AD 2000-Merkblatt

ICS 23.020.30 March 2009 edition

Manufacture and testing Heat treatment AD 2000-Merkblatt

of pressure vessels Ferritic steels
HP 7/2

The AD 2000-Merkblätter are prepared by the seven associations listed below who together form the “Arbeitsgemeinschaft Druckbehälter”
(AD). The structure and the application of the AD 2000 Code and the procedural guidelines are covered by AD 2000-Merkblatt G 1.
The AD 2000-Merkblätter contain safety requirements to be met under normal operating conditions. If above-normal loadings are to be
expected during the operation of the pressure vessel, this shall be taken into account by meeting special requirements.
If there are any divergences from the requirements of this AD 2000-Merkblatt, it shall be possible to prove that the standard of safety of
this Code has been maintained by other means, e.g. by materials testing, tests, stress analysis, operating experience.
Fachverband Dampfkessel-, Behälter- und Rohrleitungsbau e.V. (FDBR), Düsseldorf
Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung (DGUV), Berlin
Verband der Chemischen Industrie e.V. (VCI), Frankfurt/Main
Verband Deutscher Maschinen- und Anlagenbau e.V. (VDMA), Fachgemeinschaft Verfahrenstechnische Maschinen
und Apparate, Frankfurt/Main
Stahlinstitut VDEh, Düsseldorf
VGB PowerTech e.V., Essen
Verband der TÜV e.V. (VdTÜV), Berlin
The above associations continuously update the AD 2000-Merkblätter in line with technical progress. Please address any proposals for
this to the publisher:
Verband der TÜV e.V., Friedrichstraße 136, 10117 Berlin.
____________

Co nte nts

0 Foreword 4 Heat treatment after welding

1 Scope 5 Heat treatment of pressure vessels,
2 Heat treatment after cold-forming or parts thereof,
3 Heat treatment after hot-forming with special requirements

0 Foreword 2 Heat-treatment after cold-forming

The AD 2000 Code can be applied to satisfy the basic safety
requirements of the Pressure Equipment Directive, princi-
pally for the conformity assessment in accordance with
modules “G” and “B + F”.
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Before cold-forming takes place, the condition in which the
materials are supplied shall comply with the provisions con-
tained in the W-series of the AD 2000-Merkblätter. With re-
gard to the possible changes in the properties of materials

The AD 2000 Code is structured along the lines of a self-con-
tained concept. If other technical rules are used in accordance
with the state of the art to solve related problems, it is assumed
that the overall concept has been taken into account.
The AD 2000 Code can be used as appropriate for other
modules of the Pressure Equipment Directive or for different
sectors of the law. Responsibility for testing is as specified
in the provisions of the relevant sector of the law.
1 Scope
This AD 2000-Merkblatt specifies the methods of heat-treat-
ments for pressure vessels and pressure vessel parts of fer-
ritic steels after cold-forming, hot-forming and welding. It
does not include stainless and heat-resistant ferritic chrome
steels1).
1)
Until these steels are made the subject of an AD 2000-Merkblatt,
the VdTÜV-Werkstoffblätter apply.
due to cold-forming or ageing, the following principles shall
be adhered to:
2.1 Parts for pressure vessels which are operated at work-
ing temperatures down to –10 °C, or which are operated at
ambient temperature shall be heat-treated (normalizing or
tempering) in accordance with requirements of the material
specification where deformation > 5 % (for cylindrical parts
and spherical segments s > 0,05 · Dm).
Parts made of fine-grain structural steels with a minimum
yield point ≥ 355 MPa, which are not stress relief heat treat-
ed in the case of deformation in cold-forming from > 2 % to
≤ 5 %, impact strength shall additionally be determined on a
set of specimens per melt by similar cold forming following
30 min of tempering at 250 °C. In doing so, the minimum im-
pact strength values given in the standard may be fallen
short of by 8 J, but shall not be lower than 27 J. Special pro-

Supersedes October 2000 edition; I = Amendments to previous edition

AD 2000-Merkblätter are protected by copyright. The rights of use, particularly of any translation, reproduction, extract of figures, transmission by
photomechanical means and storage in data retrieval systems, even of extracts, are reserved to the author. Beuth Verlag has taken all reasonable
measures to ensure the accuracy of this translation but regrets that no responsibility can be accepted for any error, omission or inaccuracy. In cases of
doubt or dispute, the latest edition of the German text only is valid.
 AD 2000-Merkblatt
Page 2 AD 2000-Merkblatt HP 7/2, 03.2009 edition
visions given in the VdTÜV Werkstoffblätter shall be taken
into consideration.
(Editorial note: see VdTÜV Werkstoffblätter for fine-grain
structural steels)
2.2 In the case of parts for pressure vessels which are op-
erated at working temperatures below –10 °C, the heat-
treatment (normalizing or tempering) of parts shall comply
with the material specifications in the case of the following
steel grades:
(1) Steel grades to DIN EN 10028-3 and -4, DIN EN 10216-3
and -4 as well as DIN EN 10217-3 and 4, with the ex-
ception of 12Ni14, X12Ni5 and X8Ni9/X10Ni9 where
deformation > 2 %.
(2) Steel grades 12Ni14, X12Ni5 and X8Ni9/X10Ni9 to
DIN EN 10028-4 and DIN EN 10216-4 where deforma-
tion > 5 %.
2.3 Cold-formed ends and those fabricated from welded
blank discs shall be heat-treated (normalizing and temper-
ing) in accordance with the material specifications.
2.4 The provisions contained in 2.1 to 2.3 may be waived
if evidence is supplied that the material properties are such
that they withstand the stresses to which the pressure ves-
sel is subjected during operation.
2.5 Cold-formed torispherical ends of steel grades with a
minimum yield point ≤ 265 MPa do not require heat treating
provided the working temperature does not fall below –10 °C
and the calculated temperature as stated in 4 of AD 2000-
Merkblatt B 0 does not exceed 120 °C and the nominal wall
thickness ≤ 8 mm.
2.6 In the case of cold-bent tubes with a radius rm > 1,3 · da
of steel grades conforming to the DIN standards cited in
AD 2000-Merkblatt W 4, heat-treatment is not necessary for
external diameters ≤ 133 mm. Heat-treatment is not usually
necessary for the pipes which comply with the DIN Stand-
ards cited in AD 2000-Merkblatt W 4 and which have been
cold-bent with a radius rm > 2,5 · da. The exceptions are
Iow-temperature steel tubes with wall thicknesses > 2,5 mm
and cold-bent tubes which have to be heat-treated due to
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their exposure to corrosive conditions or because parts ex-
posed to loading need to be welded outside the neutral
zone.
2.7 Where the permissible degrees of deformation are ex-
ceeded in cold-forming, heat-treatment shall normally be
applied prior to welding.
2.8 In the case of clad pressure vessels (or parts thereof),
heat-treatment shall be carried out according to the base
mate-rial, unless special arrangements to be made on ac-
count of the cladding.
3 Heat-treatment after hot-forming
3.1 Following hot-forming, the pressure vessel parts shall
be heat-treated in accordance with the instructions in the
material specification.
3.2 If forming has been started and completed within the
temperature range cited in the material specification, post-
forming normalizing may be dispensed with in the case of
normalized steels. Air-hardening steels require a final tem-
pering process.
3.3 The provisions in Table 1 apply where pressure vessel
parts are formed locally, provided that prior to forming the
pressure vessel parts correspond with the condition of the
material as supplied (heat-treatment condition) as stated in
the W-series of the AD 2000-Merkblätter.
4 Heat-treatment after welding
4.1 The need for post weld heat-treatment and the method
used depend on the chemical composition of the materials
and the fillers, the shape of the components, the wall thick-
ness, welding conditions, strength properties, the extent of
non-destructive testing and if necessary, any additional
rules which may have to be followed.
4.2 No heat-treatment is required after welding if the con-
ditions given in Table 1 of AD 2000-Merkblatt HP 0 are met
and if all the parts are in the same heat-treatment condition
before welding as specified in Section 2 and 3 or the W-se-
ries AD 2000-Merkblätter.
4.3 As a rule, if heat-treatment is required after welding,
stress relief heat-treatment or tempering is sufficient.
4.4 Taking into account the mechanical properties of the
weld material, workpieces shall be normalized or tempered
if
(1) the properties required of the welded joint can only be
attained by normalizing or quenching and tempering;
(2) the workpiece has been cold-formed prior to welding
without subsequent heat-treatment and 2 % or 5 %
levels of deformation are exceeded (see Section 2).
4.5 In the case of clad pressure vessel parts, heat-treat-
ment shall be carried out according to the base material, un-
less special arrangements have to be made on account of
the cladding.
4.6 Parts shall be welded into or onto pressure vessels pri-
or to heat-treatment. This rule may be waived for small parts
if the welded joints and the properties of the materials under
service conditions so permit. This requires the consent of
the relevant third party.
5 Heat-treatment of pressure vessels, or
parts thereof, with special requirements
Where special requirements apply with regard to the heat-
treatment condition (e.g. if there is a corrosion risk), these
shall be agreed before the order is placed. The relevant third
party shall give its consent in cases where the heat-treat-
ment agreed would substantially impair the properties of the
material. If a different heat-treatment is applied, this shall be
mentioned in the certificate described in 3 of AD 2000-Merk-
blatt HP 7/1.
 AD 2000-Merkblatt
AD 2000-Merkblatt HP 7/2, 03.2009 edition Page 3

Table 1. Examples of local forming and heat-treatment required for cylindrical components and vessel ends

Steel components in the delivery condition as listed

Forms of construction
Normalized Air-hardened Others

No heat-treatment With shapes B Renewed heat-

for steels with and C the cylinder treatment of the
minimum tensile section in entire component
strength question is in accordance
Rm < 470 MPa .1) tempered.2) with the
With steels having With shapes instructions in
a minimum tensile A (A⬘), the entire the material
strength component is air- specification for
Rm ≥ 470 MPa the hardened. each of the steel
entire component grades in
shall be question.
normalized.

Temper the whole

component

Heat-treatment zones are represented by the hatched areas.

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1)
Except for special steels such as fine-grain structural steels and low-temperature steels.
2)
Annealing of cylinder sections, provided there is no interaction in the annealing process.
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