL;Fu
;Lwf ;Dks{df cfPdf, Zjf; k|Zjf;sf] s0fLo yf]kfx¿af6 / la/fdLn] k|of]u u/]sf
j:t'x¿ g} x'g\ . t;y{ oL efO/;x¿af6 aRg / arfpg ef}lts b"/L agfO{ /fVg]
xftx¿nfO{ ;w}+ sxL+st} k|of]u ul/;s]kl5 ;fa'gkfgLn] wf]P/ ;kmf /fvL /fVg],
;]lg6fOh/ k|of]u ug]{, d'vdf df:s k|of]u ug]{ / vf]Sbf÷xfR5\oF' ubf{ s'Ogf]n]
5f]Kg] cflb dxTjk"0f{ afgL a;fNg'k5{ .

-KDM

@^
!#= dflg;df sf]/f]gf efO/; s;/L ;5{ < s] of] hf8f]df w]/} / udL{df
sd ;lqmo x'g] efO/; xf] <
sf]/f]gf efO/; d'Vo b'O{ cj:yfdf ;g]{ ub{5 eGg] lj1x¿sf] egfO 5 M

!= dflg;–dflg;aLr b"/L sfod gu/L ;fdflhs lgs6tf ePdf .

@= ;+qmldt JolQmn] vf]Sbf÷xfR5\oF' ubf{ lg:sg] y's÷l;Fufgsf yf]kfx¿
(Droplets) xfjfsf] s0fdf / s'g} glhssf] jl/kl/sf] j:t'sf] ;txdf
c8\sg÷ /xg ;S5 / To:tf j:t'nfO{ ;+qmd0f gePsf] JolQmn] 5'g of
;dfpg uPdf .
df};d tyf hnjfo';Fu sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] /f]usf] s'g} ;DaGw g/x]sf] / o;;DaGwL
ljz]if cg';Gwfg cfh;Dd eO;s]sf] 5}g . df};d –jfo'd08nsf] cj:yf ;do;Fu
l56f] l56f] kl/jt{g x'g]_ / hnjfo' -:yfg ljz]ifsf] nfdf] cjlwsf] cf};t df};d_
;Fu ;f;{–sf]eL–@ / o;af6 pTkGg ePsf] sf]le8–!( ;+qmd0f /f]u;Fu vf;
;DaGw ePsf] kfOFb}g .

gofF sf]/f]gf efO/; -;f;{–sf]]eL–@_ af6 pTkGg sf]]le8–!( ;+qmd0f /f]u df};d
tyf hnjfo'n] lgwf{/0f ug]{ tyf km}ng] s'/fdf cfh;Dd s'g} 7f]; k|df0f ePsf]
5}g . ;a} k|sf/sf hnjfo' cyf{t\ lr;f] tyf ;'Svf (Cold and Dry) hnjfo'
/ tftf] tyf cfb|tf hnjfo' (Hot and Humid) ePsf ;a} b]zdf of] /f]u
km}lnPsf] 5 eg] h'g;'s} df};dL cj:yfdf tyf ;dodf klg -laxfg÷lbpF;f]÷
a]n'sf_ of] /f]u gkm}lnPsf] s'g} k|df0f b]lvPsf] 5}g .

xfjfsf] s0fdf cyf{t\ dflg;sf] z/L/eGbf aflx/ efO/; s] slt ;do;Dd

/xg ;S5 eGg] rflxF To; 7fpFsf]÷:yfgsf] tfkqmd / cfb|{tfdf e/ k5{ . cjZo
klg xfjfsf] tfkqmd / cfb|{tfn] xfjfdf efO/; /xg] s'/fdf k|efj /x]tf klg
o;sf] c;/ dflg;–dflg;sf] ;Dks{af6 x'g] k|efjeGbf t'ngfTds ?kn] sd
xG5 . t;y{ ef}lts b"/L sfod ug{] / aflx/sf] j:t' 5f]O;s]kl5 ;fa'gkfgLn]
ldrLldrL xft w'g] u/] ;+qmd0fsf] hfnnfO{ tf]8\g ;lsG5 / h'g;'s} df};d
-laxfg÷lbpF;f]÷a]n'sf_ / s'g} klg df};ddf ;+qmd0faf6 aRg÷arfpg ;lsG5 .

-DIP

@&
!$= s] sf]/f]gf efO/; vfg]kfgLdf hLljt /xg ;S5 <
sf]/f]gf efO/; vfg]kfgLdf hLljt /x]sf] tYo clxn];Dd k|dfl0ft ePsf]
5}g . kfgLsf] ;|f]tdf k/Dk/fut 9+un] k|zf]wg ul/g] ljlwx¿ h:t} lkmN6«];g /
Snf]l/g];g u/L 3/x¿df ljt/0f ug]{ ul/Psf] sf/0f klg vfg]kfgLdf sf]/f]gf
efO/; gkfOPsf] x'g ;S5 . sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] ;+/rgfTds agfj6 cg';f/
cf/PgPnfO{ Ps k|sf/sf] cfj/0f (Envelope) n] 3]/]sf] x'g] / o:tf] cfj/0f
Snf]l/go'Qm sL6f0f'gfzsaf6 gi6 x'g] ePsf]n] klg Snf]l/g];g u/L z'4Ls/0f
eO{ ljt/0f ul/Psf] wf/faf6 cfpg] vfg] kfgLdf sf]/f]gf efO/; hLljt /xFb}g .
xfn;Ddsf j}1flgs tYocg';f/ sf]/f]gf efO/; vfg]kfgLsf dfWodaf6 ;g]{
;Defjgf g/x]sf] b]lvG5 . oxL hfgsf/L ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] jftfj/0f ;+/If0f
Ph]G;L (EPA) n] klg pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . sf]/f]gf efO/; d'Votof Ps JolQmaf6
csf]{df ;Dks{sf] dfWodaf6 km}lnG5 .

xfn;Dd sf]/f]gf efO/;nfO{ kfgLhGo /f]u dflgPsf] 5}g . t/ cGo

kfgLhGo ;¿jf /f]uaf6 a;]{lg cljsl;t tyf ljsf;zLn b]zsf
w]/} dflg;x¿n] csfndf Hofg u'dfpg] u5{g\ . To;}n] wf/faf6
cfpg] kfgL jf e"ldut ;|f]t h:t} Ogf/, af]l/ª, 6\o'jj]nsf kfgLnfO{ z'4Ls/0f
u/]/ dfq k|of]u ug{'k5{ . kfgLsf ;|f]tx¿ k|b"lift x'gaf6 /f]Sg] ljleGg pkfox¿
x'G5g\ . h:t}, hyfefjL ¿kdf 7f]; kmf]xf]/ gkmfNg], To;}u/L ;d'bfo tyf snfsf/
vfgfaf6 lgisfl;t kmf]x/ kfgLnfO{ k|zf]wg u/]/ dfq vf]nf gfnfdf lgisf;g
ug]{, kfgLsf ;|f]tx¿ glhs ;kmf /fVg], cToflws dfqfdf /f;folgs dn tyf
sL6gf;s cf}iflwx¿sf] k|of]u gug]{ . t/ ;+qmldt JolQmsf] lb;flk;fa jf cGo
lgisfl;t kbfy{af6 gofF sf]/f]gf efO/; (;f;{–sf]]e–@) jftfj/0fdf pT;lh{t x'g]
x'Fbf 9nsf] kmf]xf]/kfgLdf eg] of] efO/;sf] cf/PgP (RNA) e]l6Psf] s'/f w]/}
cg';Gwfgdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 . o;sf] cf/PgP (RNA) kmf]xf]/ kfgLdf tLg
lbg;Dd /lx/xg ;Sg] tYo kQf nfu]sf] 5 . t/ klg kmf]xf]/ kfgLsf dfWodaf6
;d]t of] efO/; dflg;df ;/]sf] tYo k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5}g .

-TPJ

@*
!%= s] sf]/f]gf efO/; wf/fdf cfpg] kfgL, kf]v/L jf l:jldª k'nsf]
kfgL, :kf cflbaf6 klg ;g{ ;S5 <
cd]l/sfsf] /f]u lgoGq0f / /f]syfd s]Gb| (CDC) / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f Ph]G;L
(EPA) sf cg';f/ xfn;Dd wf/fdf ljtl/t kfgL, :jLldª k'nsf] kfgL, :kf
cflbaf6 gofF sf]/f]gf efO/; dflg;x¿df ;g]{ s'g} lsl;dsf j}1flgs k|df0fx¿
km]nf k/]sf 5}gg\ . ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7g (WHO) n] klg oxL tYo pNn]v
u/]sf] 5 . ;fdfGotof wf/fdf cfpg] kfgL, :jLldª k'nsf] kfgLdf lgoldt
?kn] Snf]l/g];g ug]{ ul/Psf] sf/0fn] ubf{ tL kfgLx¿df sf]/f]gf efO/; gi6
x'g] ljZjf; ul/G5 . Snf]l/g];g gul/Psf kf]v/Lsf] kfgLsf] xsdf eg] sf]/f]gf
efO/; ;++qmldt JolQmsf] lb;f, lk;fa ldl;g uO{ b"lift ePsf] cj:yfdf To:tf
kf]v/L jf gbLsf] kfgLdf ;f] efO/;sf] cf/PgP e]l6g ;S5 . t/ klg sf]/f]gf
efO/; :jf;k|Zjf;sf] dfWodaf6 Ps cfk;df ;g]{ ePsf]n] kfgLsf] dfWodaf6
;g]{ ;Defjgf Go"g x'G5 . :kf / kf}8L v]Nbf kfgLsf sf/0fn] geO{ ;f] :yfgdf
cGo ;+qmldt JolQm 5 / p;sf] glhs uPdf jf ;Dks{df cfPdf eg] ;+qmd0fsf]
;Defjgf x'g ;S5 . sf]/f]gf efO/; ;+qmldt JolQmn] vf]Sbf, xfR5\oF' ubf{ lg:sg]
t/n kbfy{ ;lxtsf] xfjfsf] dfWodjf6 glhs} /x]sf] JolQmdf ;g]{ 7"nf] hf]lvd
x'G5 . s'g} nIf0f gb]lvPsf] t/ sf]/f]gf efO/;af6 ;+qmldt ePsf JolQmn] klg
;+qmd0f ;fg{ ;Sg] ePsf]n] clxn]sf] cj:yfdf h'g;'s} dflg;sf] glhs hfgaf6
aRg' kb{5 . sf]le8–!( sf] hf]lvdaf6 aRg cfgf] afgL Jojxf/ ;/;kmfOd}qL
agfpg'kg]{ x'G5 . ;fy}} tkfO{+ la/fdL x'g'x'G5 eg] 3/df g} a:g' pko'Qm x'G5 .
l:jldª k'ndf kf}8L v]Nbf sDtLdf klg Ps cfk;df klg leq / aflx/ 5 kmL6sf]
b"/L sfod ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . kf}8L v]n]/ aflx/ lg:sg] lalQs} df:s k|of]u ug{'k5{ .
t/ kf}8L v]Nbf eg] df:ssf] k|of]u ug{' xF'b}g lsgeg] leh]sf] df:ssf] k|of]un]
Zjf; k|Zjf;df ;d:of cfpg ;S5 . ;fy} lgoldt ¿kdf ;fa'gkfgLn] xft w'g]
/ ;]lg6fOh/sf] k|of]u ug{' kb{5 . cfkm"n] pkef]u ug]{ ;fdu|Lx¿ h:t} tf}lnof,
rZdf, w'kaf6 hf]lug k|of]u x'g] lqmd cflb ;fdu|Lsf] ;f6f;f6 u/L k|of]u ug{'
x'Fb}g . l:jldª k'nsf] jftfj/0f :jR5 / :j:y /fVg lgoldt ;/;kmfO{ u/L
/fVg' kb{5 .
-TPJ

@(
!^= sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] ;+qmd0f dflg;sf] hflt jf e"uf]n h:t} lrlgofF,
ef/tLo, o"/f]k]nL cg';f/ km/s–km/s b]lvPsf] xf] <
cWoogn] kQf nufP cg';f/ h'g sf]/f]gf efO/; o"/f]kdf b]vf k¥of] / ljZjsf]
w]/} efudf km}lnof] pQm efO/; rLgdf pTklQ ePsf] eGbf km/s 5 . cWoogsf
cg';f/ efO/;sf] xhf/f}+ cfg'j+lzs ¿k / leGg k|sf/x¿ kQf nflu;s]sf 5g\ .
dfgj;Fu sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] cGt/lqmofdf w]/} dfkb08x¿ 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] dfqfTds
dfgx¿n] æk"jL{ PlzofnL Æ / æo"/f]k]nLÆ ;'k/6fOkaLr :ki6 leGgtf klxrfg ug{ d2t
ub{5 . xfnsf] dxfdf/L æk"jL{ PlzofnLÆ sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] k|sf/af6 z'¿ eof] .
To;} u/L dxfdf/Lsf] ef}uf]lns s]Gb| k"jL{ Plzofaf6 o"/f]kdf ;¥of] . :jfefljs
¿kdf, sf]/f]gf efO/; ;+qmd0f PlzofnL If]qdf klg a9]sf] 5, t/ o"/f]k]nL
b]zx¿df gf6sLo ¿kdf a9]sf] b]lvof] . cWoog cg';f/, Ps gofF k|sf/sf] sf]/f]gf
efO/; o'/f]k k|j]z u¥of] h;nfO{ o"/f]k]nL ;'k/ 6fOk elgPsf] 5 . o; k|sf/sf]
sf]/f]gf efO/; w]/} kl/df0ffTds ljz]iftfx¿df o;sf] k'/fgf] gft]bf/ eGbf pNn]vgLo
¿kdf leGg b]lvG5 . h;n] k|;f/, 36gf, d[To'b/, / k|f0f3fts b/df c;/ kb{5 .
To;kl5 of] o"/f]k]nL ;'k/ 6fOk sf]/f]gf efO/; o"/f]kaf6 ljZjsf cGo s]xL
If]qdf km}lnof] . sf]/f]gf efO/;sf b'O{ ;'k/ 6fOkx¿sf] Jojxf/ ;+;f/sf] b'O{ 7"nf
efux¿df ;+qmd0fsf] k|;f/df b]Vg ;lsG5 . k"jL{ Pl;ofdf / afFsL ljZjdf .
oL b]zx¿sf] k|To]s ;d"x leGg 5g\ . lsgsL ltgLx¿sf] ljleGg ef}uf]lns,
;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts ;"rsx¿ 5g\ . ;fydf ltgLx¿sf] hg;+Vof
cfg'jf+lzs, h}ljs, / lrlsT;f ljz]iftfx¿sf] leGgtf, / :ki6 ¿kdf dxfdf/Lsf]
nflu ljleGg ;/sf/L k|ltlqmofx¿ . b]zx¿aLr olt dxTjk"0f{ kl/df0ffTds
leGgtf / ;+qmd0fsf] :jefjn] g} sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] b'O{ leGg ;'k/6fOkx¿sf]
cl:tTj bj0f{g ug{ ;lsG5 . oBlk b'j} ;'k/6fOkx¿ 3fts 5g\ .

xfn;Dd lglZrt hflt jf ;d'bfodf sf]/f]gf efO/;lj?4 alnof] jf sdhf]/

k|lt/f]w Ifdtf x'G5 eg]/ k|dfl0ft ug]{ j}1flgs tYof+s pknAw eO;s]sf]
5}g . tyfkL ;dfhdf ljBdfg ;fdflhs / cfly{s c;dfgtfsf sf/0f hftLo
cNk;+Vos ;d"xx¿ sf]/f]g efO/;af6 la/fdL x'g] / dg]{ vt/fdf 5g\ . hftLo
/ hftLo cNk;+Vos ;d"xx¿ sf]le8–!( ;+qmd0fåf/f c;fGble{s ¿kdf k|efljt
eO/x]sf k|df0fx¿ a9\b}5g\ .

-MEB

#)
!&= s] sf]/f]gf efO/;df uGw x'G5< ;'lggdf cfPg';f/ s's'/x?n]
sf]/f]gf efO/; kQf nufpg ;S5 /], s] of] s'/f ;fFrf] xf] <
s's'/x?n] sf]/f]gf efO/; kQf nufpg ;S5, of] s'/f ;fFrf] xf] . t/ sf]/f]gf
efO/;df s:tf] uGw x'G5 h;nfO{ ;'F3]/ s's'/n] kQf nufpg ;S5 eGg] s'/f
rfFlx 7\of\Ss} eGg ufx|f] 5, lsgeg] To:tf] uGw dflg;n] rfn kfpg ;Sb}g .
s's'/n] sf]/f]gf efO/;af6 nfUg] sf]le8–!( dfq x}g c? klg /f]ux? h:t} :tg
SofG;/, k|f]:6]6 SofG;/, 8fo]a]l6h, dn]l/of, cflb klg kQf nfpg ;Sg] s'/f
k|sfzdf cfPsf] 5 . of] j}1flgs vf]hsf] ljifo xf] .

s's'/nfO{ k|of]u u/]/ sf]/f]gf efO/; kQf nufpg] ljlw lkmgNofG8sf] x]lN;lGs
ljdfg:yndf k|of]udf cfO;s]sf] s'/f xf] . of] l56f] / k|efjsf/L klg b]lvPsf]
5 . tflnd k|fKt s's'/n] dflg;sf] hLp jf p;sf] kl;gf, lk;fa, cflb ;'F3]/
ltgdf sf]/f]gf efO/; eP/gePsf] kQf nufpF5 . o;sf] nflu !) ;]s]G8 dfq
;do nfU5 . k|of]uzfnfx?df ul/Psf] k/LIf0f cg';f/ o;sf] glthf ($ k|ltzt
;xL e]l§Psf] 5 .

s's'/x?df ;'F£g;Sg] pRr zlQm x'G5 . o;sf] sf/0f pgLx?df kfOg] 3|f0f–
u|GyLx? -Olfactory glands_ x'g\ . of] pgLx?sf] gfssf] leqL efu -Nasal
cavity_ df kfO{G5 . s's'/df sl/a #) s/f]8sf] ;+Vofdf 3|f0f–u|GyLx? kfOG5g\,
hals dflg;df To:tf] u|GyL ^) nfv dfq} x'G5 .

-DRB

#!
!*= sf]/f]gf efO/; ;j{k|yd slxn] / sxfF b]vf k/]sf] lyof] <
sf]/f]gf efO/; cf/PgP efO/;sf] Pp6f ;d"x xf] . o;sf] pTklQs} s'/f ug]{ xf]
eg] lolgx? % s/f]8 %) nfv jif{ klxn] ePsf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5, lsgeg]
sf]/f]gf efO/; / rd]/f] ;Fu;Fu} ljsf; ePsf] xf] eGg] Psy/L j}1flgsx?sf]
egfO{ 5 . hxfF;Dd dflg;df kfOg] sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] s'/f 5 of] ;g\ !(^) sf]
bzsdf ;+o'Qm clw/fHo / ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf j}1flgsx?n] 5'§f5'§} ljlw
k|of]u u/]/ kQf nuPsf lyP .

dflg;df kfOg] sf]/f]gf efO/; Pp6f pk–;d"x ;d]t u/]/ clxn];Dd ;ft k|sf/
sf 5g\ . To;dWo] ;f;{ elgg] sf]/f]gf efO/; b'O k|sf/sf 5g\ . klxnf] k|sf/sf]
;f;{ sf]/f]gf efO/; ;g\ @))# df kQf nfu]sf] lyof] . bf]>f] k|sf/sf] ;f;{ sf]/f]gf
efO/; h;nfO{ gofF sf]/f]gf efO/; jf ;f;{ sf]eL–@ elgG5 ;j{k|yd rLgsf]
j'xfgdf b]vfk/]sf] lyof] . of] ;g\ @)!( l8;]Da/ #! sf] s'/f xf] . ;fy}, Pp6f
csf]{ k|ltj]bg s] klg 5 eg] k|mfG;sf] /fhwfgL k]l/;df pxL jif{ -;g\ @)!(_
l8;]Da/ @& df g} Pshgf dflg;df of] k|s[ltsf] /f]u b]vf k/]sf] lyof] . of] s'/f
International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents gfds hg{ndf k|sflzt 5 .

kl5Nnf] ;do sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] s'/fnfO{ lnP/ w]/} g} /fhgLlt e}/x]sf] 5 .

vf; u/]/ rLg / ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfjLr o; ljifodf jfs o'4 e}/x]sf]
b]lvG5 . o;sf/0f sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] pTklQ ;j{k|yd slxn] / sxfF b]vf k/]sf]
lyof] eGg] s'/f emgemg h6Ln ag]/ u}/x]sf] 5 . xfdLn] a'‰g' kg]{ s'/f oxL xf]
ls of] efO/; h'g;'s} b]z jf h'g ;'s} k|f0fLaf6 cfPsf] ePklg o;af6 ;+k"0f{
dfgj hftL k|efljt ePsf] 5 . j}1flgs jf]w, ;xsfo{ / dfgj Pstfaf6 dfq
o;sf] ;dfwfg x'g ;S5 .

-DRB

#@
!(= k|s[ltaf6 sf]/f]gf efO/; dflg;x?;Dd s;/L k'Uof] <
xfn km}ln/x]sf] ;f;{–sf]eL–@ sf]/f]gf efO/; kl/jf/sf] gofF ;b:o xf], To;}n]
o;nfO{ gf]an sf]/f]gf efO/; elgPsf] xf] . sf]/f]gf efO/; cfkm}+ efO/; hutsf]
7"nf] kl/jf/ xf] h;n] Zjf;k|Zjf;;DaGwL cg]sg\ /f]u lgDTofpF5 . xfn;Dd o;
kl/jf/df ^ ;oeGbf a9L k|sf/sf efO/;x? /x]sf] lj1fgn] km]nf kf/]sf] 5 . t/​
oL ;a}n] dflg;nfO{ xflg k'¥ofpg ;Sb}gg\ . sf]/f]gf efO/; kl/jf/sf & k|hflt
dfq} dflg;af6 dflg;df ;g]{ yfxf ePsf] 5 . oL efO/; kz'kIfLaf6 dflg;df
cfPsf x'g\ . o;/L kz'kIfLaf6 dflg;df cfpg] /f]unfO{ …h"gf]l6s /f]uÚ elgG5 .
klxnf] k6s hgfj/af6 dflg;df efO/; ;g]{ k|lqmofnfO{ …l:kn cf]e/Ú elgG5 .
kz'kIfLaf6 sf]/f]gf efO/; dflg;df ;/]/ dxfdf/L l;h{gf ePsf] of] klxnf] k6s
eg] xf]Og . ;g\ @))# / @)!@ df dxfdf/L lgDTofpg] ;f;{ / d;{ efO/; klg
oxL kl/jf/sf ;b:o lyP .

;+;f/df gofF efO/; kQf nfUgf;fy To;sf] pTklQ / k|;f/af/] ulx/f] cWooglagf
o;af6 x'g] ;+qmd0f /f]Sg / /f]usf] lgbfg ug{ ;lsFb}g . efO/;sf] pTklQaf/]
yfxf kfpg] ;a}eGbf e/kbf]{ ljlw o;sf] cfg'jf+lzs -h]g]l6s_ cWoog xf]. o:tf]
cWoogn] efO/;sf] pTklQ s'g hLj / sxfFaf6 ePsf] xf] eGg] hfgsf/L lbG5 .
;f;{–sf]eL–@ sf] cfg'jf+lzs cWoogn] of] efO/; @))@ df rLgdf km}lnPsf]
;f;{;Fu lgs} glhs / @)!@ df dWok"j{df km}lnPsf] d;{;Fu lgs} sd ;DaGw
/x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . ;f;{;Fu o;sf] (^ k|ltzt ;dfgtf 5 .

cGo sf]/f]gf efO/;h:t} o;sf] ;|f]t klg rd]/f x'g ;Sg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .
t/, rd]/fdf ePsf] sf]/f]gf efO/; ;Lw} dflg;df ;b}{g . To;sf nflu csf]{ s'g}
hLljt hgfj/sf] dfWod rflxG5 . To:t} dflg;df cfO;s]sf] efO/; hlt;'s}
dxfdf/L eP klg pTkl/jt{g gx'Fbf;Dd csf]{ hLjdf ;b}{g . s'g} klg ;hLjsf]
j+zf0f'df cfpg] x7ft\ kl/jt{g pTkl/jt{g xf] h;n] gofF k|hflt lgdf{0f u5{ .
clxn];Ddsf] vf]haf6 rd]/fdf /x]sf] ;f;{–sf]eL–@ ;'?df ;fnsdf ;/]sf] ljZjf;
ul/Psf] 5 . ;fnsdf k'u]sf] of] efO/;df pTkl/jt{g ePkl5 dfq dflg;df ;g]{
Ifdtf ljsf; ePsf] xf] . efO/; s;/L dflg;;Dd cfOk'Uof] eGg] k"0f{ lgisif{df
j}1flgsx¿ k'lu;s]sf 5}gg\ .

-NPK
##
@)= sf]/f]gf efO/; dflg;x?df rd]/f]af6 ;/]sf] eGg] syg 5 .
t/ sf]/f]gf efO/; g} af]s]sf] rd]/f] rfFlx of] /f]uaf6 lsg
;+qmldt x'Fb}gg\ <
rd]/f] ;+;f/d} Ps To:tf] :tgwf/L k|f0fL xf] h'g p8\g ;S5 . lolgx? lbgdf
cUnf–cUnf ?vx?df em'lG8P/ a;]sf x'G5\g\ / /ftLdf lzsf/ ug{ p8\5g\ .
w]/}h;f] rd]/fx? sL/f vfG5g\, kmnkm"n vfg] rd]/fx? klg 5\g\ . ;+;f/df
! xhf/ eGbf a9L k|hftLsf rd]/fx? 5g\ / cG6fs{l66sf afx]s ;a}
dxfb]zx?df kfOG5g\ . rd]/fnfO{ efO/;x?sf] vfgL klg elgG5, cyf{t\
logLx?df y'k|} k|sf/sf efO/; kfOG5g\ . ljif]z1x?sf cg';f/ rd]/fx?df
sd;]sd !#) k|sf/sf efO/; kfOG5\g\ . clxn] ;+;f/e/ km}ln/x]sf] sf]/f]gf
efO/; klg log} rd]/fx?df /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/G5 . lsgeg] rd]/fdf kfOPsf]
sf]/f]gf efO/; / dflg;df kfOPsf] sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] j+zf0f'ut /rgf (^
k|ltzt;Dd ldn]sf] b]lvG5 .

k|Zg p7\5 ls olt w]/} efO/; af]s]sf rd]/fx? cfkm} rflx+ lsg ;+qmldt x'Fb}g <
j}1flgsx?sf cg';f/ o;sf] sf/0f rd]/f p8\bf lg:sg] pRr dfqfsf] tfk phf{
xf] . o;/L tfk lg:s+bf ltgsf] z/L/ tfltG5, h;sf] tfkqmd #* l8u|Lb]lv
$! l8u|L ;]lN;o; cyf{t\ !))=$ l8u|Lb]lv !)%=* l8u|L km/]gxfO6;Dd k'Ub5 .
xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5 ls of] tfkqmd eg]sf] xfd|f] nflu xg–xlg Hj/f] xf] .
Toltdfq x}g, p8\bf ltgsf] d'6'sf] w8\sg klg k|lt ldg]6 ! xhf/;Dd k'U5 .
j}1flgsx?sf cg';f/ ltgsf] z/L/df cfOkg]{ o:tf] ljifd cj:yfl;t tfnd]n
ldnfpg, rd]/fdf Ps ljlzi6 k|sf/sf] k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf ljsf; ePsf] x'G5 .
oxL Ifdtfn] ubf{ ltlgx? k/hLlj efO/;af6 ;+qmldt gePsf] x'g' kb{5 .

-DRB

#$
 v= sf]le8–!( ;DjlGw ;fdfGo kl/ro
-k|Zgf]Q/ @!–$&_

@!= sf]le8–!( s:tf] /f]u xf] < hgfj/l;t o;sf] s] ;DaGw /x]sf] 5​<
@@= s] sf]le8–!( sfo{:yndf km}lng ;S5 <
@#= s] hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] sf]le8–!( /f]unfO{ cem a9L v/fa jf h6Ln
agfpF5 <
@$= ljZjJofkL ¿kdf e}/x]sf] sf]le8–!( sf] k|ltsfo{af6 ljZj hnjfo'
kl/jt{gsf] ;Daf]wgdf s] s:tf] c;/ k/]sf] 5​<
@%= sf]le8–!( nfu]/ d[To' ePsf] JolQmaf6 klg s] of] /f]u xfdLnfO{ ;g{
;S5 <
@^= sf]le8–!( sf] vf; nIf0f s] xf] < of] /f]u nfu]/ klg nIf0f
gb]lvPsf] s'/f w]/} ;'Ggdf cfPsf] 5 . o:tf] lsg ePsf] <
@&= dnfO{ pRr /Qmrfk, bdh:tf /f]u 5 . s] sf]le8–!( af6 ;+qmd0f
x'gf;fy d]/f] d[To' x'g ;S5 <
@*= sf]le8–!( sf] cf}iflw aGg slt ;do nfUnf <
@(= lal;hL EoflS;g nufPsf] dfl;gnfO{ sf]le8–!( nfUb}g eGg] s'/f s]
;fFrf] xf] <
#)= dn]l/ofsf] cf}iflw xf8«f]lS;Snf]/f]s'Ogn] sf]le8–!( sf] la/fdLnfO{ pkrf/
u5{ eGg] ;xL xf] <
#!= s] 6fpsf] b'Vg] sf]le8–!( /f]usf] nIf0f xf] <
#@= sf]le8–!( /f]uaf6 lgsf] x'g slt ;do nfU5 <
##= s] sf]le8–!( /f]usf] k/LIf0f ;a}n] ug{ kfpF5g\ < k/LIf0fsf] nflu slt
z'Ns​nfU5 <
#$= sf]le8–!( k/LIf0fsf nflu s] s] gd"gf ;+sng ul/G5 / s'g 7fpFdf
k/LIf0f x'G5 <
#%
#% s] sf]le8–!( /f]u n'eGbf a9L uDeL/ 5 <
#^= kfgLsf] cefj jf sdLn] s;/L ;+qmldt /f]u sf]le8–!( nfO{ c;/ u5{ <
#&= sf]le8–!( sf] hf]lvd sd ug{ s] s:tf tl/sfx? ckgfpg' kb{5​<
#*= s] sf]le8–!( /f]un
​ fO{ PlG6afof]l6ssf] k|of]uaf6 pkrf/ ug{ ;lsG5 <
#(= s] jftfg's'lnt -Pc/ slG8;g_ hl8t sf]7fdf sf]le8–!( ;+qmd0fsf]
hf]lvd a9L x'G5 <
$)= sf]le8–!( af6 ;+qmldt cfdfn] aRrfnfO{ b"w v'jfpg ldN5 <
$!= cfhef]ln k|rngdf /x]sf] zAb …k|mG6nfO{g js{;{Ú eg]sf] s] xf] <
$@=
s] lszf]/–lszf]/Lx¿n] nIf0f geOsg klg c? JolQmdf sf]/f]gf
efO/;sf] ;+qmd0f km}nfpg ;S5g\ <
$#= 8]+uL, dn]l/of h:t} sf]le8–!( klg nfdv'§]af6 ;g]{ ;Defjgf slQsf]
5 <
$$= s] sf]le8–!( ;+qmd0f ePsf] k'li6 x'gf;fy c:ktfndf egf{ ug{' cfjZos
5 <
$%= sf]le8–!( / OGn'PGhf /f]usf] nflu s] lrlsT;f k|ljlw pknAw 5 <
$^= sf]le8–!( af6 d[To' x'g]x¿sf] zj 5'g' x'Fb}g eG5g\ . To;sf] Joj:yfkg
s;/L ul/G5 <
$&= lsg sf]le8–!( nfO{ dxfJofwL elgG5 <
$*= sf]le8–!( sf] ;+qmd0f dlxnfdf eGbf k'?ifdf a9L x'g] xf] <
$(= sf]le8–!( vfBj:t', lk|mhdf /flvPsf] lr;f] vfg]s'/f, 6]s–cj]af6
dufOPsf vfg]s'/faf6 klg ;g{ ;S5 <
%)= sf]le8–!( sf] ;d'bfo ;+qmd0f eg]sf] s] xf] <

#^
@!= sf]le8–!( s:tf] /f]u xf] < hgfj/l;t o;sf] s] ;DaGw /x]sf]
5<
sf]le8–!( dflg;df ;f;{–sf]/f]gf efO/;–@ gfdsf] efO/;n] nfUg] /f]u xf] .
of] /f]u 5f]6f] ;dod} ;+;f/e/ dflg;x¿df tLj| ultdf km}ln/x]sf] 5 . of] /f]u
nufpg] efO/;n] d'Votof xfd|f] Zjf;k|Zjf; k|0ffnLdf c;/ u5{ . of] /f]u
nufpg] efO/;x¿ dflg; afx]s cGo hgfj/af6 klg kQf nufO;s]sf] 5 . t/
hgfj/x¿df of] /f]un] sltsf] c;/ u5{ eGg] s'/f cg';Gwfgs} qmddf 5 . of]
efO/;;Fu w]/} xb;Dd ldNbf]h'Nbf] efO/; ;j{k|yd rd]/f] / To;kl5 ;fnsdf
e]§fOPsf] lyof] . o;sf/0f dflg;df of] /f]u rd]/f]af6 ;/]sf] ljZjf; ul/Psf] 5
eg] ;fnsn] dflg;df of] /f]u ;fg{ l/hEjf{o/ (Reservoir) cyf{t\ Ps k|sf/sf]
cf>o :ynsf] sfd ug{ ;S5 eGg] klg cf+sng u/]sf] 5, oBlk of] tYo
k|dfl0ft eO;s]sf] 5}g .

ljleGg cg';Gwfgaf6 of] /f]u hgfj/af6 dflg;df ;/]sf] dfq xf]Og, dflg;af6
hgfj/x¿df klg ;/]sf] k'li6 eO;s]sf] 5 . a]lNhod, xªsª tyf ;+o'Qm
/fHo cd]l/sfdf ul/Psf cg';Gwfgx¿n] dflnsdfkm{t\ 3/kfn'jf s's'/ / la/fnf]x¿df
klg ;/]sf] k|df0fx¿ cfO;s]sf] 5 eg] cd]l/sfdf /x]sf] lrl8of3/sf af3 tyf
l;+xdf klg of] /f]u ;l/;s]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . t/ tL hgfj/df klg of] /f]un]
dflg;dfh:t} c;/ u5{ ls ub}{g eGg] vf]hLs} qmddf 5 . o;}u/L hgfj/df
;l/;s]sf] efO/;n] km]l/ dflg;df ;/]/ sf]le8–!( /f]u nufpg ;S5 ls ;Sb}g
eGg] klg kQf nflu;s]sf] 5}g .

-MAM

#&
@@= s] sf]le8–!( sfo{:yndf km}lng ;S5 <
sf]le8–!( sfo{:yn, ljBfno, dlGb/, t/sf/L ahf/, lsgd]n ug]{ k;nx¿ /
c¿ x'nd'n x'g] 7fpFdf Ps JolQmaf6 csf]{ JolQmdf ;g{ ;S5 . o;sf] d'Vo
sf/0f eg]sf] of] /f]u nfu]sf] sl/a !$ lbg;Dd klg s'g} nIf0f gb]lvg ;Sg'
xf] s'g} nIf0fh:t} ?3fvf]sL nfu]sf], Zjf;k|Zjf;df ;d:of jf Hj/f] !))=$ l8u|L
km/]gxfO6eGbf dfly cfPsf] eP /f]uL JolQmnfO{ klg cfkm"nfO{ sf]/f]gf ;+qmd0f
ePsf] 5 eGg] yfxf x'G5 . t/ o:tf] s'g} nIf0f gb]lvFbf ;f;{–sf]eL–@ af6
;+qmldt JolQm klg sfof{no jf c¿ ljleGg :yfgdf hfg] x'g;S5 . To;}n]
cfgf] sfo{:yndf sf]xL gofF JolQm cfpFbf p;sf] cufl8 ghfg], sl/a 5
kmL6sf] ;fdflhs b"/L sfod /fVg], xft gldnfpg], sf]7fsf] ‰ofn 9f]sfx¿ v'nf
/fVg] / sf]7fdf ePsf ;a}n] df:s nufpg] ug{'k5{ . of] /f]u nfu]sf JolQm
af]Nbf klg pmleq /x]sf] efO/; Zjf;dfkm{t aflx/ cfpg] x'Fbf a}+ssf ;fy} c¿
dx;'n a'´fpg] sfpG6/x¿df aflx/sf] JolQm / sfof{nosf] sd{rf/LaLr plrt
b"/Ldf l;;fsf] af/ nufpg h?/L 5 . gub tyf c¿ s'g} sfuhft / j:t' lng'
5 eg] klg a8f] xf]l;of/ eP/ a/fa/ ;fa'gkfgLn] xft w'g] cyjf ;]lg6fOh/n]
xft ;kmf ug{'k5{ .

sfof{nosf] clGtd ;dolt/ gub tyf c¿ sfuhftx¿ yGsfPkl5 klg ;fa'g

kfgLn] xft w'g] cyjf ;]lg6fOh/n] xft ;kmf ug{'k5{ . sfof{nodf x'Fbf c¿
sd{rf/L;Fu klg ;fdflhs b"/L sfod u/L ;a}n] /fd|f];Fu df:s nufPsf] x'g'k5{ .
sy+sbflrt aflx/sf] JolQm jf sfof{nos} s'g} sd{rf/L sf]le8–!( ;+qmldt
ePsf] yfxf kfPnuQ} sfof{nonfO{ sDtLdf b'O{–tLg lbg aGb u/]/ kl5
/fd|f];Fu sL6f0f'zf]wg ul/;s]kl5 dfq k'gM sfof{no ;~rfngdf Nofpg'k5{ .
;fy} ;Dks{df cfPsf ;a} JolQmn] sf]le8–!( sf] k/LIf0f ug{'k5{ .

-RBK

#*
@#= s] hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] sf]le8–!( /f]unfO{ cem a9L v/fa jf
h6Ln agfpF5 <
hnjfo' kl/jt{g / sf]le8–!( /f]uaLr clxn];Dd k|ToIf ;DaGw ePsf]
k|df0f 5}g . cyf{t\ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] sf/0f of] /f]u nufpg] efO/;sf]
;'?jft x'g] jf Pp6f JolQmaf6 csf]{df ;g]{ x'Fb}g . tyflk hnjfo' kl/jt{gn]
ck|ToIf ¿kdf of] /f]u km}ng eg] d2t k'¥ofpF5 . h:t}, dflg;n]
jGohGt'nfO{ k'¥ofPsf] c;/n] ubf{ sf]le8–!( nufot c¿ w]/} ;?jf
/f]ux¿ b]vfk/]sf k|df0fx¿ 5g\ . :jf:Yo k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/, jGohGt'df o:tf ;?jf
/f]u;DaGwL cg';Gwfg, k|fs[lts jftfj/0f tyf hLj lalawtfsf] /Iff u/]/ o:tf
/f]ux¿af6 aRg ;lsG5 .

jftfj/0fsf] cj:yfn] dfgj :jf:Yo k|0ffnLnfO{ s'g} g s'g} ?kn] k|efj kfl//x]sf]
x'gfn] hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] sf]le8–!( sf] ;DaGwdf ck|ToIf k|efj kf/]sf]
x'g ;S5 . sf]/f]gf efO/; h+unL hgfj/df b]lvg'sf] k5fl8 klg dflg;sf]
k|s[ltdfly e​ Psf] x:tIf]k / o:t} laleGg lqmofsnfkn] jftfj/0fdfly k/]sf]
k|ToIf÷ck|ToIf c;/x¿ x'g;Sg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .

dflg;x¿aLrsf] ;Dks{af6 dfq} of] sf]/f]gf efO/; km}ln/x]sf] 5 . of] /f]usf]

k|efjaf6 s] l;Sg ;lsG5 eg] eljiodf c¿ cGo ;+qmd0faf6 aRg÷arfpg 3/kfn'jf
kz' tyf h+unL hgfj/df ;+qmd0f x'g glbg​;dod} lgu/fgL k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'wf/
ug{'k5{ .

-DIP/NPA

#(
@$= ljZjJofkL ¿kdf e}/x]sf] sf]le8–!( sf] k|ltsfo{af6 ljZj
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;Daf]wgdf s] s:tf] c;/ k/]sf] 5​<
sf]le8–!( dxfdf/L ;+qmd0f ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yo cfktsfnLg If]qdf cGt/f{li6«o
lrGtfsf] ljifo ePsf] 5 . dfgjLo Iflt / ;d'bfosf] Ift\–ljIft\ cj:yfsf] l;h{gf
u/]sf]n] sf]le8–!( /f]un] dxfdf/Lsf] ?k lnP;Fu} of] cGt/f{li6«o ;fj{hflgs
:jf:Yo cfktsfnLg rf;f]sf] ljifo x'g uPsf] xf] . PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf hnjfo'
kl/jt{gsf] c;/ lj:tf/} a9];Fu} ;fj{hflgs :jf:YonfO{ klg o;n] 7"nf] r'gf}tL
lbPsf] 5 .
ljZjJofkL sf]le8–!( /f]usf] k|ltsfo{af6 xfdLn] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efjnfO{
;Daf]wg tyf k|ltsfo{sf] nflu lgDg s'/fx¿ l;Sg / ;f]xLcg';f/ cjwf/0ff
agfpg ;S5f}+ .
• 5f]6f] ;dodf / bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf x'g ;Sg] :jf:Yo ;]jf If]qsf vr{nfO{
arfpg /fd|f] u'0f:t/Lo / ;DkGg ;|f]tx¿ tyf :jf:Yo ;]jfx¿nfO{
ljZjJofkL ¿kdf ;xh pknAwtf x'g] ;Sg] u/L ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
• hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf r/d df};dL 36gfx¿ h:t} ;a} k|sf/sf k|fs[lts
k|sf]k / o;n] lgDTofpg ;Sg] of cGo ;+qmldt /f]ux¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{
k"j{tof/L / ljZjJofkL :jf:Yo ;'/Iffsf] Uof/]G6L ul/g' k5{ .
• :jf:Yo hf]lvdx?lj?4 ;'/Iffsf] e"ldsf v]Ng] jftfj/0fLo lgwf{/
sx¿sf] kxF'r / pknAwtf ;'lglZrt ul/g'k5{ . h:t}, :jR5 xfjf, kfgL
/ ;/;kmfO / ;'/lIft / kf}li6s vfgf cflb . ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn]
jftfj/0fLo hf]lvd 36fpFbf ljZjJofkL :jf:Yodf ePsf] af]´sf] Ps
rf}yfO efu x6fpg ;lsg] cg'dfg u/]sf] 5 .
• 36gf x'g'eGbf cufl8 g} ul/g] sfo{ cyf{t\ k|f/lDes sfo{n] hLjg
arfpg ;lsG5 . rfx] Tof] dxfdf/L xf];\ of hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf
vt/fx¿sf] k|df0fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ cyjf x6fpg. l9nf] ul/of] eg]
dfgj / ;fdflhs, cfly{s d"No a9\g hfG5 .
• ;dfhdf ;a}eGbf ;+s6df k/]sfnfO{ :jf:Yo ;]jf / ;DkGgtf ;'lglZrt
ug{ c;dfgtf g} Ps k|d'v afwf xf] . ;fdflhs / cfly{s c;dfgtfn]
g} :jf:Yo hf]lvdx¿sf] c;dfg cj:yf lgwf{/0f ub{5 . ljZjJofkL
¿kdf /x]sf] ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yosf vt/fx¿;Fu ;fdgf ug{ xfdL xfd|f]
sdhf]/ :jf:Yo k|0ffnLnfO{ Tolts} alnof] agfpg' kb{5 .
-DIP

$)
@%= sf]le8–!( nfu]/ d[To' ePsf] JolQmaf6 klg s] of] /f]u xfdLnfO{
;g{ ;S5 <
;f;{–sf]eL–@ d[t z/L/af6 dfgjdf ;/]sf] klxnf] 36gf yfONofG8df e]l6Psf] xf] .
hg{n ckm kmf]/]lG;s PG8 lnun d]l8l;gdf k|sflzt Ps cWoogn] kmf]/]lG;s
d]l8sn o'lg6sf :jf:YosdL{x¿df sf]le8–!( sf sf/0f lgwg ePsf d[tssf]
z/L/af6 ;+qmd0f km}lnPsf] klxnf] l/kf]6{ kfOPsf] xf] . o;}n] dflg;n] efO/;sf]
;+qmd0f / km}lngaf6 aRg sf]le8–!( af6 d[To' ePsf] JolQmsf] z/L/nfO{ 5'g'
x'Fb}g elgPsf] xf] .
sf]le8–!( Ps gofF /f]u xf] / of] s;/L km}lnG5 eGg] ljifodf xfdL c´} l;Sg]
qmdd} 5f}F . sf]/f]gf efO/; d'Votof sf]le8–!( af6 ;+qmldt JolQm;Fu glhssf]
;Dks{af6 -nueu 5 kmL6_ km}lnG5 . of] efO/; ;+qmldtaf6 lgSn]sf] y'ssf
l56f glhs} /x]sf] JolQmsf] d'v jf gfs x'Fb} kmf]S;f];Dd k'u]/ ;+qmd0f km}lng]
yfxf ePsf] 5 . o; k|sf/ sf] k|;f/ d[To'kl5 eg] x'Fb}g . o; ;Gbe{df JolQmn]
efO/; ePsf] ;tx jf j:t'nfO{ 5f]Pkl5 cfgf] d'v, gfs jf ;DejtM ltgLx¿sf]
cfFvfdf 5f] P/ sf]le8–!( ;+qmd0f x'g ;Sb5, t/ of] efO/; ;+qmd0fsf] d'Vo
tl/sf dflgFb}g . t;y{, sf]le8–!( af6 d[To' ePsfnfO{ plrt Joj:yfkg ug{
cGTo]li6df v6\g] :jo+;]js / :jf:YosdL{x¿ k|lzIf0f k|fKt x'g' cfjZos x'G5 .

ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7g (WHO) sf cg';f/ sf]/f]gf efO/; jf ;f;{–sf]eL–@

s]xL 306fb]lv s]xL lbg;Dd ;txdf hLljt /x]sf] kfOG5 . sf]/f]gf efO/; d[t
z/L/df slt nfdf] ;do;Dd afFRg ;S5 eg]/ w]/} yfxf 5}g . o; afx]s cGo
w]/} sf/sx¿df lge{/ ub{5 . ;DejtM ;a}eGbf 7"nf] sf/s efO/;sf] lhgf]d
jl/kl/sf] l´NnL (Envelope) xf] h;nfO{ jftfj0fLo cj:yfn] k|efljt kfb{5 .
cGo sf/sx¿df z/L/sf] tfkqmd / cfb{|tf x'g\ . ;fy} d[t z/L/ sxfF /flvPsf]
5, efO/; z/L/df sxfF cjl:yt 5, JolQm dbf{ slt efO/; lyP, uf8\g] k|lqmof
/ slQsf] ulx/f]df ufl8G5 eGg] s'/fn] klg d[t z/L/af6 ;g]{ s'/f lge{/ ub{5 .
efO/;x¿ AofS6]l/of h:tf] cfkm}F j[l4 x'g;Sg] x'Fb}gg\ . hLljt sf]lifsfx?leq
dfq oL ;lqmo x'g;S5g\ . To;}n] ha z/L/ db{5 efO/;n] cfkm"h:t} csf]{
efO/; agfpg ;Sb}g . o;sf/0f ;a} efO/; ;+qmd0f/lxt aGg slQ ;do
lnG5 eGg] dxTjk"0f{ 5 . w]/}h;f] efO/;x¿ lr;f] j:t'x¿df ;lqmo /xG5g\ /
Gofgf] j:t'x¿df ltgn] ;+qmd0f Ifdtf u'dfpF5g\ .

-TRS

$!
@^= sf]le8–!( sf] vf; nIf0f s] xf] < of] /f]u nfu]/ klg nIf0f
gb]lvPsf] s'/f w]/} ;'Ggdf cfPsf] 5 . o:tf] lsg ePsf] <
sf]le8–!(sf] k|d'v nIf0fx¿ Hj/f], ;'Vvf vf]sL / ysfg x'g\ . cGo nIf0fx¿
sd ;fdfGo 5g\, o;df ;fdfGo b'vfO, gfs / 6fpsf] b'Vg], sGhflS6jfOl6;,
3fF6L b'vfO, kvfnf nfUg], :jfb jf uGw cfefifdf sdL jf 5fnfdf bfu jf
cf}+nfsf] ljs[lt ;dfj]z 5g\ . oL nIf0fx¿ ;fdfGotof xNsf x'G5g\ / la:tf/}
b]lvG5g\ . s]xL JolQmx¿df w]/} xNsf nIf0fx¿ b]lvg ;S5g\ .

k|foM JolQm -sl/a *)Ü_ c:ktfn pkrf/sf] cfjZostf lagf g} /f]uaf6 d'Qm
x'G5g\ . k|To]s kfFr​ ;+qmldtdWo] Ps​ hgf uDeL/ la/fdL x'G5g\ / pgLx?nfO{
;f; km]g{ ufx|f] x'G5 . k|foM kfsf] pd]/sf JolQmx¿, pRr /Qmrfk, d'6' / kmf]S;f]sf]
;d:of, dw'd]x, jf SofG;/ h:tf cGtlg{lxt lrlsT;f ;d:of ePsf JolQmx¿
uDeL/ la/fdL x'g] a9L hf]lvddf x'G5g\ .

;fdfGotof, sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] ;+qmd0f ePsf] @ b]lv !$ lbgleq nIf0fx¿

b]lvG5g\ . efO/;sf] ;+qmd0f ePsf ;a}df nIf0f b]lvG5 g} eGg ;lsFb}g . Ps
cWoog cg';f/ ;+qmldtdWo] sl/a *) k|ltztn] nIf0f b]vfpFb}gg\ eGg] lgisif{
5 . z'?z'?df g]kfndf (% k|ltzt eGbf al9df nIf0f b]lvPsf] lyPg​. To;f] t
k|foM afnaflnsf, o'jf pd]/sf / cGo s'g} :jf:Yo ;d:of -h:t} d'6' jf kmf]S;f]sf]
;d:of, dw'd]x cflb_ gePsf JolQmdf nIf0f gb]lvg] ;Defjgf w]/} x'G5 .
sf]/f]gf efO/; /f]u nfu]sfdWo] *) k|ltztnfO{ ;fdfGo nIf0f jf nIf0f g}
b]lvFb}g .

of] /f]u nfu]/ klg s;} s;}df nIf0f gb]lvg'sf sf/0faf/] ljleGg l;2fGt 5\g\.
Pp6f l;4fGt cg';f/, s]xL dflg;x?df cf+lzs k|lt/f]w Ifdtf ljBdfg x'G5,
o;nfO{ …d]df]/L 6LÚ sf]if elgG5 . Ps csf]{ l;2fGt cg';f/ s]xL dflg;x?df
aRrf a]nfdf lnPsf] ljleGg vf]kx?n] klg cf+lzs ?kdf sfd u/]sf] x'G5 .
To:t} nIf0f gb]lvg'df dflg;sf] pd]/, j+z, vfglkg cflbdf klg e/ kb{5 .
clwsf+zdf sf]le8–!( sf] nIf0f gb]lvg' w]/} j}1flgsx?sf] nflu cle?lrsf]
ljifo ePsf] 5 .

-SBM

$@
@&= dnfO{ pRr /Qmrfk, bdh:tf /f]u 5 . s] sf]le8–!( af6
;+qmd0f x'gf;fy d]/f] d[To' x'g ;S5 <
bL3{ /f]u gePsf eGbf ePsfnfO{ sf]le8–!( /f]u nfUbf a9L ufx|f] agfpg]
cWoogn] b]vfpF5 . la/fdLx¿df c´ s8f nIf0f b]lvg] ub{5 . pRr /Qmrfk,
bd, SofG;/, lduf{}nfsf bL3{/f]uL, dw'd]xsf la/fdLx¿ / j[4j[4fx¿ sf]le8–!(sf]
ce}m w]/} hf]lvddf kb{5g\ . bdsf la/fdLdf sf]/f]gf efO/; /f]u b]lvPtf klg,
bds} sf/0f sf]/f]gf efO/; /f]u nfu]sf] olsg ug{ ;lsFb}g . ljleGg /f]syfdsf
pkfox¿ ckgfpFb} :j:y / lxtsf/L vfg]s'/f ;Fu} Jofofddf Wofg lbFbf of]
/f]uaf6 aRg ;lsG5 .

-SBM

lrq $M
$M sf]/f]gf efO/;af6 s;/L aRg ;lsG5 <
;fef/ M :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno, g]kfn

$#
@*= sf]le8–!( sf] cf}iflw aGg slt ;do nfUnf <
sf]le8–!( sf] ;+qmd0f ;'? ePb]lv g} ;+;f/sf] ;a}h;f] b]zsf w]/} j}1flgs /
cg';GwfgsdL{x¿ o;sf] cf}iflw / EoflS;gsf] vf]hLdf 5g\ . ;+qmd0fsf] ;'?jftL
r/0fdf rLgn] o;sf] pkrf/sf] lglDt cfgf] k/Dk/fut cf}iflwnfO{ k|of]udf
NofPsf] ;dfrf/df cfPsf] lyof] . k/Dk/fut cf}iflwsf ;fy} efO/;nfO{ lj:tf/
ug{ glbg] cf}iflwx¿ /]D8]l;le/ / kmfeLk|fle/h:tf cf}iflw k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] .
To:t} s]xL o'/f]k]nL / cd]l/sL b]zx¿n] cf}nf] /f]ulj?4sf] k|of]u ug]{
xf8«f]lS;Snf]/f]s'OgnfO{ kfgL ;Deflat cf}iflwsf] ¿kdf k|of]u u/]sf] lyof] . g]kfndf
klg g]kfn ;/sf/n] lrlsT;ssf] ;Nnfx cg';f/ /]D8]l;le/ k|of]u ug]{ lbg] gLlt
NofO;s]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cfo'j]{b;DaGwL cg';Gwfg ug]{ lgsfon] ;Defljt cfo'j]{b
cf}iflwsf] k/LIf0f ;'? u/]sf] 5 . t/ oL ;a} k|of]udf NofPsf cf}iflwx¿ sf]/f]gf
jf sf]le8–!( /f]usf] lgbfgsf] lglZrt cf}iflw xf]Og . sf]le8–!( sf]
la/fdL / To;df b]lvPsf] /f]usf] nIf0fsf] cfwf/df o:tf] pkrf/ eO/x]sf] xf] .
sf]le8–!( / ;f;{ sf]/f]gf efO/; gofF /f]u / efO/; ePsf] x'Fbf o;sf] cr's
cf}iflwsf] lglDt s]xL ;do c´} nfUg] lglZrt 5 .

To:t} EoflS;g lgdf{0fsf lglDt w]/} b]zaLr k|lt:kwf{h:t} b]lvPsf] 5 . clxn] ;+;f/df
!# j6f EoflS;gx¿ dfgj z/L/sf] k/LIf0fdf 5g\ . tLdWo] rf/j6f t];|f] txsf]
k/LIf0fdf 5g\ . s]xL ;docl3 ?;n] cfgf] EoflS;g …:k'lTgs leÚ (Sputnik V)
nfO{ dfGotf lbPsf] 5 . ;fy} o;nfO{ t];|f] txsf] k/LIf0fdf klg /fv]sf] 5 . ?;n]
s'g} OR5fPsf] JolQmn] of] EoflS;g k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] hgfPsf] 5 . rLg, a]nfot / ?;
clxn] EoflS;g lgdf{0fdf cufl8 b]lvG5g\ . rLgn] cfgf] EoflS;g t];|f] r/0fsf]
k/LIf0fd} /x]klg oxfF;Ddsf] ;kmn k/LIf0fnfO{ d"Nof+sg u/L sf]/f]gf ;+qmd0flj?4
cu|df]rf{df sfd ug]{ lrlsT;s, ;'/IffsdL{ / gful/snfO{ cfsl:ds ¿kdf k|of]u
ug{ ;'? ul/;s]sf] 5 . t/ o;;DaGwL hfgsf/ cg';Gwfgstf{x¿ o;} jif{sf]
cGt;Dd EoflS;g ahf/df ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu pknAw x'g] ljZjf; u5{g\ .

-NPK

$$
@(= lal;hL EoflS;g nufPsf] dfl;gnfO{ sf]le8–!( nfUb}g eGg]
s'/f s] ;fFrf] xf] <
lal;hL vf]k cyf{t Bacille Calmette-Guérin vf]k Ifo/f]ulj?4 nufOg] vf]k
xf] . Ifo/f]u afl;Nn; afl;nL eGg] Ps k|sf/ sL6f0fsf] ;+qmd0fn] x'g] u5{ .
of] sL6f0fn] z/L/sf] kmf]S;f]df xfgL k'¥ofpF5 / /f]uLsf] Hofg;d]t lng ;S5 .
s]xL bzscl3 Ifo/f]u ;+;f/s} ;a}eGbf w]/} dlg;x¿sf] Hofg lng] /f]u lyof] .
sf]le8–!( sf] ;+qmd0fkl5 kmf]S;f]df xflg k'¥ofpg] ePsf] / Iflt ug]{ c+u Pp6}
ePsf] x'Fbf sf]/f]gf ;+qmd0f ;Fu} aL;LhL vf]k nufPsf] dflg;nfO{ sf]/f]gf efO/;
nfUb}g eGg] rrf{ klg km}lnPsf] xf] . o; ljifodf xfn;Dd tLg j6f lko/ l/Eo"
(Peer review) n]v k|sfzg ePsf 5g\ . tL ;a} cg';wgfTds n]vx¿n]
aL;LhL vf]k / sf]/f]gf efO/; ;+qmd0fdf s'g} ;DaGw k'li6 u/]sf] 5}g . oxL
clk|nsf] dWolt/ ljZj :jf:y ;+u7gn] Ps jQmJo hf/L ub}{ eg]sf] lyof] ÚaL;LhL
vf]k;Fu sf]/f]gf lgoGq0f jf ;+qmd0fsf] s'g} ;DaGw 5}g . To;}n] of] vf]knfO{
sf]le8–!( /f]syfdsf nflu k|of]u gug{' t/ aL;LhL vf]k lbg'kg]{ Ifo/f]u w]/} x'g]
If]qx¿df of] vf]ksf] sfoqmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg' . To;}n] aL;LhL vf]k nufPsf]
dflg;nfO{ sf]le8–!( nfUb}g eGg] j}1flgs ?kdf k'li6 gePsf] ljifo xf] .

-NPK

$%
#)= dn]l/ofsf] cf}iflw xf8«f]lS;Snf]/f]s'Ogn] sf]le8–!( sf] la/
fdLnfO{ pkrf/ u5{ eGg] ;xL xf] <
ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn] sf]le8–!(sf] pkrf/sf nflu xf8«f]lS;Snf]/f]s'Ogsf]
k|of]uaf/] …P]Soj4tf k/LIf0f’ (Solidarity trial) x¿ ul//x]sf] lyof] . t/ tL
k/LIf0faf6 xf8«f]lS;Snf]/f]s'Ogsf] k|of]un] cfzf ul/Pcg';f/ kl/0ffd cfpg g;s]sf]n]
!& h'g @)@) df ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn] …P]Soj4tf k/LIf0f’ aGb u/]sf] 3f]if0ff
u¥of] . lsgls ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gsf] …P]Soj4tf k/LIf0fÚ ;fy} a]nfot /
k|mfG;df ePsf ljleGg k/LIf0fn] klg xf8«f]lS;Snf]/f]s'Ogsf] k|of]un] sf]le8–!(
sf la/fdLsf] d[To'b/ 36fpg g;s]sf] / pkrf/ k4ltsf] :t/ klg t'ngfTds
¿kdf sdhf]/ kfOPsf] lyof] .

sf]le8–!(sf] k|efjsf/L pkrf/sf nflu ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7g / o;sf

;xof] uLx¿af6 ;'?ul/Psf] cGt/f{li6«o /f]uljifos k/LIf0fnfO{ …P]Soj4\tf k/LIf0f’
elgG5 . o;n] Ps cyjf w]/} k/LIf0f pkrf/x¿af6 sf]le8–!(sf la/fdLx¿sf]
:jf:Yo nfe eO{ pgLx¿sf] hLjg arfpg ;lsG5 eGg] cfzf lnPsf] 5 . ljZjdf
…P]Soj4 tf k/LIf0f’ cltl/Qm c¿ k/LIf0fx¿ klg eO/x]sf 5g\ . ;fy} ljZje/sf
!)) b]zx¿n] …P]Soj4tf k/LIf0fÚ df ;xefuL x'g ?lr klg b]vfPsf 5g\ eg] ^)
eGbf a9L b]zx¿nfO{ ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn] ;xof]u ul//x]sf] 5 .

sf]le8–!( sf yk la/fdLdf xf8«f]lS;Snf]/f]s'Ogsf] k/LIf0f ul/g] 5}g .

k/LIf0fdf ;xefuL eO;s]sf t/ k/LIf0f k"/f geO;s]sf la/fdLn] eg] k/LIf0f
k"/f ug{ ;S5g\ cyjf lrlsT;ssf] ;Nnfxdf k/LIf0f /f]Sg ;S5g\ . ;fwf/0ftof
xf8«f]lS;Snf]/f]s'Og / Snf]/f]s'Og :j–k|lt/Iff (Autoimmune) a9fpg / cf}nf]
/f]u (Malaria) sf la/fdLx¿nfO{ pkrf/sf nflu k|of]u ul/G5 .

-KAA

$^
#!= s] 6fpsf] b'Vg] sf]le8–!( /f]usf] nIf0f xf] <
sf]le8–!( /f]u /f]unfUbf 6fpsf] b'Vg] ;d:of klg x'g] ub{5 . ljleGg
cWoogcg';f/ t'ngfTds lx;fadf Go"g JolQmx¿df 6fpsf] b'Vg] ;d:of b]lvg]
u/]sf] kfOG5 .

sf]le8–!( sf] k|d'v nIf0fx¿ Hj/f], ;'Vvf vf]sL / ysfg x'g\ . cGo nIf0fx¿
sd ;fdfGo 5g\ . o;df ;fdfGo b'vfO, gfs / 6fpsf] b'Vg], cfFvf kfSg],
3fF6L b'Vg], kvfnf nfUg], :jfb jf uGw x/fpg], 5fnfdf bfu jf cf}+nfsf]
ljs[lt b]lvg] cflb kb{5g​\. oL nIf0fx¿ ;fdfGotof xNsf x'G5g\ / la:tf/}
b]lvG5g\ . s]xL JolQmx¿df w]/} xNsf nIf0fx¿ b]lvPklg ;+qmldt x'G5g\\ .

k|foM JolQm -sl/a *)Ü_ c:ktfn pkrf/sf] cfjZostflagf g} /f]uaf6 d'Qm

x'G5g\ . k|To]s ;+qmldt dWo] kfFr​Ps​hgf uDeL/ la/fdL x'G5g\ / plgx?nfO{
;f; km]g{ ufx|f] x'G5 . k|foM kfsf] pd]/sf JolQmx¿, pRr /Qmrfk, d'6' /
kmf]S;f]sf] ;d:of, dw'd]x, jf SofG;/ h:tf cGtlg{lxt lrlsT;f ;d:of ePsf
JolQmx¿ uDeL/ la/fdL x'g] a9L hf]lvddf x'G5g\ . t;y{ hf];'s} klg sf]le8–!(
;+qmd0faf6 uDeL/ la/fdL kg{ ;S5 . h'g;'s} pd]/sf JolQmdf klg Hj/f] jf ;f;
km]g{ ufx|f] x'g], ;f;sf] sdL, 5ftL b'Vg], af]nL x/fpg] h:tf vf]sL;Fu ;DalGwt
nIf0fx¿ 5g\ eg] t'?Gt} lrlsT;ssf] ;Nnfx lng'k5{ . To;}n] ;Dej 5 eg],
klxn] :jf:Yo jf ;'ljwf k|bfosnfO{ ;Dks{ ug{ l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] 5, h;cg';f/
la/fdLnfO{ ;xL lSnlgsdf hfg​lgb]{lzt ug{ ;lsG5 .

-SBM/MEB

$&
#@= sf]le8–!( /f]uaf6 lgsf] x'g slt ;do nfU5 <
sf]le8–!( /f]uaf6 lgsf] x'g slt ;do nfU5 eGg] ljleGg cj:yfx?df e/ kb{5
h:t} JolQmsf] pd]/, /f]u nfUg'k"j{sf] :jf:Yo cj:yf, cGo bL3{/f]u, vfglkg,
s;/t cflb . JolQmsf] cj:yf, /f]usf] c;/ / /f]u k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtfdf k'gM
k|flKt ;dodf e/ kb{5 . ;fdfGotof, tLgb]lv 5​xKtfnfO{ k'gM k|flKt ;do
elgP klg s]xL JolQm tLg dlxgf;Dd klg lgsf] gePsf] kfOG5 . ljZj :jf:Yo
;+u7gsf cg';f/, sf]/f]gf efO/; /f]usf] nIf0f gb]lvP klg s]xL xKtf;Dd hfFr
ubf{ kf]h]l6e b]vfpg ;S5 . nIf0f b]lvPsf la/fdLnfO{ l8:rfh{ ubf{, nIf0f
b]lvPkl5sf] !) lbg / nIf0flagfsf] yk tLg lbg hf]8]/ pQm lbgkl5
la/fdLnfO{ l8:rfh{ ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}u/L lagfnIf0fsf la/fdLnfO{ l8:rfh{ ubf{
kf]h]l6e b]lvPsf] !) lbgkZrft\ ug{ ;lsG5 . cyjf b'O{ j6f g]u]l6e lkl;cf/
@$ 306fsf] km/sdf cfPdfklg l8:rfh{ ug{ ;lsG5 . tyfkL, o;df cj:yf
x]l/sg ;/sf/n] kl/jt{g ug]{ lgb]{zg lbg ;S5 .

-SBM

$*
##= s] sf]le8–!( /f]usf] k/LIf0f ;a}n] ug{ kfpF5g\ < k/LIf0fsf]
nflu slt z'Ns​nfU5 <
sf]le8–!( /f]u nfu]sf] jf gnfu]sf] eGg] k/LIf0f ;a}n] ug{ kfpF5 . h:t} clxn]
klg cbfntdf pkl:yt x'g'k/]df jf ljb]z hfg'k/]df sf]le8–!( k/LIf0f u/L
cfkm" ;+qmd0fd'Qm /x]sf] k|df0fkq k]; ug{'k5{ . xfn;Dd sf]le8–!( ;+qmldt eO{
la/fdL x'Fbf jf ;/sf/n] sG6\ofS6 6«]l;ª ubf{ lgMz'Ns k/LIf0f ug]{ u/]sf] 5 .
cfkm"n] cfgf] JolQmut lghL jf k|of]hgsf nflu sf]/f]gf ;+qmd0fsf] k/LIf0f
ubf{ cfkm}+n] z'Ns ltg{'k5{ . ;+qmd0fsf] k/LIf0fsf nflu rflxg] z'Ns k|of]uzfnf
cg';f/ km/s x'g ;S5 .

-GRT

lrq %M
%M 3'DtL ;]jfaf6 g]kfndf sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] :jfa ;+sng
;fef/M www.sbs.com.au

$(
#$= sf]le8–!( k/LIf0fsf nflu s] s] gd"gf ;+sng ul/G5 / s'g
7fpFdf k/LIf0f x'G5 <
sf]le8–!( /f]u nufpg] sf]/f]gf efO/; k/LIf0fsf nflu gd'gfx¿ hlt;Sbf] rfF8f]
;+sng ul/ k|of]uzfnfdf k/LIf0fsf nflu k7fpg' kb{5 . k|f/lDes lkl;cf/
k/LIf0fsf] nflu Zjf;k|Zjf; gnLsf] dflysf] efuaf6 gd"gf ;+sng ul/G5 .
tflnd k|fKt :jf:YosdL{af6 o:tf] gd'gf ;+sng ul/G5 . gd'gf ;+sngsf]
nflu skf; df]l8Psf] u'0f:t/Lo l;Gsf k|of]u ul/G5 . o:tf] l;Gsfn] xfd|f]
d'vsf] lelq efu gfhf]ofl/+lhPn (Nasopharyngeal) jf cf]/f]ofl/+lhPn
(Oropharyngeal) af6 ;|fj ;+sng ul/G5 . o:tf] ;|fj gfsaf6 l;Gsf k7fP/
klg ul/G5 . :jfjsf gd"gf ;+sng ul/;s]kl5 To;nfO{ lgd{nLs/0f ul/Psf]
@–# ldln efO/n 6«fG:kf]6{ ldl8od (VTM) ePsf] 6\o"jdf /flvG5 . ;+slnt
gd'gf lkl;cf/ k|of]uzfnf ePsf] 7fpFdf htg;fy k/LIf0f ul/G5 .

-GRT

%)
#%= s] sf]le8–!( /f]u ˆn'eGbf a9L uDeL/ 5 <
sf]le8–!( / n' ;dfg k|s[ltsf /f]u eP klg clxn]sf] cj:yfdf sf]/f]gf
efO/;n] ubf{ x'g] /f]u n'eGbf a9L uDeL/ tyf eofjx ¿kdf b]lvPsf] 5 .
x'g t oL b'j} Zjf;k|Zjf;;DaGwL /f]u x'g\ / la/fdLsf] gfs / d'vaf6 lg:s]sf]
;"Id t/n yf]Knfaf6 g} Ps JolStaf6 csf]{df ;g]{ u5{ eGg] k|dfl0ft eO;s]sf] 5 .
;fdfGotof oL b'j} /f]usf w]/} nIf0f ;dfg x'G5g\ . df};dL n' w]/} klxn]b]lv
dflg;df b]lvFb} cfPsf]n] ljZjJofkL ¿kdf df};dL n'lj?4 w]/} dflg;df /f]u
k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf ljsf; eO;s]sf] ljZjf; j}1flgsx¿ Uf5{g\ . t/ sf]le8–!(
;g\ @)!( sf] cGTodf dfq dflg;df b]lvPsfn] xfnnfO{ of] /f]u t'ngfTds
¿kdf gofF xf] . o;lj?4 dflg;sf] z/L/df k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf ljsf; eO;s]sf]
5}g . To;}n] klg clxn]sf] kl/l:yltdf ljZjJofkL ¿kdf sf]/f]gf /f]usf] d[To'b/
df};dL n'eGbf a9L uDeL/ ¿kdf b]lvPsf] x'g ;S5 . ;fy} n'sf] lgoGq0fsf
nflu n' efO/; lj/f]wL cf}iflw tyf pkrf/ ljlwx¿ / /f]syfdsf nflu
vf]k;d]t ljsl;t eO;s]sf 5g\ .

csf]{tkm{ df};dL n'af/] w]/} cg';Gwfg ePsf sf/0f j}1flgsx¿ / 8fS6/x¿nfO{

nfdf] ;dosf] cg'ejn] o;af/] w]/} 1fg /x]sf]n] pko'Qm pkrf/ eO/x]sf]
5 . x'g t vf]k ztk|ltzt k|efjsf/L gx'g] / ;Dk"0f{ /f]syfd x'g
g;Sg] eP klg /f]usf] uDeL/tf eg] sd ug{ ;S5 . o;sf] 7Lsljk/Lt
sf]le8–!( /f]usf] /f]syfd ug]{ vf]k xfn;Dd ljsl;t eO{ g;s]sf] /
pkrf/sf nflu sf]/f]gf efO/;lj/f]wL lglZrt cf}iflw klg pknAw eO;s]sf]
5}g . oBlk Jofks ¿kdf cg';Gwfg eO/x]sf] 5 . cfzf u/f}+, l5§} sf]/f]gf
efO/;lj?4 cf}iflw / vf]k ;a}sf nflu ;xh ¿kdf pknAw x'g]5 . sf]le8–!(
vf]k tof/ eOxfn] klg o;sf] k|of]udf cfpg c´ yk slt ;do nfUg]5 eGg]
lgSof]{n ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . To;}n] xfnnfO{ sf]/f]gf efO/; ;+qmd0f rqm tf]8]/
o;sf] k|;f/0f /f]Sg' g} o;af6 aRg] Ps dfq tl/sf xf] . o;sf nflu lgoldt
xftsf] ;/;kmfO ug]{ / xfR5\oF' ubf{, vf]sL nfUbf ;xL tl/sf ckgfO{ cfkm" tyf
c¿nfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg' k5{ .

-TPJ

%!
#^= kfgLsf] cefj jf sdLn] s;/L ;+qmldt /f]u sf]le8–!( nfO{
c;/ u5{ <
;fa'gkfgLn] ldlrldlr xft w'g'n] g} of] /f]usf] ;+qmd0faf6 aRg÷arfpg ;lsg]
ePsf]n] ;d'bfodf ;kmf / u'0f:t/Lo kfgL / jftfj/0fsf] kx'Fr clt cfjZos
x'G5 / cfwf/e"t JolQmut :jR5tfnfO{ Jojxf/df k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsG5 .
c´ eGg'kbf{ ;kmf / u'0f:t/Lo kfgL / jftfj/0fn] :jf:Yo ;]jfdf k|efjsf/L
e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 / o;n] ubf{ ;+qmd0faf6 aRg ;lsg] / :jf:Yo x]/rfx ug{
d2t k'Ub5 .

:jf:Yo ;'/Iff÷;]jfsf rf/ vDafdWo] cfwf/e"t kfgLsf] cefjn] ljZjsf @ ca{

dflg; k|ToIf k|efjdf k/]sf 5g\ . ljZjsf *) k|ltzt dflg; kfgLsf] cefj
ePsf] cg'ej ul/;s]sf 5g\ eg] c´ hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] t lkpgsf nflu
kfgLsf] pknAwtf, vfB pTkfbg, JolQmut :jR5Gbtf / ;+qmd0f /f]uaf6 aRg
yk r'gf}tL lbO/x]sf] 5 .

-DIP

%@
 #&= sf]le8–!( sf] hf]lvd sd ug{ s] s:tf tl/sfx? ckgfpg'
kb{5​ <
sf]le8–!(sf] pb\ejk"j{ g} ?3fvf]sL / Go'df]lgof h:tf] /f]u dflg;nfO{ x'g] u/]sf
5g\ . oL /f]ux?sf] ;dod} pkrf/ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . t/, sf]le8–!( sf] xfn;Dd
s'g} cf}iflw jf vf]k gePsf]n] cToGt hf]lvdk"0f{ dflgPsf] xf] . sf]le8–!(
sf] hf]lvdnfO{ sd ug{ xfn ;fdflhs b"/L sfod ub}{ cfkm"nfO{ ;'/lIft
/fVg], z/L/sf] k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf j[l4 ug]{, eL8ef8af6 aRg] h:tf pkfo
cjnDagafx]s cGo 7f]; pkfo b]lvPsf] 5}g . Hj/f] cfPdf, vf]ls nfu]df jf
Zjf; km]g{ ufx|f] ePdf glhssf] tf]lsPsf] :jf:Yo s]Gb|df ;Dks{ ug]{ .

-TBG

lrq ^M
^M sf]/f]gf efO/;nfO{ ;fdfGo ?3fvf]sL g7fgf}+
;fef/M :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno, g]kfn

%#
#*= s] sf]le8–!( /f]u​
nfO{ PlG6afof]l6ssf] k|of]uaf6 pkrf/ ug{
;lsG5 <
PlG6afof]l6sn] hLjf0f' cyf{t\ AofS6]l/ofnfO{ dfq dfg{ jf lgoGq0f ug{ ;S5 .
gf]an sf]/f]gf -;f;{–sf]eL–@_ Ps efO/; ePsfn] PlG6afof]l6sn] o;nfO{ dfg{ jf
lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sb}g . s;}nfO{ sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] ;+qmd0f ePsf] 5 eg] o;sf
;fy} cGo ljleGg lsl;dsf AofS6]l/ofsf] ;+qmd0f x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf / xG5 .
cyjf sf]/f]gf efO/; ;+qmldt JolQmdf klxn]b]lv g} AofS6]l/ofsf] ;+qmd0f x'g
;Sb5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf AofS6]l/ofsf] ;+qmd0f lgoGq0f ug{ lrlsT;sx¿n]
PlG6afof]l6s l;kmfl/; ub{5g\ . ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7g (WHO) n] klg o;sf]
k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . gofF sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] ;+qmd0fsf] sf/0fn] /f]u;Fu n8\g]
IfdtfnfO{ sdhf]/ agfpg ;S5 . o;sf] gsf/fTds k|efjn] AofS6]l/ofsf]
;+qmd0f x'g] hf]lvdnfO{ a9fpg ;Sg] / AofS6]l/ofn] Go'df]lgofh:tf uDeL/
/f]un] ;tfpg ;Sg] x'Fbf pkrf/sf nflu lrlsT;sx¿n] PlG6afof]l6ssf] k|of]u
ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ .

;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] vfB tyf cf}iflw k|zf;g ;+:yf (FDA) n]

xfn;Dd sf]le8–!( ljz]ifsf] pkrf/sf nflu s'g} klg cf}iflw cg'df]bg
gu/]sf] hgfPsf] 5 . jt{dfg cj:yfdf ;+qmd0fsf] hl6ntf / nIf0f cg';f/
pkrf/ ljlwx¿ ckgfpg] ul/G5 . ;fdfGo nIf0f ePsfnfO{ 3/]n' ljlwaf6 klg
pkrf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . olb Zjf;k|Zjf;df ;d:of eO{ clS;hgsf] dfqf sd
ePdf clS;hgnfO{ k"/ssf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . olb s;}nfO{ gofF sf]/f]gf
efO/;sf] ;+qmd0f eO{ uDeL/ nIf0f b]lvPsf] 5 eg] t'?Gt} lrlsT;snfO{ ;Dks{
ug{'k5{ . ;fy} :jR5 kfgL / JolQmut tyf jftfj/0fLo ;/;kmfO{ ckgfpbf
nueu ;a} k|sf/sf ;+qmfds ;¿jf /f]ux¿af6 aRg / arfpg ;lsG5 .
sf]le8–!( sf] j}lZjs dxfdf/L km}ln/x]sf] / of] /f]uaf6 aRg tyf efO/; dfg{sf]
nflu ;fa'gkfgLn] xft w'g] / cNsf]xndf cfwfl/t ;]lg6fOh/sf] k|of]u u/L
;/;kmfO ug]{ afgL a;fNg' cfjZos x'G5 . lsgeg] /f]usf/s ;"Id hLjx¿sf]
k|;f/0f sd ug{ jf lgoGq0f ug{ of] ljlw ;a}eGbf ;lhnf] / k|efjsf/L xf] .

-TPJ

%$
#(= s] jftfg's'lnt -Pc/ slG8;g_ hl8t sf]7fdf sf]le8–!(
;+qmd0fsf] hf]lvd a9L x'G5 <
sf]7fnfO lr;f] jf Gofgf] agfO /fVg cfh ef]ln 3/df jf sfof{nox?df
jftfg's'lnt (Air Condition) k|0ffnLsf] Aoj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . jftfg's'lnt
-P;L_ hl8t sf]7fdf ;+qmd0fsf] hf]lvd a9L x'G5 eGg] s'/f ;To xf]Og .
jftfg's'lnt sf]7fdf tfhf xfjfsf] cfudg eO/xg] ePsf]n] / sf]7fsf] tfkqmd,
cfb|tf :jf:Yo tyf cfgGbbfos cj:yfdf /xg] ePsf]n] sf]/f]gf ;+qmd0fsf]
hf]lvd a9\g] ;Defjgf sd x'G5 . t/ o:tf] sf]7fdf l/;s'{n];g k|0ffnL aGb
ug'{kb{5 .

-NPA

%%
$)= sf]le8–!( af6 ;+qmldt cfdfn] aRrfnfO{ b"w v'jfpg ldN5 <
cfh;Dd sf]le8–!( ;+qmldt cfdfn] aRrfnfO{ b"w v'jfpFbf el6{sn 6«fG;ld;g
(Vertical Transmission) ePsf] kfOPsf] 5}g . tyflk ;+qmldt cfdfn] aRrfnfO{
b"w v'jfpFbf Zjf;k|Zjf; k|lqmofaf6 sf]le8–!( aRrfdf ;g{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf x'Fbf
;+qmldt x'gaf6 arfpg ;Sbf] ;fjwfgLsf pkfox¿ ckgfpg'k5{ . tL ljlw x'g\M
!= ;fa'gkfgLn] ldlrldlr xft w'g]
@= c+sdfn gug]{
#= v'nf 7fpFdf a:g]
$= u'D;]sf] 7fpFdf ga:g]
%= ‰ofn vf]n]/ a:g]
^= df:s nufpg]
-ANS

%^
$!= cfhef]ln k|rngdf /x]sf] zAb …k|mG6nfO{g js{;{Ú eg]sf] s] xf] <
gf]an sf]/f]gf efO/; k|sf]kjf6 pTkGg dfgjLo ljkb\ sf]le8–!( sf] k|ltsfo{df
cl3Nnf] k+lQmdf /x]/ sfd ug]{ tyf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] dflg;nfO{ cu|k+lQmdf
sfo{ ug]{ dflg;nfO{ k|mG6nfO{g js{;{ (Frontline Workers) elgG5 . h:t} M
lrlsT;s, g;{ / cGo :jf:Yo ;]jfsf ;xof]uLx¿ h;n] ;+qmldt jf ;+qmd0f
cfz+sf ul/sf la/fdLx¿ c:ktfn k'Ug]lalQs} la/fdL hfFr tyf :jf:Yo ;]jfsf]
;xof]u ub{5g\ . cyf{t\ :jf:Yo ;]jfdf sfd ug]{ cGo JolQmx¿ PDa'n]G; rfns,
;/;kmfOdf sfd ug]{ JolQmx¿ / :jo+;]jsx¿ cflb . o;} u/L dxfdf/Lsf] ;dodf
;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg' klg csf{ k|d'v sfd xf] . cjZo g} ;'/Iff lbg] sfd ;'/Iff
lgsfodf sfd ug]{ k|x/L tyf ;]gf g} x'g\ . t;y{ :jf:Yo If]qdf sfd ug]{
:jf:YosdL{ / ;'/Iff lgsfodf sfd ug]{ k|x/LnfO{ g} cu|k+lQmdf sfo{ ug]{ dflg;
eg]/ lrlgG5 .

;dfhdf ljlrGg ;f]r / ljrf/ ePsf dflg;x¿ x'g] ub{5g\ . ;dfhdf ePsf
ljz]ifu/L u}/;r]t gful/sn] dfly pNn]lvt cu|k+lQmdf sfo{ ug]{ gful/sx¿nfO{
clxn]sf] dxfdf/Ldf cdfgjLo 9+un] x]g]{ / Jojxf/ ug]{ ub{5g\ . c´ eGg'kbf{
To:tf u}/;r]t dflg;sf] a'dmfOdf cu|k+lQmdf sfo{ ug]{ dflg;n] cfgf] sfo{If]qaf6
cyf{t\ c:ktfnaf6 sf]le8–!( /f]u lnP/ cfpF5g\ / ;dfhsf dflg;nfO{ ;f5{g\
eGg] cNk a'´fOn] el/k"0f{ dfgl;stf af]s]/ a:5g\ clg l5Ml5 b'/b'/ ug]{ ub{5g\ .
Tolt dfq xf]Og, 3/ a:tLaf6 cu|k+lQmdf sfo{ ug]{ dflg;nfO{ lgsfNg cg]sy/Lsf
cdfgjLo sfo{ ug]{ u/]sf] klg kfOG5 .

xfd|} b]zdf To;df klg b]zsf] 7"nf ;x/df 36]sf s]xL pbfx/0fM

-s_ sf7df8f}+ dLgejgl:yt lghfdtL sd{rf/L c:ktfndf sfd ug]{ 8fS6/ /

g;{ a:g] u/]sf] xf]:6]n 3]/L s]xL :yfgLoaf;Ln] b'Jo{Jojxf/ u/]sf lyP . To;
xf]:6]ndf s]xL ;do b]lv c:ktfnsf 8fS6/ g;{ / sd{rf/L a:g yfn]sf
lyP . :yfgLon] xf]:6]n 3]/fp u/L 3/wgLnfO{ ;d]t wDsL lbPsf] / xf]:6]naf6
tL :jf:Yo ;]jsnfO{ lgsfNg bafa lbPsf lyP . t/ jxfFx¿df sf]xL klg s'g}
;+qmldt lyPgg\ dfq 3/af6 cfphfp ubf{ ;+qmd0f km}ng ;Sg] 8/n] xf]:6]ndf
a:g yfn]sf lyP .

%&
-v_ lrtjgl:yt /Tggu/ c:ktfnsf Ps hgf 8fS6/ ;+qmldt la/fdLsf]
pkrf/ ;]jfdf nfUbf nfUb} cfkm} ;+qmldt ePsf] k'li6 ePsf] lyof] . / pgL
cfg} 3/df cnUu} sf]7fdf a:b} cfPsf lyP, t/ l5d]sL tyf ;dfhsf s]xL
JolQm pgnfO{ b'Jo{jxf/ ug{ k'u] / pgsf] 3/df :yfgLon] …sf]/f]gf ;+qmldt 3/’
eg]/ n]v]sf] Aofg/ 6fFu]/ uP .

dflysf 36gf b'j} k|ltlglw dfq x'g\ . o:tf 36gfn] cu|k+lQmdf sfo{ ug]{
dflg;sf] dfgl;stfdf kg]{ dgf];fdflhs c;/n] tL dflg;dfly kg]{ cNksfnLg
/ bL3{sfnLg k|efjsf] kl/0ffd kSs} klg csNkgLo x'g;S5 . c´ eGg'kbf{ o:tf
36gfn] :jf:YosdL{sf] cfTdan 36fpg] / ;fdflhs lje]bdf k/]h:tf] dx;';
eP/ dgf]j}1flgs ;d:of cfpg ;Sg] k|jn ;Defjgf x'g] x'G5 . o:tf 36gfnfO{
;/sf/n] ;"rgf hf/L u/]/ k|mG6nfOgdf sfd ug]{ dflg; jf ;+qmldtnfO{ ;dfhdf
b'Jo{jxf/ ug]{÷x]nf ug]{nfO{ v]bhgs 5 / To:tf JolQmnfO{ sf/jfxL x'g] elgPsf]
5 / o:tf] a]nfdf Hofgsf] afhL nufP/ sfd ug{ :jf:YosdL{nfO{ lje]b ug{' x'Fb}g .
dgf]an pRr /fVg ;xof]u ug{'kg]{ x'G5 ;fy} gcflQg';\ eg]/ 9f8; tyf ;fGTjgf
lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf] ;fy} ;a} kIfaf6 ;dfhnfO{ ;r]tgf sfo{qmd u/]/ ;~rf/
dfWodaf6 ;r]t / ;";"lrt ug{'÷u/fpg' k5{ .

-DIP

%*
$@= s] lszf]/–lszf]/Lx¿n] nIf0f geOsg klg c? JolQmdf sf]/f]gf
efO/;sf] ;+qmd0f km}nfpg ;S5g\ <
s'g} klg /f]usf] nIf0f c¿df ;fg{ ;Sg] ;Defjgfsf] cfwf/df la/fdLnfO{ tLg
cj:yfdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5– lagfnIf0f -nIf0fxLg_, nIf0fk"j{ / nIf0fkZrft\ .
sf]le8–!( sf] xsdf klg oxL k|lqmof nfu" x'G5 . ;fdfGotof dfgj z/L/df
hlt sL6f0fsf] dfqf / To;sf] c;/ w]/} eof] plt /f]usf] nIf0f b]lvG5 . cyf{t\
nIf0f b]lvPsfdf efO/;sf] ef/ a9L x'G5, gb]lvPsfdf sd . To;}n] nIf0f
b]lvPsf ;+qmldtaf6 efO/; km}lng] hf]lvd a9L x'G5 . o;sf] cy{ lagfnIf0fsf
la/fdLn] /f]u ;fb}{gg\ eGg] kSs} xf]Og .

s'g} klg /f]u Ps la/fdLaf6 c¿df slt ;g{ ;S5 cyf{t\ s'g} klg /f]usf] /f]u
k|;f/0f Ifdtf (Disease Transmissibility) slt 5 dfkg ug]{ ljleGg cfwf/
dWo] Ps xf] k|;f/0f Ifdtf jf k|;f/0f b/, o;nfO{ R Nought cyf{t\ cf/ g6
(Ro) klg elgG5 . ;fdfGotof Ro ! eGbf sd ePdf /f]usf] dxfdf/L la:tf/}
sd x'Fb} hfG5 t/ ! eGbf w]/} ePdf /f]usf] dxfdf/L a9\b} hfg] ;Defjgf
x'G5 . xfn sf]le8–!( sf] Ro !=%–#=% hlt cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} ;fdfGo
?3fvf]sL (Common Flu) cyf{t\ ;fdfGo ?3fvf]sLsf] cf/g6 !=# / ;f;{sf]
@=) hlt 5 . sf]le8–!( sf] Ro sdg n' / SARS sf] eGbf w]/} e]l§Psf] 5 .

sf]le8 /f]u ;g{ sf]/f]gf efO/; la/fdLsf] z/L/af6 aflx/ lg:sg' k5{ . sf]/f]gf
efO/; aflx/ lg:sg] dfWod eg]sf] xf5\o'F ubf{, vf]Sbf / af]Nbf y's / l;+ufgsf]
l56faf6 xf] . xf5\o'F ubf{ l56fx¿ s]xL k/ sl/a ^–* dL6/, vf]Sbf @–# dL6/
/ af]Nbf ! dL6/ hltsf] b"/L ;Dd hfg ;Sb5 . t;y{ h;nfO{ s'g} nIf0f 5}g
cyjf h;nfO{ xf5\o'F of vf]sL nfu]sf] 5}g To:tf dflg;af6 l56f sd lg:sg]
ePsf] x'gfn] sf]le8 /f]u ;g]{ ;Defjgf sd x'G5 . t;y{ dfly plNnlvt
s'/fx¿sf] cfwf/df s] eGg ;lsG5 eg] nIf0f gePsf sf]/f]gf ;+qmldtaf6 klg
sf]le8 /f]u c?df ;g{ ;Sb5 t/ To;sf] ;Defjgf sd of yf]/} x'G5 .

-PRS

%(
$#= 8]+uL, dn]l/of h:t} sf]le8–!( klg nfdv'§]af6 ;g]{ ;Defjgf
slQsf] 5 <
8]+u' Ps efO/;sf] sf/0fn] nfUg] /f]u xf] . of] /f]u nfdv'§]sf] dfWodaf6
;5{ . of] /f]u nfu]df ;fdfGo Hj/f] cfpg]b]lv s8f x'Fb} uPdf hlG8; eP/
cTolws /Qm>fjsf] sf/0f la/fdLsf] d[To';d]t x'g ;Sb5 . To:t} dn]l/of Ps
KnfHdf]l8od gfdsf] k/hLjLaf6 x'g] /f]u xf] . of] klg nfdv'§]sf] dfWodaf6
dflg;x¿df ;b{5 . slxn]sfxLF dn]l/ofn] ubf{ klg 7"nf ;d:ofx¿ cfpg ;S5 .
sf]/f]gf klg efO/; g} eP klg xfn;Ddsf] cWoogaf6 sf]le8–!( nfdv'§] of
cGo kz'kIfLaf6 ;/]sf] jf ;g]{ e]l6Psf] 5}g . To:t} of] /f]u ule{0fL cfdfaf6
aRrfdf / of}g lqmofsnfkaf6 klg ;b}{g / s'g} vfg] s'/f of sd kfs]sf]
vfgfaf6 klg of] /f]u ;/]sf] e]l6Psf] 5}g .

-PRS

^)
$$= s] sf]le8–!( ;+qmd0f ePsf] k'li6 x'gf;fy c:ktfndf egf{ ug{'
cfjZos 5 <
sf]le8–!( Zjf;k|Zjf; k|0ffnLdf nfUg] /f]u xf] . ;f;{–sf]eL–@ cyf{t\ gf]an sf]/f]gf
efO/;sf] ;+qmd0fn] ubf{ of] /f]u nfU5 . To:tf] ;+qmd0f eP÷gePsf] k'li6
kf]lnd/]h r]g l/ofS;g (PCR) k|ljlwaf6 ul/G5 . sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] ;+qmd0f
k'li6 x'Fb}df To;}n] c:ktfndf egf{ ug{'kg]{ s'g} cfjZostf x'Fb}g .
t/ s;}s;}df Hj/f] cfpg], 3fF6L b'Vg], 6fpsf] b'Vg], z/L/ b'Vg] cflb sf/0f
;fdfGo pkrf/n] 7Ls gx'g] klg x'g ;Sb5 . sf]le8–!( cGo ?3fvf]sLeGbf
cln s8f x'g] ePsf] x'gfn] sf]le8sf] nIf0fnfO{ a]jf:tf ug{' /fd|f] x'Fb}g / To:tf]
cj:yfdf c:ktfndf egf{ ug{' /fd|f] x'G5 . c:ktfndf egf{ ug{'sf] pb]Zo 3/df
pknAw u/fpg g;lsg] pkrf/ k4ltsf] ;'lglZrttf ug{' xf] . Tolt dfq} geO{
c:ktfndf egf{ ug{'sf] d'Vo sf/0f ;"Id lgu/fgL ug{' xf] tfls sf]le8–!( sf]
la/fdLnfO{ s'g} ;d:of crfgs ePdf t'?Gt} cfjZos sbd rfNg ;lsof];\ .
;fdfGotof, efO/;n] ubf{ nfUg] /f]u ls t cfkm} 7Ls x'G5 ls t cGo
;d:of cyf{t ;]s]08/L sDknLs];g (Secondary Complications) z'? x'G5
h:t} Go'df]lgof of cGo To:t} JofS6]l/cn OGkm]S;g (Bacterial Infection) .
cGo ;d:of cfP klg tL k|fo PlG6afof]l6S;sf] k|f]of]un] 7Ls x'G5 . To;}n]
;fdfGotof efO/n OGkm]S;gsf] s'g} ljz]if pkrf/ x'Fb}g . t/ sf]le8sf] xsdf
s]xL la/fdLdf ;]s]G8/L slDKns];g cfpg] ;Defjgf a9L x'g] ePsf]n] / tLdWo]
klg s]xLnfO{ Ho'Hofgs} 7"nf] vt/f x'g] ePsf] x'gfn] ljz]if xf]l;of/ tyf pkrf/
ug{'kg]{ x'G5 .
-PRS

^!
$%= sf]le8–!( / OGˆn'PGhf /f]usf] nflu s] lrlsT;f k|ljlw pknAw
5<
OGn'PGhf eGgfn] ;fdfGo ?3fvf]sL eGg] a'l´G5, h;nfO{ n' (Flu) klg
elgG5 . ;fdfGotof ?3fvf]sL u/fpg] efO/; tLg​y/Lsf x'G5 . tL x'g\
OGn'PGhf efO/; (Influenza Virus), /fOgf] efO/; (Rhino Virus) / sf]/f]gf
efO/; (Corona Virus) / oL efO/;åf/f ;+qmd0f eO{ ?3fvf]sL nfu]df
clwsf+z la/fdL ;fdfGo pkrf/n] 7Ls x'G5g\ / of];Fu ;DalGwt Pp6f egfO
klg 5 . efO/n ?3fvf]sL of efO/n Hj/f] cfPdf pkrf/ u/] Ps xKtfdf 7Ls
x'G5, pkrf/ gu/] ;ft​lbg nfU5 . cyf{t\ ljz]if pkrf/ u/] klg gu/] klg of]
;d:of cfkm} 7Ls x'G5 . of] s'/f sf]le8–!( / OGn'PGhfdf klg nfu" x'G5 .
oL ;d:ofsf] pkrf/df ljz]if lrlsT;f k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{'kg]{ cfjZos x'Fb}g /
clwsf+z la/fdL ;fdfGo 3/]n' pkfon] 7Ls x'G5g\ . h:t}M tftf]kfgL vfg], cb'jf,
a];f/, sfutL cflb ldl;Psf] tftf] ´f]n vfg], k|z:t dg tftf]kfgL vfg], w]/}
lr;f] vfgf gvfg] cflb .
t/ OGn'PGhfn] eGbf sf]le8–!( n] yk hl6ntfx? (Secondary Complications)
Nofpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf w]/} x'g] ePsf] x'gfn] sf]le8–!( sf] xsdf la/fdL a9L
rgfvf] x'g'k5{ . sf]le8–!( sf clwsf+z ladf/Ldfly pNn]v ul/Ph:t} ;fdfGo
pkrf/n] 7Ls x'g] ePtf klg s]xLnfO{ eg] s8f vfnsf] Go'df]lgof / c¿
;d:of x'g] ePsfn] ToxL cg';f/sf] pkrf/ ug{'k5{ . To;sf nflu ljleGg
lrlsT;f k|ljlwx¿ pknAw 5g\ . h'g cltpkof]uL l;4 ePsf 5 . ljleGg
cf}iflwx¿ h:t}, /]lD8l;le/, nflklk/fle/, ldyfOnk|]8\lg;f]nf]g, b]S;fd]yf;f]g,
ODd'gf]Unf]a'lng, / cf}iflwx¿ cGo k|ljlwx¿ h:t}, e]lG6n]6/L ;kf]6{, KnfHdfkm]/]l;;,
PSdf] (ECMO) cflb sf]le8–!( sf] pkrf/sf] nflu pkof]uL lrlsT;f k|ljlwx¿
x'g\ . t/ sf]le8–!( sf s/La #–$ k|ltzt la/fdLnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ pkfo ubf{ub}{
klg arfpg ufx|f] x'G5 .
-PRS

^@
$^= sf]le8–!( af6 d[To' x'g]x¿sf] zj 5'g' x'Fb}g eG5g\ . To;sf]
Joj:yfkg s;/L ul/G5 <
sf]le8–!( n] ;fdfGo ¿kdf Zjf;k|Zjf; k|0ffnLnfO{ c;/ u/] klg o;n] dfgj
z/L/sf] ljleGg efux¿df c;/ kfb{5 eGg] s'/f k|dfl0ft eO;s]sf] 5 . dfgj
z/L/sf ljleGg c+ux¿ h:t}M 5ftL, d'6', dl:tis, kfrg k|0ffnL, lb;f, lk;fa,
jLo{ cflbdf sf]le8–!( sf] sL6f0f e]l6Psf 5g\ . o;n] dfgj z/L/sf] 5fnfdf
klg c;/ kf/]sf] ;+s]t b]lvPsf] 5 / o;n] xfn;Dd ue{jtL dlxnfsf] ;fn
(Placenta) / dlxnfsf] of]gLdfu{df c;/ kf/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5}g . To;}n] xfn;Dd
of] /f]u ue{jtL cfdfaf6 lzz'df / of}g ;Dks{af6 ;/]sf] k|dfl0ft ePsf]
5}g . o; k[i7e"ldn] s] b]vfpF5 eg] sf]le8–!( n] ;du| ¿kdf dfgj z/L/nfO{
c;/ kfg]{ x'gfn] d/0ff]k/fGt klg To;sf] s]xL c+z afFsL /xg ;S5 . o:tf
;Defjgfsf s'/f d]l8sn l/kf]6{n] b]vfPsf] 5 . d/0fkZrft\sf] zf/Ll/s k/LIf0f
l/kf]6{ (Autopsy Report) x¿n] s] b]vfPsf] 5 eg] c6f]K;L (Autopsy) lj1x¿n]
k"0f{ ;fjwfgLsf ;fy zjsf] k/LIf0f ubf{ klg pgLx¿nfO{ sf]le8–!( ;/]sf]
b]lvPsf] 5 . To;sf] sf/0f zjsf] 5fnf x'g ;Sg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . To;}n]
sf]le8–!( sf] la/fdLsf] zj 5'g' dfq} xf]Og, To;sf] glhs hfgsf] nflu klg
k"0f{ ;fjwfgL ckgfpg'k5{ / sf]le8sf] zjsf] k|aGw ug{' (Handling) eg]sf]
sf]le8 la/fdLsf] k|aGw ug{' h:t} xf] .
;fdfGotof d[t z/L/df dg{'k"j{sf] ;+qmd0f k|fo x'Fb}g / d[t z/L/x¿ ;+qmd0f
k|;f/0fof]Uo (Infectious) x'Fb}g . t/ klg sf]le8sf] xsdf of] ckjfb x'g
;Sg] ;Defjgfn] ubf{ sf]le8 zjsf] Joj:yfkgdf ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg'kg]{ /
ljz]if lgb]{lzsf (Guidelines) sf] kfngf ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . ;a}eGbf klxnf sf]le8
zjsf] k|aGw ubf{ zjnfO{ c¿ zj;Fu g/fvL cnUu} sf]7f (Isolation Room) df
/fVg'kb{5 . zjsf] k|aGw ug]{ JolQmx¿n] lklkO{ (PPE) sf] k|of]u u/]/ dfq} zj
5'g'kb{5 / To:t} zjnfO{ ;s];Dd rfF8f] / kfgL gl5g]{ of gr'lxg] Knfl:6s h:tf]
sk8fn] /fd|/L a]/]/ kf]sf] kfg{' kb{5 . d[t z/L/af6 r'lxg] ´f]n kbfy{af6 klg
sf]le8 ;g{ ;Sg] ePsf] x'gfn] To:tf] ´f]n kbfy{ s'g} klg ;txdf gk/f];\ egL
;fjwfgL ckgfpg' kb{5 . zjsf] bfx;+:sf/ ;s];Dd rfF8f] ug{'kb{5 . zjnfO{
hnfpg of uf8\g ldNb5 t/ ;f] ubf{ glhs j/k/ dflg;sf] a:tL gePsf] 7fpFdf
ug{'kb{5 . To:t} zj /fv]sf] sf]7f, uf8L / k|of]u ul/ Psf pks/0f, cf}hf/
cflbnfO{ klg ;xL cf}iflw k|f]of]u u/L /fd|/L Joj:yfkg ug{' kb{5 .
-PRS

^#
$&= lsg sf]le8–!( nfO{ dxfJofwL elgG5 <
s'g} ;+qmfds /f]u 5f]6f] cjlwdf g} ;+;f/sf w]/} b]zx¿df km}lnP/ w]/} dflg;sf]
Hofg lnG5 eg] To;nfO{ dxfJofwL÷dxfdf/L elgG5 . b'O{–tLg dlxgfd} ;+;f/sf w]/}
b]zx?df km}lnP/ w]/} dflg;sf] Hofg lnPsfn] sf]le8–!( nfO{ dxfJofwL elgPsf]
xf] . ;f;{ sf]/f]gf efO/;–@ n] ubf{ x'g] of] /f]u z'?df rLgsf] x'a]O /fHosf]
j'xfg zx/df l8;]Da/ @)!( sf] cGTolt/ b]lvPsf] lyof] .

ljZj :jf:y ;+u7gn] #) hgj/L @)@) df cGt/f{li6«o hg:jf:y cfktsfnsf] 3f]if0ff

u/]sf] lyof] eg] !! dfr{ @)@) df sf]le8–!( nfO{ dxfJofwL 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] lyof] .
of] dxfJofwL !) ;]K6]Da/ @)@) ;Dddf @!% d'n'sx¿df /x]sf @ s/f]8 $) nfv eGbf
a9L JolQmdf ;l/;s]sf] 5 . sf]le8–!( /f]u dxfJofwLsf] ¿kdf km}lng'df of] /f]u
;+qmldt dflg;n] xf5\o'F / vf]Sbf gfs / d'vaf6 lg:sg] kfgLsf ;–;fgf l56fn] ubf{
xf] .

klxnf klxnf ljleGg sfnv08df klg ljZjdf ljleGg dxfJofwLx¿ km}lnP/

s/f]8f+} JolQmsf] d[To' ePsf lyP . tflnsf @ df ljZjdf km}lnPsf d'Vo d'Vo
dxfJofwLx¿ / To;;Fu ;DalGwt ljj/0fx¿ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf @M ljZjdf km}lnPsf k|d'v​dxfJofwLx¿sf] ljj/0f

qm=;+= dxfJofwL k|rlnt cjlw b]z÷dxfb]z cg'dflgt​

c? gfd d[To'o'
Kn]u sfnf] d[To' !#$^– o"/f]k, clk|msf / Plzof & s/f]8
! !#%# %) nfv –
@) s/f]8
x}hf÷sn]/f t];|f] sn]/f !*%@ ef/t, o"/f]k, clk|msf / !) nfv
@ (Cholera) dxfJofwL –!*^) Plzof
5}7f}+ sn]/f !(() – ef/t, dWo k"j{, pQ/ * nfv
dxfJofwL !((( clk|msf, k"jL{ o"/f]k, /l;of,
cd]l/sf

^$
 OGkm\n'PGhf÷ /l;og n" !**( – t's{d]lg:tfg, pQ/ klZrd !) nfv
n" !*() Sofg8f, u|Lgn}+8

# n" !(!* – ljZje/ @ s/f]8–

dxfJofwL÷ !(@) % s/f]8
OGkm\n'PGhf
Pl;og n" !(%^ –
rLg, l;+ufk'/, xªsª​, cd] @) nfv
!(%*
l/sf
xªsª​n" !(^*–
xªsª​, l;+ufk'/, leotgfd, !) nfv
!(^(
lkmlnlkG;, ef/t, c:6«]
lnof, o"/f]k, cd]l/sf
PrcfOeL÷P8\; @))%– s+uf], clk|msf, ljZj # tLg
$ @)!@ s/f]8 ^)
nfv
sf]le8–!( @)!( rLgsf] x'a]O <
% /fHosf] a'xfg zx/af6
ljZje/
;fef/: Pandemics That Changed History (25 August 2020)

o:tf dxfJofwLx¿ km}lngaf6 /f]Sg w]/} ufx|f] x'g] / vf]k agfpg klg w]/} ;do
nfUg] ePsf]n] sf]le8–!( af6 aRg x'nd'ndf guO{ 3/ leq} a;L cfgf] sfd ug]{
/ aflx/ hfg} k/] /fd|f];Fu df:s nufP/ dfq hfg' kb{5 .
-RBK

^%
$*= sf]le8–!( sf] ;+qmd0f dlxnfdf eGbf k'?ifdf a9L x'g] xf] <
ljZj tYo cg';f/ sf]/f]gf efO/; sf] ;+qmd0f dlxnfdf eGbf k'?ifdf a9L b]lvPsf]
5 . lnË leGgtfg';f/ dflg;sf] j+zf0f' (Gene), qmf]df]hf]d (Chromosome)
/ xdf]{g (Hormone) n] ubf{ ljleGg c;/x¿ tyf k|ltlqmofx¿ b]lvG5g .
pbfx/0fsf nflu h:t}M d'6'sf] /f]uL, dw'd]x /f]uL, cflbdf dflg;x¿n] To;
/f]u lj?4 cf}iflw ;]jg u/]sf x'G5g h;n] ubf{ dflg;sf] z/L/df ljleGg k|sf/sf
k|fks (Receptor) ag]sf x'G5g h;sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ sf]le8–!( n] ;lhn}
;+qmd0f ug{ ;S5 .

df:6 sf]if (Mast cell) elgg] Ps ljlzi6 k|lt/Iff sf]if (Immune cell) xf] . df:6
sf]ifx¿n] xfd|f] /f]u k|lt/f]wfTds k|0ffnLdf lg0ff{os e"ldsf v]N5g\ lsgsL o;n]
/f]uhgsx¿ (Invading pathogens) / cfs]{:6«]6 k|lt/Iff (Orchestrate
immune) k|ltlqmofx¿df cfqmd0f ug]{ /f]uhgsx¿ (Invading pathogens)
nfO{ vfnL ug{ d2t ub{5 .

dlxnfaf6 df:6 sf]ifx¿ Ps clws ;lqmo k|lt/Iff k|ltlqmof z'¿ ug{ ;Ifd 5g\,
h;n] ubf{ dlxnfx¿n] ;+qmfds /f]ux¿;Fu k'?ifx¿n] eGbf /fd|f];Fu n8\g d2t
ug{ ;S5 . t/ dlxnfx¿ PnhL{ / e8\sfpg] /f]ux¿sf] pRr hf]lvddf k5{g .
ev{/sf k|df0fx¿n] ;d]t ;+s]t ub{5, df:6 sf]ifx¿ ;f;{–sf]]e–@ åf/f ;lqmo
ul/Psf] 5 h;sf] sf/0f sf]le8–!( x'G5 . o;/L k'?if / dlxnfsf] k|lt/Iff
k|0ffnLdf leGgtfx¿ kfpg ;lsG5 .

-ANS

^^
$(= sf]le8–!( vfBj:t', lk|mhdf /flvPsf] lr;f] vfg]s'/f, 6]s–cj]
af6 dufOPsf vfg]s'/faf6 klg ;g{ ;S5 <
sf]/f]gf efO/; gofF lsl;dsf] efO/; ePsf]n] o;sf] k|;f/0f / ;+qmd0fsf
dfWodaf/] ;Dk"0f{ hfgsf/L pknAw eOg;s]sf] / c´} w]/} cg';Gwfg x'g afFsL 5 .
t/ clxn];Dd vfB a:t', t/sf/L, kmnkm"n tyf vfgfsf] Kofs]lhª / lk|mhdf
/flvPsf] lr;f] vfg]s'/fsf] dfWodaf6 gofF lsl;dsf] sf]/f]gf efO/; ;+qmd0f
ePsf] k|df0f k|sflzt ePsf] 5}g . of] efO/; dnåf/ df}lvs dfu{ (Fecal-
oral route) af6 ;/]sf] tYo klg xfn;Dd km]nf k/]sf] 5}g . t/ ;fjwfgLsf
nflu vfgf / fd|/L ksfP/ dfq vfg' kb{5 . To;} u/L vfgf vfg'eGbf cufl8
;fa'gkfgLn] ldlrldlr /fd|/L xft w'g'k5{ . sf]/f]gf efO/; d'Votof Zjf;k|Zjf;
k|0ffnLsf] ;+qmd0f ePsf] x'Fbf ;+qmldt JolQmn] vf]Sbf, xfR5\oF' ubf{ lg:sg] t/n
kbfy{ ;lxtsf] xfjf / b"lift j:t' jf ;tx -kmf]dfO{6 – Fomites) sf] dfWodaf6
;g]{ tyf k|;f/0f x'g] ub{5 . jftfj/0fdf gofF sf]/f]gf efO/; s]xL 306fb]lv
s]xL lbg;Dd ;+qmfds ¿kdf /xg ;S5 . h:t}M tfdfdf rf/ 306f, uQfdf
@$ 306f, l:6ndf b'O{b]lv tLg lbg, Knfl:6sdf rf/ lbg cflb . vfgf lnP/
cfpg] JolQm ;+qmldt eP, p;n] vf]Sbf, xfR5\oF' ubf{ vfgfsf] Kofsdf jf 9f]sf
vf]Nbf 9f]sfsf] Xof08ndf ;+qmldt xftsf] dfWodaf6 klg sf]/f]gf efO/;sf]
ck|ToIf ¿kdf k|;f/0f x'g ;Sb5 . xftsf] ;/;kmfOdf ljz]if ¿kdf Wofg lbg;s]
efO/;sf] k|;f/0fdf /f]syfd ug{ ;lsG5 . j:t'sf ;txdf sf]/f]gf efO/;
/x]klg sL6f0f'gfzssf] k|of]un] efO/;nfO{ dfg{ ;lsG5 . ahf/sf] vfgfaf6 ;g]{
hf]lvd x6fpg sfdbf/x¿n] JolQmut ;'/Iffsjr h:t}, df:s, kGhfx¿sf] k|of]u
ug]{, Pp6} df:s kGhfx¿sf] nfdf] ;do;Dd k|of]u gug]{, ;fy} sfdbf/aLr
cfk;df b"/L sfod ub}{ jftfj/0f :jR5 /fvL xftsf] tyf JolQmut ;/;kmfOdf
Wofg lbg ;s] sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] ;+qmd0faf6 aRg ;lsG5 . cfFvf, d'v, jf
gfs 5'g] tyf sf]6\ofpg] afgL ug{' x'Fb}g . ;s];Dd o:tf] dfxfdf/Lsf] a]nf tfhf
vfgf, kmnkm"n / t/sf/Lsf] pkef]u ug{'k5{ . 3/df ksfPsf] vfgf a9L ;'/lIft
x'g ;S5 . ;+qmfds sL6f0f'x¿af6 aRg kmnkm"n / t/sf/Lx¿nfO{ ;kmf kfgLn]
/fd|/L wf]P/ dfq vfg'k5{ . o;/L vfgfsf] :jR5tf sfod u/]df w]/} lsl;dsf
/f]ux¿af6 aRg / arfpg ;lsG5 .
-TPJ

^&
%)= sf]le8–!( sf] ;d'bfo ;+qmd0f eg]sf] s] xf] <
efO/;sf] ;+qmd0f aflx/af6 cfPsf s]xL dflg;df l;ldt geO{ ;d'bfodf
Psaf6 csf]{df km}lng'nfO{ …;d'bfo ;+qmd0fÚ elgG5 . ;d'bfo;+qmd0f km}lnof]
eg] ;d'bfosf ;a} dflg; nfO{ c;/ ug{ ;Sg] hf]lvd x'g ;S5 . gf]an
sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] ;+qmd0f g]kfnaf6 z'? ePsf] xf]Og . z'?df of] efO/;
ljb]zaf6 cfPsf JolQmx?af6 g]kfn k|j]z u/]sf] xf] . ljb]zaf6 cfPsf JolQm
;+qmldt ePdf p;sf] ;Dks{df cfPsf :yfgLo dflg;df ;+qmd0f km}lnG5 . o:tf]
cj:yfnfO{ :yfgLo ;+qmd0f elgG5 . tL JolQmnfO{ cfO;f]n];gdf /fv]/ pkrf/
ul/P ;+qmd0f km}lnFb}g . t/, tL JolQm cGo JolQm;Fusf] ;Dks{df k'u] eg] Psaf6
csf]{df x'Fb} ;d'bfoe/L km}lng yfN5 . o:tf] cj:yfnfO{ ;d'bfo ;+qmd0f elgG5 .

-BIA

^*
 u​= ;'/lIft x'g] pkfo / ljlwx?
-k|Zgf]Q/ %!–*%_

%!= cf/l86L eg]sf] s] xf] < lkl;cf/ eg]sf] s] xf] < s] cf/l86L
;sf/fTds / lkl;cf/ gsf/fTds JolQmn] cGo JolQmnfO{ ;+qmldt ug{
;S5 <
%@= lkl;cf/ eg]sf] s] xf] < lkl;cf/n] s;/L sfd u5{ <
%#= s] xfdL g]kfndf eO/x]sf] k/LIf0fdf e/ kg{ ;S5f}+ < g]kfndf kof{Kt
efO/; k/LIf0f ePsf] 5}g elgG5, s] of] ;To xf] <
%$= EoflS;g eg]sf] s] xf] < EoflS;g / cf}iflwdf s] km/s 5 <
%%= afof];]6L k|of]uzfnf eg]sf] s] xf] <
%^= clxn] dxfJofwLsf] cj:yfdf /Qmbfg ug{' vt/f x'Fb}g <
%&= sL6f0f'zf]wg (Disinfection) sf j}slNks pkfox¿ h:t} cN6«f;f]lgs
j]e, o'eL /]l8P;g, lgnf] LED k|sfz slQsf] k|efjsf/L x'G5 <
%*= ;fdflhs b"/L eg]sf] s] xf] / o:tf] lsg ug{'k/]sf] < o;sf] j}1flgs
sf/0f s] xf] <
%(= sf]/f]gf efO/; km}lng glbg 3/d} a:g' eg]/ ns8fpg ul/Psf] 5 .
jf:tjdf ns8fpg eg]sf] s] xf] <

^)= JolQmut ;'/Iff sjr (Personal Protective Equipment, PPE) s] xf] /

of] s:tf] j:t'af6 agfOG5 <
^!= sf]le8–!( sf] ;+qmd0faf6 hf]lug ;]lg6fOh/ k|of]u ug{k' 5{ eg]/ l;sfOof]
. of] eg]sf] s] xf] / o;n] s;/L sf]/f]gf efO/;nfO{ gi6 u5{ <
^@= df:s / kGhfn] sf]/f]gf ;+qmd0f lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sb5 <
^#= s] ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn] ;d'bfodf sf]le8–!( sf] ;+qmd0f /f]Sg
kGhfsf] k|of]u ug{ ;'´fj lbPsf] 5 <

^(
^$= sk8fsf] df:sn] sf]/f]gf efO/; la/fdLaf6 :j:y dflg;df ;g{ s;/L
5]Sg ;S5 < df:ssf] k|of]u s;/L ug]{ <
^%= kmfOa/ df:ssf] x]/rfx s;/L ug]{ <

^^= Go" gd{n (New Normal) eg]sf] s] xf] <

^&= js{ k|md xf]d (Work from Home) eg]sf] s] xf] <
^*= eL8ef8df sf]le8–!( sf] ;+qmd0faf6 s;/L hf]lug] <

^(= ;'k/ :k|]8/ (Super Spreader) eg]sf] s] xf] <

&)= x8{ O{Do"lg6L (Herd Immunity) eg]sf] s] xf] <

&!= ;]Nkm–cfO;f]n];g / ;]Nkm–Sjf/]G6fOgdf s] leGgtf 5 <
&@= sf]le8–!( sf] /f]syfdsf / zdgsf nflu sfo{ :ynx¿ s;/L Jojl:yt
ug{ ;lsG5 <
&#= sf]le8–!( dxfdf/Lsf] ;Gbe{df ;a} JolQmx¿n] cfkm" / c¿nfO{ arfpg
ug{'kg]{ pkfox¿ s] s] x'g​<
&$=
v'nf ahf/, ;8sx¿df sL6f0f'zf]wgsf nflu sL6gfzs cf}iflw
5l/Psf] kfOG5 . s] of] pko'Qm xf] <
&%=
ahf/af6 lsg]/ NofOg] kmnkm"n, t/sf/L, vfBj:t' tyf
Kofs]hsf vfg]s'/fx¿af6 sf]/f]gf efO/; ;5{ ls ;b}g{ < obL ;+qmd0f
ePdf o;af6 s;/L hf]lug] <
&^= 7"nf] ;+Vofdf sf]le8–!( km}lnPsf] b]zx¿af6 cfoft ul/Psf] hgfj/x¿sf]
nflu Sjf/G6fOg cfjZos 5 <
&&=
vfB pTkfbg ;'/lIft ug{sf] nflu ;a}eGbf pko'Qm ;]lg6fOh/
s] xf] <
&*= ;fa'gkfgLn] sf]/f]gf efO/; s;/L gi6 x'G5 <
&(= cfFvfdf sG6\ofS6 n]G; nfpg]x¿n] s] ljz]if Wofg /fVg' kg]{
x'G5 <

&)
*)= sG6\ofS6 6«]l;ª (Contact Tracing) eg]sf] s] xf] <
*!= g]kfndf lkl;cf/ 6]:6 s;n] ug{ kfpF5 <
*@= s] sf]le8–!( ;+qmldt ePsf la/fdLsf] x]/ljrf/ 3/df g} ug{ ;lsG5 <
*#= sf]le8–!( sf la/fdL 3/df x]/rfx ul//x]sf] 5 eg] 3/df cGo
dflg;x¿nfO{ ;+qmd0f x'gaf6 arfpg s] ug{'k5{ <
*$= sf]le8–!( ePsf dflg;x¿ slxn];Dd 3/df 5'§} a:g' kb{5 <
*%= sf]le8–!( af6 ;'/lIft x'g] ;Gbe{df ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gsf] e"ldsf
s] xf] <

&!
lrq &M
&M l/on 6fOd kL;Lcf/ pks/0f / sf]le8 !( kl/If0f k|of]uzfnfdf sfd ub}{ cg';Gwfg
k|fljlwsx?
;fef/M www.upv.edu.ph/index.php/news/up-visayas-lends-rt-pcr-machine-to-wvmc-
for-covid-19-testing;
w w w. b u s i n e s s d a y. n g / e x c l u s i v e s / a r t i c l e / c o v i d - 1 9 - n i g e r i a - t o - s e e -
higher-testing-numbers-as-lagos-taps-7-private-laboratories/

&@
%!= cf/l86L eg]sf] s] xf] < lkl;cf/ eg]sf] s] xf] < s] cf/l86L
;sf/fTds / lkl;cf/ gsf/fTds JolQmn] cGo JolQmnfO{
;+qmldt ug{ ;S5 <
lz3| k/LIf0f k/LIf0f, cf/l86L (Rapid Diagnostic Test) lrlsT;f lj1fgsf]
Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ k/LIf0f ljlw xf] . o;n] l56f] kl/0ffd lbG5 / /f]u kQf nufpg
rfF8f] / ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . lrlsT;f ;'ljwfsf nflu w]/}h;f] k/LIf0f ljlw
k|f/lDes jf cfktsfnLg l:qmlgªsf] (Screening) nflu / ;Lldt ;fwg ePsf]
cj:yfdf ckgfOG5 . ;fdfGotof of] ljlwn] sl/a @) ldg]6df kl/0ffd lbG5 .
sf]le8–!( sf] dxfJofwLsf] cj:yfdf 7"nf] ;+Vofdf ;d'bfofleq ;+qmd0f
km}lng] cj:yfdf cf/l86L k|of]u ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . cf/l86Lsf] nflu z+sf nfu]sf]
JolQmsf] /utsf] gd'gf lnP/ k/LIf0f ul/G5 .

csf]{tkm{, lkl;cf/ (PCR, Polymerase Chain Reaction) Ps ljz]if ljlw xf] .

cfg'j+lzs hLj lj1fgdf k|of]u x'G5 . k|f0fLx¿sf] sf]ifleq j+zf0f'ut u'0f ;fg]{
l8PgP jf cf/PgP gfds j+zf0f' x'G5g\ . lkl;cf/sf] k|of]un] b|'t ¿kdf
k|of]u x'g] ljz]if j+zf0f'sf] gd'gfnfO{ nfvf}+b]lv caf}{+ k|ltx¿ agfpFb5 .
o:tf] k|lqmof hLjx¿sf] sf]ifeGbf aflx/ k|of]uzfnfdf ul/G5 . of]
k|ljlwn] j}1flgsx¿nfO{ j+zf0f'sf] ;fgf] ;fgf] gd'gf lng / o;nfO{
lj:t[t ¿kdf cWoog ug{ ;'ljwf lbG5 . lkl;cf/ w]/} k|sf/sf cg';Gwfg
k|of]uzfnfx¿df k|of]u ul/G5 . o;n] ljlw–lj1fg -kmf]/]lG;s_, cfg'jf+lzs k/LIf0f
/ /f]u k/LIf0fdf 7"nf] d2t u5{ . of] cToGt e/kbf]{ klg x'G5 . sf]le8–!( sf]
k/LIf0fdf z+sf nfu] sf] JolQmsf] gfs jf 3fF6Lleqaf6 l;Fufg jf y's / ¥ofnsf]
gd'gf lnP/ k/LIf0f ul/G5 .

sf]le8–!( sf] k/LIf0fdf olb sf]xL JolQmsf] cf/l86L (RDT) ;sf/fTds /

lkl;cf/ (PCR) gsf/fTds kl/0ffd 5 eg] To:tf JolQmx¿af6 cGo JolQmdf
/f]u ;g{ ;Sb}g

-ANS

&#
%@= lkl;cf/ eg]sf] s] xf] < lkl;cf/n] s;/L sfd u5{ <
h;/L hLjdf sf]if ljefhg x'g' k"j{ gofF l8PgP k|ltlnlk aGb5 To;/L g}
s[lqd tl/sfaf6 c;+Vo l8PgPsf] k|ltlnlk tof/ ug]{ d]l;gnfO{ lkl;cf/
elgG5 . o;sf] k"/f gfd xf] kf]lnd/]h r]g l/ofS;g . o;af6 lglZrt
;fgf] l8PgP gd'gfaf6 nfvf}+ ;+Vofdf l8PgP cg'qmd k|ltx¿ pTkfbg ug{
;lsG5 . lkl;cf/sf] cfljisf/ ;g\ !(*# df cd]l/sL hLj /;fogzf:qL
s]/L dlNn;n] u/]sf lyP / o;afkt pgn] ;g\ !((# df gf]a]n k'/:sf/
kfPsf lyP . cfg'jf+lzs lj1fgsf] qmflGtsf] ¿kdf lrlgg] pQm cfljisf/
kZrft\ lkl;cf/n] j+zf0f' cWoogdf 7"nf] kl/jt{g Nofof] . o; ljlwaf6
hLj lj1fg, ljlw lj1fg, /f]u lgbfg, y'k|} hLjf0f', ljiff0f'x¿sf] klxrfg ug{ /
j+zf0f'ut /f]ux¿sf] cWoog cg';Gwfgdf 7"nf] ;xof]u ldn]sf] 5 .

lkl;cf/ ljlwaf6 l8PgPsf] k|ltlnlkx¿ agfpg rf/ k|sf/sf j:t'x¿sf] cfjZostf

kb{5M != k/LIf0f ug{ rfx]sf] hLjsf] l8PgP, @= ljlzi6 k|fOd/x¿, #= l8PgP
6\ofu kf]lnd/]h PGhfOd, / $= rf/ ljleGg k|sf/sf l8PgP Go'lSnof]6fO8x¿ A,
T, G / C h;n] gofF l8PgP (DNA) lgdf{0fdf nflu cfjZos Ansx¿ x'g\ .
oL j:t'x¿nfO{ lkl;cf/ k/LIf0f 6\o'adf xfn]/ lkl;cf/ d]l;gdf /flvG5 .
lkl;cf/ d]l;gsf] k|f]u|fdn] l8PgPsf] k|lt¿k agfpg] k|lqmofsf nflu k|To]s
r/0fdf cfjZostfcg'¿k tfkqmdx¿ lgDg r/0fdf kl/jt{g ub{5 .

r/0f !M l8Gofr'/];g (Denaturation): lkl;cf/sf] klxnf] r/0fdf lkl;cf/

d]l;gn] ($ b]lv (^ l8u|L ;]lN;o;;Dd tfTb5, o;n] ubf{ k/LIf0f 6\o'aleq /x]sf]
l8PgP 6]Dkn]6 / /;fogsf] ld>0fsf] tfkqmd a9\bf 8an x]lnS; l8PgPaLr
/x]sf] xfO8«f]hg aGwgsf] ;DaGw Ps cfk;df 6'6\5 / l8PgP :6«]G8x¿ Ps
cfk;af6 cnu x'G5g\ . o; k|lqmofnfO{ l8Gofr'/];g elgG5 .

r/0f @M Plglnª (Annealing)M r/0f ! sf] k|lqmofdf k/LIf0f 6\o'adf

/x]sf] ld>0fsf] tfkqmd ($ l8u|L ;]lN;o;af6 PSsfl; $%–%) l8u|L ;]lN;o;df
emb{5 / Plglnª k|lqmof ;'? x'G5 . b'O{tkm{ lgb]{lzt k|fOd/n] k|To]s l8PgP
:6«]G8sf] tf]lsPsf] ;fO6df afFWg] sfo{ ub{5 . o;/L nlIft laGb'df afFlwPkl5
kf]lnd/fOh];g ;'? x'G5 .

&$
r/0f #M lj:tf/ (Extension)M o; r/0fdf 6]Dkn]6 l8PgPsf] :6«]G8 k|of]u u/]/
b'?:t x'g] u/L gofF l8PgPsf :6«]G8x¿ aGb5g\ . l8PgP kf]lnd/]h OGhfOdn]
:jtGq l8PgP Go'lSnof]6fO8x¿nfO{ l8PgP 6]Dkn]6 :6«]G8 cg'¿k x'g] u/L hf]8\g]
sfd u5{ .

o;/L lkl;cf/n] tLg r/0f kf/ ubf{ Ps rqm k"/f x'G5 . x/]s rqm k"/f
x'Fbf lkl;cf/n] nlIft l8PgPsf] b'O{ u'0ff skL agfpFb5 / k|To]s gofF
ag]sf] l8PgP :6«fG8 d"n l8PgP :6«fG8 cg'?k b'?:t x'G5 . o;/L ;fdfGotM
of] rqm #) b]lv $) rqm bf]xf]l/Fbf lkl;cf/n] nfvf}+sf] ;+Vofdf gofF l8PgP
k|ltlnlkx¿ agfpF5 . of] ;Dk"0f{ rqm k"/f ug{ @–# 306fsf] ;do nfU5 .
j}1flgs cg';Gwfgsf cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ug{ lkl;cf/sf gofF tl/sf / ljlwx¿
lbg k|ltlbg ljsl;t x'Fb}5g\ . gofF ljsl;t ePsf ljlwx¿df jf:tljs–
;do lkl;cf/ (Real Time PCR) jf dfqfTds lkl;cf/ (Quantitative
PCR) / l8lh6n lkl;cf/ (Digital PCR) kb{5g\ . lkl;cf/df l8PgPsf]
PlDKnlkms];g ubf{ jf:tljs ;dodf nlIft l8PgPsf] dfqf dfkg ul/G5 .
lkl;cf/ clxn];Dds} Ps gofF, clws kl/is[t ljlw ckgfpg] d]l;g xf] h;n]
lkl;cf/ k|lqmofnfO{ ljleGg ;fgf r/0fx¿df ljR5]b u/L ;6Ls / e/kbf]{
lsl;dn] l8PgP dfkg ub{5 .

-GRT

&%
%#= s] xfdL g]kfndf eO/x]sf] k/LIf0fdf e/ kg{ ;S5f}+ < g]kfndf
kof{Kt efO/; k/LIf0f ePsf] 5}g elgG5, s] of] ;To xf] <
xfn g]kfnn] ul//x]sf] k/LIf0f ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn] lbPsf] dfkb08 cg'?k g}
xf] . o;sf/0f g]kfndf eO/x]sf] lkl;cf/ k/LIf0f ljZj dfkb08cg'?k ePsfn]
xfd|f] b]zsf] k/LIf0fdf cGo ljsl;t d'n'sh:t} ljZj;gLo ePsf] dfGg' kb{5 .
t/ klg ;xL glthfsf] nflu :jfa ;+sng u/]/ k|of]uzfnf;Dd Nofpg] k|lqmof
/ dfkb08 ;xL ¿kdf ckgfpg' kg]{ x'G5 .

clxn]sf] l:yltdf ;+qmldtsf] cg'kftdf g]kfndf eO/x]sf] efO/; k/LIf0fnfO{

;Gtf]ifhgs g} dfGg' kb{5 . efO/; ;+qmd0fsf] j[l4b/, k|of]uzfnf / bIf
hgzlQmsf] pknAwtf cflbsf] cg'kftn] ef/O/; k/LIf0f kof{Kt eP÷gePsf]
lgwf{/0f ub{5 . olb g]kfndf efO/; ;+qmd0fsf] b/ ;d'bfo :t/df b]z}el/
km}lnof] eg] xfd|f clxn] pknAw ;|f]t ;fwg efO/; k/LIf0fsf nflu kof{Kt gx'g
klg ;S5g\ .

-GRT

&^
%$= EoflS;g eg]sf] s] xf] < EoflS;g / cf}iflwdf s] km/s 5 <
EoflS;gnfO{ g]kfnLdf vf]k eGg] ul/G5 . s'g} klg /f]ulj?4sf] vf]k lng'sf]
cy{ xf], Tof] /f]u nfUg'cl3 tLj| ¿kdf dfgj z/L/df ;DalGwt /f]ulj?4 /f]u
k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtfsf] ljsf; u/fpg' xf] . d"ntM EoflS;g rf/ k|sf/sf
x'G5g\. tL x'g !_ hLj–z"IdLs[t (Live-attenuated) vf]k, @_ lgliqmo vf]k
#_ P;cf/lk;L (Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate)
vf]k / $_ ljif (Toxoid) vf]k . h'g k|sf/sf] vf]k ePtf klg o;sf] df}lns l;4fGt
s'g} z/L/df /f]u nfUg'cl3 pQm /f]ulj?4 z/L/df k|lt/f]wfTds IfdtfnfO{ ;lqmo
u/fpg' xf] . hLj–z"IdLS[t (Live-attenuated) vf]kdf lgZlrt /f]usf] k|s[lts
efO/; s} sdhf]/ :j?k z/L/df k|j]z u/fOG5 . bfb'/f, lakm/, 7]pnf, ?a]nfh:tf
/f]usf] EoflS;g of] k|s[ltsf] efO/; xf] . lgliqmo efO/; EoflS;gdf s'g} lglZrt
/f]usf d[t efO/; jf AofS6]l/ofnfO{ EoflS;gsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ul/G5 . d[t efO/;
jf AofS6]l/of z/L/df k|j]zkl5 z/L/n] Tof] efO/; / AofS6]l/oflj?4 n8\g]
Ifdtf ljsf; u5{ . x]kf6fOl6;, kf]lnof], /]lahsf EoflS;g o; ;d"xdf kb{5 .
P;cf/lk;L vf]kdf ;+qmd0f ug]{ efO/; jf AofS6]l/ofsf] ;+/rgfsf] s'g} Ps
c+znfO{ EoflS;gsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ub{5 . efO/; jf AofS6]l/ofsf] ;fgf] c+z z/L/df
k|j]z u/]kl5 z/L/n] tL efO/; jf AofS6]l/ofsf] ;+/rgfnfO{ cWoog u/]/ ToxL
efO/; jf AofS6]l/of z/L/df k|j]z ubf{ /f]u k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf ljsf; eO;s]sf]
x'G5 . Toxoid vf]k lgdf{0f ubf{ efO/; jf AofS6]l/of z/L/df k|j]z ubf{ lgsfNg]
ljifsf] yf]/} c+znfO{ EoflS;gdf k|of]u ul/G5 . o;/L rf/} k|sf/sf] EoflS;gn] z/L/df
/f]usf] sL6f0f jf efO/; k|j]z ug{'cl3 g} z/L/nfO{ tL sL6f0f' / efO/;lj?4 n8\g]
Ifdtf ljsf; u/fOlbG5 . s'g} klg /f]usf] cf}iflw /f]u nfu]sf] lgZlrt ul/;s]kl5
lnOG5 . o;n] z/L/ k|j]z ul/;s]sf] sL6f0f' / efO/;nfO{ lgliqmo agfO
/f]unfO{ lgsf] agfpF5 eg] EoflS;gn] sL6f0f' / efO/;nfO{ z/L/df k|j]z ug{
glbg] u/L /f]u k|lt/f]wfTds zlQmsf] ljsf; u/fpF5 .

-NPK

&&
%%= afof];]ˆ6L k|of]uzfnf eg]sf] s] xf] <
j}1flgsx¿n] ;'/lIft / k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;+qmfds lhjf0f'x¿sf] cWoog–cg';Gwfg ug{
h}ljs ;'/Iff k|of]uzfnfx¿ k|of]u u5{g\ . oL cTofw'lgs k|of]uzfnfx¿
cg';Gwfgstf{x¿nfO{ ;+qmldt lhjf0f'af6 hf]ufpg dfq geP/ afXo jftfj/0fdf
/x]sf ;"Id hLjx¿ /f]Sg;d]t x'g] u/L l8hfOg ul/Psf] x'G5 . h}ljs ;'/Iffsf
cfwf/df lgDg rf/ k|sf/sf afof];]6L n]enx¿ (Bio Safety Levels) sf
k|of]uzfnfx¿ kl/eflift ul/Psf 5g\ . h;df km/s km/s k|ljlw, l8hfOg /
;'/Iff pks/0fx¿ h8fg ul/Psf x'G5g\ .

!= laP;Pn – ! (BSL-1) o; k|sf/sf] Nofadf sd jf ;+qmd0f gx'g]

lsl;dsf /f]usf] gd'gfx¿sf] k/LIf0f ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 . o;df cfwf/
e"t ;'/Iff k|lqmofx¿ cg';/0f ul/Psf x'G5g\ t/ s'g} ljz]if k|sf/sf
pks/0f, l8hfOg jf ;'ljwfx¿ h8fg ul/Psf] x'Fb}g .
@= laP;Pn – @ (BSL-2) Nofa dWod vfnsf hf]lvd ePsf lhjf0f'x¿
k/LIf0f ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 . ;f; km]bf{, lglnbf jf 5fnfdf ;Dks{ x'Fbf vt/f
x'g] lhjf0f'af6 aRg ;'/Iff pkfox¿ ckgfOPsf] x'G5 . h:t} kGhf, df:s,
r:dfsf] k|of]usf ;fy;fy} xft w'g] / kmf]xf]/ x6fpg] ;'ljwfx¿ o;df ;dfj]z
ul/Psf] x'G5 .
#= laP;Pn – # (BSL-3) of] Nofa o:tf lhjf0f'x¿sf] k/LIf0f ug{ k|of]u ul/G5
h'g xfjfdfkm{t ;lhn} k|;fl/t x'g ;S5g\ jf ;Defljt 3fts ;+qmd0f x'g
;Sb5g\ . o; lsl;dsf] k|of]uzfnfdf cg';Gwfgstf{x¿n] jfo'–aGb ePsf]
;'/lIft 3]/fsf] Nofadf lhjf0f';Fu sfd ub{5g\ . cGo ;'/Iff ;'ljwfx¿df
lgd{nLs/0f ul/Psf sk8f, l;N8 ljG8f]hx¿ / ljz]if g]u]l6e k|];/o'Qm
e]lG6n];g k|0ffnL ;dfj]z x'G5g\ .
$= laP;Pn – $ (BSL-4) of] k|of]uzfnfn] pRr hf]lvdo'Qm lhjf0f'x¿ h;n]
hLjg–hf]lvd k"0f{ agfpg ;Sb5 h;sf nflu s'g} vf]k jf pkrf/ pknAw
5}g, To:tf cg';Gwfg jf k/LIf0f ug{ o; lsl;dsf] Nofa ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 .
k|of]uzfnfsdL{x¿n] ;Dk"0f{ z/L/ 9fSg], leqaf6} xfjfsf] cfk"lt{ x'g] ;'6
nufpg'k5{ / k|of]uzfnfaf6 aflx/ lg:sFbf g'xfpg'k5{ . o:tf Nofax¿df ;a}
BSL-3 ;'ljwfx¿ ;dflxt x'G5 h;df g]u]l6e k|];/;lxtsf] 7"nf] ejgleq
;'/lIft / sfo{ ug]{ k[ys If]qx¿ /x]sf] x'G5 .
-GRT
&*
%^= clxn] dxfJofwLsf] cj:yfdf /Qmbfg ug{' vt/f x'Fb}g <
/Qmbfg cyjf Ps JolQmn] csf]{nfO{ /ut lbg] sfo{nfO{ hLjg bfg klg elgG5 .
/Qmbfgn] xhf/f}+ nfvf}+ dflg;x?sf] hLjg arfpg ;lsG5 . clxn] dxfJofwLsf]
cj:yfdf /Qmbfg ug{' slQsf] ;'/lIft 5 eg]/ ;f]Rg' :jfefljs xf] .
ljleGg cWoog cg';f/ clxn];Dd Zjf;k|Zjf;;DaGwL efO/;, sf]/f]gf;d]t
/utaf6 ;/]sf] k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5}g . ;fdfGo :jf:Yo cj:yf ePsf hf] sf]xL
JolQmx¿ h;df s'g} lsl;dsf] /f]usf] nIf0f gePsf] / sf]/f]gf ;+qmldtsf]
;Dks{df gcfPsfn] /Qmbfg ubf{ s'g} vt/f x'Fb}g . t/ w]/} h;f]df sf]/f]gfsf]
nIf0f gb]lvg] x'Fbf, ;ts{ /xg h?/L x'G5 . sf]/f]gf nfu]/ 7Ls ePsf
JolQmx¿n] @* lbgkZrft\ sf]/f]gf -nIf0fx¿_ gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf /Qmbfg ug{
;Sb5g\ . ;'Ts]/L dlxnf, SofG;/ nfu]sf, l;sn ;]n Pg]ldof ePsf, rf]6k6s
nfu]sf JolQmx¿ cflbnfO{ /utsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .

-SBM

&(
%&= sL6f0f'zf]wg (Disinfection) sf j}slNks pkfox¿ h:t}
cN6«f;f]lgs j]e, o'eL /]l8P;g, lgnf] LED k|sfz slQsf]
k|efjsf/L x'G5 <
sf]le8–!( lj?4 sL6f0f'zf]wgsf nflu xfn ;txdf k|of]u ug{ s]xL sL6gfzs
cf}iflwx¿ k|of]udf NofOPsf 5g\ . w]/} k|of]udf cfpg] eg]sf] ;f]l8od xfO{kf]Snf]/fO6
-lAnr / Snf]l/g_ xf] . of] kfgLdf ld;fP/ ;8s jl/kl/ 5ls{g] ul/G5 .
t/ of] sL6gfzs cf}iflw dflg;sf] z/L/df eg] ljNs'n k|of]u ug{' x'Fb}g .
To:t} cNsf]xn -&)–()Ü_ klg 6]a'n, ‰ofn 9f]sfsf r's'nx¿ / c¿ ;–;fgf
7fpFdf sL6f0f'zf]wg ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 . t/ c´} klg cN6«f;f]lgs j]e, o'eL
/]l8P;g, lgnf] LED (Light Emitting Diode) k|sfz sltsf] k|efjsf/L 5 eg]/
k/LIf0f ul/Psf] s'/f k|sfzdf cfPsf] 5}g . To;}n] clxn] oL j}slNks pkfoaf/]
o;} xf] eGg] cj:yf 5}g .
-RBK

*)
%*= ;fdflhs b"/L eg]sf] s] xf] / o:tf] lsg ug{'k/]sf] < o;sf]
j}1flgs sf/0f s] xf] <
xfn dlRr/x]sf] ljZj dxfJofwL sf]le8–!( af6 aRg ;fdflhs b"/L sfod ug{
elgPsf] 5 . /f]u ;g{ jf km}lng glbg dflg; dflg;sf] aLrdf sfod ul/g]
ef}lts b"/LnfO{ ;fdflhs b"/L elgG5 . cfhef]ln cfXjfg ul/Psf] of] b"/L
;fdfGotof 5​kmL6 jf b'O dL6/ /x]sf] 5 . s;}n] vf]Sbf, xfR5\oF' ubf{, / c´
s'/f ubf{;d]t pgLx¿n] cfgf] gfs jf d'vaf6 ;;fgf kfgLsf yf]kfx¿ 5ls{/x]sf
x'G5g\ . sf]xL JolQm sf]/f]gf ;+qmldt eP To:tf kfgLsf yf]kfdf efO/;x¿ klg
x'g ;Sb5 . o;sf/0f tkfO{+x¿ ;+qmldt JolQmsf] glhs x'g'x'G5 of tkfO{+
;+qmldt x'g'x'G5 eg] ;f; lnFbf / lbFbf tL kfgLsf yf]kfx¿df ePsf efO/;,
h;df sf]/f]gf efO/; klg x'g ;S5 / kmf]S;f]leq k:g] ;Dejgf k|an x'G5 .

dflg; ;fdflhs k|f0fL ePsf]n] pm ;d"xdf a:g vf]H5 . t/ sf]/f]gf efO/;

;g]{ eon] ;fdflhs b"/L sfod ug{ elgPsf] xf] . o;df j}1flgs sf/0f s] 5
t eg]/ s]nfpFbf xfn l;+ufk'/df ul/Psf] Pp6f rfvnfUbf] cg';Gwfg kfOG5 .
cg';Gwfgdf Pp6f ul0ftLo df]8]lnª k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof], h;n] s] b]vfof] eg]
h'g dflg;sf] ;d"x df:s klg nufP/ ;fdflhs b"/L sfod u/]/ a:of] ltgdf
;f;{–sf]le8–@ cyf{t\ sf]/f]gf efO/; ;g]{ ;Defjgf pNn]vgLo dfqfdf sd ePsf]
kfOof] .

km]l/ klg Pp6f k|Zg p7\5, lsg 5​kmL6 jf b'O dL6/ eg]/ elgPsf] t < s]
of] b"/L 36L–a9L x'g ;Sb}g < ;fdflhs b"/L 5​kmL6 jf b'O dL6/ sfod ug{'df
Pp6f j}1flgs cfwf/ 5 . ;g\ !(#$ df ljlnod j]N; gfdsf Ps hgf j}1flgsn]
xfjfsf] dfWodåf/f ;g]{ /f]u;DaGwL cg';Gwfg u/] h;df pgsf] vf]hdfly
pNn] v ePh:t} kfgLsf yf]kfx¿ xfd|f] gfs–d'vaf6 lg:sFbf slt k/ k'u]kl5
e'OFdf v:5 . pgsf] k|of]un] b]vfPcg';f/ !)) dfOqmf] dL6/;Dd Jof; ePsf
kfgLsf yf]kfx¿ b'O dL6/ k/ k'u]/ e'OFdf v:5 . o; k|sf/sf] aqm /]vfnfO{
j]N;–se{ elgG5 . cfhko{Gt klg of] u|fkm k|rngdf 5 .

t/ xfn;fn} cd]l/sfsf] PdcfO6L -Dof;fr';]6 OlG:6Ro'6 ckm 6]Sgf]nf]hL_

sf j}1flgsx¿n] u/]sf] Ps k|of]un] dflg;n] xfR5\oF' ubf{ kfgLsf yf]kfx¿ @&
*!
dL6/ -*@ kmL6_ k/;Dd k'u]sf] kQf nfUof] . o;sf/0f, sf]/f]gf efO/;af6 aRg
;fdflhs b"/L sfod u/]/ k'Ub}g, gfs–d'v 9fSg] u/L df:s nufpg' kb{5 jf
?dfnn] 5f]Kg' kb{5 eg]/ elgG5 .

-DRB

lrq * sM
sM j]N; se{, gfs -d'vaf6 lg:sg] kfgLsf] yf]kf e'O{+df
embf{sf] aqm/]vf
;fef/M Wells, 1934

lrq * vM
vM xfR5'+ ubf{ pl5l6P/ uPsf] kfgLsf] yf]kfsf] 9Lnf
ultsf] kmf]6f]
;fef/M Lydia Bourouiba, MIT

*@
%(= sf]/f]gf efO/; km}lng glbg 3/d} a:g' eg]/ ns8fpg ul/Psf] 5 .
jf:tjdf ns8fpg eg]sf] s] xf] <
ns8fpg (Lockdown) c+u|]hL zAb xf] . c+u|]hLdf o;sf b'O{ j6f cy{ 5g\M
klxnf] xf] b+uf–km;fbnfO{ lgoGq0fdf lng s}bLx¿nfO{ aGb sf]7fdf /fVg] sfo{ jf
To:tf] cfktsfnLg cj:yf h'ga]nf dflg;x¿nfO{ hf]ufpg s'g} 7fpF of ejgdf
cfphfp ug{ glbg]Ù bf];|f] xf] ;/sf/af6 ul/g] To:tf] Joj:yf h'g cjlwdf
dflg;x¿ 3/leq} a:g'kg]{ jf dflg;x¿sf] hd36 x'g] s'g} sfo{qmd ug{ lgif]w
ul/Psf] x'G5 . xfn g]kfnnufot ljZjsf y'k|} b]zdf ul/Psf] ns8fpg bf];|f]
k|sf/sf] xf]. h'g dxfdf/L jf o:t} s'g} cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf ul/G5 . clxn]sf]
ns8fpg dxfdf/Lsf] sf/0f ePsf] 5 h;sf] ;|f]t ;f;{ sf]eL–@ elgg] sf]/f]gf
efO/; af6 km}ln/x]sf] sf]le8–!( eGg] dxfJofwL xf] .

xfnsf] ns8fpg ;j{k|yd rLgsf ;x/x¿df ul/Psf] lyof] . rLgdf sf]le8–!(

af6 ;+qmldt x'g] dflg;sf] ;+Vof clgolGqt 9+un] a9\g yfn]kl5 o;} jif{ ;g\
@)@) sf] hgj/L @# df ns8fpg 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] lyof] . sf]/f]gf efO/;af6
;aeGbf k|efljt ;x/ j'xfgdf &^ lbg nfdf] ns8fpg ePsf] lyof] . g]kfndf
dfr{ @$ af6 ns8fpg nfu" ul/Psf] lyof] . sf]le8–!( ;Fu h'Wg nfu' ul/Psf]
ns8fpgsf sf/0f ljZjsf ;f9] b'O{ ca{eGbf a9L dflg;x¿ 3/leq y'lgP/ a;]sf]
cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . ns8fpgdf ljBfno, sf/vfgf, ahf/, oftfoft cflb klg
aGbfaGbLsf] cj:yfdf x'G5g\ .

o;cl3 klg ljleGg b]z / ;x/x¿df ns8fpgsf lgod nfu" ul/Psf] lyof] .
;g\ !(*^ df o'qm]gsf] r]gf]{aLndf cf0fljs e§L b'3{6gf x'Fbf To;sf] #) lsnf]
dL6/ jl/kl/ ns8fpg nfu" ul/Psf] lyof] . ;g\ @)!! df ;]K6]Da/ !! sf] 36gf
ePkl5 tLg lbg;Dd cd]l/sfdf gful/s p8\8ogsf] cfsfz ns8fpg ul/Psf]
lyof] . ;g\ @)!# clk|n !( df af]:6g Dof/fy'gdf ad xdnf x'Fbf k'/} af]:6g
;x/ ns8fpg ul/Psf] lyof] . kl5Nnf]kN6 ;g\ @)!( cu:6df ef/t ;/sf/n]
hDd'–sflZd/df lj/f]w k|bz{gx¿ eO/xFbf ns8fpg u/]sf] lyof] .

Oltxf;df ns8fpgsf 36gfx¿ y'k|} 5g\ . o"/f]kdf !^ cf}+ ztfAbLb]lv ´G8} @

;o jif{;Dd Kn]u dxfdf/Ln] 7"nf] ;+s6 Nofof] . Tolt a]nf k|mfG; / a]nfotn]
ns8fpgnfO{ s8fOsf ;fy nfu" u/]sf] lyof] . k|l;4 gf6ssf/ ljlnod
*#
z]S;lko/sf gf6sx¿ lsª lno/, DofSa]y Kn]u dxfdf/Lsf] a]nf ns8fpgdf
n]lvPsf] cg'dfg ul/G5 . /f]ldof] h'lno6df pgn] Ps hgf kfqsf] d'vaf6
dxfdf/Lsf] pNn]v u/fPsf 5g\ . To:t} ;g\ !^^% df Kn]usf sf/0f s]lDa|h
ljZjljBfno aGb eof] . cfOHofs Go'6g ToxL ljZjljBfnosf] l6«lg6L sn]hdf
cWoog/t lyP . ns8fpg pgsf nflu j/bfg ;flat eof] . aGbfaGbLsf
sf/0f pgL ln+sgzfo/ l:yt​cfgf] 3/d} a;]/ k9\g yfn] . ;fy} lk|Hdsf] k|of]u
ul/ k|sfz ;DalGw k|of]u nufot laleGg c? klg k|of]ux? u/] . u'?Tjfsif{0f
/ rfnaf/] klg vf]h cfWoog u/] . Go'6g 7"nf j}1flgs ag] .

-DRB

*$
^)= JolQmut ;'/Iff sjr (Personal Protective Equipment,
PPE) s] xf] / of] s:tf] j:t'af6 agfOG5 <
s'g} k];fut sfo{df ;+nUg JolQmsf] zf/Ll/s ;'/Iffsf] nflu k|of]u ul/g] j:t' jf
klx/gnfO{ JolQmut ;'/Iff sjr jf lklkO{ (Personal Protective Equipment,
PPE) elgG5 . sfo{ If]qdf vl6Psf JolQmsf] sfdsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ JolQmut
;'/Iff sjr klg ljleGg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . xfn ljZje/ km}ln/x]sf] sf]le8–!(
gfds sf]/f]gf efO/; sf] lgoGq0f, /f]syfd tyf To;af6 ;+qmldt JolQmsf]
pkrf/df vl6Psf :jf:YosdL{x¿sf] ;'/Iffaf/] w]/} rrf{ eO/x]sf] 5 . ;fy} cfg}
b]zdf g} o;sf] hf]xf] ug{ s]xL k|of; klg ePsf 5g . lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf]
Jojxfl/s lj1fg tyf k|ljlw cg';Gwfg s]Gb| -l/sf:6_ sf] ;xsfo{df /x]sf]
/fli6«o cfljisf/ s]Gb|n] lklkO{ ljsf; ub}{ c:ktfn / :jf:YosdL{x¿nfO{ ljt/0f
ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

clt ;+qmd0fLo /f]ux¿ k}bf u/fpg] sL6f0f' (Bacteria) tyf ljiff0f' (Virus) ;Fu
h'lw/x]sf :jf:YosdL{x¿n] k|of]u ug]{ lklkO{sf] cfwf/e't u'0fx¿ x'g\M

!_ kfgL tyf kfgLdf ldl;Psf] b"lift kbfy{nfO{ ljsif{0f ug]{ u'0f o'Qm tyf
cToGt} ;fgf] l5b| ePsf] aflx/L tx,
@_ aflx/L rfk jf an y]Ug ;Sg] Ifdtf
#_ /f;folgs IfoLs/0f k|lt/f]wL u'0f
$_ xn'sf]kg /
%_ k"0f{?k]0f l5b|xLg cfGtl/s tx .
;fy} k'gM k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsg], clUg tyf hLjf0f' ljsif{s u'0fx¿ ePdf ´g}
/fd|f] dflgG5 .

sf]/f]gf efO/; Ps csf{df y's, ¥ofn, vsf/, l;+ufg cflbsf] yf]kfaf6 ;g]{
x'gfn] lklkO{df k|of]u x'g] j:t'sf] l5b|sf] cfsf/ b'O{ dfOqmf]geGbf 7"nf] x'g' x'Fb}g .
lklkO{sf] nflu kfgL / kfgLdf ldl;Psf a:t'nfO{ ljslif{t ug]{ xn'sf clg
;lhn};Fu k|zf]wg ug{ ;Sg] Knfl:6shGo j:t' jf kf]lnd/sf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
cfhsfn k|of]udf cfPsf] d]l8sn lklkO{df gfOngsf] k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 .

*%
lklkO{sf] u'0f:t/ yfxf kfpg ;"Idbz{s oGq -dfOqmf]:sf]k_ sf] k|of]u ug{' kb{5 .
l5b|sf] cfsf/ k|sf/sf] lj:t[t cWoogsf nflu On]S6«f]g dfOqmf]:sf]ksf] ;d]t
h?/t kb{5 . kfgL / kfgLsf] yf]kfdf ldl;Psf] j:t' lklkO{sf] ;txdf 6fFl;G5
ls 6fFl;b}g jf 6fFl;g] tTk/tf b]vfp5 ls b]vfpFb}g eGg] lgSof]{n ug{ To;
kbfy{sf] ;txsf] ljsif{0fLo Ifdtfsf] cWoog ug{'k5{ . o:tf] u'0f cWoog ug]{
ljlwnfO{ sG6\ofS6 P+un d]h/d]G6 (Contact Angle Measurment) elgG5 .

oL afx]s ljleGg /;fogx¿n] lklkO{ ;txsf] IfoLs/0f ug]{ Ifdtf, lklkO{n] aflx/L
an y]Ug ;Sg] u'0f tyf ljleGg txaLrsf] aGwgsf] klg dfkg ug{ ;lsG5 .
ljz]iftM k'gM k|of]udf Nofpg'kg]{ vfnsf lklkO{sf] xsdf oL k/LIf0fx¿af6 k|fKt
glthfx¿sf] dxTj x'G5 .

-RAA

*^
^!= sf]le8–!( sf] ;+qmd0faf6 hf]lug ;]lg6fOh/ k|of]u
ug{'k5{ eg]/ l;sfOof] . of] eg]sf] s] xf] / o;n] s;/L
sf]/f]gf efO/;nfO{ gi6 u5{ <
;fwf/0f cy{df ;]lg6fOh/ jf lgd{nLs/0f 3f]n eGgfn] s'g} j:t'nfO{ lgd{nLs/0f
jf :jR5 ug{ k|of]u ul/g] ;fwg eGg] a'l´G5 . cfhsf] ;Gbe{df sf]le8​ –!(
/f]u pTkGg u/fpg] ljiff0f' cyf{t sf]/f]gf efO/;nfO{ gi6 ug]{ ;fwgnfO{
;]lg6fOh/ elgG5 .

ljiff0f' jf efO/; eg]sf] crDdsf] j:t' xf] . o;sf] leqL efudf /x]sf] hLjgtTjsf
nflu cTofjZos kbfy{nfO{ aflx/af6 t}nLo kbfy{sf] kftnf] l´NnL (Lipid
bilayer membrane) n] y}nLdf k};f /fv]h:t} 3]/]sf] x'G5 . pko'Qm df}sf kfpg]
lalQs} Tof] ljiff0f' hLljt j:t'h:t} k/hLjL ag]/ cGo k|f0fLnfO{ ;tfpg yfNb5 .
jf:tjdf cfj/0fdf /x]sf] kftnf] y}nL g} ljiff0f'sf] ;'/Iff sjr xf] . ljleGg
cfsf/–k|sf/df kfOg] ljiff0f'dWo] xfn ljZjJofkL rrf{df /x]sf] sf]/f]gf efO/;sf]
aflx/L cfj/0fsf] y}nL sfF8]bf/ k|s[ltsf] x'G5 / df]6fO !))–%)) gfgf]dL6/sf]
x'G5 . cyf{t\ Pp6f skfnsf] /f}+eGbf @)) b]lv !))) u'0ff;Dd dl;gf] x'G5 .

;]lg6fOh/n] s;/L ljiff0f'nfO{ gi6 u5{ <

aflx/L cfj/0fdf /x]sf] kftnf] t}nLo y}nL g} ljiff0f'sf] ;'/Iffsjr ePsf] dfly
pNn]v ul/of] . To;}n] Tof] l´NnLnfO{ gi6 u/]/ dfq To; ljiff0f'jf6 hf]lug
;lsG5 . clg ;fdfGo ;fa'gkfgLn] To;nfO{ ;lhn} 3'nfOlbg] x'gfn] /fd|/L
ldrL–ldrL ;fa'g kfgLn] xft w'gfn] ljiff0f' gi6 eP/ hfG5 . To;}n] efO/;sf]
;+qmd0faf6 ;'/lIft /xg ;fa'gkfgLn] /fd|/L xft w'g' g} Psbd e/kbf]{ pkfo
xf] . ;fa'gkfgL pknAw gePsf] cj:yfdf /f;folgs tl/sfn] tof/L u/]sf]
;]lg6fOh/sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . ;]lg6fOh/df x'g] cNsf]xnn] efO/;sf]
;txdf x'g] lnlk8 gi6 ul/lbG5 .
-RAA

*&
^@= df:s / kGhfn] sf]/f]gf ;+qmd0f lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sb5 <
df:s / kGhf /fd|f];Fu k|of]u u/]df sf]le8–!( w]/} xb;Dd lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sb5 .
lsgls df:sn] ;+qmldt JolQmdf ePsf] sf]/f]gf efO/; Zjf;sf] dfWodaf6 aflx/
cfpg lbGb}g h;n] ubf{ c¿nfO{ /f]u ;g]{ hf]lvd sd x'G5 . To;dfly ;fdflhs
b"/L -5 kmL6_ sfod u/]sf] 5 eg] /f]u ;g]{ ;Defjgf c´ sd x'G5 . 3/af6 aflx/
hfFbf ;w}+ df:s nufP/ hfg'k5{ . ahf/df kfOg] sk8fsf] ;fwf/0f df:sb]lv
N95 df:s;Dd h'g nufP klg lrq df b]vfPh:t} ;xL tl/sfn] nufP of]
/f]unfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ w]/} d2t k'U5 . aflx/af6 df:s nufP/ 3/leq k'u]kl5
;xL tl/sfn] km'sfn]/ ;'/l†t /fVg'k5{ . sk8fsf] df:s a/fa/ wf]P/ ;kmf
/fVg'k5{ eg] c¿ df:s ;]lg6fOh/ :k|] u/L sf]7fdf @—# lbg ´'G8\ofP/ km]l/
nufpg ;lsG5 . t/ c:ktfn jf sf]le8–!( ;+qmldt JolQm e]6\g hfFbf nufPsf]
df:s kmf]xf]/ kmfNg] efF8f]df /fd|f];Fu ldNsfpg'k5{ . sfd ug]{ a]nf nufPsf] xftsf]
kGhf klg a/fa/ ;fa'g kfgLn] w'g'k5{ . kGhfnfO{ ;]lg6fOh/n] klg ;kmf ug{
;lsG5 .

-RBK

**
^#= s] ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn] ;d'bfodf sf]le8–!( sf] ;+qmd0f
/f]Sg kGhfsf] k|of]u ug{ ;'´fj lbPsf] 5 <
• ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn] ;d'bfodf sf]le8–!( ;+qmd0f /f]Sg kGhfsf] k|of]u
cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5}g . a? kGhfsf] k|of]un] dflg;x¿aLr cfkm}+df
;+qmd0f x'g] vt/f x'G5, ;+qmldt kGhfn] gfsd'v tyf cGo dflg;nfO{
5'Fbf k|of]ustf{ cfkm}+df tyf c? JolQmdf ;+qmd0fsf] ;Defjgf x'G5 .

• ;'k/dfs]{6 tyf k;n, c:ktfnx?h:tf ;fj{hlgs :ynx?df ef}lts

b"/L sfod ug{'sf ;fy} tL tL :yfgdf 9f]sfx¿df xft w'g] a'yx¿sf]
Joj:yf ug{ ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn] ;'´fj lbPsf] 5 .

• ;fa'gkfgLn] xft w'g] sfo{nfO{ c´ Jojl:yt ug{ ;s] ljZjsf d'n'sx¿n]

sf]le8sf] ;+qmd0faf6 aRg pGd'ng ug{ pNn]Vo d2t ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .

• ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn] dflg;x¿nfO{ cfjZos kbf{ hlxn] klg cfgf]

If]qsf :yfgLo lgsfo tyf cg'df]lbt ljlwaf/] k/fdz{ lng ;'´fj
u/]sf] 5 .
-ACT

*(
^$= sk8fsf] df:sn] sf]/f]gf efO/; la/fdLaf6 :j:y dflg;df ;g{
s;/L 5]Sg ;S5 < df:ssf] k|of]u s;/L ug]{ <
sk8fsf] df:sn] sf]le8–!( sf] la/fdLn] Zjf;k|Zjf; ubf{, vf]Sbf, xfR5\oF' ubf{,
tyf af]Nbf lg:sg] kfgLsf ;fgf yf]kfx¿nfO{ glhssf] dflg;;Dd k'Ug cj/f]w
k'¥ofpF5 . o;nfO{ ;|f]tsf] lgoGq0f elgG5 . o;/L df:sn] sf]le8–!( /f]u km}ng
lgoGq0f ub{5 eGg] s'/f k|of]uzfnf tyf lSnlgsn cWoogn] k|dfl0ft u/]sf] 5 .
sf]l8e–!( sf] lj?4df sDtLdf b'O{ kq] ;f; km]g{ ldNg] df:s k|of]u ul/G5 .
o:tf] df:s nufpFbf dflg;sf] gfs tyf d'v k"0f{ ¿kdf 5f]lkg'kb{5 . ;fy} b'j}
ufnf / df:saLrdf klg v'Nnf x'g' x'Fb}g . o;sf/0f sf]le8–!( lj?4 df:s
;f; km]g{ ufx|f] x'g] sk8fsf] x'g' ePg, aLrdf 7"nf Kjfn÷RofltPsf] jf kfgLsf]
;fgf yf]kf l5g{;Sg] x'g' x'Fb}g .
df:s nufpg'eGbf klxnf xft w'g], df:s gfs / d'v 5f]lkg] / lrpF8f];Dd
cfpg] u/L nufpg] . df:s nufO;s]kl5 df:snfO{ xftn] g5'g] . ;fy} df:snfO{
l´Sbf b'j} xftn] sfg glhssf] df:ssf] t'gfnfO{ lgsfNg], tL xftn] df:ssf]
c¿ s'g} efu g5f]Osg Ps k6s dfq k6\ofpg] / df:s ;'/lIft /fVg] . To;kl5
tL xftn] cfFvf, gfs, d'v g5f]Osg t'?Gt ;fa'gkfgLn] @) ;]s]08 xft w'g]
/ ;kmf ?dfnn] k'5\g] . k|of]u u/]sf] df:s xftn] k'gM 5f]OPdf km]l/ xft
;fa'gkfgLn] @) ;]s]08 w'g] . df:snfO{ c¿ sk8fn] w'g] ;fa'g jf ;km{n] wf]P/
3fddf jf 8«fo/df /fd|/L ;'sfpg] . h;nfO{ k'gM k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
-ACT/NPA

()
^%= kmfOa/ df:ssf] x]/rfx s;/L ug]{ <
• df:s nfpg' cl3 df:ssf] /fd|/L hfFr ug{'xf];\, o;df Kjfn k/] gk/]sf],
kmf6]sf] /fd|/L x]g{'xf];\ lsgls kmf6]sf] df:s nufpg' x'Fb}g .
• kmfOa/ df:s kmf]xf]/ 5}g / leh]sf] dfq 5 eg] tkfO{+n] o;nfO{ k'gM
k|of]u ug{ ;Sg'x'g]5 . k'gM k|of]u ug{'k/]df leh]sf] df:snfO{ d'v aGb
ug{ ;lsg] Knfl:6ssf] ´f]nfdf /fVg ;lsG5, pQm df:s l´Sg' kbf{
o;sf] 8f]/Ldf dfq ;dfTg'xf];\ .
• kmfOa/ df:snfO{ ;fa'g jf ;km{n] ;kmf;Fu ;s];Dd tftf] kfgLn] -^)
l8u|L ;]lN;o;_ k|To]s lbg w'g'xf]nf . tftf]kfgL pknAw gePsf]
cj:yfdf df:snfO{ ;fa'g / ;km{ ;dfGo pknAw kfgLn] w'g'xf];\ clg
Ps ldg]6 tftf]kfgLdf pdfNg'xf];\ cyjf )=! k|ltzt Snf]l/g / ;kmf
kfgLdf /fd|/L kvfNg'xf];\ -o;l/ w'Fbf Snf]l/gsf] s'g} klg cjz]if
df:sdf g/xg] u/L kvfNg'xf]nf_ .
• s[kof cfgf] df:s dfq k|of]u ug]{ ug{'xf];\ / e'n]/ klg c? s;}sf]
df:s gnufpg'xf]nf .
• df:s vf]Nbf sfgsf] nf]tLaf6 dfq vf]Ng'xf]; / df:ssf] cufl8sf]
efudf xftn] g5'g'xf];\ .
• df:s lgsfnL;s]kl5 ;kmf;Fu ;fa'g kfgLn] xft w'g'xf];\ .

df:ssf] k|of]u sxfF / s;/L ug]{ <

Vofn ug{'xf]nf kmfOa/ df:sn] dfq} sf]le8–!( /f]u;Fu aRg ;Dk'0f{ ¿kdf
;'/Iff lbg ;Sb}g . t;y{ c? dflg;;Fu xd];f Ps dL6/ sf] ef}lts b"/L
sfod ug{'xf];\ / k6s–k6s ;fa'g kfgLn] xft w'g'xf];\ .
-ACT

(!
^^= Go" gd{n (New Normal) eg]sf] s] xf] <
…Go" gd{nÚ cfhef]ln v'a} k|of]udf cfO/x]sf] zAbfjnL xf] . o;nfO{ …gofF oyfqmdÚ
eg]/ a'‰bf ;lhnf] xf]nf . sf]le8–!( sf] dxfJofwL z'? ePkl5 y'k|} gofF
rngx¿ cfP . h:t}, 3/ aflx/ hfFbf gfs / d'v 5f]lkg] ul/ df:s nufpg],
a]nfa]nf ;fa'g kfgLn] ldlrldlr xft w'g], slx+ s;}nfO{ e]6\bf b'O{ dL6/sf] b"/L
sfod u/]/ s'/f ug]{ . ;fj{hlgs oftfoftdf klg klxn]h:tf] eL8 u/]/ ga:g],
l;6x¿df b'O–tLg hgf 6fFl;P/ ga:g] . a}+s / k;ndf b'/L sfod u/]/ nfOgdf
a:g] . To:t} xfdLn] sfof{no, k;n, lalQo ;+:yfx¿ / 3/3/df ;d]t 9f]sfdf
;]lg6fO{h/ /fv]sf] b]V5f} .

6«]g, k|ltIffsIfx¿df /flvPsf s';L{x¿df klg Pp6f 5f]l8 csf]{df a:g] u/L qm;
lrgf] nuPsf] x'G5 . xjfO{hxfhdf klg df:s t clgjfo{ g} eof], ;fy} d'v
5]Sg] km];–lzN8 nufPsf] x'G5 . o'/f]kdf km"6an k|ltof]lutf z'? eof], t/ ToxfF
bz{sx¿nfO{ /flvPg. hfkfgdf klg a];an k|ltof]lutf z'? eof] . /Ëzfnfdf
bz{sx¿ b"/L sfod u/]/ a;], yk8L klg ahfP t/ klxn] h:tf] Rol/Ë jf x"l6Ë
ePg ;a}hgf df:s nufP/ a;] cfjfh glgsflnsg . /]:6'/fFx¿df 6]anx¿df
Psn] csf]{nfO{ 5]Sg] u/L Knfl:6ssf] dl;gf] af/ nufpg yfn]sf 5g\ .

lo ;a} Go" gd{nsf rngx¿ x'g\ h'g ca xfdLx¿sf] hLjg k2lth:tf] e};s]sf]
5 . log} gofF afgL / rngx¿nfO{ cfTd;ft u/]/ cfgf] b}lgs hLjg, k9fO{ /
sfdnfO{ lgoldt ;do tflnsfdf kmls{g' cfhsf] cfjZostf ePsf] 5 . lsgeg]
sf]/f]gf efO/; slxn];Dd o:t} /lx/xg] xf] xfdLnfO{ olsg yfxf 5}g . EoflS;g
aGb}5, t/ cfd gful/s;Dd k'Ug ;do nfUg]5 .

Go" gd{n zAbfjnL o;cl3 ;g\ @))&–@))* df cfO{k/]sf] ljQLo ;+s6sf a]nf
k|of]u ePsf] lyof] . To;kl5 cfly{s dGbLsf a]nf klg of] zAbfjnL k|of]udf
cfof] . ;g\ @)!) df kL6/ lxG;]gsf] Pp6f k':ts k|sflzt eof], k':tssf] gfd g}
…lb Go" gd{nÚ lyof] . pgL a]lNhodsf Vofltk|fKt Joj;foL x'g\ . lxG;]gsf
cg';f/ casf] b'lgofF l8lh6n o'usf] x'g]5 . h'g xfdLn] clxn] elg/x]sf]
l8lh6n o'u xf], pgsf] ljrf/df of] cfwf dfq xf] / afFls cfwf c´ lj:dosf/L
x'g]5 . l8lh6n b'lgofFsf] of] o'u klg Go" gd{n x'g]5 .

-DRB

(@
^&= js{ k|md xf]d (Work from Home) eg]sf] s] xf] <
clkm; jf sfof{nodf guO{ cfgf] 3/ jf cfkm' a;]sf] 7fFpdf /x]/ sfof{nosf]
sfd ug{' g} …js{ k|md xf]dÚ -3/af6} sfd_ xf] . js{ k|md xf]d ubf{ cfgf] ;'ljwf
cg';f/ k"0f{ ¿kdf jf cf+lzs ¿kdf 3/df a;]/ sfd ug{ ;lsG5 . ljleGg
k]zfdf cfa4 JolQmx¿n] js{ k|md xf]d4f/f g} cfgf] sfof{nosf] sfd ug{
;Sb5g\ . vf;u/L dxfdf/Lsf] ;dodf sfof{nosf sfdx¿ 3/af6 ug{' pko'Qm
ljlw x'g ;Sb5 . t;y{ OG6/g]6 tyf ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf dfWodaf6 3/df
a;]/ g} clkm;sf] ljljw sfdx¿ ;DkGg ug{ ;lsG5 . l8lh6n cfFs8fsf] k|of]u
jf cfgf clkm;sf ;fyLx¿;Fu er{'cn e]63f6df ;+nUg eP/ cfgf] clkm;sf]
sfd 3/af6 ubf{ sltko sfdx¿ u'0f:t/Lo tj/af6 g} ;DkGg x'g ;Sb5g\ .
o:tf] k|of;af6 sd{rf/Lx¿ / ;+3 ;+:yfx¿ b'j} kIf nfeflGjt klg x'G5g\ .
cgnfO{g tyf er{'cn dfWodaf6 js{ k|md xf]daf6 ul/g] ultljlwx¿sf] cg'udg
tyf d"Nof+sg klg r':t b'?:t agfpg ;lsG5 / kb{5 . o;/L sfof{nodf
kxF'r x'g g;Sg] ;do ;Ddsf nflu cgnfO{g tyf er{'cn tj/ jf j}slNks
k|0ffnLaf6 sfd u/L sfof{no jf ljleGg ;+3 ;+:yfx¿sf] sfd ;xhLs/0f ug]{
;lsG5 .

js{ k|md xf]d ubf{ klg ;do ;Ldfsf] /fd|f] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 . o; sfo{nfO{
;lhnf];Fu lgjf{x ug{sf nflu sfof{no jf ;+3 ;+:yfx¿n] klg cfgf sd{rf/Lx¿sf]
sfo{ ;xhLs/0fsf pkfox¿ cjnDjg ug{'k5{ . cgnfO{g tyf er{'cn dfWodx¿
s;/L sd{rf/Lx¿sf] kxF'rdf k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 eg]/ cu|;/ x'g'k5{ . js{ k|md
xf]d ljlw ckgfpFbf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ sfof{no jf ;+3 ;+:yfx¿n] ;s];Dd k|f]T;fxg
/ ;'ljwfx¿ k|Tofe't ug{'k5{ .

-KER/RPS

(#
^*= eL8ef8df sf]le8–!( sf] ;+qmd0faf6 s;/L hf]lug] <
eL8ef8df´ cg]sf} k|sf/sf dflg;x¿sf] aLrdf ;Dks{ x'G5 . ToxfF ;+qmldt /
:j:Yo b'j} y/L dflg; x'g;S5g\ . sf] dflg; ;+qmldt xf] eGg] klg yfxf xF'b}g .
t;y{ eL8ef8af6 x'g] ;+j|md0faf6 cfkm" / c¿nfO{ hf]lupgsf nflu sDtLdf b'O{
dL6/ -5​kmL6_ sf] ;fdflhs b"/L clgjfo{ ¿kdf sfod ug{'k5{ . ;a} ;fj{hlgs
:yn tyf sfof{nox¿n] cfgf] xftfleq ;fa'gkfgLn] xft w'g] jf ;]lg6fOh/sf]
clgjfo{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] / ejg k|j]z ubf{ ;a}n] clgjfo{ ?kn] ;]lg6fOh/
k|of]u jf ;fa'g kfgLn] xft wf]Psf]] ;'lglZrt ug{' kb{5 . pRr hf]lvdo'Qm
If]qx¿ h:t} vfBfGg, t/sf/L k;n, /]:6/]G6 tyf SofG6Lgn] ;fdfg, vfgf
KoflsË u/L n}hfg ;Ddsf] Joj:yf ug{'k5{ . o;f] ubf{ ;+qmd0f a9\g kfpFb}g .
dflg;x¿nfO{ ef}lts b"/Ldf /xg] Joj:yf ldnfpg kb{5 . s'g} JolQmn] k|of]u
u/]sf] efF8fs'F8f /fd|f];Fu ;fa'gkfgLn] wf]O{ ;'sfO{ dfq} k|of]udf Nofpg] Joj:yf
ug{' kb{5 . eL8ef8sf a]nfdf cgfjZos j:t' / c¿n] 5f]Psf ;txx¿nfO{
klg 5'g x'b}g\ / 5f]O{ xfn]df ;fa'g kfgLn] ldlrldlr xft w'g'k5{ . Hj/f] /
vf]sL nfu]sf] JolQmaf6 6f9f /xg] jf cfkm"nfO{ Hj/f] / vf]sL nfu]sf] 5 eg] klg
cGo JolQmaf6 6f9f /xg] / vf]Sbf jf xflR5pF ubf{ d'v 5f]kL c¿ ;dodf klg
;'/lIft tj/;Fu df:ssf] k|of]u ug{' kb{5 . cfFvf, gfs / d'vnfO{ klg
cgfjZos ¿kdf rnfpg] / 5'g] ug{' x'Fb}g . ;s];Dd le8ef8df ghfg] / c¿nfO{
klg ghfg ;'´fj lbg], xft ldnfpg'sf] ;§f gd:sf/ ug]{ ug{'k5{ .

-KER/RPS

($
^(= ;'k/ :k|]8/ (Super Spreader) eg]sf] s] xf] <
ljZjdf km}lnPsf] gofF dxfdf/L;Fu} o; 36gfqmdnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug{ w]/} gofF–
gofF zAbx¿ k|of]udf cfPsf] 5 . ;'k/ :k|]8/ (Super Spreader) cyf{t​ tLj|
k|jfxsklg k|of]u tyf ljZn]if0fdf cfPsf] Ps zAb xf] . clxn]sf] ;do;Dd o;
zAbsf] s'g} cflwsfl/s kl/efiff gePtf klg j}1flgs, cg';Gwfgstf{, n]vsx¿n]
o; zAbnfO{ 36gfqmdfg';f/ Ps} wf/df /xL kl/eflift u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

AofS6]l/of, efO/; jf s'g} ;¿jf hLjf0f'af6 ;+qmldt JolQmn] cGo JolQmx¿df

;+qmd0f km}nfpg] ;Defjgf af]s]sf] x'G5 . ;f] ;+qmd0f sd ;dodf g} ;fdfGo
eGbf lgs} w]/} b/df km}lnPdf a9L ;+qmd0f a9fpg] dfWod jf JolQmnfO{ tLj|
k|jfxstf{ elgG5 . jf:tjdf dflg; dfq geO{ cGo h}ljs k|hftLx¿ klg
;+qmd0f k|jfxdf dfWodsf ¿kdf /xg ;Sb5g\ . ;fdfGotof tLj| k|jfxssf]
u'0f e"t k|jfxL x'g'sf ;fy} cf};t ;+qmd0f b/ eGbf pRr b/df w]/} JolQmx¿df
;+qmd0f km}nfpg ;Sg] x'G5 . of] s'g} JolQm slt ofqf u5{ / ofqf ;dodf
JolQmsf] zf/Ll/s k|lt/Iff Ifdtfn] slt efO/;nfO{ k|lt/f]w ug{ ;S5 eGg]df klg
e/k5{ . /fd|f] / alnof] zf/Ll/s k|lt/Iff k|0ffnL ePdf nfdf] ;do;Dd nIf0fx¿
b]lv+b}g h;sf/0f pm w]/} hgfsf] ;Dks{df cfO{ w]/}nfO{ ;+qmldt agfO;s]sf] x'G5 .
sdhf]/ zf/Ll/s k|lt/Iff k|0ffnL ePsfdf nIf0fx¿ rfF8} b]lvPtf klg ;fdflhs
b"/L sfod gubf{sf] cj:yfdf ;+qmd0f km}lng] ;Defjgf /xG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu
Ps :yfgdf Ps ;dodf Pp6f /f]u km}Flnb}5 . Ps ;+qmldt JolQmn] cf};tdf
cGo b'O{ JolQmdf ;+qmd0f km}nfpF5 h'g s'g} klg efO/; sf] ;+qmd0f k}mlng'sf]
;fdfGo dfgs xf] . ca b'O{ gofF JolQmx¿ Ús… / Úv… ;+qmldt x'G5g\ / dfgf}+ b'j}
sf] zf/Ll/s k|lt/Iff Ifdtf a/fa/ 5 . olb JolQm Ús… n] ;f] ;+qmd0f cGo !)
hgfdf ;fb{5 / JolQm Úv… n] ;f] ;+qmd0f cGo b'O{ hgfdf ;f{b5g\ eg] JolQm
Ús… nfO{ tLj| k|jfxs eGg ;lsG5 .

tLj| k|jfxs eGgfn] k|jfxsf] dfWod 36gfqmd tyf ;+nUg JolQmx¿nfO{ Psd'i7
¿kdf j0f{g ug]{ snfTds zJbsf] ¿kdf klg lng] ul/G5 . oxfF dfWod eGgfn]
s'g} klg xjfO{hxfh, ;fj{hlgs oftfoft, c:ktfn, :jf:Yo rf}sL, lzIf0f
;++:yf, ljBfno tyf cGo If]qx¿ a'l´G5 hxfF s[lqd jf afXo jfo' ;~rf/
k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] x'G5 . 36gfqmd eGgfn] ;fd"lxs e]nf, hd36, le8ef8,

(%
hfqf tyf dflg;x¿sf] lg/Gt/ lx+88'n h:tf lqmofsnfkx¿ x'g h;sf/0f
/f]uJofwLsf] ;+qmd0f tLj| b/n] a9\g ;S5 . olt dfq geO{ s'g} klg lgsfosf]
gLlt lgod tyf lg0f{ox¿n] klg ;+qmd0f b/ yk÷36df dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x
ub{5 . hgdfg;df ;+qmd0f lgoGq0fsf pkfoaf/] plrt 1fg tyf r]tgfsf]
sdLsf sf/0f klg ;+qmd0fsf] k|jfx tLj| x'g ;Sb5 .

o; zAbsf] k|of]u s'g} vf; Ps k|hfltsf] hLjf0f'af6 ePsf] ;+qmd0fsf] ljifodf

dfq k|of]u x'Fbf÷ubf{ cg'lrt cy{ nfUg ;Sb5 . km/s kIfaf6 36gfqmdfg';f/
cf–cfg} ts{sf cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/ cg'?k ljifodf Wofg lbO{g] /
zAbsf] cy{ nufpg] ul/G5 . tLj| k|jfxs zAbsf] k|of]udf Psftkm{ ;~rf/
dfWodx¿n] dfxfdf/Lsf] k|f/lDes r/0fx¿ tyf o;;Fu ;DalGwt 36gfqmd,
k|df0f / /f]syfddf ePsf sdL sdhf]/Lx¿df a9L Wofg lbg] ub{5g\ eg] csf{
tk{m j}1flgs cg';Gwfgstf{x¿ ;+qmd0fsf sf/0f, dfWod, ;+qmldt hg;+Vofsf]
ljz]iftf, ljifdtf tyf ;+qmldtx¿sf] k|ltlqmofx¿ kQf nufpgdf a9L hf]8
lbO{Psf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;/L ;du|df x]bf{ tLj| k|jfxs eGgfn] hLjf0f'sf] j}1flgs
u'0fx¿ tyf o;n] dflg;x¿df kfg]{ c;/ aLrsf] ;DaGwsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .
tLj| k|jfxs s'g} klg JolQmsf] h}ljs, Jojxfl/stf, jftfj/0fLo sf/sx¿,
c¿;Fusf] ;Dks{ tyf /f]usf] r/0fdf cfwfl/t lgislif{t kl/0ffd xf] .

-KER/RPS

(^
&)= x8{ O{Do"lg6L (Herd Immunity) eg]sf] s] xf] <
x8{ O{Do"lg6LnfO{ ayfgsf] k|lt/Iff Ifdtf klg elgG5 . ha ax';+Vos ;d'bfosf
JolQmx¿n] /f]usf] k|lt/Iff ug{ ;S5g\ / /f]u Ps JolQmaf6 csf]{ JolQmdf km}lng
;Sg] ;Defjgf Go"g x'G5 Tof] cj:yfnfO{ g} x8{ O{Do"lg6L elgG5 . x8{ O{Do"lg6L
k|foM b'O{ lsl;daf6 k|fKt x'G5 M

!_ vf]ksf] dfWodaf6 /
@_ /f]u nfu]/ ;Grf] eO{ ;s]sf JolQmx¿sf] k|lt/IffTds Ifdtfsf sf/0f .

k[YjLdf dfxfdf/Lsf ¿kdf cfPsf slt /f]ux¿ x8{ O{Do"lg6Lsf sf/0f g} x/fPsf
lyP . /f]u nfu]/ ;~rf] eO{ JolQmx¿sf] k|lt/Iff Ifdtf k|fKt x'g ;do nfUg] ePsf]
x'gfn] kl5Nnf] k4ltnfO{ s'bf{ dxfdf/Lsf] kl/l:ylt eofjx klg x'g ;S5 .
t;y{ vf]ksf] dfWodaf6 k|fKt x'g] x8{ O{Do"lg6L pQd x'g ;S5 . s'g} s'g}
/f]ux¿sf] nflu vf]ksf] dfWodaf6 k|fKt x'g] x8{ O{Do"lg6L ;w} g/xg klg ;S5
/ k|To]s jif{ vf]ksf] h?/t kg{ ;S5 .

-KER/RPS

(&
&!= ;]Nkm–cfO;f]n];g / ;]Nkm–Sjf/]G6fOgdf s] leGgtf 5 <
;]Nkm–cfO;f]n];g (Self-isolation) eGgfn] /f]u nfu]sf JolQmx¿ /f]u gnfu]sf
JolQmx¿ eGbf 5'§} a:g] kl/l:ylt xf] . efO/;af6 ;+qmldt ePsf t/ /f]usf] nIf0f
gb]lvPsf dflg;x? 3/d} ;]Nkm–cfO;f]n];gdf a:g'k5{ . lnIf0fo'Qm ;+qmldtsf
nflu c:ktnfx?df 5'§} cfO;f]n];gsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . c:ktfnx¿df
a]8sf] ;+Vof ck'u ePdf 3/df klg 8fS6/sf] ;Nnfx cg'?k ;]Nkm–cfO;f]n];gdf
a:g ;lsG5 . t/ 3/df ;]Nkm cfO;f]n];gdf a:bf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ / 3/
kfn'jf hgjf/df /f]u ;g{ ;S5 ls eg]/ pRr ;t{stf ckgfpg' kb{5 . 3/df
;]Nkm–cfO;f]n];gdf a:bf :jf:Yo l:ylt lau|b} uPdf c:ktfndf g} hfg
kb{5 .

;]Nkm– Sjf/]G6fOg (Self-quarantine) jf Sjf/]G6fOg eGgfn] /f]u nfu]sf] k'li6 gePsf

t/ ljljw sf/0fjz ;+qmd0f x'g;Sg] z+sfsf] 3]/fdf /x]sf JolQmx¿ 5'§} a:g] xf] .
;]Nkm–Sjf/]G6fOgdf /x]sf dflg;x¿df /f]usf] nIf0f xF'b}g . t/ ;+qmldt ePsf]
v08df s]xL lbgkl5 /f]usf] nIf0f b]lvg klg ;S5 / To:tf JolQmx¿nfO{
;]Nkm–cfO;f]n];gdf nfg kb{5 . ;]Nkm–Sjf/]G6fOgdf /xFbf tf]lsPsf] Sjf/]G6fOg
cjlwe/ /f]usf] nIf0fx¿ b]lvPg eg] To:tf JolQmnfO{ /f]u gnfu]sf] k|dfl0ft
u/L 3/ k7fpg ;lsG5 .

-KER/RPS

(*
&@= sf]le8–!( sf] /f]syfdsf / zdgsf nflu sfo{ :ynx¿ s;/L
Jojl:yt ug{ ;lsG5 <
xfn ljZjdf sf]le8–!( sf] ;d:of gePsf] b]z lj/n} xf]nf . hxfF klg o;
efO/; ;+qmd0fsf] qf; xfjL 5 . sf]/f]gf efO/; ;+qmd0fsf] qf;n] ljleGg
/fli6«o–cGt/f{li6«o sfo{ k|efljt ePsf] 5 . ljZj cy{ Joj:yfsf] hu xlNnPsf]
5 . w]/} b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;b/sf] ;"rsf+sx?n] gsf/fTds ;Gb]z lbO{ /x]sf]
5 . w]/}sf] /f]huf/L u'd]sf] 5 . :s'n, sn]h, ljZjljwfnodf cWoog–cWofkgsf]
sfo{ nueu z"Go 5 . w]/} b]zsf] cfly{s d]?b08df /x]sf] ko{6g Joj;fo
w/fkdf 5 . /fli6«o–cGt/f{li6«o p8fg aGb 5 . pBf]u, sn–sf/vfgf nueu
aGb 5 . s[lif pTkfbg pko'Qm ahf/sf] cefj / vktsf] sdLsf sf/0f
ls;fgsf] cj:yf gfh's 5 . cfly{sdGbL sfod 5 .

w]/} ljåfgx¿sf] cg'ejdf sf]le8–!( sf] vf]k ljsf; eP klg ca dfgj ;d'bfon]
sf]le8–!( af6 k"0f{ ¿kdf 5'6sf/f kfpg sl7g 5 . To; sf/0f xfdL ;a}n]
of] sf]le8–!( ;Fu} hLjgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] pkfo cjnDag ug{'k5{ eGg]
dfGotf klg 5 . nfdf] ;do;Dd pTkfbg / laqmLsf] rqm l5GgleGg x'Fbf
b]zsf] cfly{s cj:yf lgs} hl6n cj:yfdf k'Ug;S5 . sf]le8–!( n] hGdfPsf]
lj;d kl/l:yltdf klg xfd|f] sfo{ynf]x¿df sfd ug]{ kl/l:ylt ;'rf? ug{ plQs}
cfjZos 5 .

sf]le8–!( sf] /f]syfd / zdgsf] nflu xfnsf] j:t'l:yltdf ;fdflhs b"/L

sfod ug]{ afx]s cGo 7f]; pkfo b]lvPsf] 5}g . ;f]xL cg';f/sf] tof/L /
cfrf/;+lxtf kfngf ug{' kb{5 . xfnsf] kl/l:yltdf …/f]u nfu]/ pkrf/ u/fpg
pGd'v x'g' eGbf klg /f]u nfUg' glbg]Ú sfo{gLlt clVtof/ ug{'g} cfkm"nfO{ ;'/lIft
/fVg' o; /f]usf] zdg ug]{ tl/sf xf] .

jt{dfg cj:yfdf lgjf;:ynaf6 sfof{nosf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ k4lt nf]slk|o

ePsf] 5 . oL ;a} s'/fx¿sf] ;f/ sd;]sd ;+Vofdf e]63f6 ug]{, le8ef8af6 aRg],
df:s nufpg], ;do ;dodf ;fa'g–kfgLn] xft w'g], ;kmf a:g], ;]lg6fOh/sf]
k|of]u ug]{, cfjthfjt ubf{ eP;Dd PSnf] lx8\g] h:tf s'/f k|d'v x'g\ . oxL
;DaGwdf :s"ndf k7g kf7gsf] sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ …xfO{a|L8Ú k4lt ckgfpg
yflnPsf] 5 . xfd|f] cy{tGqsf] k|d'v cfwf/ dWo s[lifsf] klg k|d'v :yfg xf],
((
t;y{ sf]le8–!( sf] c;/ sd u/fpgsf] nflu s]xL a9L ;'/lIft dflgPsf]
s[lifsf] of]ubfgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg b]ze/L ;fdflhs b"/Lsf] dfGotf sfod
/fVb} s[lifnfO{ …ljz]if If]qÚ 3f]if0ff u/L …pTkfbs ls;fg tyf pkef]QmfÚ aLr ahf/sf]
dfWodaf6 pTkfbg sfod /fVg, vfB tyf kf]if0fsf] cj:yf ;'9[9 ug{' pko'Qm
b]lvG5 . o;/L, ;r]tgfsf ;fy sfo{ ;Dkfbg ub}{ ;fy} ;fdflhs b"/L sfod
/fVb}, df:ssf] k|of]u, / ;fy} o; /f]uaf6 aRg] cGo cfrf/ ;lx+tfsf] kfngf ub}{
cuf8L a9\g' g} sf]le8–!( zdg ug]{ pkfosf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .

-TBG

!))
&#= sf]le8–!( dxfdf/Lsf] ;Gbe{df ;a} JolQmx¿n] cfkm" / c¿nfO{
arfpg ug{'kg]{ pkfox¿ s] s] x'g\​<
sf]le8–!( /f]usf] clxn];Dd s'g} klg EoflS;g / cf}iflw cfh;Dd gePsf]n] jf
kQf nflu g;s]sf]n] /f]u nfUg glbg] pkfox¿ k|efjsf/L ?kn] k|of]udf Nofpg
;Sg' g} hf]lvdaf6 aRg] pkfo xf] . t/ klg ;+qmldt /f]u ePsf]n] ljZjJofkL
dfxfdf/Lsf] ¿kdf km}lnPsf]n] cfkm" klxn] aRg] / c¿nfO{ klg arfpg] pkfo xfdL
;a}n] cjnDag ug{' kg]{ x'G5 . ljZjdf, l5d]sL b]zdf / xfd}| b]zdf klg Jojxf/df
k|of]u ul/Psf] / lj1fgn] klg ;}4flGts ¿kdf hf]8 lbPsf] / lj1x¿n] s]xL
pkfox¿ ;'´fPsf 5g\ . tL pkfo o:tf 5g\M

• ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn] sf]/f]gf efO/;af6 aRgsf nflu tf]s]sf] dfkb08

/ g]kfn u'0f:t/ tyf dfkb08 ljefun] tof/ kf/]sf] dfkb08 cg';f/
ag]sf] df:ssf] plrt k|of]u, kGhf, ;]lg6fOh/ tyf ;fa'g kfgLn] xft
;kmf ug]{ ljlw g} ;f;{–sf]eL–@ sf] ;+qmd0faf6 aRg] pQd pkfo xf] .
To:t} slDtdf klg b'O{ dL6/ b"/Ldf dfq dflg;x¿sf] e]63f6 ug]{ / ;f]xL
b"/L sfod u/L s'/fsfgL ug{'k5{ . JolQmut ;/;kmfO (Personal
Hygiene) nfO{ /fd|f] ;Fu Vofn ug]{ / ;f]xL cg';f/ ;/;kmfO{df Wofg
lbg'k5{ . h:t}M aflx/af6 cfP/ 3/ leq k:bf sf]7fdf l;wf guO{
klxn] ;fa'g kfgLn] ldlrldlr xft w'g] -sl/j @) ;]s]08 ;Dd_ /
z/L/sf cGo cËx¿ cfjZostf cg';f/ ;kmf ug]{ / ug{ nufpg'k5{ .
• of] /f]u lr;f]sf] sf/0f yk hl6n x'g ;Sg] / Go'df]lgof h:tf /f]usf
la/fdLnfO{ c´ a9L c;xh agfpg] ePsf]n] lr;f] hGo kbfy{ tyf
lk|mhdf /flvPsf] kbfy{ l;w} pkof]u gug{' pko'Qm x'G5 . z/L/nfO{
Gofgf] agfO/fVg tftf] ´f]n kbfy{ ;]jg ug{'k5{ Ho]i7 gful/s x'g]
kl/jf/n] yk Vofn ug{'k5{ . sy+sbflrt Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ ;+qmd0f
eOxfn] Zjf;k|Zjf;df ;d:of cfpg;S5 . bL3{ /f]usf] ;d:of 5 eg]
t l:ylt c´ hl6n x'g;S5 . To;}n] Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ aflx/ hfgsf]
nflu ;s];Dd /f]Sg], hfg} k/] df:ssf] k|of]u u/]/ dfq hfg lbg], 3/
!)!
 leq klg pFxfx¿;Fu c¿ pd]/ ;d"xsf JolQmx¿sf] z/L/sf] ;Dks{df
sd /xg], b"/L sfod u/L dfq ;Dks{ ug]{ ug{'k5{ .

;fdfGotof zf/Ll/s Jofofdn] z/L/sf] cËnfO{ :jR5, tGb'?:t / km"lt{nf] agfO{

/fVg] ePsf]n] cfkm" / c¿nfO{ klg 3/leq} /x]/÷Joj:yf u/]/ plrt tyf ;xL
tl/sfn] Jofofd / of]u Wofg ug]{ / ug{ nufpg'k5{ .

-DIP

lrq (M
(M sf]/f]gfn] NofPsf] gj oyfqmd -Go" gd{n_
;fef/M /fh]z dfgGw/

!)@
&$= v'nf ahf/, ;8sx¿df sL6f0f'zf]wgsf nflu ls6gfzs cf}iflw
5l/Psf] kfOG5 . s] of] pko'Qm xf] <
;+qmfds laiff0f'x¿åf/f k|b"lift v'Nnf ahf/, cf/fd u[x, ;8s tyf rf}/, v]n
d}bfg h:tf :yfgx¿sf] lgd{nLs/0f ug{sf] nflu ;f]l8od xfO{kf]Snf]/fO{6sf] 3f]n
5ls{Psf] ;'Gg / b]Vg ;d]t kfO{G5 . c´ sltko :yfgdf t dflg;sf] lhpdf
g} kg]{ u/L /f;folgs 3f]nn] ;]rg u/]sf] klg ;dfrf/df cfPsf] lyof] . o:tf]
ug{' lgd{nLs/0f lalwsf] pkxf; ug{' h:t} xf] . k|ydtM o;f] ubf{ dflg;sf]
:jf:Yodf l;w} k|lts"n c;/ kb{5 . ;fy} cf/fd sIf jf k|ltIffno, rf}/, km'6kfy
/ ;8sx¿ ;+qmd0fsf hf]lvddf /x]sf] dflgb}g / ltgLx¿df /;fogsf] 3f]n :k|]
u/]/ ToxfF x'g ;Sg] sL6f0fnfO{ k"0f{ gi6 ug{ ;lsb}g . a? o;f] ubf{ ToxfFsf]
;Dk"0f{ ;'Id :j?ksf nfebfoL k|f0fLx¿n] hLjg u'dfpF5g . To;}n] cfjf; glhs}
sf] :yfgsf] ;/;kmfO{ ug{' tyf To:tf :yfgdf ;do latfpg' k/] JolQmut
;/;kmfO{df Wofg lbg' g} ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

cf/fd sIf jf k|ltIffno, rf}/ tyf v'Nnf ahf/df /x]sf 6]a'n–s';L{sf] k|of]u ug{'
k/] ;f]l8od xfO{kf]Snf]/fO{6sf] ´f]n jf xft] ;]lg6fO{h/ 5s]{/ Ps ldg]6 klv{g'
kb{5 / cf]l;nf] sk8fn] k'5\gk5{ . ;fy}, ;f]l8od xfO{kf]Snf]/fO{6 (Sodium
hypochlorite) n] dflg; tyf ;jf/L ;fwgnfO{ 6g]n jf RofDGa/leq k7fP/ :k|]
u/fPsf 36gfx? klg ;'Gg kfO{G5 . of] Psbd unt / xflgsf/s tl/sf xf] .

-RAA

!)#
&%= ahf/af6 lsg]/ NofOg] kmnkm"n, t/sf/L, vfBj:t' tyf
Kofs]hsf vfg]s'/fx¿af6 sf]/f]gf efO/; ;5{ ls ;b}{g < obL
;+qmd0f ePdf o;af6 s;/L hf]lug] <
xfn;Dd vfg]s'/faf6 sf]/f]gf efO/; ;/]sf] eGg] s'g} j}1flgs tYo km]nf k/]sf]
5}g . of] efO/; km}lng dflg; cyjf s'g} k|f0fLx¿sf] cfjZostf k5{ . tyfkL
kmnk"mn, t/sf/L, vfBj:t' tyf Kofs]hsf vfg]s'/fnfO{ /fd|f];Fu wf]OkvfnL k|of]u
ug{' ;'/lIft x'G5 .

kmnkm"n, t/sf/L, vfBa:t' tyf Kofs]hsf vfg]s'/fx¿sf] ;'/lIft k|jfx ;'lglZrt

ug{ lgDg pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{' kb{5M

!= 9'jfgL ubf{ ;jf/L rfns tyf cGo sd{rf/Lx¿n] ;kmf ;'/IffTds sk8f
(Clean protective clothing) nufpg' kb{5.
@= 9'jfgL ug]{ ;jf/L ;fwgnfO{ a]nf a]nfdf ;kmf (Disinfection) ul//xg'
kb{5.
#= ;jf/L rfns tyf cGo sd{rf/Lx¿n] ;jf/L ;fwg nfO{ 5f]8]/ lx+8\g'
x'Fb}g.
$= ;jf/L rfns tyf cGo sd{rf/Lx¿n] u|fxsnfO{ ;fdfg lbg' eGbf klxnf
;]lg6fOh/ (Hand sanitizer) n] xft ;kmf ug{'k5{ .
%= sfuhsf] ?dfn (Paper towel) k|of]u ug{k5{.
^= ;fy} ;fdfg lbg] sd{rf/L / u|fxs lar lglZrt b"/L sfod ug{' k5{ .

-KAA

!)$
&^= 7"nf] ;+Vofdf sf]le8–!( km}lnPsf] b]zx¿af6 cfoft ul/Psf]
hgfj/x¿sf] nflu Sjf/G6fOg cfjZos 5 <
dxfdf/Lsf] a]nf Ps b]zaf6 csf]{ b]zdf k|j]z ug{ k"j{ dflg;nfO{ dxfdf/L /f]usf]
nIf0f b]vf k5{ ls kb}{g egL lglZrt ug{ k/LIf0fsf nflu sDtLdf b'O{ xKtf
-!$ lbg_ ;Dd Sjf/]G6fOgdf 5'§fP/ /flvg] ul/G5 . Sjf/]G6fOg zAbsf] pb\ej
Nofl6g efiffsf] …Sjfb|flhG6fÚ ePsf] h;sf] cy{ …rfnL; lbgÚ xf] . ljutdf Kn]u
/f]uaf6 aRgsf] nflu ;d'b|L ofqfaf6 kms]{sfx? ;dfhdf ;lDdlnt x'g k"j{
rfln; lbg ;Dd 5'§} a:g] lgodnfO{ …Sjf/]G6fOgÚ elgGYof] .

;fdfGotof, dflg;df x'g] / hgfj/df nfUg] sf]/f]gf efO/;n] Ps csf{nfO{

;+qmldt u/]sf] kfOFb}g . y/Ly/Lsf kz'df nfUg] sf]/f]gf efO/; cf–cfg" ;d"x
ljz]ifdf nfUg] / k|efljt ug]{ vfnsf x'G5g\ .

xfnsf] l:yltdf cToGt} sf]le8–!( sf] ;+qmd0f ´]nL /x]sf s'g} klg d'n'saf6
To:tf kz'x¿ cfoft ubf{ jf lgof{t ubf{ Sjf/]G6fOg ug{'kg]{ cj:yf xf] .
g]kfnsf] ljBdfg kz' :jf:Yo tyf kz' ;]jf lgodfjnL @)%^ cg';f/ ljleGg
y/Lsf kz' /f]u k/LIf0fsf nflu Go"gtd @! b]lv $) lbg ;Dd Sjf/]G6fOgsf] cjlw
tf]s]sf]] 5 .

-TBG

!)%
&&= vfB pTkfbg ;'/lIft ug{sf] nflu ;a}eGbf pko'Qm ;]lg6fOh/
s] xf] <
vfB tyf k]o kbfy{nfO{ cTofjZos cj:yfdf afx]s /f;folgs tl/sfn]
lgd{nLs/0f ug{' x'Fb}g . pko'Qm dfqfdf k/fa}hgL lasL/0f (Utra-violet
radiation) jf Pn]S6«f]g wf/f (Electron beam) sf] k|of]u u/]/ vfB / k]o
kbfy{df /x]sf hLjf0f' 9';L cflb tyf laiff0f'x¿ (Viruses) gi6 ug{ ;lsG5 .
gq eg] kfgL, b"w h:tf k]o kbfy{ nfO{ pdfNg' / ksfP/ vfg' kg]{ a:t'x¿nfO{
/fd|/L ksfpg' g} pQd tl/sf xf] .

w]/} dfqfdf kfgL /xg] tnfp jf :jLldË k'n lgd{nLs/0f ug{sf] nflu ;f]l8od
xfO{kf]Snf]/fO{6 (Sodium hyproclorite), SoflN;od xfO{kf]Snf]/fO{6 (Calcium
hypoclorite), Snf]l/g 8fO{cS;fO{8 (Chlorine dioxode) h:tf /;fogx¿
k|of]u ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . vfB kbfy{ pTkfbg x'g] :yfgdf /x]sf / vfB kbfy{sf]
;Dks{df ;d]t cfpg ;Sg] ;txsf] lgd{nLs/0fsf] nflu klg ;f]l8od xfO{kf]Snf]/fO{6
tyf Snf]l/g 8fO{cS;fO{8sf] cnfjf k]/f]S;L–Pl;l6s Pl;8 (Peroxy-acetic acid),
Sjf6g{/L cdf]lgod ;fN6 (Quaternary ammonium salt) h:tf /;fogx¿
klg k|of]u ug]{ ul/G5. oL /;fogx¿ l;w} z/L/df kg]{ u/L jf s8f dfqfdf
k|of]u ubf{ 5fnfdf IftL k'Ug] / sL6f0f'x¿n] ´g ;lhn};Fu cfqmd0f ug{ ;Sg]
hf]lvd /xg;S5 .

-RAA

!)^
&*= ;fa'gkfgLn] sf]/f]gf efO/; s;/L gi6 x'G5 <
sf]/f]gf efO/; cToGt ;'Id cfsf/sf] x'G5 / Pp6f skfnsf] 6'Kkfdf ;of}+
efO/;sf s0f c6\g ;S5g . logLx¿sf] aflx/L txdf lrNnf] kbfy{sf] c0f'x¿n]
ag]sf] kftnf] lemNnL x'G5 . h;/L ;fa'g kfgLn] w'Fbf To;n] £o", t]n, af];f]
cflb lrNnf] kbfy{nfO{ sk8faf6 5'6\ofO{ lbG5, To;/L g} ;fa'g kfgLn] /fd|/L
xft w'Fbf xftdf 6fFl;Psf] x'g ;Sg] sf]/f]gf efO/; sf] kftnf] lemNnL klg
rf]O{l6P/ hfG5 . kmntM sf]/f]gf efO/; gi6 eP/ hfG5 .

-RAA

lrq !)M
!)M ;fa'gn] sf]/f]gf efO/;nfO{ s;/L lgl:qmo u5{ <
;fef/M twitter.com/drharshvardhan/status/1238889183453646849/photo/1

!)&
&(= cfFvfdf sG6\ofS6 n]G; nfpg]x¿n] s] ljz]if Wofg /fVg' kg]{
x'G5 <
xfn;Dd cfFvfdf sG6\ofS6 n]G; nufpg]x¿ rZdf nufpg]x¿ eGbf a9L
sf]le8–!( ;+qmd0fsf] hf]lvddf 5g\ ls 5}gg\ eGg] s'g} lglZrt lgisif{ alg;s]sf]
5}g . tyfkL sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] ;+qmd0fsf] hf]lvddf /x]sf sG6\ofS6 n]G;
k|of]ustf{n] ;'/lIft ;fy nufpg] / ;/;kmfO{ sfod ug]{ afgL a;fNg'k5{ . n]G;
nufpg'cl3 ;fa'g–kfgLn] xft w'g'k5{ . n]G; e08f/0fsf] nflu xfO8«f]hg
k]/f]S;fO8 cfwfl/t k|0ffnL efO/; lj?4 k|efjsf/L x'g ;S5 . To:t} rZdf
nufpg] JolQmn] klg aflx/af6 3/df cfPkl5 rZdfnfO{ /fd|f];Fu w'g' pko'Qm x'G5
lsgeg] cGo JolQm;Fu af]nLrfnL ubf{ p;sf y'ssf l56fx? rZdfsf] aflx/L
;txdf 6fFl;Psf x'g;S5g\ .

-MEB

!)*
*)= sG6\ofS6 6«]l;ª (Contact Tracing) eg]sf] s] xf] <
sf]/f]gf ;+qmd0f k'li6 ePsf JolQmsf] ;Dks{df cfPsf dflg;x? sf]–sf] x'g\ egL
kQf nufP/ pgLx?df ;+qmd0f eP, gePsf] kQf nufpg] ljlw g} sG6\ofS6
6«]l;ª (Contact Tracing) xf] . sf]/f]gf ;+qmd0f cToGt ltj| ePsfn] cGo JolQm
/ ;d'bfodf km}lng gkfcf];\ eg]/ o:tf] k/LIf0f ug{ cfjZos k5{ .

pbfx/0fsf] nflu s'g} 7fpFaf6 cfPsf Ps JolQmnfO{ sf]/f]gf kf]h]l6e b]lvPsf] 5 .

Tof] JolQm a;af6 cfPsf] lyof] . p;nfO{ a;df cfpFbf sf]le8–!( s'g} nIf0f
gb]lvPsf] x'g ;S5 . t/ Tof] JolQmdf kl5 efO/;sf] ljsf; x'Fb} hfG5 / la/fdL eof] .
p;nfO{ ;+qmd0f k'li6 ePsf] Tof] JolQm;Fu sf]–sf] cfPsf lyP eg]/ vf]Hg'k5{ .
tL dflg;nfO{ klg ;+qmd0f ePsf] x'g;S5 . To;}n] a; sxfFaf6 cfPsf] lyof] <
s'g a; lyof] < slt ofq' lyP . Tof] ;a} ofqf ljj/0f lng' k5{ .

To;kl5 a;af6 p sxfF uof] < p;n] s'g af6f]af6 uPsf] lyof] < clg uP/
sxfF a:of] < s;nfO{ e]6\of] < p;n] klxn] s'g kl/jf/ jf ;fyL;Fu e]6 uof]{ <
tL e]6]sf kl/jf/ jf ;fyLx¿n] km]/L s;nfO{ e]6] < kf]h]l6e JolQmn] klxn]
h;nfO{ e]6\of] / Tof] e]6]sf] dflg;n] km]/L c¿ s;nfO{ e]6\of] < z'?b]lv clGtd
JolQm;Dd k'u]/ pgLx¿sf] :jf:Yo k/LIf0f ug{'k5{ . To;/L dflg; kQf nufpg]
ljlwnfO{ 6«]; ug]{ elgG5 .

6«]; s;/L ug]{ <

6«]; ug{sf nflu km/s km/s dfWodx¿ x'g ;S5 t/ To;sf] p2]Zo eg]sf] sf]/f]gf
efO/;sf dfldnfx¿ kQf nufpg' g} xf] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu c:6«]lnofn] sf]le8;]km
(COVID Safe) Pk ;~rfngdf NofPsf] 5 / o;sf] k|of]uaf6 c:6«]lnofn]
sf]le8–!( efO/;sf] ;+;u{df k'u]sf dflg;x¿nfO{ ;Dks{ u5{ . of] Ps df]afOn
kmf]g Pk xf] . of] Pksf] dfWodaf6 sf]/f]gf efO/;sf dfldnfx¿ kQf nufpg / o;
efO/;sf] ;+;u{df cfPsf JolQmnfO{ ;Dks{ ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] k|of]uaf6 sf]/f]gf
efO/; ;+qmd0f k'li6 ePsf dflg;x¿sf] glhs k'Ug] cGo JolQmx¿sf] klxrfg
u/L pgLx¿;Fu ;Dks{ :yflkt ug{ ;lsG5 . o; Pkn] tkfO{ / csf]{ JolQm !=%
dL6/sf] b"/Ldf /x]/ sDtLdf !% ldg]6;Dd;Fu} latfpg' ePdf /]s8{ /fVg ;S5 .

!)(
To:t} csf]{ tl/sf eg]sf] kf]h]l6e ePsf] JolQm cfPsf] a; jf hxfhsf] gDa/
lng] . s'g} klg a; jf hxfh r9\bf gfd, 7]ufgf, kmf]g gDa/ pNn]v ug{'kg]{
u/L kmf/fd eg{ nufpg] . To;kl5 kf]h]l6e JolQmnfO{ e]6]kl5 p;n] z'?b]lv
clGtd;Dd e]6]sf] JolQmx¿sf] lni6 agfpg] / ToxL cfwf/df pgLxsf] 6«]; ptfg{
;lsG5 .

-BIA

!!)
*!= g]kfndf lkl;cf/ 6]:6 s;n] ug{ kfpF5 <
g]kfn ;/sf/ :jf:Yo dGqfnosf] cflwsf/Ls k|of]uzfnf g]kfn hg :jf:Yo
k|of]uzfnf (NPHL) xf] h;n] ;a}eGbf klxnf sf]le8–!( sf] lkl;cf/
6]i6 u/]/ glthf k|sflzt u/]sf] lyof] . sf]/f]gf efO/; ;+qmd0f km}lng
yfn]kl5 eg] l/on 6fO{d lkl;cf/ (Real Time PCR) pks/0f ePsf ;?jf
/f]udf sfd ug]{ ;/sf/L c:ktfn, ljZjljBfno tyf cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x¿sf
k|of]uzfnfx¿n] tkl;nsf cfwf/e"t k|lqmofx¿ k'/f u/]df sf]le8–!( sf] lkl;cf/
6]i6 ug{ kfpF5 .
s_ k|of]uzfnfdf cf/6L–lkl;cf/ (RT-PCR) d]l;g BSL-2 :t/sf] n]ldgf/
x"8 (Laminar Hood) /x]sf] x'g' kg]{ .
v_ :ofd\kn sn]S;g (Sample collection), cf/PgP PS;6«ofS;g (RNA
extraction), cf/6L–kL;Lcf/÷df:6/ dLS; sIf (RT-PCR / Master mix
Room) cnUu} ePsf] k|of]uzfnf x'g' kg]{ .

u_ cf/6L–kL;Lcf/ (RT-PCR) ug]{ ;Sg] bIf hgzlQm x'g' kg]{ .

3_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s] adf]lhd k/LIf0f l/kf]6{sf] clGtd tof/ ug{ g]kfn
:jf:Yo Joj;foL kl/ifb​(Nepal Health Professional Council, NHPC)
af6 :jLs[t JolQm /x]sf] x'g kg]{ . xfn g]kfndf lgDg k|of]uzfnfx¿ sf]/f]gfsf]
lkl;cf/ 6]i6 ug{ :jLs[t k|fKt ;+:yfx¿ x'g\ .
!= /fli6«o hg:jf:Yo k|of]uzfnf 6]s', sf7df8f}+
@= z'qm/fh 6«lksn tyf ;?jf/f]u c:ktfn 6]s', sf7df8f}+
#= jL/ c:ktfn ef]6flx6L, sf7df8f}+
$= kf6g lj1fg k|lti7fg nugv]n, kf6g
%= lqlj lzIf0f c:ktfn dxf/fhu~h, sf7df8f}+
^= g]kfn k|x/L c:ktfn k|of]uzfnf, sf7df8f}+
&= jL/]Gb| c:ktfn 5fpgL, sf7df8f}+
*= g]kfn PlkPkm c:ktfn anDa', sf7df8f}+
(= XofD; c:ktfn, sf7df8f}+
!!!
!)= ;'l/of x]Ny s]o/ k|f=ln= nflhDkf6, sf7df8f}+
!!= ;]G6«n 8fOuf]gf]i6Ls Nofaf]/f6f]/L P08 l/;r{ ;]G6/, sf7df8f}+
!@= s]Pd;L c:ktfn, nlntk'/
!#= lj3 Nofj, nlntk'/
!$= aL P08 aL c:ktfn, nlntk'/
!%= g]kfn d]8Ll;6L c:ktfn, nlntk'/
!^= :6f/ c:ktfn k|of]uzfnf ;fg]kf, nlntk'/
!&= g]kfn sf]l/of d}qL gu/kflnsf c:ktfn l7dL, eQmk'/
!*= sf7df8f}+ ljZjljBfno lzIf0f c:ktfn, w'lnv]n
!(= w'lnv]n c:ktfn, w'lnv]n
@)= ljlk sf]O{/fnf :jf:Yo lj1fg k|lt:7fg, w/fg
@!= sf]zL c:ktfn, lj/f6gu/
@@= k|fb]lzs hg:jf:Yo k|of]uzfnf, lj/f6gu/
@#= hgsk'/ k|fb]lzs c:ktfn, hgsk'/
@$= gf/fo0fL c:ktfn, jL/u~h
@%= e/tk'/ c:ktfn sf]le8–!( k|of]uzfnf, lrtjg
@^= lrtjg d]l8sn sn]h e/tk'/, lrtjg
@&= sL6hGo /f]u cg';Gwfg tyf tflnd s]Gb|, x]6f}+8f
@*= kf]v/f :jf:Yo lj1fg k|lt:7fg, kf]v/f
@(= k|fb]lzs Ifo/f]u s]Gb| k|of]uzfnf, kf]v/f
#)= k|fb]lzs hg:jf:Yo k|of]uzfnf, ?kGb]xL
#!= e]/L c:ktfn, g]kfnu~h
#@= au]Zj/L 8fouf]gf]i6Ls P08 kf]lnlSnlgs ;]G6/, g]kfnu~h
##= /fKtL :jf:Yo lj1fg k|lt:7fg, bfª
#$= ;'v]{t k|fb]lzs c:ktfn, ;'v]{t
#%= s0ff{nL :jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fg, h'Dnf
!!@
#^= ;]tL k|fb]lzs c:ktfn, wgu9L
#&= 88]nw'/f c:ktfn, 88]nw'/f
#*= d]rL c:ktfn, ´fkf
#(= uh]Gb| gf/fo0f l;+x c:ktfn, /fhlj/fh, ;Kt/L
$)= n'lDagL k|fb]lzs c:ktfn, a'6jn
$!= g]zgn KofyNofa P08 l/;r{ ;]G6/ k|f=ln=, a'6jn
$@= sf]le8–!( k/LIf0f k|of]uzfnf, b}n]v
$#= rf}/hxf/L gu/kflnsf lkl;cf/ k|of]uzfnf, ?s'd
$$= sLlt{k'/ gu/kflnsf – lqlj hLjk|ljlw sf]/f]gf k|of]uzfnf, sLlt{k'/
-KDM

!!#
*@= s] sf]le8–!( ;+qmldt ePsf la/fdLsf] x]/ljrf/ 3/df g} ug{
;lsG5 <
lrlsT;s tyf cGo :jf:YosdL{x¿af6 ;+qmd0fsf] k'li6 eO;s]sf t/ nIf0f gb]lvPsf
JolQmx¿ cfgf] :jf:Yo cj:yf x]/L 3/df g} ;]Nkm cfO;f]n];gdf a:g ;S5g\ .
o;sf nflu pd]/ ^) jif{ eGbf sd, w'd|kfg gug]{, df]6f]kg gePsf] x'g'k5{ . t/
x[bo/f]u, dw'd]x, d]n]6; -nfdf] calw ;Dd /utdf pRr lrgLsf] dfqf ePsf_,
kmf]S;f] ;Dalw /f]u, SofG;/, d[uf}nf /f]u,/ /f]u k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf sdhf]/
ePsf] eg] x'g'x'Fb}g . ;+qmldt JolQmx¿nfO{ kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"ld, Joj:yfkg
ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] d'Nof+sg u/L kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] ;fd'lxs ¿kdf k|of]u
ug]{ :yfgx¿nfO{ ;Lldt ug]{, :jf:y ;'´fjx¿sf] kfngf ug]{, la/fdLsf] :jf:Yo
cj:yfsf] /fd|f] klxrfg ug{ ;Sg], cj:yf hl6n aGb} uPsf nIf0fx¿
b]lvPdf hfgsf/L u/fpg ;Sg] Ifdtf / cfjZos k/]df :jf:YosdL{x¿sf] ;xof]u
;d]t t'?Gt lng ;Sg] cj:yf ePdf sf]le8–!( sf la/fdLsf] x]/ljrf/ 3/df
g} ug{ ;lsG5 .

k|lzIf0f k|fKt :jf:YosdL{n] ;d]t 3/df sf]le8–!( sf la/fdLsf] x]/ljrf/ ug{

pko'Qm 5 ls 5}g eGg] d'Nof+sg ubf{ s]lx cfwf/e"t k"jf{wf/sf] cj:yfx¿
x]g{' k5{ . tL x'g\– 3/df 5'6} a:g ldNg] cj:yf 5 5}g, ;+qmd0f lgoGq0f ug{
;lsg], g;lsg], ;do ;dodf :jf:YosdL{x¿af6 kmf]g jf cGo s'g} b"/;]jf lbg
;lsG5, ;lsFb}g, cflb .

-BDD

!!$
*#= sf]le8–!( sf la/fdL 3/df x]/rfx ul//x]sf] 5 eg] 3/df cGo
dflg;x¿nfO{ ;+qmd0f x'gaf6 arfpg s] ug{'k5{ <
• la/fdL JolQmnfO{ 5'§} sf]7fdf /fVg'k5{ . To:tf] ug{ ;Dej geP slDtdf
Ps dL6/ b"/L sfod x'g] Joj:yf ug{'k5{ .
• la/fdL a;]sf] sf]7f, ;fd'lxs :yfg, ‰ofn 9f]sfx¿df xfjf /fd|f];Fu
v]Ng'k5{ .
• s;};+u Ps dL6/ eGbf sd b'/Lsf] cj:yf /x]df clgjfo{ ¿kdf la/fdL
JolQmn] d]l8sn df:s nufpg' k5{ .
• 3/df kfx'gfx¿nfO{ cfpg cg'dlt lbg' x'Fb}g .
• ;Dej eP;Dd ;Lldt JolQmx¿ dfq x]/ljrf/df ;xefuL x'g'k5{ .
• x]/ljrf/stf{, 3/sf ;b:ox¿, la/fdL Ps} sf]7fdf /xFbf clgjfo{ ¿kdf
d]l8sn df:s nufpg' kb{5 / o:tf] cj:yfdf c¿sf] df:s, cg'xf/
5'g] ug{' x'Fb}g . sf]7f 5f]8L ;s] kl5 df:s ;'/lIft :yfgdf kmfNg]
/ ;fa'g kfgLn] @) ;]s]G8;Dd xft w'g] ug{'k5{ . ;fa'g kfgL pknJw
gePdf cNsf]xno'Qm :ofgL6fOh/n] xft ;kmf ug{'k5{ .
• la/fdL JolQmn] k|of]u ug{sf nflu 5'§} efF8fs'F8f, sk, ?dfnsf] Joj:yf
ug{'k5{ . k|of]ukl5 tL ;fdu|L ;fa'gkfgLn] /fd|f];Fu ;kmf ug{'k5{ . oL
;fdu|L cGo ;b:ox?n] k|of]u ug{' x'Fb}g .
• la/fdL JolQmn] k|of]udf NofPsf ;fdu|L slDtdf lbgsf] Psk6s ;kmf
u/L sL6f0f'd'Qm ug{'k5{ .
• 3/sf ;a} ;b:ox¿n] lgoldt ¿kdf ;fa'g kfgLn] xft w'g'k5{ . ljz]if
ul/ vf]Sbf / xfR5\oF' u/]kl5, vfgf tof/ ug{'cl3 / kl5, zf}rfno
uPkl5, la/fdLsf] x]/rfx ug{' klxn] / kl5 ;fa'gkfgLn] xft w'g'k5{ .
• vf]Sbf, xfR5\oF' ubf{ s'lxgf] jf l6:o' k]k/n] 5f]Kg'k5{ / tTsfn To;nfO{
;'/lIft ¿kdf ofSg' kb{5 .

la/fdL JolQmn] k|of]u u/]sf kmf]xf]/x¿nfO{ emf]nfdf alnof];Fu ufF7f] kf/L ;'/lIft
¿kdf kmfNg' kb{5 .

-BDD

!!%
*$= sf]le8–!( ePsf dflg;x¿ slxn];Dd 3/df 5'§} a:g' kb{5 <
sf]le8–!( ePsf JolQmx? sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] ;+qmd0f d'Qm gx'Fbf;Dd a]Un}
a:g'k5{ .

• nIf0f b]lvPsf] lbgb]lv slDtdf !) lbg, ;fy} nIf0f cGTo ePsf]

csf]{ tLg​lbg ;d]t a:g' kb{5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf Zjf;k|Zjf;df s'g}
;d:of / Hj/f] cfPsf] x'g'x'Fb}g .
• nIf0f gb]lvPtfklg ;+qmd0f k'li6 ePs]f lbgb]lv !) lbg 5'§} a:g'
kb{5 .

-BDD

!!^
*%= sf]le8–!( af6 ;'/lIft x'g] ;Gbe{df ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gsf]
e"ldsf s] xf] <
ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7g (World Health Organization-WHO) ;+oQm /fi6« ;+3
cGtu{tsf] dfgj :jf:Yo ;+/If0fsf] nflu lhDd]jf/L kfPsf] Ps lgsfo xf] . of]
lgsfon] ljZjsf] kIf/fi6«x¿nfO{ :jf:Yo tyf ;/;kmfO{ If]qdf ;xof]u / ;Nnfx
lbg] ub{5 . sf]le8–!( sf] ;Gbe{df WHO sf] d'Vo e"ldsf eg]sf] sf]/f]gf
;+qmd0faf6 aRg ljZjsf] b]zx¿nfO{ k|fljlws ;Nnfx / ;xof]u ug{' g} xf] .
o; ;+u7gn] sf]/f]gf efO/; / o;af6 x'g] /f]u sf]le8–!( sf af/] j}1flgs
/ tYok/s 1fg lbO{/x]sf] x'G5 . of] /f]u gofF ePsf]n] WHO n] eg]sf s]xL
s'/fx¿ lj/f]wfef;sf] ¿kdf klg aflx/ cfof] . cfkm"n] lbPsf] ;"rgfx¿ klg kl/jt{g
ub}{ cfPsf] kfOG5 . h:t} z'?df of] /f]u dflg;b]lv dflg;df ;b}{g t/ kl5
p;n] of] /f]u dflg; b]lv dflg;df ;5{ eg]/ ;"lrt u¥of] . WHO n] ljZje/
sf ;DalGwt lj1x¿÷;/sf/ / o;sf kf6{g/x¿;Fu 3lgi6 ;xsfo{ / ;dGjo ub}{
of] gofF efO/; / /f]uaf/] j}1flgs 1fg / tYonfO{ ;dod} k|;f/0f ug]{ u5{ h;n]
ubf{ cfddflg;sf] :jf:Yo ;'/lIft x'g ;sf];\ . WHO n] :jf:YosdL{x¿sf]
clwsf/, pgLx¿n] k|of]u ug]{÷kfpg] :jf:Yo ;]jfx¿ s] s:tf] x'g'k5{ egL k|f]6f]sn
agfPsf] 5 / ;f]xL cg';f/ ;a} /fi6«x¿n] cf—cfgf] b]zsf] cj:yfsf] cfwf/df
:jf:YosdL{x¿sf] ;'/Iff s] s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 ;f] sf] ;'lglZrt ug{sf] nflu
sfo{ljlwx¿ lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 . WHO n] cfgf] k|ltlglw dfkm{t\ ;f] sfo{ljlw
cg'?k eP, gePsf] ;DaGwdf ;dLIff u/]/ WHO sf] /fli6«o k|ltlglw dfkm{t\
;/sf/nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] / ;xof]u ug]{u5{ .

-DIP

!!&
!!*
 3= e|d / oyfy{
-k|Zgf]Q/ *^–!))_
*^= clxn] km}ln/x]sf] sf]/f]gf efO/; slxn];Dd /lx/xg ;Snf < s] o;sf]
cGTo x'Fb}g <
*&= sf]le8–!( af6 ;+qmldt s]xL rlr{t JolQmx¿ sf] sf] x'g\ <
**= g]kfndf hLj lj1fg / ;'Id lj1fg ljifosf :gftsx¿nfO{ lkl;cf/
6]:6 ug{ lsg lbOPsf] 5}g <
*(= ljZj dxfdf/L slt slt jif{sf] cGt/fndf cfpF5 <
()= :k]lgz n' eg]sf] s] xf] <
(!= O{af]nf eg]sf] klg sf]le8–!( h:t} /f]u xf] <
(@= ufO{sf] lk;fa vfFbf sf]/f]gfsf] ;+qmd0f x'bF g} /] . s] of] s'/f ;fFrf] xf] <
(#= of]u ugf{n] s] efO/; lj?4 k|lt/f]w Ifdtf a9\b5 <
($= sf]/f]gf d}+of / sf]/f]gf b]jL eg]sf] s] xf] <
(%= b]jL b]jtf, k"hf–cfhf / efsn u/]/ sf]/f]gf efO/; eufpg ;lsG5 <
(^= u|x0f nfUbf sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] c;/ sd x'G5 <
(&= tftf] kfgLn] xft w'Fbf sf]/f]gf efO/; d5{ <
(*= d}n] tftf]kfgL, cb'jf, a];f/, n;'g v'a vfG5' . s] dnfO{ klg sf]/f]gf
efO/;sf] ;+qmd0f x'g ;S5 <
(*= xfdLn] sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] ;fy afFRg' k5{ / o;sf] cGTo x'Fb}g, s] of]
s'/f ;To xf] <
*(= of] dxfdf/L slxn] ;dfKt x'G5 < slxn] d ljBfnodf hfg ;S5' /
d]/f ;fyLx¿;Fu e]6\g ;S5' <
!))=cfhef]nL dflg;x? sf]/f]gf lj?4sf] n8fO{+ eg]/ elg /x]sf 5g\.
o;df j}1flgsx? s] eGb5g\ <
!!(
 !!M sf6{"g s[lqd a'l4dQf (Artificial Intelligence) / sf]/f]gf
lrq !!M
efO/;
;fef/M w w w. k d n u g g e t s . c o m / 2 0 2 0 / 0 4 / c a r t o o n - a i -
coronavirus.html

!@)
*^= clxn] km}ln/x]sf] sf]/f]gf efO/; slxn];Dd /lx/xg ;Snf <
s] o;sf] cGTo x'Fb}g <
gf]an sf]/f]gf efO/; gofF efO/; ePsfn] o;af/] w]/} cWoog afFsL g} 5 . h:t}
s'g} klg ;+qmldt slt l56f] lgsf] x'G5 eGg] pm slt la/fdL ePsf] 5 eGg]df
e/k5{ . ;fdfGoto ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7g -WHO_ n] cf};tdf b'O{ ;ftfdf la/fdL
lgsf] x'g] hgfPsf] 5 . t/ uDeL/ nIf0f ePsf sltkosf] lglDt of] /f]u lgs}
uDeL/ aGg ;S5 . ;+qmd0f ePsf] ;ftb]lv !) lbgdf o:tf] x'g ;S5 . nfdf]
;do;Ddsf cfFs8fx¿ pknAw gePsfn] sf]/f]gf efO/;n] kfg{] bL3{sfnLg c;/
af/] eGg ;lsFb}g . t/ s]xL tYox¿nfO{ x]/]/ bfFHg eg] ;lsG5 . pknAw cfFs8f
x]bf{ (% b]lv (^ k|ltzt dflg; lgsf] x'g] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . k"0f{ ¿kdf
sf]/f]gfd'Qm x'g d'Votof tLg j6f pkfox? 5g\​M

!= EolS;g​ (vf]k),
@= ;+qmd0faf6 aRgsf nflu dflg;df k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtfsf] ljsf;,
#= ;dfh jf Jojxf/nfO{ j}1flgs agfpg] .
oL tLg pkfox¿af6 efO/; km}ng] IfdtfnfO{ 36fpg ;lsG5 .

-BIA

!@!
*&= sf]le8–!( af6 ;+qmldt s]xL rlr{t JolQmx¿ sf] sf] x'g\ <
sf]/f]gf efO/; ljZjsf ;a} b]zx?df k'lu;s]sf] 5 . sf]/f]gf efO/;af6 nfUg]
/f]u sf]le8–!( af6 ;+qmldt x'g] JolQmx? hf] sf]lx klg x'g ;S5 . oxfF
sf]le8–!( af6 ;+qmldt ;fj{hlgs kbdf /x]sf s]lx /fhg}lts JolQmx?sf]
gfdfjnL lbOPsf] 5. of] gfdfjnL ;]K6]Da/ !%, @)@) ;Ddsf] xf] .
tflnsf #MM sf]le8​–!( af6 ;+qmldt s]lx /fhg}lts JolQmx?

gfd / kl/ro b]z ;+qmldt

qm+=;+=
ldlt
! cln nfl/hfgL, ;+;b ;efd'v O/fg clk|n @
# c;b s';]/, ;+3Lo ;f+;b ;efd'v kfls:tfg d] !
$ af]l/; hf]G;g​, k|wfgdGqL a]nfot dfr{ @&
% sfd]{g sfNef], pkk|wfgdGqL :k]g h'g *
^ km]/f]h'l2g km]/f]h​, :jf:Yo dGqL ckmuflg:tfg d] &
& h}/ af]n\;f]gf/f], /fi6«klt / >LdtL a|flhn h"nfO{ &
* h]lgg PG8]h, /fi6«klt af]lnleof h'nfO{ (
( h'jfg cf]n{G8 xgf{G8]h​, /fi6«klt xf]G8'/; h'g !^
!) Sjfs' clhdfª–dfg', :jf:Yo dGqL 3fgf h'g !$
!! df;f]d]x OAt]s/​, pk/fi6«klt O/fg
!@ dfnlbE; cui6
df}d'g cAb'n uo'd,​ e"tk"j{ /fi6«klt
@%
!$ dfOsn jf];, jftfk/0f dGqL kf]Nof08 dfr{ !^
!% /l;of clk|n
ldvfOn ld;'l:tg,​k|wfgdGqL
#)
!^ glbg 8f]l/;,​:jf:Yo dGqL a]nfot dfr{ !)
!& lgsf]n klzGofg,​k|wfgdGqL cd]{lgof h'g !
!* ;f]dflnof clk|n @
g'/ x;g x';]g,​ e"tk"j{ k|wfgdGqL
df d[To'

!@@
!( k]8«f] ;fGr]h\, k|wfgdGqL / pgsL >LdtL :k]g
@) o'j/fh rfN;​{, o'j/fhs'df/ a]nfotsf dfr{ @%
@@ ;o'+Qm /fHo cui6 @
/fpn lu|hNjf, sf+u|];sf ;b:o
cd]l/sf
@# l/s dr/,​pk/fi6«klt / pgsf] >LdtL blIf0f ;'8fg d] !*
@$ ;flxb vfg cAaf;L e"tk"j{ k|wfg dGqL kls:tfg h'g *
@% z]x]afh ;l/km​, k|d'v ljklIf bnsf g]tf kls:tfg h"g !!
@^ Sofgf8f dfr{ !@
zf]kmL u|]uf]/ 6«'8f]+, k|wfgdGqLsf >LdtL

-DIP

!@#
**= g]kfndf hLj lj1fg / ;'Id lj1fg ljifosf :gftsx¿nfO{
lkl;cf/ 6]:6 ug{ lsg lbOPsf] 5}g <
g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljleGg Jofj;flos /f]huf/x¿sf] pTyfg ug{ k|lti7fgx¿sf]
:yfkgf u/]sf]5 . To;dWo] g]kfn :jf:Yo Joj;foL kl/ifb​(Nepal Health
Professional Council, NHPC) klg Pp6f xf] . To; k|lti7fgn] :jf:Yo
k|of]uzfnfdf sfd ug{ ;Sg] ;Lkx¿ xfl;n u/]sf laPdPn6L÷PdPdPn6L
(BMLT/MMLT) cWoog u/]sf bIf lj1x¿nfO{ dfq To; ljifo;Fu ;DjlGwt
Ifdtfsf cfwf/df /f]huf/L ug{ kfpg] u/L k|df0f–kq k|bfg ug]{ u/]sf]5 .
To; k|df0f–kqsf] cfwf/df pNn]lvt ljifox¿ cWoog u/]sf :gftsx¿n]
g]kfnsf :jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿sf] k|of]uzfnfdf sfd ug]{ df}sf kfpF5g\ . t/ g]kfnsf
cWoog ;+:yfgx¿n] BMLT/MMLT cWoog u/fpg] z}lIfs txx¿df lkl;cf/
;DjGwL k|of]ufTds lzIff lbOPsf] kfO{Pg . tL pTkflbt ljBfyL{x¿n] lkl;cf/
;DjGwL sfd ug{' k/]df To; ;DjGwL yk tflnd lng'kg b]lvof] . To;}n] b]zdf
sf]le8–!( dxfdf/L x'Fbf t'?Gt bIf hgzlQm pknAw x'g ;s]g .

lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] lj1fg tyf k|ljlw cWoog ;+:yfg cGtu{tsf] h}ljs

k|ljlw tyf ;'Id lj1fgdf :gftsf]Q/ cWoog u/]sf ljBfyL{x¿n] lkl;cf/ ;DaGwL
k|of]ufTds lzIff xfl;n u/]/ lkl;cf/ rnfO{ /f]usf] lgbfg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf
/fV5g\ . t/ g]kfn ;/sf/ cGtu{tsf] g]kfn :jf:Yo Joj;foL k|lti7fg (NHPC) n]
h}ljs k|ljlw tyf ;'Id lj1fgdf :gftsf]Q/ cWoog u/]sf lkl;cf/ rnfpg
;Sg] tL bIf hg zlQmnfO{ g]kfnsf :jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿sf] lkl;cf/ ;~rfng x'g]
k|of]uzfnfx¿sf] nflu dfq ePklg /f]huf/L ug{ kfpg] u/L k|df0f–kq glbPsfn]
Psflt/ b]zsf] hgzlQm v]/ uPsf] 5 eg] csf]{lt/ o:tf] dxfdf/Lsf] ;dodf klg
lkl;cf/ k/LIf0f ;~rfng ug{ hgzlQmsf] cefjj ePsf] 5 . tyflk sf]/f]gfsf]
dxfdf/Ldf bIf hgzlQmsf] cefj vl6\sPsf] cj:yfdf lqe'jg ljZjljBfno lzIf0f
c:ktfn, g]kfn–sf]l/of d}qL c:ktfn, 88]nw'/f c:ktfn cflbdf h}ljs k|ljlw
s]Gb|Lo ljefuaf6 :gftsf]Q/ u/]sf s]xL ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;Dk"0f{ lkl;cf/ 6]i6 tyf
kl/0ffd lgsfNg] sfddf nufP/ l/kf]6{df b:tvt dfq BMLT/MMLT cWoog
u/]sf hgzlQmn] ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . Ifdtfjfg bIf hgzlQmnfO{ /fi6«n] klxrfg
u/L /fi6« ;]jfdf nufpg] Joj:yf x'g] u/L lgod sfg"gx¿ ;DjlGwt ;/sf/L
lgsfox¿n] oyfzL3| ug{' kb{5 .

!@$
 -KDM

*(= ljZj dxfdf/L slt slt jif{sf] cGt/fndf cfpF5 <

efO/; jf AofS6]l/ofaf6 x'g] ;+qmd0f Ps b]zaf6 w]/} b]zx?df km}lng yfNof]
eg] To;nfO{ dxfdf/L elgG5 . dxfdf/L ljZjsf clwsf+z b]zdf km}lnof] eg]
ljZjJofkL dxfdf/L -KofG8]lds_ elgG5 . gofF /f]usf sf/s efO/; jf AofS6]l/of
l56f] km}lng] Ifdtf xfl;n u/] eg] o:tf] dxfdf/L cfpF5 . h:t}, ANofs
8]9 jf a'af]lgs Kn]u . rf}wf}+ cf}+ ztfAbLdf ANofs 8]y &% nfveGbf a9L
JolQmsf] nflu 3fts ag]sf] lyof], bzf}+ xhf/ dflg;x?sf] Hofg u​Psf] lyof] .
;g\ !(!* df b]vfk/]sf] :k]lg; n" dxfdf/L ljZjsf s}of} b]zx?df km}lnPsf]
lyof] . :k]lg; n'af6 ljZjdf %) s/f]8 dflg;x? cyf{t Tolta]nfsf] ljZj
hg;+Vofsf] PsltxfO ;+qmldt e​ Psf lyP . To; /f]uaf6 sDtLdf % s/f]8
dflg;x?sf] dTo' ePsf] lyof] . lj1x¿ o;nfO{ Oltxf;sf] ;a}eGbf uDeL/ dxfdf/L
dfGb5g\ . O{Gkm\n'PGhf dxfdf/L gjf}+ ztfAbLb]lv ljleGg cGt/fndf bf]xf]l/Psf]
5 . lj1x¿sf cg';f/ o:tf] dxfdf/L !)) jif{sf] cGt/fndf cfpF5 . t/ of]
lgisif{ k"0f{tM :yflkt eO;s]sf] 5}g .

-MEB

!@%
()= :k]lgz ˆn' eg]sf] s] xf] <
:k]lg; n' ;g\ !(!* b]lv !(@) ;Dd ljZjsf] @%–#) k|ltzt hg;+Vofdf
km}lnPsf] dxfdf/L xf] . o;nfO{ !(!* n' dxfdf/L klg eGg] ul/G5 . Tolta]nf
o'/f]ksf clwsf+z b]z ljZj o'4df xf]ldPsfn] dxfdf/Lsf] z'?d} Wofg uPg .
o'4df t6:y /x]sf] :k]gn] of] dxfdf/Lsf] phfu/ u/]sf] lyof] . To;}n] o;sf]
gfd :k]lg; n' /xg uof] . OGn'PGhf efO/;sf] ;+qmd0faf6 km}lnPsf] of]
dxfdf/Ldf %) s/f]8 dflg; ;+qmldt ePsf lyP . nueu % s/f]8 dflg;x¿sf]
d[To' ePsf] lyof] . o; dxfdf/Lsf] 5fn klxnf] k6s a;Gt' Ct'df dWok/s
¿kdf b]vf k/]sf] lyof] hlta]nf la/fdLx¿n] ysfg, Hj/f], lr;f] nfUg] h:tf
nIf0f dx;'; u/]sf x'Gy] eg] kl5 5fnf g} lgnf] eP/ kmf]S;f]df kfgL el/P/
;+qmd0f ePsf] s]xL 306f d} dflg;x¿sf] d[To' ePsf] lyof] . pkrf/ lgbfg /
vf]ksf] plrt ljsf; gx'g' / k|yd ljZj o'4n] kLl8t ePsf] kl/l:yltn] ubf{
klg w]/} dflg;sf] d[To' ePsf] cf+sng ug{ ;lsG5 . ;do;Fu} dflg;x¿df /f]u
k|lt/f]wfTds zlQmsf] ljsf;sf sf/0fn] ;f] /f]usf] dxfdf/Lsf] cGTo ePsf]
dflgG5 .

OGn'PGhf /f]uaf6 w]/} h;f] aRrf / a'9f dflg;x¿ cfqmfGt x'G5g\ eg] :k]lg;
n'n] tGg]/L pd]/sf dflg;x¿nfO{ ;+qmd0f u/]sf] lyof] . /f]usf] efO/; r/fx¿af6
dflg;df ;/]sf] eGg] tYo To; a]nfb]lv ;'/lIft /flvPsf tGt'x¿af6 efO/;sf]
k"0f{ cfg'jf+lzs (Whole Genome Sequencing) cWoog u/L kQf nufOPsf] 5 .
j}1flgsx¿n] of] dxfdf/Ldf w]/}h;f] tGg]/Lx?sf] d[To' x'g'sf] sf/0f klg kQf
nufPsf 5g\ . tL hjfgx¿df efO/;;Fu h'Wg /f]u k|lt/f]wfTds k|0ffnLn] pTkfbg
ug]{ ;fO{6f]sfO{g k|f]6Lg cToflws dfqfdf pTkfbg eO{ /f]u k|lt/f]w zlQm g} Wj:t
ePsf] lyof] . To; afx]s ljZj o'4sf sf/0f ;/;kmfO{, :jf:Yo / vfglkgdf
Wofg lbg g;Sbf c¿ JofS6]l/ofx¿sf] ;+qmd0faf6 klg y'k|}sf] Hofg uPsf] x'g'
k5{ eGg] cg'dfg klg 5 . of] /f]usf] 5fn aLrdf s]xL ;fd;'d eP kl5 bf];|f]
5fnsf] ¿kdf !(!* sf] cGTolt/ km]/L ljZjdf km}lnP/ c´ w]/}sf] Hofg lnPsf]
kfO{Psf] 5 .

-KDM

!@^
(!= O{af]nf eg]sf] klg sf]le8–!( h:t} /f]u xf] <
Oaf]nf efO/; lkmnf]efO/; kl/jf/sf] k/hLljaf6 ;g]{ /f]u dflg; nufot cGo
b'O{ v'§] :tgwf/L k|f0fLx¿nfO{ (Primates) nfUg] uDeL/ k|s[ltsf] /f]u xf] .
d[To'b/ nueu %) k|ltzt /x]sf] o; /f]u dflg;x¿df h+unL hgfj/x¿ h:t}
rd]/f]÷;fnsaf6 ;g]{ ub{5 / kl5 hgdfg;df ;+qmldt /ut, c+u jf s'g} z/L/
af6 lgl:sg] t/n kbfy{sf] k|ToIf ;Dks{n] x'g] u5{ . o; efO/; klxnf] k6s
;g\ !(&^ df sf]ª\uf] b]zsf] O{af]nf gbLsf] glhs oDa's' ufpFdf b]lvPsf] lyof]
/ ;g\ @)!$ sf] O{af]nf dxfdf/L clk|msfsf] lugL /fHosf] b'u{d ufpFaf6 kl5
cGo b]zx¿df km}lnPsf] dflgG5 .
of] /f]usf] ljsf; x'g] ;do cf};tdf b'O{ b]lv @! lbg xf] eg] o;af6 ;+qmldtn]
nIf0f b]vf gkbf{;Dd csf]{ JolQmnfO{ /f]u ;fb}{g . o;sf k|d'v nIf0fx¿df
Hj/f], ysfg, df+;k]zLsf] b'vfO{, 6fpsf] b'Vg] clg 3fF6Lsf] b'vfO /x]sf 5g\ /
kl5 afGtf, ´f8fkvfnf, bfux¿, d[uf}nf / kmf]S;f]df ;d:of / lhpsf] cfGtl/s
/Qm;|fa eP/ lb;f lk;fa / luhfaf6 /ut cfpg] x'G5 . o;nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{
s'g} plrt pkrf/ ljlw 5}g . To;}n] o;sf] nIf0f Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfd dfq}
ul/G5 .
sf]le8–!( h:t} efO/;af6 ;g]{ /f]u eP O{af]nfsf] sf/s efO/; / nIf0f km/s
5 . n] b]vfpg] nIf0fx¿ km/s 5g\ h:t} O{af]nfdf Hj/f]sf ;fy ;fy} ´f8fkvfnf
/ afGtf a9L x'g] ub{5 . sf]/f]gf efO/;h:t} ;lhnf];Fu O{af]nf efO/; ;b}{g .
O{af]nf /f]usf] ;+qmd0f ;+qmldt JolQmsf] z/L/af6 lg:sg] t/n kbfy{ h:t}
kl;gf, /ut, lk;fa cflbsf] ;Dks{df gcfP;Dd /f]u ;b}{g .

-KDM

!@&
(@= ufO{sf] lk;fa vfFbf sf]/f]gfsf] ;+qmd0f x'Fb}g /] . s] of] s'/f ;fFrf]
xf] <
sf]/f]gfsf] ;+qmd0f rLgsf] j'xfgaf6 o"/f]k x'Fb} ef/tdf cfPkl5 ToxfFsf s]xL lxGb"
wfld{s cg'ofoL / ;dy{sx¿n] æufO{sf] lk;fa / uf]a/ vfFbf sf]/f]gfsf] ;+qmd0f
x'Fb}g / ;+qmd0f ePsfx¿ lgsf] x'G5Æ eGg] ts{ cufl8 ;f/]sf lyP . o; ts{nfO{
k|;f/ k|;f/ ug{ ef/tdf clvn ef/t lxGb" dxf;efn] ut dfr{ !$ tfl/vdf
uf}d"q ;]jg sfo{qmd klg cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] . To; kl5 ef/ts} s]xL
cg';Gwfg cfof]u / k|of]uzfnf ePsf j}1flgs cg';Gwfgn] of] ts{ s]jn Pp6f
ldYof xf] o;df s'g} j}1flgs ;Totf gePsf] hgfO;s]sf] 5 .

ufO{sf] lk;fadf sf]/f]gf efO/;;Fu n8\g ;Sg] zlQm x'G5 eg]/ v'a} xNnf ul/Psf]
5, t/ To;df To:tf] s'g} klg h}ljs zlQm -PlG686_ ePsf] j}1flgs k|df0f
5}g . ef/tsf] /fli6«o ljiff0f' ;dfh (National Virological Society) n] Ps
lj1lKt lgsfn]/ eg]sf] 5– …ufO{sf] lk;fa jf lb;fdf sf]/f] gf efO/; dfq} xf]Og
s'g} klg k|sf/sf] efO/;sf] la?4 n8\g ;Sg] cf}iflw ePsf] xNnfdf j}1flgs
cfwf/ 5}g .

xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5, sltko /f]ux¿sf] ;|f]t kz'kIfL x'g\ . rf/j6f ;+qmldt

/f]udWo] tLgj6fsf] ;|f]t kz'k+IfL x'g] u/]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o
kz' cg';Gwfg k|lti7fgsf cg';f/ kz'–hGo /f]ux¿ w]/} ePsf b]zdf Olyof]lkof,
gfOh]l/of, 6]Ghflgof / ef/t kb{5g\ . ufO{sf] lk;fa vfFbf To;df x'g ;Sg]
sL6f0f'x¿af6 dflg;sf] z/L/df ;+qmd0f x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 . o;sf/0f o;af/]
rgfvf] x'g cg';Gwfgstf{ Pj+ :jf:ysdL{x¿n] ;Nnfx lbPsf 5g\ .

-NPK

!@*
(#= of]u ugf{n] s] efO/; lj?4 k|lt/f]w Ifdtf a9\b5 <
of]u wfld{s ljZjf; dfq geO{ zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s Jofofd klg xf] . of]usf]
cy{ ;DaGw jf hf]8 xf] . ljljw cf;g, cEof;, ;fwgf, Wofg cflbsf dfWodaf6
dg / z/L/nfO{ hf]8\g] k|lqmof of]u xf] . k"jL{o bz{g / zf:qx¿df cflbd
sfnb]lv g} of]u zAbsf] k|of]u x'b} cfPsf] 5 . of]udf z/L/sf ljleGg c+unfO{
lgoGq0f u/L ljljw cf;g, cEof;, ;fwgf, Wofg ul/G5 . k|0ffofd of]un] Zjf;
k|Zjf;nfO{ alnof] agfpF5 . o;n] kmf]S;f]sf] xfjf lng ;Sg] IfdtfnfO{ ;lqmo
u/fpFg'sf ;fy} d'6' / /Qm ;~rf/nfO{ alnof] agfpF5 . dxf/fhf OlG:6Ro'6
ckm d]l8sn ;fO{G;df al/i7 8fS6/ leh]gu/d /fjsf cg';f/ of]un] rofkro
-d]6faf]lnHd_ a9fpg'sf ;fy} /f]u k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf a9fpF5 . c/laGb uf]kfn
/ pgsf ;fyLx¿n] @)!! df cGt//fli6«o of]u hg{ndf k|sflzt n]v cg';f/
of]un] Zjf; k|Zjf; / /Qm ;~rf/nfO{ lgolGqt / ;Gt'lnt ug]{ x'Fbf lgoldt
of]u ;fwgfn] dfgl;s tgfj sd u/fpF5 / z/L/df dfgl;s / zf/Ll/s :km"lt{
NofO{ /f]u k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf a9fpF5 .

of]u zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s Jofofd ePsf] x'Gbf lgoldt / ;Gt'lnt of]u

ugf{n] zf/l/s / dfgl;s :jf:Yo alnof] agfpF5 . zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s
:jf:Yo alnof] ePsf] cj:yfdf cfTdan alnof] x'G5 . sf]/f]gf efO/;
/ of] /f]u;Fu n8\g] k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtfsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfn / ef/tdf
of]u ug{'nfO{ k|fyldstf lbP h:t} lrlgofFx¿n] cfgf] k/Dk/fut zf/Ll/s /
dfgl;s Jofofd …tfOrLÚ v]Ng] jf v]ns"bdf ;lqmo /xg ;'´fPsf] 5 . /f]u
k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf a9fpg ;a} b]z / ;dfhdf ;lqmo hLjg / zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s
JofofdnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] b]lvG5 . cd]l/sL ;du| cf}iflw ;+3sf cWoIf 8fS6/
Sofy]n]g k|mfosf cg';f/ of]u s'g} Ps c+usf] dfq} Jofofd jf cf}iflw xf]Og .
of] ;a} /f]usf] /f]usf] lj?4 sfd u5{ .

-NPK

!@(
($= sf]/f]gf d}+of / sf]/f]gf b]jL eg]sf] s] xf] <
sf]le8–!( sf] ;+qmd0f / To;af6 hf]ufpg d2t ug]{ laleGg pkfoaf/] ;+;f/sf
;a} b]zx¿df ;r]tgf km}nfpg] cleofg 3/b}nf] ;Dd k'¥ofpg] k|of; ePsf] 5 .
;a}h;f] cfkt lakb\df ;To / tYo;Fu} s]xL l;ldt jf cNk;+Vos ;d'bfodf
e|d / cGwljZjf; km}lng] u/]sf] 5 . j}1flgs r]tgfdf kl5 k/]sf] ;d'bfodf
cGwljZjf;n] alnof] h/f uf8]sf] x'G5 / ToxfF e|d / cGw ljZjf; ;lhn}
df}nfpg] ub{5 . sf]/f]gf ;+qmd0f b/ a9];Fu} ef/tdf d[To'b/ klg a9\b} uof] .
wfdL, af]S;L, 8fog\, lk;fr, e"t k|]tsf] cl:tTj ;lhn} :jLsfb}{ cfPsf] ;dfhdf
sf]/f]gf ;+qmd0f / To;sf] pkrf/af/] j}1flgs 1fg k'¥ofpg jf a'´fpg g;Sbf
sf]/f]gf dxfdf/LnfO{ sf]/gfdfO, sf]/f]gf ;+qmd0fnfO{ sf]/f]gf z+s/sf] ¿kdf k|rf/
ul/of] . ef/tsf] pQ/ k|b]z, xl/of0ff, laxf/ / ´f/v08sf s]xL ufpFsf
dlxnfx¿ hDdf eO{ gbL lsgf/ jf v'Nnf rf}/df sf]/f]gf d}+of jf sf]/f]gf b]
jLsf] gfddf k"hfcfhf ug{ yfn] . o:tf] e|dnfO{ km}nfpg rfxg] ;dfhsf s]xL
cGwljZjf;Ln] o:tf] k|sf/sf] k"hf / cg'i7fg ;fdflhs ;~hfndf /fv] kl5
sf]/f]gf d+}of jf sf]/f]gf b]jLsf] cGwljZjf; ef/tsf] clwsf+z lk5l8Psf] ufpFx¿df
km}lnof] .

g]kfnsf s]xL cGwljZjf;df cf:yf /fVg] ;d"xn] klg o:tf] k"hf u/]sf] ;dfrf/
cfof] . of] k"0f{tM cGwljZjf; xf] . g]kfn / ef/tdf dfq geO{ ljZjs} s}of+}
b]zx¿df sf]/f]gf / sf]le8–!(sf] pkrf/af/] cGwljZjf; km}nfpg] / cGwljZjf;
k|of]udf Nofpg] sltko​kfb/L, k"hf/L, u'? jf df}nfgfx¿sf] oxL /f]usf] sf/0f
d[To' eO{;s]sf] 5 eg] ltgLx¿n] cfgf] cGwljZjf;sf] sf/0f ;of}+ lgbf]{ifnfO{
sf]/f]gf ;+qmd0f u/fpg] …kfkÚ u/]sf 5g\ . t;y{ sf]/f]gf d}+of / sf]/f]gf b]jLsf]
cl:tTj 5}g . o:tf] cGwljZjf; lrg{ j}1flgs hut / /fHon] c´} d]xgt
ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

-NPK

!#)
(%= b]jL b]jtf, k"hf–cfhf / efsn u/]/ sf]/f]gf efO/; eufpg
;lsG5 <
b]jL b]jtfsf] k"hf–cfhf / efsn, rr{df k|fy{gf ug{', u'?åf/f hfg', dl:hbdf
k|fy{gf ug{' jf cGo s'g} wfld{s cg'i7fg ug{' Tof] hflt jf wd{ laz]ifsf] cf:yf
/ wfld{s k/Dk/f xf] . c´ :k:6 ?kdf eGg] xf] eg] JolQmsf] cf:yf xf] . o:tf]
lqmofsnfkn] s'g} ;d"x ljz]ifdf dfgl;s zflGt / cfTdljZjf; a9fpg d2t
ug{ ;S5 t/ of] s'g} efO/;åf/f ;+qmldt eP/ x'g] /f]usf] pkrf/ x'g ;Sb}g .
sf]/f]gf efO/; dflg;af6 dflg;df ;5{ / of] Zjf;k|Zjf;sf] dWodaf6 ;g]{ /f]u
xf] eGg] @)!( sf] l8;]Da/ d} kQf nfO;s]sf] 5 . sf]/f]gf k|hfltsf] of] efO/;
cGo efO/;eGbf tLj| ;+qmd0f x'g] ;lhn} ;+qmldt agfpg] k'li6 eO{;s]sf] 5 .
xfn cfP/ o; efO/;n] Zjf;gnL / kmf]S;f] dfq} geO{ dfgj z/L/sf] d'6', sn]hf],
lduf}{nf / kfrfg k|0ffnLdf ;d]t xfgL k'¥ofpg] tYo k|sfzdf cfPsf] 5 .
sf]/f]gf efO/; le8ef8df ;lhn} Ps csf{df ;+qmd0f x'G5 . s]xL b]zsf] 36gfnfO{
x]bf{ wfld{s cg':7fgsf] gfddf ePsf 7"nf–7"nf e]nf / k|fy{gfsf] qmddf o;sf]
;+qmd0f km}lnPsf] 5 . To;}n] xfn;Dd s'g} cf}iflw pkrf/ kQf gnfu]sf] /f]u
sf]le8–!( b]jL b]jtfsf] k"hf–cfhf / efsn u/]/ sf]/f]gf efO/; eufpg ;lsG5
eGg] ;f]Rg' kfv+8Lkg / cGwljZjf; xf] . o:tf] e|d l;h{gf u/L dflg;x¿sf] e]nf
u/fO{ ;+qmd0f km}nfpg' ;fdflhs ck/fw klg xf] .
-NPK

!#!
(^= u|x0f nfUbf sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] c;/ sd x'G5 <
sf]le8–!(sf] dxfdf/L km}lnFb} hfFbf ;dfhdf o;af/] cg]sg\ e|dsf] l;h{gf klg
ePsf] 5 . s]xL dflg;x¿ ;"o{u|x0fkl5 sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] k|sf]kdf sdL cfpg]
cg'dfg u5{g\ . t/ o:tf] cg'dfgnfO{ k'li6 ug]{ s'g} cfwf/ 5}g . To:t} s]xL
dflg;x¿n] b}lgs !) ldg]6 3fd tfKbf sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] k|sf]k s]xL sd x'g]
bfaL u/]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf cg';f/ ;"o{sf] k|sfzn] 5fnfdf le6fdLg 8L k|fKt
x'g] / ;+qmd0f sd x'g] ub{5 eGg] 5 . t/ of] cg'dfg k'li6 ug]{ klg s'g} 7f];
k|df0f eg] 5}g .

-BIA

!#@
(&= tftf] kfgLn] xft w'Fbf sf]/f]gf efO/; d5{ <
;fwf/0ftof &) l8u|L ;]lN;o; cyjf &) l8u|L ;]lN;o; eGbf dflysf] tfkqmddf
efO/; dg{ ;S5 t/ &) l8u|L ;]lN;o;df kfgLn] xft w'Fbf xfd|f] 5fnfnfO{ uDeL/
c;/ ug{ ;S5 . xfd|f] z/L/ klg ljleGg hLljt sf]ifx¿sf] ;+of]hgaf6 lgdf{0f
ePsf] x'G5 / a9L tfkqmd /x]sf] cj:yfdf xfd|f] 5fnfsf sf]ifx¿ dg{ ;S5g\ .
To;}n] tftf] kfgLn] xft w'Fbf -;xg ;Sg] tftf] kfgLn]_ sf]/f]gf efO/; d'Qm
x'G5 eGg] ;To xf]Og . o;sf] ljsNkdf ;fa'g kfgLn] xft w'Fbf sf]/f]gf efO/;
;lhnf];Fu} gi6 x'G5 .

-SLS

lrq !@M
!@M tftf] kfgLdf g'xfP/ sf]/f]gf efO/;af6 hf]lug ;ls+b}g
;fef/M ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7g

!##
(*= d}n] tftf]kfgL, cb'jf, a];f/, n;'g v'a vfG5' . s] dnfO{ klg sf]/f]gf
efO/;sf] ;+qmdg x'g ;S5 <
xfdLn] vfg] vfgfaf6 sf]/f]gf efO/; ;+qmd0f x'g arfpg] tYo clxn];Dd kQf nufpg
;lsPsf] 5}g . t;y{ tftf]kfgL, cb'jf, n;'g / a];f/af6 sf]/f]gf efO/; ;+qmd0f
x'gaf6 arfpg ;lsGg . ;fwf/0ftof vfg]s'/faf6 /f]u k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf j[l4 eg]
ug{ ;Sb5 . xfd|f] ef]hgdf ;Gt'lnt ¿kdf xl/of] ;fukft, kmnkm"n, u]8fu'8L nufot
cGo vfB kl/sf/ ;dfj]z ul/Pdf /f]u;Fu n8\g k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ d2t
u5{ . xl/of] ;fukft nufot kmnkm"ndf ;'Id kf}li6s tTj (Micronutient) h:t}
le6fdLg (Vitamin) / vlgh kbfy{ k|z:t dfqfdf kfpg ;lsG5 . To;}u/L
cf}iflwo'Qm u'0f ePsf ;lqmo of}lusx¿ klg 5l/P/ /x]sf x'G5g\ . oL ;'Id
kf}li6s tTjx¿n] sf]ifx¿sf] j[l4, ljsf;;Fu} sf]ifx¿sf] ljleGg lqmofsnfkdf
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . t;y{ o;n] z/L/nfO{ tGb'?:t / km"lt{nf]
agfO /fVb5 .

!#$
((= xfdLn] sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] ;fy afFRg' k5{ / o;sf] cGTo x'Fb}g,
s] of] s'/f ;To xf] <
sf]/f]gf efO/;af6 aRg jf pkrf/sf] nflu w]/} b]zx¿df cWoog cg';Gwfg eO/x]sf]
5 . ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn] ;fem]bf/x¿;Fusf] ;dGjodf o; ljifodf cWoog /
cg';GwfgnfO{ tLj| ?kn] cl3 a9fO/x]sf] 5 . k"0f{ ¿kdf sf]/f]gfd'Qm x'g d'Votof
tLg j6f pkfox¿ x'g ;S5g h:t}M s_ vf]ksf] ljsf; ug{], v_ dflg;df
k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{, u_ xfd|f] Jojxf/nfO{ :yfoL ¿kdf kl/jt{g ug{] .
vf]ksf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsPdf o;n] z/L/nfO{ sf]/f]gf;Fu n8\g ;Sg] k|lt/f]wfTds
Ifdtf lbg]5 . h;sf sf/0f dflg; To:tf] efO/;af6 la/fdL x'Fb}g . xfn w]/}
b]zx¿n] sf]/f]gf efO/; lj?4sf] vf]ksf] cg';Gwfgdf ;kmntf kfPsf] s'/f
k|sfzdf cfPsf] .

To:t} dflg;x¿df k|fs[lts k|lt/Iff l;h{gf ug{] s'/f dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . k|fs[lts
k|lt/Iffsf] d'Vo p2]Zo eg]sf] sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] ;+qmd0fnfO{ yf]/} eGbf yf]/}
km}ng lbg' xf] . olb sf]/f]gf efO/; sf] k|f]sf]k c¿ s]xL jif{ ;Dd hf/L
/Xof] eg] 7"nf] lx:;fdf g} sf]/f]gf efO/; sf] ;+qmd0fsf] x'g ;S5 . h;af6
dflg;df cfgf] k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf ljsf; x'g klg ;S5 t/ klg k|lt/f]wfTds
Ifdtf slxn];Dd /xG5 eGg rfO{ ;lsb}g . csf]{ ljsNk xfd|f] Jojxf/ ;w}Fsf
nflu kl/jt{g ug{' g} xf] h;sf sf/0f ;+qmd0fsf] :t/ sd xf];\ . o;df s]xL
pkfox¿ 5g\ h'g nfu" eO/x]sf klg 5g\ . h:t} s]xL uDeL/ nIf0f ePsf
la/fdLnfO{ klxnf g} cnu ug]{ / pgLx¿sf] ;Dks{df cfPsf dflg;nfO{
vf]Hg] k|lqmof ckgfpg ;lsG5 . o;sf] pkof]u tL dflg;x¿df ug{ ;lsG5
h;df o;sf] nIf0f b]lvPsf] xf];\ tfsL ;+qmd0f km}lngaf6 /f]Sg ;sf}F .
csf]{ tl/sf eg]sf] /f]uLnfO{ c:ktfnd} pkrf/ ug]{ tfsL of] sd 3fts xf];\ .

-BIA

!#%
!))= cfhef]nL dflg;x? sf]/f]gf lj?4sf] n8fO{+ eg]/ elg/x]sf 5g\ .
o;df j}1flgsx? s] eGb5g\ <
sf]le8–!( o'4 xf] / sf]/f]gf efO/; xfd|f] zq' xf] of s] xf] eGg] s'/f ljZj
b[li6sf]0fdf e/ kb{5 . klxn] klxn] dflg;x?nfO{ dxfdf/L s] xf] / of] s;/L
km}lnG5 eGg] s'/f yfxf lyPg < o:tf] dxfdf/Lsf] k5fl8 dflg;sf] cfFvfn] b]Vg
g;lsg] hLjf0f' -Organism_ jf sL6f0f' -Bacteria_ x'G5g\ eGg] s'/fdf pgLx?
cgle1 lyP . of] :jfeflas klg lyof], lsgeg] To:tf dl;gf hLjx? b]Vg
;'Idbz{soGqsf] cfjZostf kb{5 h'g !^ cf}+ ztfJbLsf] cGtlt/ dfq ag]sf]
lyof] . Toltn] dfq klg /f]ux?sf] sf/0f sL6f0f' xf] eGg] s'/f :yflkt ug{ ufx|f]
lyof], To;sf] nflu # ;o jif{ nfUof] . j}1flgsx?n] /f]usf] sL6f0f' l;4fGt
;g\ !*^) sf] bzsdf cl3 ;f/]sf] xf] . sNkgf ug{';\ g]kfnsf] ;dfh s:tf]
/fhgLlts Joj:yfdf rln/x]sf] lyof], xfd|f] lzIffbLIff s;/L e}/x]sf] lyof] .
clxn] klg xfd|f] ;dfhdf cGwk/Dk/f, wfld{s /Lltltly / cGwljZjf; Jofks 5 .

bf]>f] s'/f, dflg;x?df Pp6f bDe 5 ls pgLx? k[YjLdf æ;j{>]i7æ k|f0fL x'g\ .
t/ a'‰g' kg]{ s'/f s] xf] eg] dflg;n] k|s[ltsf] ;[hgf u/]sf] xf]Og, k|s[ltn]
dflg;sf] ;[hgf u/]sf] xf] . k[YjLsf] ;f9] rf/ ca{ jif{ eGbf a9Lsf] Oltxf;df
dflg; kl5Nnf] k|f0fL xf] . xfdLeGbf klxn] 8fOgf];/ nufot y'k|} k|hfltsf
k|f0fLx?, af]6–la?jfx? cfPsf lyP, hLj ljsf;sf] qmddf tL nf]k eP/ uP /
cfh xfdL cfPsf 5f}+ . of] qmd rln/xG5 . dflg;x?dWo] hf] cln a9L lh1f;'
5g\, ;fdfGohgeGbf ltgn] clns km/s 9Ën] ;f]Rb5g\ . ltlgx?sf] ;aeGbf
7"nf] lxDdt eg]sf] k|Zg ug{' xf] . pgLx? x/]s :yflkt dfGotfdfly ;Gb]x u5{g\
/ lgle{s eP/ k|Zg p7fpF5g\ . o:tf dflg;x?nfO{ j}1flgs elgG5 .

j}1flgsx?n] s}og k':tf nufP/ hDdf u/]sf] j}1flgs 1fgsf] e08f/ g} cfhsf]
k|ljlw ljsf;sf] >f]t xf] . dflg;x?n] clxn] h]h:tf] k|ljlwsf] pkof]u u/]/
cfgf] ;EotfnfO{ of] pFrfO{df k'of{Psf] 5 To;sf] d"n sf/0f lj1fg xf] . clxn]
xfdLnfO{ sf]/f]gf efO/;af/] h] hlt 1fg 5 Tof] j}1flgs vf]haf6 g} k|fKt ePsf]
xf] . o;af6 aRg] pkfo klg lj1fgn] g} lbPsf] xf] . lj1fgn] k|s[ltnfO{ slxn]
klg cfgf] zq' dfGb}g . lj1fgn] k|s[ltsf] lgod kQf nufpg] hdsf]{ dfq u5{,
k|s[ltdfly /hfO{+ ug]{ p;n] slxn] ;f]Rb}g . p;n] dflg; / sf]/f]gf efO/; b'a}

!#^
nfO{ k|s[ltsf] ;Gtlt dfG5 / eG5 Ps} hggLsf ;Gtfgx? s;/L Pscfk;df
j}/L x'g ;Sb5g\ <

To;f] xf] eg] xfd|f] zq' sf] xf] t < j}1flgsx?sf] ljrf/df dflg;sf] zq' c1fgtf
xf] . k|s[ltsf] lgod ga'lemlbgfn] xfd|f] jftfj/0f lau|Fb} u}/x]sf] 5 . sf]le8–!(
sf] dxfJofwL o;}sf] pkh dfGg ;lsG5 . dflg;x?sf] x]nrSof{O{+ g} of] /f]u
km}ng'sf] d"Vo sf/0f xf] . k|s[lt / lj1fgsf] ;Ddfg g} clxn]sf] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg
xf] . logsf] ckx]ngf ug]{ kl/kf6L xfd|f] zq' xf], g ls sf]/f]gf efO/; . sf]/f]gf
efO/;l;t n8]/ p;nfO{ lhTg] xf]O{g, p;sf cg]s ?kx? t cfO{ g} /xG5g\ .
p;sf] cfr/0f yfxf kfP/ xfdL ;'/lIft x'g] xf] . p gbLsf] kf/L lsgf/af6 lx+8\5,
xfdL jf/Laf6 lx+8\5f}+ .

-DRB

!#&
!#*
zJbfjnL

qm=;= zAbfjnL k]h g+=

!= cd]l/sf $$, %$, ^$, ^%
@= cg';Gwfg @&, #(, $$, &$,&*, *!,
!@*, !#%
#= cg';GwfgsdL{ $$, &*
$= c:ktfn %&, ^!, (*, !#%
%= cfO;f]n];g (Isolation) (*, !!$
^= cf/PgP (RNA) !!, @*, #@, !!!
&= cf/l86L (RDT) &#
*= cf}iflw (, %@, %$, &&
(= OGn'PGhf efO/; (Influenza virus) @^, ^@, !@%
!)= On]S6«f]g wf/f (Electron beam) !)^
!!= Oaf]nf efO/; (Ebola virus) !@&
!@= PlG6a8L (Antibody) @$
!#= PlG6afof]l6s (Antibiotic) %$
!$= Plzof #), ^$
!%= sdg n' (Common flu) %(
!^= sG6\ofS6 n]G; (Contact lens) !)*
!&= sG6\ofS6 6«]l;ª (Contact tracing) @$, $(, !)(
!*= Sjf/]G6fOg (Quarantine) @$, (*, !)%
!(= sfo{:yn #*
@)= sL6f0f'gfzs (Insecticide) @*, ^&, *), !)#
@!= sf]/f]gf d}Fof / sf]/f]gf b]jL !#)
@@= qmf]df]hf]d (Chromosome) ^^
@#= vfB j:t' !)$, !)^
@$= vf]k (Vaccine) @$, %!, %@, %#, ^%, &&,
(%, !@!, !#%
@%= ufOsf] lk;fa !@*
!#(
@^= u|x0f !#@
@&= rlr{t JolQmx? !@@
@*= rd]/f !$, !%, !&, @), @^, #@,
#$, #&
@(= lrlsT;f lj1fg &#
#)= lrl8ofvfgf @)
#!= rLg !$, !&, @@, ^$
#@= hnjfo' kl/jt{g #(, $)
##= h+unL hgfj/ #(
#$= hLjf0f' (, !#^
#%= hLljt sf]lifsf !##
#^= hLj lj1fg / ;'Id lj1fg !@$
#&= h"gf]l6s (Zoonotic) /f]u !$, !*
#*= lem+uf÷dfvf @!
#(= 8]+uL (Dengue) ^)
$)= bL3{/f]uL $#
$!= b"w #^, %^
$@= b"lift @!
$#= Go" gd{n (New normal) (@
$$= Go"lSns Pl;8 (Nucleic acid) !*
$%= k/fa}hgL lals/0f (Ultra-violet radiation) !)^
$^= k/LIf0f #*, $$, $^, $(, %), &#,
&^, !)(, !!$
$&= k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf (Immunity) @$, @^, $*, %!, %#, &&,
!@(, !#$, !#%
$*= k|of]uzfnf !), !!, #!, $(, %), &#,
&^, &*, (), !!), !@*
$(= kfgL &, @(
%)= lkl;cf/ (PCR) %), &#, &$, !!!, !@$
%!= k"jL{ Plzof #)
!$)
%@= k"jL{ PlzofnL / o"/f]lkog ;'k/6fOk #)
%#= kf]v/L jf l:jldË k'n (Swimming pool) @(
%$= k|mG6nfO{g js{;{ (Frontline workers)
%%= AofS6]l/of (Bacteria) (, %$, (%
%^= afnaflnsfx? $@
%&= afof];]6L (Biosafety) &*
%*= la/fdL $#, $&, $&
%(= efO/n Hj/f] ^@
^)= EoflS;g (Vaccine) $$, $%, &&, (@, !@!
^!= e"uf]n #)
^@= dn]l/of $^, ^)
^#= d;{ sf]eL (MERS CoV) !^, @)
^$= dxfdf/L !!, @^, #), #$, $), %$,
(&, !)%, !@%, !#@
^%= d[t z/L/ $!, ^#
^^= df:s (Mask) @(, %^, *@, **, (), (!,
($, !)!
^&= df};d tyf hnjfo' @&
^*= o"/f]k @@, #), ^$, ^%, (@
^(= /fOgf] efO/; (Rhino virus) ^@
&)= ?3fvf]sL (, !@, @$, @^, #*, $&, %#,
%(, ^@
&!= /f]syfd %!,
&@= ns8fpg (Lockdown) *#
&#= nIf0f @^, @(, #*, $@, $&, %!,
%$, %(, &(, (*, !)(, !@!,
!#%
&$= nfdv'§] ^)
&%= js{ k|md xf]d (Work from home) (#
&^= j+zf0f' (Gene) !), #$, ^^
!$!
&&= jftfj/0f @(, #(, $), !#&
&*= ljz]if1 #%
&(= ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7g (WHO) !@, @!, $!, $%, $^, %$,
^$, !!&
*)= j'xfg !$, @@, ^$
*!= j[4j[4fx? $#
*@= j}1flgs !), !!, @!, #!, #@, #$,
%!, *!, !!&, !#), !#^
*#= JolQmut ;'/Iff sjr (PPE) ^#, *%
*$= Zjf;k|Zjf; k|0ffnL !(, @!, ^&
*%= ;d'bfo ^&
*^= ;+qmldt JolQm !@, @!, @*, @(
*&= ;fns (Pangolin) !#, !&, @), #&
**= ;fa'gkfgL @^, @&, @(, #*, %@, %$,
%^, ^&, *&, (), ((,!)&
*(= ;f;–sf]eL (SARS-CoV) !^, !&
()= ;f;{–sf]eL–@ (SARS-CoV-2) !@, !$, !^, !&, @), @@,
@#, #@, ##, #*, !)!
(!= ;fdflhs b"/L !#, %@, *!, **, ($, ((
(@= :k]lg; n" (Spanish flu) !@%, !@^
(#= :jf:YosdL{ $!, %), %&, *%, !!$, !!&
($= :jo+;]js $!, %&
(%= ;'Idbz{s oGq -dfOqmf]:sf]k_ (, *%, !#^
(^= ;'k/ :k|]8/ (Super spreader) (%
(&= ;]lg6fOh/ (Sanitizer) @^, @(, #*, %$, *&, ($,
((, !)!, !)$
(*= xdf]{g (Hormone) ^^
((= xfO8«f]S;LSnf]/f]s'Og (Hydroxychloroquine) $^
!))= x8{ O{Do"lg6L (Herd immunity) (&

!$@
 ;Gbe{ ;"rL
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