INTRODUCTION

COURSE CONTENT
Chapter 1 - Overview of computers and ICT
Chapter 2 - Computer systems
Chapter 3 - Computer Networks
Chapter 4- Computer Security and Computer crimes

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ASSESSMENT

Test/s - (15%)
Assignment - (10%)
Final Exam - (25%)

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 CHAPTER ONE
OVERVIEW OF ICT AND
COMPUTER

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 TOPICS INCLUDED:
Overview of computer and ICT
Characteristics of computers
Generations of computers
Types of Computer
Applications of Computers

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OVERVIEW OF COMPUTERS
Why we learn about computers and ICT?

Computers and ICT:

 are the tools that allow you to process, store and transform data efficiently and
effectively

 If used properly they can also improve productivity

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 OVERVIEW: DEFINITION OF BASIC CONCEPTS
What is ICT?
ICT Stands for “Information and Communication
Technologies.”
ICT refers to technologies that provide access to information
through telecommunications.
ICT is described as using computers and other digital
technologies to aid individuals or institutions in handling or
using information.

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 TECHNOLOGY
Technology is comprised of the products and processes
created by humans to meet their needs and wants

It refers to the processes and products by which humans

have coped with and changed their environment through
out history.

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 TYPES OF TECHNOLOGY
We use technology to accomplish various tasks, so technology comes in
different types
 Communication Technology:
Examples: phones, emails, fax, text messaging tools
Assistive Technology:
Technology used by people with disabilities
wheelchair, Speech recognition Systems, etc
Medical Technology:
used to diagnose and treat diseases and to make research on diseases
Information Technology (IT):
set of hardware and software tools used to create, store and
disminate information

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 DATA, INFORMATION, KNOWLEDGE
Data:
 Are raw facts and figures (letters, numbers, special characters or combination
thereof) used to represent events and their state that convey little meaning by
themselves.
 In other words:
 Data is raw, unorganized facts that need to be processed.
 Example 1: Each student's test score is one piece of data.

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DATA…
Can you understand the following???
Yes, Yes, No, Yes, No, Yes, No, Yes
10, 15, 19, 20
None of the above data sets have any meaning until they
are given a CONTEXT and PROCESSED into a useable
form:

Thus we need to process data into information to make it

meaningful and important
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 INFORMATION
Information:
 When data is processed, organized, structured or presented in a given context
and convey meaning to people, then it is called information.
Processed can mean:
Having calculations performed on it
Converted to give meaning
Organized in some way
 For example: data about each students performance can give the
department how well a student is conducting his/her education.

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 DATA INTO INFORMATION
To turn data into information it needs to be processed.
Information
Processing

Data

Data Processing Information

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 DATA, INFORMATION, KNOWLEDGE…
Example: Data and Information

DATA INFORMATION

The English dep. student taking the course Computer

G-12 , Eng. Dep, Computer
at Room G-12
19112013 Date of Birth - 19th November 2013

A,A,A,A,B,B,C,C,C A student’s predicted ICT grades

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 KNOWLEDGE
Derived from information by applying rules to it
Knowledge is the result of interpreting information
“We need to order more ink cartridges for the printer” may be the knowledge acquired
after counting the number of unused cartridges left

Knowledge is also the understanding of rules needed to interpret information

Knowledge helps us to draw conclusions, make judgements or opinions, make predictions and
decisions.

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EXAMPLE
Data, Information, Knowledge
Knowledge
If we apply knowledge
Information that the speed limit on the
Data motorway is 70 mph we
A vehicle is travelling now know that the driver
100, M4 is breaking the speed
at 100 mph on the M4.
limit.

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SUMMARY
Data Raw facts and figures

Information Data Context Meaning

Processing

Knowledge Information Rules

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 CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER

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WHAT IS COMPUTER?
A computer is an electronic machine
 which accepts information (data),
 process it according to some instruction and
 provide the result as a new information.
 Meaning produces meaningful information in a form that is useful to humans.

Input - Process – output = computer

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CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER
The characteristics of a computer show the capability and the
potential of the computer for processing data.
 This saves time, space, money, labors etc. And they answer the
questions why computers are used? Why have they become so
popular?
The followings are the characteristics of a computer:
Speed:
 The ability of the computers to carry out their instructions in a very
short period of time
 one of the main reasons for their popularity.
 Computers can perform within a seconds or minutes tasks that
would be impossible for a person to complete by hand in lifetime
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CHARACTERISTICS…
Storage and Retrieval:
 computer can store large amount of information in a few numbers of disks.

 It can store any type of data such as images, videos, text, audio, etc.
 And the time it took to retrieve or process single information is not more than
a micro or nanoseconds.

 In general a computer has a capacity to store a very large amount of

information in organized manner
 so that accessing information is very fast.

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CHARACTERISTICS…
Accuracy:
 Computer is accurate and consistent; meaning it is error free machines.
However, Error might occur:
 If there is an error in the input data,
 If the program is codded wrongly,

If computers are given wrong input, they will produce wrong output–Garbage In,
Garbage Out (GIGO).
For example, Now a day’s computers are being used for surgical purposes which
need almost 100% accuracy.
 From this we can understand that computer is accurate and consistent

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CHARACTERISTICS…
Diligence:
 Doesn’t suffer from human threats like tiredness and feel boring.
 If millions of calculations are to be performed, a computer will perform
every calculation with the same accuracy.

Versatility:
 Perform more than a single task simultaneously with a computer. Meaning
they can be used for almost any type of application
 You may use your computer to prepare payroll slips. Next moment you may
use it for inventory management or to prepare electric bills.

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CHARACTERISTICS…
Reliability:
 Modern electronic components have long lives.
 Computers are designed to make maintenance easy.

Automation:
 is the ability to perform a given task automatically.
 Once necessary information and program is feed to the computer, it
performs processing and show the result automatically.

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LIMITATIONS OF A COMPUTER
1. No Decision-making Ability (Computers are instructed machines )

 Computers cannot take any decisions. Human beings assist the computer to take the
decisions.

2. No Intelligence- Computers do not have intelligence of their own; they work

according to the instructions given by humans.

3. No Emotions and Feelings- Computers are far away from emotions and certainly
being machines, they cannot have feelings and instincts. These limitations of computers
are characteristics of human beings.

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 GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER

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GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
1st generation
2nd Generation Computer
3rd Generation
4th Generation
5th Generation

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 TYPES OF COMPUTER

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TYPES OF COMPUTER
Based on the Operation (Data Processing)
 Analog
 Digital
 Hybrid
Based on their size, speed, cost, performance
 Microcomputer
 Mini computer
 Mainframe computer
 Super computer
Based on their purpose
 General purpose computer.
 Specific Purpose computers

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TYPES OF COMPUTERS
Based on the Operation (data processing), computers are classified in to three:
Analog
 Analog computers operate by measuring.
 They deal with continues variables; they don’t compute directly with
numbers, rather, they operate by measuring physical magnitude such as
pressure, temperature, voltage, current etc.
 Examples:
 Thermometer; Voltmeter; Speedometer and
 Gasoline pump – Contains an analog computer that converts the flow of
pumped fuel into two
 measurements the price of the delivered gas and
 the quantity of pumped fuel.
They are special purpose computers.
Analog computers have limited accuracy

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TYPES OF COMPUTER…
Digital Computers
 Digital computers deal with discrete variables; they operate by
counting rather than measuring.
 They operate directly upon numbers (or digits) that represent
numbers, letters, or other special symbols.
 Examples:
 Desk & pocket computers
 The general purpose computers
 Digital computers have higher accuracy and speed than the
analog ones.

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TYPES OF COMPUTER…
Hybrid computers
 The best features of analog and digital computers can be combined into a
single device to form a hybrid computer.
 A hybrid computer processes the information by collecting input data with
analog method, convert it into digital quantities, processes the digital
values and convert the output from digital to analog form.
Example:
 In hospital insensitive-care units, analog devices may measure a patient’s
heart function, temperature and other vital signs.
 These measurements may then be converted into numbers and supplied to
a digital component in the system. This component is used to monitor the
patient’s vital signs and to send an immediate signal to the nurse’s station
if any abnormal readings are detected.

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TYPES OF COMPUTERS…
In terms of the physical size, price, capacity, and performance,
computers are classified as follows:
Microcomputer:
 is the smallest general purpose computer which includes:
Desktop computers, laptops, personal digital assistant (PDA),
tablets & smartphones are all types of microcomputers
 These computers are the cheapest among the other three types of
computers
 Most of home and personal office computers are microcomputers.
 The Micro-computers are specially designed for general usage like
entertainment, education etc.

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TYPES OF COMPUTER…
Minicomputer:
 Are general-purpose computers and larger and more
powerful than Micros.
 Minicomputers are used by small businesses & firms.
Minicomputers are also called as “Midrange Computers”.
 This computers can be accessed by more than one users at a
time (handle multi-users)
 Mini computers are used in small organizations.
 For example, a production department can use Mini-
computers for monitoring certain production process.

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TYPES OF COMPUTER…
Mainframe computer:
 Less powerful, and less expensive and memory capacity
than supercomputers,
 firms & government organizations uses Mainframes to run
their business operations.
 The Mainframe computers can be accommodated in large air-
conditioned rooms because of its size.
 they are multi-user systems and handle hundreds of users,
usually used in large organizations, such as banks, internet
service providers, educational institutions, insurance
companies use mainframe computers to store data about
their customers, students & insurance policy holders.
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TYPES OF COMPUTER…
 Super computer:
 are the fastest, largest and most powerful types of computers
 The most powerful computers in terms of performance and data processing,
 very expensive and very large in size
 It can be accommodated in large air-conditioned rooms; some super
computers can span an entire building.
 These computers are used for research and exploration purposes,
 like NASA uses supercomputers for launching space shuttles, controlling
them and for space exploration purpose.
 They are also used to process huge amount of data and are
commonly used in:
 space technology centers, meteorology stations, astronomical
observatories, inter continental communications, airline
organizations

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BASED ON THEIR PURPOSE
Computers can be applied or used for different purposes. Based upon
their application, they are classified as special purpose or general-
purpose computers

General Purpose Computers

 Is designed to work on a wide variety of functions and operations.
 Simply by using a general-purpose computer and different software
diverse tasks can be accomplished.
 Is able to perform a wide variety of operations because it can store
and execute different programs in its internal storage.
 Most computers in use today are General-Purpose computers
Examples of general-purpose computer: Personal computers,
including desktops, notebooks, smartphones and tablets; Micro
computers; Mini computers; Super computers etc.
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BASED ON THEIR PURPOSE…
Special Purpose Computers
 designed to be task specific and most of the times their job is to solve one particular problem.
 They are also known as dedicated computers, because they are dedicated to perform a single task
over and again.

Example:
 The public telephone box
 Traffic control system
 Ticket machines (used in grocery, super market etc.)
 Pocket calculators etc.
 Counters
 Playing graphic intensive Video Games,

Most analog computers are special purpose computers.

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 APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER

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APPLICATION AREAS OF COMPUTERS
Computers are applicable for various fields;
 Learning Aid(Education)
 Business or commercial applications
 Banking,
 Insurance
 Marketing,
 Health Care
 Weather and Environment,
 Transportation, Routine and Dangerous Tasks, Consultant (Expert system)
etc..

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APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTERS

Learning Aids:
 Example: learning toys, programs range from simple arithmetic to
calculus, from English grammar to creative writing and foreign
language, and from basic graphics to engineering design models,)
Entertainment:
 Examples: Games, watching movies

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CONT…

Commercial or business applications

 Several computer applications are available to assist business in
working with large volumes of data.
Examples applications of computers in business are:
 Text processing
 Accounting and Finance management
 Inventory control
 Database management
 Statistical analysis
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CHAPTER 1 - OVERVIEW OF ICT …

Scientific – engineering and research applications

Computers are in use for scientific research, complex mathematical
calculations, analysis & design work, and control of physical systems.

Examples are:
 Space technology
 Meteorological observatory systems
 Astronomical investigations
 Design of machines and 47
CONT…

Electronic Banking and Service:

Example: Teller Machine (customers are issued cards that permit them to
use other banks teller machine’s)
Online banking (A bank customer can use his/ her computer to check
account balances, transfer funds, pay bills)
Shopping from Home
 Individual may now shop by computer in the comfort of their home.

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CHAPTER 1 - OVERVIEW OF ICT …

Weather and Environment

 Computer can also help in overcoming environmental hazards by
providing early warnings.
The Arts
 Computer editing , Computer graphics, Music composition
Transportation
 Many aircraft can fly under the control of the computer; in this
situation, the captain simply tells the computer what to do.
 In this days,

 In Cars, spark and fuel control. 50

CHAPTER 1 - OVERVIEW OF ICT …

Medical and Health Care

Computers have long been used by hospitals for routine record keeping. Today, however,
many people owe their lives to the computer. Computers are used in hospitals as
sensors (device that detect changes in blood pressure, heart rate, temperature), testing
(scan the body and provide 3-D figure), patient treatment.
Routine and Dangerous Tasks
Computers are used in routine tasks. And they can perform task in environments to
dangerous for human workers.
Consultant (Expert system)
An Expert system is a computer program, which can solve problems from a specific
knowledge base. These systems don't replace expert humans because the knowledge
base of expert system is given from the skilled specialist.
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CONT…

Household Control
A growing number of the newer houses hold devices are computers controlled.
For example: Security systems, refrigerators, microwave ovens, washers,
stereos, and televisions.
This computer controlled home security system monitors movements, broken
glass, unlawful entry without a security code, and so on, and alerts the local
police department.

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 NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF ICT
Social problems
 people tend to choose online communication rather than having real time
conversations.
 People tend to become more individualistic and introvert.
HEALTH PROBLEMS
 Computers could harm users if they use it for long hours frequently.
 Example: bad posture, eyestrain, physical and mental stress.
Other problems
 fraud, identity theft, Pornography, Hacking
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 ASSIGNMENT 1
What do you think are the applications of ICT in your field of study ?

It is a group assignment

Each group shall not have more than 5 students
Your answer for the question shall be 3 - 5 pages

Deadline– two weeks from today

Evaluation:
Report
Presentation

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 END OF CHAPTER- I

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